QUERCETIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Quercetin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84597-2 1. Quercetin-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on quercetin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON QUERCETIN ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Quercetin ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 17 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND QUERCETIN ..................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Quercetin ..................................................................................... 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON QUERCETIN ................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Quercetin .......................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND QUERCETIN............................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Recent Trials on Quercetin .......................................................................................................... 73 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON QUERCETIN ............................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Quercetin ................................................................................................................... 77 Patent Applications on Quercetin ............................................................................................... 92 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 112 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON QUERCETIN................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 113 Academic Periodicals covering Quercetin.................................................................................. 114 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 119 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 121 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 123 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 125 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 128 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 131 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 131 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 131 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 137 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 137 QUERCETIN DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 139 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 207
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with quercetin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about quercetin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to quercetin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on quercetin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to quercetin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on quercetin. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON QUERCETIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on quercetin.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and quercetin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Quercetin in Men with Category III Chronic Prostatitis: A Preliminary Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Source: Urology. 54(6): 960-963. December 1999. Contact: Available from Urology. P.O. Box 2126, Marion, OH 43306-8226. (800) 215-4692. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) category III chronic prostatitis syndromes (nonbacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia or prostate pain) are common disorders with few effective therapies. Bioflavonoids have recently been shown in an open-label study to improve the symptoms of these disorders in a significant proportion of men. This article reports on a study undertaken to confirm these findings in a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. The study included
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30 men with category IIIa and IIIb chronic pelvic pain syndrome who were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive either placebo or the bioflavonoid quercetin 500 milligrams twice daily for 1 month. The NIH chronic prostatitis symptom score was used to grade symptoms and the quality of life impact at the start and conclusion of the study. In a followup, unblind, open label study, 17 additional men received 1 month of a supplement containing quercetin, as well as bromelain and papain (Prosta-Q), which enhance bioflavonoid absorption. Two patients in the placebo group refused to complete the study because of worsening symptoms, leaving 13 placebo and 15 bioflavonoid patients for evaluation in the blind study. Both the quercetin and placebo groups were similar in age, symptom duration, and initial symptom score. Patients taking placebo had a mean improvement in NIH symptom score from 20.2 to 18.8 (not significant), while those taking the bioflavonoid had a mean improvement from 21.0 to 13.1. Twenty percent of patients taking placebo and 67 percent of patients taking the bioflavonoid had an improvement of symptoms of at least 25 percent. In the 17 patients who received Prosta-Q in the open label study, 82 percent had at least a 25 percent improvement in symptom score. The authors conclude that therapy with the bioflavonoid quercetin is well tolerated and provides significant symptomatic improvement in most men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. 1 figure. 1 table. 26 references.
Federally Funded Research on Quercetin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to quercetin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to quercetin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore quercetin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for quercetin: •
Project Title: FIBRINOLYSIS
ALCOHOL
POLYPHENOL
INDUCED
ENDOTHELIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Booyse, Francois M.; Professor of Medicine & Cell Biol.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Moderate alcohol or red wine consumption (1-4 drinks/day) reduces the risk for CHD-related mortality. This cardioprotection may be due, in part, to increased fibrinolysis. Endothelial cells (ECs) synthesize t-PA, u-PA, PAI-1 and receptors (Rs) for 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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PAs and plasminogen (Pmg) (PARs, PmgRs) and maintain normal hemostasis/fibrinolysis by activating R-bound Pmg through the regulated synthesis/interactions of these fibrinolytic components. Changes in these EC components/interactions by systemic factors (such alcohol, wine components, in particular polyphenols) that increase fibrinolysis will reduce the risk for thrombosis, atherosclerosis/CHD and the atherothrombotic consequences of MI. We have shown that ethanol/polyphenols increase fibrinolysis in cultured human ECs. The overall goal of these studies is to further identify/define the molecular regulatory mechanisms by which low ethanol/polyphenols (catechin, quercetin) affect the activity/expression of EC PAs, PARs and PmgRs, in vitro and in vivo, resulting in increased EC fibrinolysis. Studies will include effects on: expression of PAs/PARs/PmgRs antigen/mRNA in vivo in mouse aortic endothelium, including direct effects of increased fibrinolysis, in vivo, on clot lysis and inhibition of atherosclerosis in wild type and genetically deficient mice (Aim 1); in vivo and in vitro cross-talk between induced increased fibrinolysis and increased bioavailability of NO, including early activation of cellular kinases (i.e. MAPKs) (Aim 2); changes in expression of EC PARs/PmgRs activity/levels/mRNA (in cultured human coronary artery ECs), including individual R contribution to total ligand binding (using R-specific antisense oligonucleotides), regulation of Rs gene expression (transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional) and other PA-induced effects on PARs/PmgRs expression (in cultured PA-deficient mouse aortic EC) (Aim 3) and; identification of ethanol/polyphenol responsive cis-acting elements in the t-PA and uPA gene promoters, including their ethanol-/polyphenol-inducible transcription factors (Aim 4). Results gleaned from these studies will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol/polyphenols regulate EC fibrinolysis and contribute to the cardioprotection attributed to moderate alcohol/red wine consumption. An increased understanding of the mechanisms by which these compounds effectively afford cardioprotection will facilitate future development of new therapeutic approaches/strategies that may be widely applied to reduce the overall population risk for CHD-related mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BORAGE OIL AND GINKGO BILOBA (EGB 761) IN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Gershwin, Merrill E.; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Project I: Borage Oil and Ginkbo biloba (EGb 761) in Asthma, ME Gershwin, PI overall; V Ziboh, PI of Oil, Co-Invest; SS Teuber, PI of Ginkbo biloba; M Harkey, JB German & c Cross, Co-Invest; J Utts, M Watnik, AL Klassen, Statistics and Database Management; H Watanabe, Consultant The concept of asthma as a condition in which acute and chronic inflammatory changes in airways play a fundamental role is well established. The role of leukotrienes as a crucial element of these inflammatory processes is supported by abundant laboratory and clinical evidence. There is a potential for herbal medicinal approaches to ameliorate leukotriene-mediated inflammation in asthma based on data from the literature and our laboratory. Studies suggest that dietary gamma-linolenic (GLA), found in borage and evening primrose oil, is unique among the (n=6) polyunsaturated fatty acid family members (linolenic acid, GLA and arachidonic acid) in its potential to attenuate inflammatory processes. For instance, there are randomized, placebo- controlled trials (RCT) demonstrating efficacy of dietary GLA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and active synovitis. Ginkbo biloba, a flavonoid-rich extract of leaves of the Ginkbo biloba tree, has been studied in one RCT
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with asthma patients and is recommended by CAM practitioners as a treatment of allergic inflammation and asthma. Ginko biloba may have inhibitory effects on release of inflammatory mediators. Although improvements has been made in management of patients with asthma, may interventions are associated with adverse effects. Because of the possibility of minimal or negligible adverse effects reported with borage oil, and the widespread use of Ginkgo biloba supplements without known adverse effects, we will assess clinical efficacies and/or adverse effects of dietary borage oil containing GLA and Ginkbo biloba in patients with asthma in a 17 month RCT. We also propose to delineate whether or not the clinical course of treatment correlates with suppression of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LTC4 and LTD4, generated by activated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Additionally, in the Ginkgo biloba arm of study, the vitro/ex vivo inhibition of histamine release will be assayed, since one of its major constituents, quercetin, is known to be structurally related to cromolyn sodium and has been shown in in vitro studies to exhibit similar activities. Furthermore. Anti-inflammatory activities of Ginkbo biloba will be compared to those of some of its individual constituents in a series of in vitro experiments. It is hoped that findings from these studies will evolve relatively nontoxic therapeutic alternatives for attenuating bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in patients with asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF SCUTELLARIA BAICELENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yuan, Chun-Su; Anesthesia and Critical Care; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death throughout the world, with many dying outside the hospital due to cardiac arrest. Although oxidants may play an important role in this major cardiovascular disease, little has been done to examine what role traditional vs. nontraditional antioxidants may play in its acute treatment. During the past year, our group investigated cardioprotective effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, a Chinese medicinal herb. We reported that an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis dose-dependently attenuated reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes and decreased cell death. We were particularly excited to observe that Scutellaria baicalensis extract rapidly quenched reactive oxygen species generated in mitochondria. The ability to gain rapid access to intracellular sites, such as mitochondria, and attenuate reactive oxygen species is a significant advantage, a characteristic that may be lacking in antioxidants currently in use. In separate studies, we observed that quercetin, a plant flavonoid, inhibited endothelin-1 and stimulated tissue plasminogen activator in vascular endothelial cells. Thus, we hypothesize that flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis have significant antioxidant potential, and they regulate the concentration of endothelial vasoactive mediators. Heart disease is a complex multifactorial disorder with a variety of underlying causes and risk factors. In the development of ischemic heart disease, the site of initial injury is the vascular endothelium. During later stages, ischemic and reperfusion injury to cardiomyocytes lead to loss of contractility and cell death. We propose to investigate in vitro pharmacological effects of Scutellaria baicalensis in two experimental models: embryonic chick cardiomyocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In the proposed project, we will identify active flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis and investigate their 1) antioxidant action in cardiomyocytes, and 2) pharmacological effects on vasoactive mediators in endothelial cells. We will test whether Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its flavonoids (baicalein and wogonin, skullcapflavone I, and
Studies
7
skullcapflavone II) act as antioxidants in cardiomyocytes, and test whether Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its flavonoids change the concentration of thrombin-stimulated endothelin-1, and tissue plasminogen activator in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, antioxidant activity comparison will be made between Scutellaria baicalensis and American ginseng. The results of our project will be used to develop potential new therapeutic agents from active components of Scutellaria baicalensis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL-FLAVONOID Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheng, Francis I.; Chemistry; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Flavonoids are recognized as an important class of nutrient that may be responsible for the chemoprevention of a myriad of degenerative diseases. This action is attributed to their putative antioxidant action. Many investigators have recognized that metal chelation is an important determinate in the prediction of the antioxidant action of flavonoids. However, there is a paucity of data accumulated concerning the chemico-physico properties of metal-flavonoid complexes. A previous investigation from this laboratory has found that four flavonoids, baicilein, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin, chelate pro-oxidant iron ions into a complex that is not Fenton Reaction active. Another plant-borne product, salicylate has been the subject of previous investigations from this laboratory and found to chelate pro-oxidant iron into a form that is again not Fenton Reaction active. The proposed investigations will study the similarity of action between the four aforementioned flavonoids and salicylate, i.e. the ability to bind pro-oxidant metals both as free ions and in low molecular-weight complexes. The pro-oxidant metals of concern in this study are Fe, Cu, and Mn ions and also in complexed forms with EDTA, ATP/ADP and in porphyrins. The redox potential of each metal complex will predict the antioxidant characteristics in terms of Fenton Reaction activity, other redox-dependent actions such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Metal-flavonoid binding constants will aid in determining if the flavonoids are effective in vivo chelation agents. These data will be derived by potentiometric titrations augmented with UV-vis absorbance. The four flavonoids chosen for this study will give insights into structure-activity relationships. It is hoped that the subject of this investigation will give a new paradigm for the design, and discovery of antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DRUG INTERACTIONS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF CRANBERRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Donovan, Jennifer L.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 06-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cranberry (CB) juice and powders are currently being used as complementary and alternative medications. CB products may be used alone or in combination with conventional medications to treat urinary tract infection, or other medications to treat acute or chronic conditions. CB is a rich source of flavonoids, a class of phytochemicals with diverse biological activities. The specific aims of this research are 1) to evaluate the potential for CB-drug interactions and 2) to determine the pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of four major CB flavonoids. A normal volunteer study is proposed to determine the potential of CB to participate in interactions with
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conventional drugs. The induction/inhibition of the major cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes will be the primary method of evaluation. The CYP isoforms to be studied, CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2, are involved in the metabolism of >80% of marketed prescription and over the counter medications. Single doses of the three safe, probe drugs alprazolam (ALPZ; 3A4 probe), dextromethorphan (DM; CYP2D6 probe), and caffeine (CAF; CYP1A2 probe) will be administered at baseline (before treatment with CB) and after a 14-day treatment period with CB powder. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of these probe drugs will indicate the degree of specific enzyme inhibition or induction. In the same normal volunteers, the key pharmacokinetic parameters for four major CB flavonoids will be estimated by following the plasma concentration versus time course of absorbed flavonoids and their excretion in urine. The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), oral clearance (Clo), terminal elimination half-life (T1/2) and renal clearance (Clren) will be determined for: epicatechin, quercetin (total glycosides), procyanidin A2, and cyanidin-3-galactoside. These components represent the major classes of flavonoids in CB and are selected for study due to their abundance in CB and their documented biological activities. The pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of CB flavonoids will be determined first after a single dose of a characterized CB juice prior to administration of any probe drugs. Steady-state plasma levels of flavonoids will be determined at the end of the 14-day treatment period of multiple dosing with the characterized CB powder. This research will provide new, important data on the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids from CB juice and from a CB powder, an area where no data currently exist. This information is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of action of CB flavonoids in the context of specific conditions/diseases and to evaluate CB as a source of dietary flavonoids. These data will also complement NCCAM studies assessing the clinical safety and efficacy of CB and will allow more informed recommendations about the use of CB when combined with conventional medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG-DIETARY INTERACTION
FLAVONOID
INTESTINAL
ABSORPTION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodriguez, Rosita J.; None; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The opportunity for drug-dietary interaction is an everyday occurrence whether the interaction is with food, juice, or dietary supplements. Moreover, the consumption of flavonoids is being urged because of their multiple health benefits; thus, understanding the possible biological effects of the flavonoids on intestinal drug absorption is essential. Flavonoids may be a particularly important class of modulators due to their ubiquitous occurrence in foods and drinks of plant origin and their known interactions with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP). These dietary constituents may modulate transport in the intestinal tract and significantly alter the absorption of important therapeutic agents. The increased systemic bioavailability of some drugs, nifedipine and felodipine, associated with ingestion of grapefruit juice represents a couple of widely publicized drug-dietary-interactions. An increase or decrease in drug absorption may be due to (i) alterations in Pgp mediated or non Pgp mediated transport and/or (ii) presystemic intestinal metabolism by CYP and/or the flavin-containing monooxygenases. Furthermore, patents have been filed which incorporate flavonoids as excipients in pharmaceutical formations with the intent to alter drug absorption. Thus, the specific hypothesis of this study is that dietary
Studies
9
flavonoids can alter the Pgp-dependent or Pgp-independent transport of certain therapeutic drugs. Studies will be conducted using flavonoids belonging to different subclasses such as isoflavone, flavanone, flavonol, and flavanol (e.g., genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively) to gain an insight into structure-activity relationships in the alteration of transport of Pgp-dependent substrates and Pgp-independent substrates by these phytochemicals. The flavonoids will be evaluated using Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line. These cells have been well characterized to express Pgp transporters and non Pgp transporters such as Na+/K+, Na+/H+, amino acids, peptides, bile acid, and vitamin B12. This project will provide new knowledge on how flavonoids affect the dynamic transport mechanisms located in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the results of this study will increase our understanding of the role of flavonoids found in tea, vegetables, soy, and dietary supplements in the intestinal absorption of therapeutic drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF PLANT PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ON HUMAN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shiff, Steven J.; Associate Professor of Clinical Investig; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Colorectal cancer is a common and often fatal cancer. Primary prevention of this important public health problem is feasible because it is substantially influenced by nutritional and pharmacological factors such as dietary fat, fiber, micronutrients (i.e. calcium and selenium, aspirin (ASA), and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Sulindac is a potent chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer. Quercetin, a plantderived compound with anti-inflammatory properties, inhibits colon cancer development in preclinical studies. However, its effectiveness in the prevention of human colorectal cancer is unknown. NSAIDs modulate the turnover (induce cell quiescence and apoptosis) of colonic epithelial cells. This effect may be important for their efficacy as colon cancer chemopreventive agents. The goal of this study is to determine the effects sulindac and quercetin on the turnover of human colonic epithelial cells. By comparing and contrasting the effect of these 2 compounds on colonocytes of humans, we hope to begin to understand the effects of NSAID compounds on the physiology of the colorectal crypts of humans. Through these and future studies we eventually hope to predict the potential utility of quercetin as a colon cancer chemopreventive agent and to shed additional light on the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory agents prevent colon carcinogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: STUDIES
FLAVONOID
BIOAVAILABILITY
IN
HUMANS-CELLULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Walle, Thomas; Professor; Pharmacology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research program is to increase our understanding of how cellular transport and metabolism influence the oral bioavailability of dietary flavonoids, a large class of compounds that has been implicated to play a major role in the prevention of human diseases, in particular cardiovascular disease and cancer. In Specific Aim 1 we will determine the
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interrelationships between SGLT1 and MRP2, including mechanisms involved, in the enterocyte absorption of flavonoid glycosides and the tea flavonoids, two main classes of dietary flavonoids. These studies will be undertaken in SGLT1- and MRP2-transfected cells and in the human intestinal absorption model Caco-2. The role of the potentially most important transporter, i.e. MRP2, will be directly examined in vivo in the MRP2deficient Tr- rat. In Specific Aim 2 we will investigate the interrelationships between CYPs, UGTs and SULTs, including the identification of the major isoforms involved, in the hepatic as well as intestinal metabolism of flavonoids. This will be done in microsomes as well as in intact cells, e.g. fresh human hepatocytes. These experiments will allow us to establish the major pathway(s) of metabolism of the flavonoids. In addition, autoinduction of flavonoid metabolism will be examined, mainly focusing on CYPs and UGTs. The importance of the UGT family of enzymes will be directly examined in vivo in the genetically deficient Gunn rat. In Specific Aim 3 we will determine the role and mechanisms of a) bacterial- and b) peroxidase-mediated catabolism of flavonoids, including covalent binding to protein. The experiments in a) will be conducted in gnotobiotic compared to normal rats as well as in samples from an in vivo human study. Complementary in vitro studies will include the identification of the bacterial pathway leading from quercetin to CO2 formation. The experiments in b) will be conducted in vitro, using pure enzymes and subcellular fractions, and then in intact cell systems in which production of reactive oxygen species as well as glutathione levels can be manipulated. Structure identification of metabolites as well as elucidation of covalent binding will be critical factors. The findings from the proposed studies should help us understand the bioavailability of the flavonoids, facilitating optimization of the chemopreventive utility of these natural or synthetic compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND DRUG RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fuqua, Suzanne A.; Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Heat shock proteins (hsp's) protect cells from a variety of stresses. Human breast cancer cells may express high levels of hsp27 and hsp70 in particular, which we have found to be associated with general tumor aggressiveness. Preliminary evidence also suggests that hsp's play a role in drug resistance, and understanding the mechanisms involved could lead to clinical strategies to circumvent such resistance and improve patient survival. We initially found that heat shock increases the resistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin, while inducing hsp27 and hsp70. Introducing hsp27 cDNA makes the cells resistant to doxorubicin, while blocking hsp27 expression with flavones (e.g. quercitin) reverses resistance. We now need to determine whether hsp70 plays a similar role. We also plan to further investigate means of modulating hsp27 expression for therapeutic benefit by manipulating its regulatory promoter system - we have already identified key elements of the promoter region to be targeted, along with a novel DNA-binding protein which binds one of these elements. We will examine mechanisms which may be involved in the association of hsp's with drug resistance, and confirm the association in clinical breast cancer specimens from doxorubicin-resistant vs. naive patients. Our Specific Aims are: (1) To confirm our preliminary finding that hsp70 may also play a role in doxorubicin resistance in human breast cancer cells. We will use antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit expression of both hsp70 and its constitutive cognate hsc70 in breast cancer cells, and full-length cDNAs to induce overexpression, determining drug resistance in soft agar cloning assays and in vivo
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nude mouse studies. (2) To further develop pharmacologic means (flavone inhibition) and molecular means (promoter studies) to circumvent hsp27-induced doxorubicin resistance. (3) To search for mechanisms associated with this resistance, focusing in particular on the role of topoisomerase II. (4) To translate these findings to the clinical setting by determining the relationship of hsp27 and hsp70 with clinical doxorubicin resistance. We will compare hsp levels in a set of 100 doxorubicin-resistant metastases vs. 100 naive breast cancer specimens, and will also correlate hsp levels with clinical outcome in a prospective, randomized adjuvant clinical trial (SWOG 8897) involving doxorubicin. All of this will prepare for a Phase I clinical trial directed at circumventing hsp-induced doxorubicin resistance using the pharmacologic agent quercitin, though the trial itself is not a part of the present proposal, and will also suggest other approaches for reversing resistance to this otherwise most useful drug in breast cancer treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF WALNUT FOOD ALLERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Teuber, Suzanne S.; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Over the last ten years, genes encoding food allergens have been cloned and sequenced but no consensus sequences or motifs associated with allergy have been determined. Indeed, my lab has cloned genes encoding 2 of the major English walnut kernel allergens, the 2S albumin and a vicilin-like seed storage protein, Jug r 1 and Jug r 2, respectively. Plant seed allergy is often life-threatening and permanent. Individuals with walnut allergy, for instance, can have high levels of specific IgE against several different, non-cross-reactive proteins in their sera into their seventh decade. Most patients who have life-threatening walnut allergy have a childhood history of atopic dermatitis (AD), in which it has been demonstrated that there is more of a tendency to develop IgE against multiple environmental and food allergens. Even in the face of this however, most children with AD are tolerant of most foods. The major thesis of this proposal is that plant seed proteins, because of the way they are packaged as whole proteins in the plant protein body storage organelle with associated lectins, enzymes, and polyphenolic compounds, are able to stimulate the APC in atopic persons to modulate the cytokine milieu towards increased IL-4 and IL-13, inducing an IgE response. As a prototype seed to study, the walnut (Juglans regia) will be used based on the availability of human subjects, recombinant allergens, multiple protein preparations, fractionated polyphenolics and its importance as a tree nut allergen. To characterize the APC-T cell interaction, T cell lines will be established from individuals with walnut food allergy and individuals with atopic dermatitis without food allergy. The proliferative response and Th2 related cytokine mRNA transcription will be assessed in response to different antigen packages delivered to the APC: recombinant Jug r 1 and Jug r 2, peptide fragments, whole purified proteins (albumins and large globulins), purified protein bodies (lectins and enzymes present), total walnut extract (pellicle polyphenolics and oil body lipids present), and the above protein sources with a quantified walnut total polyphenolic fraction added (rich in quercetin and ellagic acid). The above data will significantly advance our knowledge of the immunobiology of plant seed allergy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFLUENCE OF CRANBERRY ON PLAQUE-RELATED DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Koo, Hyun; Eastman Dentistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dental caries is the most common oral infectious disease that afflicts humans. More than 95% of all adults have experienced this disease. It is more common than asthma, hay fever or chronic bronchitis in 5-17 year old children. The American public spends close to $40 billion per year to treat this disease or its consequences. Dental caries results from the interaction of specific bacteria with constituents of the diet on a susceptible tooth surface. Dental plaque accumulation is the first clinical evidence of this interaction; dental plaque is a biofilm which is comprised of a population of bacteria growing on the tooth surface enmeshed in a polysaccharide matrix. Acid can be formed rapidly by acidogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, within the matrix and its persistence results in dissolution of the tooth. Furthermore, plaque is also the major aetiological factor in gingivitis. Cranberries, like other natural products, harbor a plethora of biological compounds such as flavonoids (e.g. quercetin and myricetin), phenolic acids (benzoic acid), anthocyanins, condensed tannins, and others. We have shown that many of these substances can: (i) inhibit enzymes associated with the formation of the plaque polysaccharide matrix, (ii) block adherence of bacteria to surfaces, (iii) prevent acid formation, and (iv) reduce acid tolerance of cariogenic organisms. For example, quercetin and myricetin are effective inhibitors of glucosyltransferases (GTFs), enzymes responsible for the synthesis of glucans; glucans synthesized by GTFs mediate the adherence and accumulation of cariogenic streptococci on the tooth surface. Weak acids, such as benzoate (benzoic acid), affect the acid production by S. mutans and have been shown to reduce dental caries in rats. We propose a comprehensive plan to explore the influence of cranberry on many of the biological aspects involved in the pathogenesis of dental plaque formation and caries. We also propose to examine the ability of cranberry to prevent or reduce caries in our well-proven rodent model and to investigate the effects of cranberry on plaque formation and gingivitis in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FLAVONOIDS ON THE EXPRESSION OF AT* Principal Investigator & Institution: Keen, Carl L.; Professor and Chairman; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Excessive oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases including coronary vascular diseases (CVD). A current hypothesis suggests that ROS, RNS and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) induce the expression of atherogenic genes via redox-sensitive signaling pathways. The oxidative stress-induced gene expression has been shown to be mediated via the activation of redox sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor- kappaBeta (NFkB), and redox-sensitive transduction pathways such as those involving members of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as well as members of the Src family. Genes regulated by NFkB activation encode for proteins implicated in acute phase and inflammatory responses including certain cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules and
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inflammatory enzymes; several of these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Similarly, studies have shown that JNK, BMK-1 and cSrc are involved in signaling events stimulated by ROS that contribute to atherosclerosis such as smooth muscle cell proliferation. It is well known that diet plays a important role in a large number of chronic diseases. The investigators suggest that this is due in part to an effect of diet on a individual's antioxidant status. Vitamins and minerals contribute to the oxidative defense system because: (1) they are antioxidants (vitamins E, C and Bcarotene); (2) they are essential for the function of enzyme antioxidants (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and riboflavin); or (3) they act to maintain low levels of potentially pro-oxidant molecules (vitamins B12, B6 and folate). On the other hand, the cardio-protective effects of flavonoids result in part from their antioxidant properties, and their ability to modulate the activity of a wide spectrum of enzymes. The researchers propose to investigate the hypothesis that diet may influence vascular redox-mediated signaling and transcriptional activities. Using the mouse model, they will test the hypothesis that a diet marginal in select micronutrients will induce a pro-oxidative state that will worsen the pathophysiological state of atherosclerosis. Finally, they will test the hypothesis that addition of flavonoids to diets marginal in antioxidants will attenuate the atherogenic effect of the pro-oxidative effect of micronutrient deficiency and hypercholesterolemia. These issues will be addressed using mutant mice in which the LDL receptor (LDLr) has been inactivated. The researchers will measure the progression of atherosclerosis in LDLr +/+ and -/- mice fed a high fat-micronutrient adequate diet, or a high fat-micronutrient marginal diet, supplemented or not with the flavonoids, quercetin and catechin. They will use biochemical markers and immunohistochemistry to evaluate antioxidant capacity and redox status in the LDLr mice, and correlate these with the severity of atherosclerosis determined by lesion progression and atherogenic gene expression. Finally, they will examine the effects of the diets on the activation of NFkB and cell signaling pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTION FLAVONOIDS
BETWEEN
IRINOTECAN
AND
DIETARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Iyer, Lalitha V.; Sri International 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, Ca 940253493 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 50% of cancer patients use alternative medicines regularly while undergoing chemotherapy. These products, though derived from natural sources, may contain active ingredients that may influence the disposition and/or therapeutic outcome of concomitantly administered chemotherapeutics. This application will address the issue of drug/botanical interaction between the anticancer agent irinotecan (used against colorectal cancer) and the popular dietary flavonoids from soy (genistein and daidzein) and fruits and vegetables (chrysin and quercetin). Irinotecan has complex dispositional characteristics, with sequential metabolic activation and inactivation steps, biliary and urinary excretion. The PI has studied some of these pathways extensively and has shown that the enzyme UGT1A1 glucuronidates its active metabolite, SN-38, and that the multidrug resistance transporter, pglycoprotein (P-gp), plays a major role in irinotecan's biliary excretion. Flavonoids such as chrysin and quercetin are known inducers of UGT1A1. Our hypothesis are that (i) the selected dietary flavonoids will influence the disposition and toxicity of irinotecan via induction of the glucuronidation (by UGT1A1) of its active metabolite, SN-38; and (ii) induction of UGT1A1 by dietary flavonoids is influenced by genetic differences in the
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promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene. The specific aims are to (1) investigate the in vivo interaction of soy isoflavones, chrysin and quercetin with irinotecan in rats, (2) determine whether hepatic UGT1A1 induction by flavonoids is responsible for their interaction with irinotecan, and (3) investigate the influence of the TATA polymorphism in the promoter region of UGT1A1 on inducibility by these flavonoids. Aim 1 will involve in vivo pharmacokinetic, biliary, and urinary excretion studies with irinotecan after chronic pretreatment of rats with the selected dietary flavonoids. The potential induction of UGT1A1 will be studied in Aim 2 by measuring SN-38 glucuronidation in hepatocytes and liver microsomes from flavonoid treated rats, as well as by measuring UGT1A1 protein levels. In Aim 3, luciferase reporter assays will be performed to investigate UGT1A1 activity after pretreatment with flavonoids in Hep G2 cells transfected with known polymorphic forms (TA5,TA6,TA7,TA8) of the TATA sequence of UGT1A1. As irinotecan has a narrow therapeutic index, minor changes in its disposition can significantly modify the therapeutic outcome, so this investigation will have major potential benefits to cancer patients and oncologists. This pilot/developmental project will generate significant preliminary results to propose larger (R01) grants being planned by the PI and colleagues on the interaction between natural medications & dietary supplements and conventional chemotherapy, and its pharmacogenetic implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LISTERIA AND SHIGELLA USE HOST CELL ACTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Southwick, Frederick S.; Professor; Medicine; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The gram-positive bacillus Listeria monocytogenes predominantly infects immunocompromised patients, causing bacteremia and meningitis while the gram-negative bacillus Shigella flexneri infects normal hosts causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The pathogenesis of Listeriosis and Shigellosis absolutely requires these intracellular bacteria to usurp the host cell's contractile system. Listeria and Shigella induce host cell actin to assemble into rocket tails that rapidly propel the bacteria through the cytoplasm, allowing their cell-to-cell spread and avoidance of the humoral immune system. Actin assembly occurs in a discrete polymerization zone directly behind the motile bacteria. This region blocks the host cell actin-regulatory proteins, gelsolin, CapZ and CapG, that normally cap the fast growing ends of actin filaments. This blocking activity allows actin filaments to rapidly assemble in this discrete zone. Two of these proteins, gelsolin and CapG, require micromolar calcium to function. We will: Aim I - Elucidate how Listeria blocks barbed end-capping proteins in the polymerization zone. Pyrenyl actin and right angle light scattering will be used to examine how profilin combined PIP2 and VASP or N-WASP effects actin filament capping by CapG, CapZ and gelsolin. Capping inhibition by Listeria will be investigated in brain cell free extracts before and after depletion of profilin and VASP. Localization of PIP2 (well known to block capping activity) in Listeria and Shigella infected cells will be studied using a GFP labeled probe. The effects of blocking PIP2 production using the PI kinase inhibitors Wortmannin and quercetin, infecting cells with Listeria ActA mutants lacking PIP2 binding sites, and ActA mutants lacking VASP binding sites will be examined. Aim II - Study the Calcium-Dependence of Listeria and Shigella actin-based motility. Calcium is a critical signal for turning on and off actin regulatory proteins, and we have found that the chelator BAPTAM blocks Shigella actinbased motility and slows the disassembly of Listeria rocket tails. The Ca2+-sensitivity of
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N-WASP and vinculin, cell proteins unique to Shigella-induced actin assembly, as well as gelsolin will be studied. These investigations should clarify key regulatory pathways required for Listeria- and Shigella-induced actin assembly and may identify new therapeutic targets for treating Listeriosis and Shigellosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NO:ROLE IN VASCULAR PROTECTION BY POLYPHENOLS & ALCOHOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Parks, Dale A.; Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The interaction of dietary components, such as the polyphenols and alcohol, on chronic diseases, particularly those of the cardiovascular system, is only recently emerging. This is a key area since considerable epidemiological evidence indicates that consumption of moderate levels of alcoholic beverages, particularly red wine, decreases both the incidence of cardiovascular disease and the mortality associated with myocardial infarction. Molecular mechanisms of this cardiovascular protection remain uncertain but appear to involve complex interactions of these components with cells in the vascular wall. The main attribute of the polyphenols that have been forwarded to explain these protective effects has been their antioxidant properties. Data forming the foundation of this proposal indicate an interesting elaboration of the hypothesis that polyphenols act as antioxidants, particularly in conjunction with ethanol. It is proposed that transcriptional regulation of the concentration and activity of critical vascular protective enzymes makes a major contribution to the enhanced cardiovascular protective effects and is more pronounced in combination with ethanol. The main effect of the enhanced endogenous cytoprotective enzymes is to increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Preliminary data shows that dietary polyphenols and alcohol (1) enhance NO-dependent vascular function (2) increase expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) mRNA in the vasculature; (3) induce protein expression of both iNOS and eNOS isoforms in the vasculature; (4) induce vascular superoxide dismutases (SOD); and (5) that increased bioavail- ability of NO may be responsible for the cardiovascular protection. These data have led to the hypothesis that "moderate alcohol or dietary polyphenols will increased NO bioavailability and play a pivotal role in conferring vascular protection". This hypothesis will be tested by completion of the following Specific Aims: (1) induction of NOS by dietary polyphenols and moderate alcohol increases bioavailability of NO and results in vascular protection, (2) induction of SOD and a consequent decrease in superoxide (O2-.) by dietary polyphenols and moderate alcohol increases the bioavailability of NO and results in vascular protection, and (3) polyphenol supplementation results in vascular protection due to both increased bioavailability of NO and a consequent decreased susceptibility to pro-inflammatory oxidants. The completion of these specific aims will provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to increased NO and role that these NO-dependent mechanisms play in the cardiovascular protection associated with polyphenols and alcohol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PAI-1 GENE EPRESSION BY ETHANOL AND POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grenett, Hernan E.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008
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Summary: Epidemiological studies demonstrate that consuming alcohol or red wine moderately, 1-4 drinks/day, reduces the risk for CHD-related mortality. Furthermore, these studies show that this cardioprotection may be due, in part, to increased fibrinolysis. Endothelial cells (ECs) regulate fibrinolysis through the synthesis of plasminogen activators (PAs, t-PA and u-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 (PAI-1), the major physiological regulator of fibrinolysis. In addition ECs serve as the main site of surface-localized fibrinolysis that regulates homeostasis. Thus, ECs and PAI-1 plays a pivotal role both in fibrinolytic homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of CHD and MI. Reduction in plasma PAI-1 levels by systemic factors, such as alcohol and wine polyphenols, will increase fibrinolysis and hence reduce the risk for thrombosis, CHD and eventual MI. Our preliminary studies demonstrate that consuming moderate ethanol or polyphenols (catechin, quercetin) reduces in vivo expression of both PAl-1 protein and mRNA in wild type C57BL/6J mice. Our in vitro experiments show that ethanol down-regulates PAI-1 gene transcription in a time- and dose-dependent manner concomitant with increased expression of fibrinolytic activity in cultured human ECs. Furthermore, we have identified a 251-bp promoter fragment in the PAI-1 gene that mediates this ethanol-induced suppression of PAI-1 expression. Thus, the overall goal of Project 2 is to identify the molecular mechanisms through which ethanol/polyphenols repress PAI-1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro, resulting in increased fibrinolysis. Specific studies will determine the effect of ethanol/polyphenols on the in vivo expression and role of PAI-1 in and deficient PAI-1 mice (Aim 1); examine possible cross-talk between PAI-1 and eNOS in regulating vascular function in wild-type and PAI-1 deficient mice (Aim 2); establish the role of vitronectin, LRP, VLDLr, and alpha5beta3 in modulating PAI-1 in cultured ECs (Aim 3); and identify the ethanol/polyphenols responsive cis-element(s) in the PAI-1 gene, and characterize the transcription factor(s) that bind these responsive cis-element(s) (Aim 4). Results from these studies will provide insight into understanding how moderate ethanol/polyphenols repress PAI-1 gene transcription that may contribute to increased fibrinolysis and the cardioprotection attributed to moderate alcohol and red wine consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POLYPHENOLS AND INFLAMMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnes, Stephen; Professor and Director, Uab Center for n; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Polyphenols are common constituents in botanical preparations available in over-the-counter preparations as well as in foods which are being recommended as being heart-healthy or cancer preventing. Although best known as antioxidants, their mechanisms of action also appear to include the estrogen receptor system and inhibition of protein kinases that form part of signal transduction cascades. However, the low blood concentrations of free polyphenols in blood are not consistent with their observed effects in animal models of chronic disease. This suggests that further metabolism occurs in the vicinity of the cells affected by the chronic disease, Since chronic disease is characterized by local production of oxidants, we hypothesize that the polyphenols are converted by the oxidants to novel metabolites with increased biologic activity. Specifically, we propose that polyphenols react with hypohalogenous acids (HOCl and HOBr) and with and with peroxynitrite to produce halogenated products. Using soy isoflavones as a model, we have already shown that they form mono- and dichlorinated and nitrated derivatives both in vitro and in cells induced to have respiratory bursts.
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The goals of this project are to determine (1) the products and rates of reaction of polyphenols with HOCl, HOBr and ONO2- using LC-MSMS and NMR; (2) the kinetics of the formation of halogenated and nitrated products of polyphenols and their physiological metabolites by inflammatory cells; (c) whether nitrated and/or halogenated polyphenols are found in tissue sites in animal models of cells; (3) whether nitrated and/or halogenated polyphenols are found in tissue sites in animal models of inflammatory disease; and (4) the effect of halogenation of polyphenols on their biochemical and biological action in model systems (cell proliferation, arterial vessel relaxation, EGF receptor autophosphorylation and estrogen receptor-dependent reporter gene expression). The polyphenols chosen for these experiments will be those that are the subject of research in the other main projects (daidzein and genistein) [Project 1], quercetin, reveratrol, and pro-anthrocyanins [Project 2] and tea polyphenols [Project 3]. In particular, the known metabolites of these polyphenols will be investigated. Polyphenols will be investigated. Polyphenols in botanical preparations developed via the activities of the Cores and the Pilot projects will also be evaluated in years 2-5. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE CAROTENE AND RETINOL EFFICACY TRIAL (CARET) Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Gary E.; Associate Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for quercetin in the PubMed Central database: •
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Action of 3-methylquercetin on poliovirus RNA replication. by Castrillo JL, Carrasco L.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255917
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Anaerobic enzyme[center dot]substrate structures provide insight into the reaction mechanism of the copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase. by Steiner RA, Kalk KH, Dijkstra BW.; 2002 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139194
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Biotransformation of the Pentahydroxy Flavone Quercetin by Rhizobium loti and Bradyrhizobium Strains (Lotus). by Rao JR, Sharma ND, Hamilton JT, Boyd DR, Cooper JE.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182986
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Degradation of Quercetin and Luteolin by Eubacterium ramulus. by Braune A, Gutschow M, Engst W, Blaut M.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93344
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Microbial Transformation of Quercetin by Bacillus cereus. by Rao KV, Weisner NT.; 1981 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244035
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Quercetin inhibits Ca2+ uptake but not Ca2+ release by sarcoplasmic reticulum in skinned muscle fibers. by Shoshan V, Campbell KP, MacLennan DH, Frodis W, Britt BA.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349858
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Rutin-induced beta-glucosidase activity in Streptococcus faecium VGH-1 and Streptococcus sp. strain FRP-17 isolated from human feces: formation of the mutagen, quercetin, from rutin. by MacDonald IA, Bussard RG, Hutchison DM, Holdeman LV.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239673
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with quercetin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for quercetin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man. Author(s): McAnlis GT, McEneny J, Pearce J, Young IS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 February; 53(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099940
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Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man. Author(s): Hollman PC, vd Gaag M, Mengelers MJ, van Trijp JM, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1996; 21(5): 703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891673
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Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4'-O-betaglucoside and isorhamnetin-4'-O-beta-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Author(s): Aziz AA, Edwards CA, Lean ME, Crozier A. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 September; 29(3): 257-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9802557
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Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Author(s): Hollman PC, de Vries JH, van Leeuwen SD, Mengelers MJ, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 December; 62(6): 1276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7491892
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Absorption/metabolism of sulforaphane and quercetin, and regulation of phase II enzymes, in human jejunum in vivo. Author(s): Petri N, Tannergren C, Holst B, Mellon FA, Bao Y, Plumb GW, Bacon J, O'Leary KA, Kroon PA, Knutson L, Forsell P, Eriksson T, Lennernas H, Williamson G. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2003 June; 31(6): 805-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756216
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Accumulation of quercetin conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women. Author(s): Moon JH, Nakata R, Oshima S, Inakuma T, Terao J. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2000 August; 279(2): R461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10938233
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Action of 3-methylquercetin on poliovirus RNA replication. Author(s): Castrillo JL, Carrasco L. Source: Journal of Virology. 1987 October; 61(10): 3319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2442414
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Activation of rutin by human oral bacterial isolates to the carcinogen-mutagen quercetin. Author(s): Parisis DM, Pritchard ET. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1983; 28(7): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6579892
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An improved synthesis of the anti-picornavirus flavone 3-O-methylquercetin. Author(s): Boers F, Deng BL, Lemiere G, Lepoivre J, De Groot A, Dommisse R, Vlietinck AJ. Source: Archiv Der Pharmazie. 1997 October; 330(9-10): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396391
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An investigation of functional similarities between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and platelet calcium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatases with the inhibitors quercetin and calmidazolium. Author(s): Fischer TH, Campbell KP, White GC 2nd. Source: Biochemistry. 1987 December 1; 26(24): 8024-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2962642
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Anaerobic transformation of quercetin-3-glucoside by bacteria from the human intestinal tract. Author(s): Schneider H, Schwiertz A, Collins MD, Blaut M. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 1999 January; 171(2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9914304
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Antimicrobial and anti-lipase activity of quercetin and its C2-C16 3-O-acyl-esters. Author(s): Gatto MT, Falcocchio S, Grippa E, Mazzanti G, Battinelli L, Nicolosi G, Lambusta D, Saso L. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 February; 10(2): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11741775
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Antioxidants and cancer, part 3: quercetin. Author(s): Lamson DW, Brignall MS. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2000 June; 5(3): 196-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10869101
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Antioxidative flavonoid quercetin: implication of its intestinal absorption and metabolism. Author(s): Murota K, Terao J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 September 1; 417(1): 12-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921774
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Antiproliferative activity of quercetin on normal bone marrow and leukaemic progenitors. Author(s): Larocca LM, Teofili L, Leone G, Sica S, Pierelli L, Menichella G, Scambia G, Benedetti Panici P, Ricci R, Piantelli M, et al. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1991 December; 79(4): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1772777
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Assessment of the adaptive response induced by quercetin using the MNCB peripheral blood human lymphocytes assay. Author(s): Oliveira NG, Neves M, Rodrigues AS, Monteiro Gil O, Chaveca T, Rueff J. Source: Mutagenesis. 2000 January; 15(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640534
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Binding of quercetin with human serum albumin: a critical spectroscopic study. Author(s): Sengupta B, Sengupta PK. Source: Biopolymers. 2003; 72(6): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587065
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Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside do not differ in humans. Author(s): Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Vree TB, Katan MB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 May; 130(5): 1200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10801919
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Bioavailability of the dietary antioxidant flavonol quercetin in man. Author(s): Hollman PC, van Trijp JM, Mengelers MJ, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9103273
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Bioflavonoids: proanthocyanidins and quercetin and their potential roles in treating musculoskeletal conditions. Author(s): Teixeira S. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2002 July; 32(7): 35763. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113470
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Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma. Author(s): Day AJ, Williamson G. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S105-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520427
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Biphasic modulation of cell proliferation by quercetin at concentrations physiologically relevant in humans. Author(s): van der Woude H, Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Struijs K, Smeets A, Alink GM, Rietjens IM. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 October 8; 200(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14550951
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Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity by quercetin and luteolin leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic tumor cells. Author(s): Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee PP, Ke FC, Nair MP, Kanadaswam C, Lee MT. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 1615-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168845
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Carbon dioxide is the major metabolite of quercetin in humans. Author(s): Walle T, Walle UK, Halushka PV. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 131(10): 2648-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11584085
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Cellular uptake of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4'-beta-glucoside by sodiumdependent glucose transporter SGLT1. Author(s): Walgren RA, Lin JT, Kinne RK, Walle T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000 September; 294(3): 837-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945831
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Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans. Author(s): Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Buijsman MN, van Amelsvoort JM, Katan MB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 1806-14. Erratum In: J Nutr. 2003 August; 133(8): 2692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771321
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Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of quercetin in human urine with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Author(s): Nielsen SE, Dragsted LO. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 April 10; 707(1-2): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613936
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Comparison of antioxidative capacities and inhibitory effects on cholesterol biosynthesis of quercetin and potential metabolites. Author(s): Glasser G, Graefe EU, Struck F, Veit M, Gebhardt R. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 January; 9(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11924762
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Comparison of arildone and 3-methylquercetin as stabilizers of poliovirus. Author(s): Rombaut B, Vrijsen R, Boeye A. Source: Antiviral Research. 1985; Suppl 1: 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3002268
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Concentration and effect of quercetin. Author(s): Larocca LM, Piantelli M, Teofili L, Leone G, Ranelletti FO. Source: Experimental Hematology. 1996 March; 24(4): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608798
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Conjugation position of quercetin glucuronides and effect on biological activity. Author(s): Day AJ, Bao Y, Morgan MR, Williamson G. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 December 15; 29(12): 1234-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11118813
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Consumption of black currants, lingonberries and bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations. Author(s): Erlund I, Marniemi J, Hakala P, Alfthan G, Meririnne E, Aro A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548295
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Consumption of quercetin and kaempferol in free-living subjects eating a variety of diets. Author(s): de Vries JH, Janssen PL, Hollman PC, van Staveren WA, Katan MB. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9103274
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Cooperation of quercetin with ascorbate in the protection of photosensitized lysis of human erythrocytes in the presence of hematoporphyrin. Author(s): Sorata Y, Takahama U, Kimura M. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1988 August; 48(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3222330
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Degradation of quercetin and luteolin by Eubacterium ramulus. Author(s): Braune A, Gutschow M, Engst W, Blaut M. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 December; 67(12): 5558-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722907
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Degradation of quercetin-3-glucoside in gnotobiotic rats associated with human intestinal bacteria. Author(s): Schneider H, Simmering R, Hartmann L, Pforte H, Blaut M. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 December; 89(6): 1027-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123476
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Determination of quercetin and kaempferol in human urine after orally administrated tablet of ginkgo biloba extract by HPLC. Author(s): Wang FM, Yao TW, Zeng S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 September 19; 33(2): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972097
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Determination of quercetin in human plasma by HPLC with spectrophotometric or electrochemical detection. Author(s): Jones DJ, Lim CK, Ferry DR, Gescher A. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1998 July-August; 12(4): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667028
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Determination of quercetin in human plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Liu B, Anderson D, Ferry DR, Seymour LW, de Takats PG, Kerr DJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 April 7; 666(1): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655613
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Dietary flavonoids as antioxidants in vivo: conjugated metabolites of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin participate in antioxidative defense in blood plasma. Author(s): Terao J. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10687310
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Dietary flavonols quercetin and kaempferol are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that affect CYP1A1 transcription differentially. Author(s): Ciolino HP, Daschner PJ, Yeh GC. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1999 June 15; 340 ( Pt 3): 715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359656
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Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. Author(s): Arai Y, Watanabe S, Kimira M, Shimoi K, Mochizuki R, Kinae N. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 September; 130(9): 2243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958819
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Dietary quercetin augments activator protein-1 and does not reduce nuclear factorkappa B in the renal cortex of rats with established chronic glomerular disease. Author(s): Rangan GK, Wang Y, Harris DC. Source: Nephron. 2002 March; 90(3): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867952
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Dietary quercetin glycosides: antioxidant activity and induction of the anticarcinogenic phase II marker enzyme quinone reductase in Hepalclc7 cells. Author(s): Williamson G, Plumb GW, Uda Y, Price KR, Rhodes MJ. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1996 November; 17(11): 2385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8968052
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Dietary supplementation with the anti-tumour promoter quercetin: its effects on matrix metalloproteinase gene regulation. Author(s): Morrow DM, Fitzsimmons PE, Chopra M, McGlynn H. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 September 1; 480-481: 269-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506819
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Differential apoptosis-inducing effect of quercetin and its glycosides in human promyeloleukemic HL-60 cells by alternative activation of the caspase 3 cascade. Author(s): Shen SC, Chen YC, Hsu FL, Lee WR. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 August 1; 89(5): 1044-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874837
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Differential effects of quercetin and resveratrol on Band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation signalling of red blood cells. Author(s): Maccaglia A, Mallozzi C, Minetti M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 June 6; 305(3): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763027
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Differential inhibition of human liver and duodenum sulphotransferase activities by quercetin, a flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine. Author(s): Marchetti F, De Santi C, Vietri M, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2001 December; 31(12): 841-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11780759
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Differential responses of skin cancer-chemopreventive agents silibinin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate on mitogenic signaling and cell cycle regulators in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Author(s): Bhatia N, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 292-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759294
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Differential sensitivity of leukemic and normal hematopoietic progenitors to the killing effect of hyperthermia and quercetin used in combination: role of heat-shock protein-70. Author(s): Larocca LM, Ranelletti FO, Maggiano N, Rutella S, La Barbera EO, Rumi C, Serra F, Voso MT, Piantelli M, Teofili L, Leone G. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 September 26; 73(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334813
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Disposition of quercetin in man after single oral and intravenous doses. Author(s): Gugler R, Leschik M, Dengler HJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975 December 19; 9(2-3): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1233267
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Distinct mechanisms of DNA damage in apoptosis induced by quercetin and luteolin. Author(s): Yamashita N, Kawanishi S. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 November; 33(5): 623-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200093
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DNA damage in human colonic mucosa cells evoked by nickel and protective action of quercetin - involvement of free radicals? Author(s): Blasiak J, Arabski M, Pertynski T, Malecka-Panas E, Wozniak K, Drzewoski J. Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 2002; 18(4): 279-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206140
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Downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS by amentoflavone and quercetin in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Author(s): Banerjee T, Van der Vliet A, Ziboh VA. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 May-June; 66(5-6): 485-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12144868
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Drug resistance against gemcitabine and topotecan mediated by constitutive hsp70 overexpression in vitro: implication of quercetin as sensitiser in chemotherapy. Author(s): Sliutz G, Karlseder J, Tempfer C, Orel L, Holzer G, Simon MM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 July; 74(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8688318
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Effect of an antioxidant (quercetin) on sodium-lauryl-sulfate-induced skin irritation. Author(s): Katsarou A, Davoy E, Xenos K, Armenaka M, Theoharides TC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703630
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Effect of bile acids on formation of the mutagen, quercetin, from two flavonol glycoside precursors by human gut bacterial preparations. Author(s): Mader JA, Macdonald IA. Source: Mutation Research. 1985 March; 155(3): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3883158
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Effect of dietary quercetin on oxidative DNA damage in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Beatty ER, O'Reilly JD, England TG, McAnlis GT, Young IS, Geissler CA, Sanders TA, Wiseman H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 December; 84(6): 919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177210
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Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of antioxidative status. Author(s): Young JF, Nielsen SE, Haraldsdottir J, Daneshvar B, Lauridsen ST, Knuthsen P, Crozier A, Sandstrom B, Dragsted LO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9925128
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Effect of genistein and quercetin on proliferation, collagen synthesis, and type I procollagen mRNA levels of rat hepatic stellate cells. Author(s): Kang LP, Qi LH, Zhang JP, Shi N, Zhang M, Wu TM, Chen J. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001 September; 22(9): 793-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749858
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Effect of pH on quercetin-induced suppression of heat shock gene expression and thermotolerance development in HT-29 cells. Author(s): Lee YJ, Curetty L, Hou ZZ, Kim SH, Kim JH, Corry PM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1992 July 31; 186(2): 1121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1497645
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Effect of plasma metabolites of (+)-catechin and quercetin on monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Author(s): Koga T, Meydani M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 May; 73(5): 941-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11333849
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Effect of quercetin and Albizzia saponins on rat mast cell. Author(s): Johri RK, Zutshi U, Kameshwaran L, Atal CK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1985 January-March; 29(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3932203
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Effect of quercetin on activities of protein kinase C and tyrosine protein kinase from HL-60 cells. Author(s): Kang TB, Liang NC. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1997 July; 18(4): 374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072927
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Effect of quercetin on adhesion of platelets to microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Author(s): Fan PS, Gu ZL, Liang ZQ. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001 September; 22(9): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749871
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Effect of quercetin on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal enzyme release and phospholipid metabolism. Author(s): Lee TP, Matteliano ML, Middleton E Jr. Source: Life Sciences. 1982 December 13; 31(24): 2765-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6818414
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Effect of quercetin on prostaglandin A1-induced heat shock response in human cells. Author(s): Elia G, Santoro MG. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1994 November 15; 744: 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825859
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Effect of semi-synthesized quercetin water-soluble derivatives on recombinant human phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110beta catalytic subunit. Author(s): Liu W, Liang NC. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 April; 23(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931710
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Effect of three flavonoids, 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy flavone, luteolin, and quercetin, on the stimulus-induced superoxide generation and tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins in human neutrophil. Author(s): Lu HW, Sugahara K, Sagara Y, Masuoka N, Asaka Y, Manabe M, Kodama H. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 September 1; 393(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11516163
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Effects of epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Author(s): Johnson MK, Loo G. Source: Mutation Research. 2000 April 28; 459(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10812333
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Effects of luteolin and quercetin, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, on cell growth and metastasis-associated properties in A431 cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor. Author(s): Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee PP, Ke FC, Huang JH, Huang CJ, Kandaswami C, Middleton E Jr, Lee MT. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 November; 128(5): 999-1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556937
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Effects of luteolin, quercetin and baicalein on immunoglobulin E-mediated mediator release from human cultured mast cells. Author(s): Kimata M, Shichijo M, Miura T, Serizawa I, Inagaki N, Nagai H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 30(4): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718847
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Effects of phenol-depleted and phenol-rich diets on blood markers of oxidative stress, and urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Kim HY, Kim OH, Sung MK. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12805248
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Effects of quercetin and sunphenon on responses of cancer cells to heat shock damage. Author(s): Kudo M, Naito Z, Yokoyama M, Asano G. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1999 April; 66(1): 66-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331966
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Effects of quercetin on aggregation and intracellular free calcium of platelets. Author(s): Xiao D, Gu ZL, Bai JP, Wang Z. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1995 May; 16(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7660815
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Effects of quercetin on drug metabolizing enzymes and oxidation of 2',7dichlorofluorescin in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Musonda CA, Helsby N, Chipman JK. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1997 December; 16(12): 700-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9429083
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Effects of quercetin on epithelial chloride secretion. Author(s): Sanchez de Medina F, Galvez J, Gonzalez M, Zarzuelo A, Barrett KE. Source: Life Sciences. 1997; 61(20): 2049-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366512
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Effects of quercetin on magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and the metabolism of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Long GD, DeChatelet LR, O'Flaherty JT, McCall CE, Bass DA, Shirley PS, Parce JW. Source: Blood. 1981 March; 57(3): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6450623
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Effects of quercetin on production and release of endothelin and cGMP from cultured endothelial cells. Author(s): Zhao XY, Gu ZL. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1996 September; 17(5): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9863170
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Effects of quercetin on the heat-induced cytotoxicity of prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Nakanoma T, Ueno M, Iida M, Hirata R, Deguchi N. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 November; 8(11): 623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903689
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Effects of quercetin on the release of endothelin, prostacyclin and tissue plasminogen activator from human endothelial cells in culture. Author(s): Zhao X, Gu Z, Attele AS, Yuan CS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 November 30; 67(3): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617062
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Effects of the flavonoid drug quercetin on the response of human prostate tumours to hyperthermia in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Asea A, Ara G, Teicher BA, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 2001 July-August; 17(4): 347-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471985
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Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Author(s): Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, Harryvan JL, Hovenier R, Hollman PC, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459373
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Efficiency of absorption and metabolic conversion of quercetin and its glucosides in human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Author(s): Murota K, Shimizu S, Chujo H, Moon JH, Terao J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 December 15; 384(2): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11368329
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Efflux of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4'-beta-glucoside across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers by apical multidrug resistance-associated protein-2. Author(s): Walgren RA, Karnaky KJ Jr, Lindenmayer GE, Walle T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000 September; 294(3): 830-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945830
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Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric study of degradation products of quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, produced by in vitro fermentation with human faecal flora. Author(s): Justesen U, Arrigoni E. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2001; 15(7): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11268131
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Enhanced antioxidant activity after chlorination of quercetin by hypochlorous acid. Author(s): Binsack R, Boersma BJ, Patel RP, Kirk M, White CR, Darley-Usmar V, Barnes S, Zhou F, Parks DA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001 March; 25(3): 434-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11290856
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Enhanced anti-proliferative action of busulphan by quercetin on the human leukaemia cell line K562. Author(s): Hoffman R, Graham L, Newlands ES. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1989 March; 59(3): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2930697
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Enhanced elimination of Ph+ chromosome cells in vitro by combined hyperthermia and other drugs (AZT, IFN-alpha, TNF, and quercetin): its application to autologous bone marrow transplantation for CML. Author(s): Osman Y, Moriyama Y, Shibata A. Source: Experimental Hematology. 1995 May; 23(5): 444-52. Erratum In: Exp Hematol 1995 November; 23(12): 1324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7720816
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Enhancement of the antiproliferative activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) by quercetin. Author(s): Hofmann J, Fiebig HH, Winterhalter BR, Berger DP, Grunicke H. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 March 15; 45(3): 536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2155185
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Enzymatic sulfation of quercetin by arylsulfotransferase from a human intestinal bacterium. Author(s): Koizumi M, Shimizu M, Kobashi K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1990 March; 38(3): 794-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2347024
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Evidence of covalent binding of the dietary flavonoid quercetin to DNA and protein in human intestinal and hepatic cells. Author(s): Walle T, Vincent TS, Walle UK. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 May 15; 65(10): 1603-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754096
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Extensive binding of the bioflavonoid quercetin to human plasma proteins. Author(s): Boulton DW, Walle UK, Walle T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1998 February; 50(2): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9530994
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Fate of the flavonoid quercetin in human cell lines: chemical instability and metabolism. Author(s): Boulton DW, Walle UK, Walle T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 March; 51(3): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344638
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Flavonoid quercetin sensitizes a CD95-resistant cell line to apoptosis by activating protein kinase Calpha. Author(s): Russo M, Palumbo R, Mupo A, Tosto M, Iacomino G, Scognamiglio A, Tedesco I, Galano G, Russo GL. Source: Oncogene. 2003 May 22; 22(21): 3330-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761503
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Flavonoids as cycline-dependent kinase inhibitors: inhibition of cdc 25 phosphatase activity by flavonoids belonging to the quercetin and kaempferol series. Author(s): Aligiannis N, Mitaku S, Mitrocotsa D, Leclerc S. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 July; 67(5): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488465
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Genotoxicity of quercetin in the micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, human lymphocytes, V79 cell line and identification of kinetochorecontaining (CREST staining) micronuclei in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Caria H, Chaveca T, Laires A, Rueff J. Source: Mutation Research. 1995 June; 343(2-3): 85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791812
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Growth-inhibitory effect of quercetin and presence of type II estrogen binding sites in primary human transitional cell carcinomas. Author(s): Larocca LM, Giustacchini M, Maggiano N, Ranelletti FO, Piantelli M, Alcini E, Capelli A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 September; 152(3): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8051728
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Growth-inhibitory effect of quercetin and presence of type-II estrogen-binding sites in human colon-cancer cell lines and primary colorectal tumors. Author(s): Ranelletti FO, Ricci R, Larocca LM, Maggiano N, Capelli A, Scambia G, Benedetti-Panici P, Mancuso S, Rumi C, Piantelli M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1992 February 1; 50(3): 486-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1735617
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Growth-inhibitory effect of tamoxifen and quercetin and presence of type II estrogen binding sites in human laryngeal cancer cell lines and primary laryngeal tumors. Author(s): Ferrandina G, Almadori G, Maggiano N, Lanza P, Ferlini C, Cattani P, Piantelli M, Scambia G, Ranelletti FO. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 August 31; 77(5): 747-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9688309
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Human metabolism of dietary flavonoids: identification of plasma metabolites of quercetin. Author(s): Day AJ, Mellon F, Barron D, Sarrazin G, Morgan MR, Williamson G. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 December; 35(6): 941-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811545
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Human metabolism of dietary quercetin glycosides. Author(s): Day AJ, Williamson G. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1999; 66: 415-34. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800454
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Human myeloperoxidase activity is inhibited in vitro by quercetin. Comparison with three related compounds. Author(s): Pincemail J, Deby C, Thirion A, de Bruyn-Dister M, Goutier R. Source: Experientia. 1988 May 15; 44(5): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2836234
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Identification of quercetin glucuronides in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Wittig J, Herderich M, Graefe EU, Veit M. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 April 5; 753(2): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334336
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Impairment of human sperm motility and viability by quercetin is independent of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Khanduja KL, Verma A, Bhardwaj A. Source: Andrologia. 2001 September; 33(5): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683702
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In vitro glucuronidation of kaempferol and quercetin by human UGT-1A9 microsomes. Author(s): Oliveira EJ, Watson DG. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 April 7; 471(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10760502
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In vitro studies indicate that miquelianin (quercetin 3-O-beta-Dglucuronopyranoside) is able to reach the CNS from the small intestine. Author(s): Juergenliemk G, Boje K, Huewel S, Lohmann C, Galla HJ, Nahrstedt A. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 November; 69(11): 1013-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735439
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In vitro studies on the selective cytotoxic effect of crocetin and quercetin. Author(s): Jagadeeswaran R, Thirunavukkarasu C, Gunasekaran P, Ramamurty N, Sakthisekaran D. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925010
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Induction of apoptosis by quercetin: involvement of heat shock protein. Author(s): Wei YQ, Zhao X, Kariya Y, Fukata H, Teshigawara K, Uchida A. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 September 15; 54(18): 4952-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8069862
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Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by quercetin. Author(s): Choi JA, Kim JY, Lee JY, Kang CM, Kwon HJ, Yoo YD, Kim TW, Lee YS, Lee SJ. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2001 October; 19(4): 837-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562764
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Induction of human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene expression by the flavonol quercetin. Author(s): Valerio LG Jr, Kepa JK, Pickwell GV, Quattrochi LC. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 February 3; 119(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275421
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Induction of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity of SK-N-SH cells in vitro by quercetin and resveratrol. Author(s): Melzig MF, Escher F. Source: Pharmazie. 2002 August; 57(8): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227197
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Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by the flavonoids chrysin and quercetin in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Galijatovic A, Walle UK, Walle T. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2000 January; 17(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714603
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Influence of ethyl acetate extract and quercetin-3-methyl ether from Polygonum amphibium on activation lymphocytes from peripheral blood of healthy donor in vitro. Author(s): Smolarz HD, Surdacka A, Rolinski J. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916071
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Influence of the dietary flavonoid quercetin on the cardioprotective antioxidant action of oestrogen and phytoestrogens. Author(s): Wiseman H, O'Reilly J. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 February; 25(1): 108S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057006
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Inhibition by quercetin of activation of polymorphonuclear leucocyte functions. Stimulus-specific effects. Author(s): Berton G, Schneider C, Romeo D. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1980; 595(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7349882
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Inhibition by quercetin of thyroid hormone stimulation in vitro of human red blood cell Ca2+-ATPase activity. Author(s): Davis FB, Middleton E Jr, Davis PJ, Blas SD. Source: Cell Calcium. 1983 April; 4(2): 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6223702
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Inhibition of aggregation and secretion of human platelets by quercetin and other flavonoids: structure-activity relationships. Author(s): Beretz A, Cazenave JP, Anton R. Source: Agents Actions. 1982 July; 12(3): 382-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6182778
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Inhibition of estrone sulfatase in human liver microsomes by quercetin and other flavonoids. Author(s): Huang Z, Fasco MJ, Kaminsky LS. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1997 SeptemberOctober; 63(1-3): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449200
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Inhibition of heat-induced phosphorylation of stathmin by the bioflavonoid quercetin. Author(s): Nagasaka Y, Fijimoto M, Arai H, Nakamura K. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 February; 23(4): 670-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870780
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Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 by the flavonoid quercetin. Author(s): van Zanden JJ, Ben Hamman O, van Iersel ML, Boeren S, Cnubben NH, Lo Bello M, Vervoort J, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IM. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 May 6; 145(2): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686490
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Inhibition of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase-dependent lipid peroxidation in lowdensity lipoprotein by quercetin and quercetin monoglucosides. Author(s): Luiz da Silva E, Tsushida T, Terao J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1998 January 15; 349(2): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448720
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Inhibition of phenol sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) by quercetin in human adult and foetal livers. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Rane A, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 May; 32(5): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065059
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Inhibition of photooxidation of alpha-tocopherol by quercetin in human blood cell membranes in the presence of hematoporphyrin as a photosensitizer. Author(s): Jan CY, Takahama U, Kimura M. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1991 October 15; 1086(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1954246
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Inhibition of phthalocyanine-sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes by quercetin. Author(s): Ben-Hur E, Rosenthal I, Granot Y. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1993 June; 57(6): 984-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8367538
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Inhibition of thromboxane formation as the antiplatelet mechanism of 3,4dihydroxyxanthone and quercetin pentaacetate. Author(s): Lin HC, Liu HW, Lin CN, Teng CM. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1991 October; 7(10): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1811069
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Inhibition of Vpr-induced cell cycle abnormality by quercetin: a novel strategy for searching compounds targeting Vpr. Author(s): Shimura M, Zhou Y, Asada Y, Yoshikawa T, Hatake K, Takaku F, Ishizaka Y. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 August 2; 261(2): 308-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10425183
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Inhibitory effect of quercetin metabolites and their related derivatives on copper ioninduced lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Yamamoto N, Moon JH, Tsushida T, Nagao A, Terao J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1999 December 15; 372(2): 347-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10600174
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Inhibitory effect of quercetin on OVCA 433 cells and presence of type II oestrogen binding sites in primary ovarian tumours and cultured cells. Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Panici PB, Piantelli M, Bonanno G, De Vincenzo R, Ferrandina G, Rumi C, Larocca LM, Mancuso S. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1990 December; 62(6): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2257224
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Inhibitory effect of quercetin on primary ovarian and endometrial cancers and synergistic activity with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Benedetti Panici P, Piantelli M, Bonanno G, De Vincenzo R, Ferrandina G, Maggiano N, Capelli A, Mancuso S. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 April; 45(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1601330
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Inhibitory effect of quercetin on the synthesis of a possibly cell-cycle-related 17-kDa protein, in human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Hosokawa N, Hosokawa Y, Sakai T, Yoshida M, Marui N, Nishino H, Kawai K, Aoike A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 June 15; 45(6): 1119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2351487
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Interaction between quercetin and Ca2+-calmodulin complex: possible mechanism for anti-tumor-promoting action of the flavonoid. Author(s): Nishino H, Naito E, Iwashima A, Tanaka K, Matsuura T, Fujiki H, Sugimura T. Source: Gann. 1984 April; 75(4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6735033
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Interaction with type II estrogen binding sites and antiproliferative activity of tamoxifen and quercetin in human non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Caltagirone S, Ranelletti FO, Rinelli A, Maggiano N, Colasante A, Musiani P, Aiello FB, Piantelli M. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 1997 July; 17(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9224209
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Intestinal apolipoprotein B secretion is inhibited by the flavonoid quercetin: potential role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Author(s): Casaschi A, Wang Q, Dang K, Richards A, Theriault A. Source: Lipids. 2002 July; 37(7): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12216835
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Intracellular metabolism and bioactivity of quercetin and its in vivo metabolites. Author(s): Spencer JP, Kuhnle GG, Williams RJ, Rice-Evans C. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 May 15; 372(Pt 1): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578560
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Involvement of rat cytochrome 1A1 in the biotransformation of kaempferol to quercetin: relevance to the genotoxicity of kaempferol. Author(s): Silva ID, Rodrigues AS, Gaspar J, Maia R, Laires A, Rueff J. Source: Mutagenesis. 1997 September; 12(5): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9379919
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Isolation and structural elucidation of 3,4',5,7-tetraacetyl quercetin from Adina cordifolia (Karam ki Gaach). Author(s): Rao MS, Duddeck H, Dembinski R. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 July; 73(4): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234584
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Lack of effect of the flavonoids, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin, on repair of H2O2induced DNA single-strand breaks in Caco-2, Hep G2, and V79 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(1): 106-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341035
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Linkage of reduction in 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity and inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate concentration in human ovarian carcinoma cells treated with quercetin. Author(s): Prajda N, Singhal RL, Yeh YA, Olah E, Look KY, Weber G. Source: Life Sciences. 1995; 56(19): 1587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7723587
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Low concentrations of quercetin and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. Author(s): Mertens-Talcott SU, Talcott ST, Percival SS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 133(8): 2669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888656
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Measurement of trans-resveratrol, (+)-catechin, and quercetin in rat and human blood and urine by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. Author(s): Soleas GJ, Yan J, Goldberg DM. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 335: 130-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11400362
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Mechanism of oxidative DNA damage induced by quercetin in the presence of Cu(II). Author(s): Yamashita N, Tanemura H, Kawanishi S. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 March 10; 425(1): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10082921
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Mechanism of protection by the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin, against tertbutylhydroperoxide- and menadione-induced DNA single strand breaks in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 September 15; 29(6): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025194
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Mechanism of quercetin-induced suppression and delay of heat shock gene expression and thermotolerance development in HT-29 cells. Author(s): Lee YJ, Erdos G, Hou ZZ, Kim SH, Kim JH, Cho JM, Corry PM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1994 August 31; 137(2): 141-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845388
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Metabolism of quercetin and kaempferol by rat hepatocytes and the identification of flavonoid glycosides in human plasma. Author(s): Oliveira EJ, Watson DG, Grant MH. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 April; 32(4): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12028662
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Metabolism of quercetin-7- and quercetin-3-glucuronides by an in vitro hepatic model: the role of human beta-glucuronidase, sulfotransferase, catechol-Omethyltransferase and multi-resistant protein 2 (MRP2) in flavonoid metabolism. Author(s): O'Leary KA, Day AJ, Needs PW, Mellon FA, O'Brien NM, Williamson G. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 February 1; 65(3): 479-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527341
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Methylation of quercetin and fisetin, flavonoids widely distributed in edible vegetables, fruits and wine, by human liver. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 May; 40(5): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051572
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Modulating effect of resveratrol and quercetin on oral cancer cell growth and proliferation. Author(s): ElAttar TM, Virji AS. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1999 February; 10(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211549
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Modulation of prostaglandin A1-induced thermotolerance by quercetin in human leukemic cells: role of heat shock protein 70. Author(s): Elia G, Amici C, Rossi A, Santoro MG. Source: Cancer Research. 1996 January 1; 56(1): 210-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8548766
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Molecular mechanisms in the antiproliferative action of quercetin. Author(s): Csokay B, Prajda N, Weber G, Olah E. Source: Life Sciences. 1997; 60(24): 2157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188758
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Mutagenic activity in the wine-making process: correlations with rutin and quercetin levels. Author(s): Rueff J, Laires A, Gaspar J, Rodrigues A. Source: Mutagenesis. 1990 July; 5(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2398821
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Nonalcoholic red wine extract and quercetin inhibit LDL oxidation without affecting plasma antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid concentrations. Author(s): Chopra M, Fitzsimons PE, Strain JJ, Thurnham DI, Howard AN. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2000 August; 46(8 Pt 1): 1162-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10926898
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Oral absorption and metabolism of quercetin and sugar-conjugated derivatives in specific transport systems. Author(s): Noteborn HP, Jansen E, Benito S, Mengelers MJ. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9103284
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Oxidation of quercetin by salivary components. Quercetin-dependent reduction of salivary nitrite under acidic conditions producing nitric oxide. Author(s): Takahama U, Oniki T, Hirota S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 July 17; 50(15): 4317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12105964
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. Author(s): Graefe EU, Wittig J, Mueller S, Riethling AK, Uehleke B, Drewelow B, Pforte H, Jacobasch G, Derendorf H, Veit M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 May; 41(5): 492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361045
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in humans. Author(s): Graefe EU, Derendorf H, Veit M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 May; 37(5): 219-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10363620
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Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Erlund I, Kosonen T, Alfthan G, Maenpaa J, Perttunen K, Kenraali J, Parantainen J, Aro A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 November; 56(8): 545-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11151743
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Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Author(s): Ferry DR, Smith A, Malkhandi J, Fyfe DW, deTakats PG, Anderson D, Baker J, Kerr DJ. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1996 April; 2(4): 659-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9816216
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Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of the antioxidant flavonols quercetin and kaempferol as biomarkers for dietary intake. Author(s): de Vries JH, Hollman PC, Meyboom S, Buysman MN, Zock PL, van Staveren WA, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 July; 68(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665097
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Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Erlund I, Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Rantala M, Kesaniemi YA, Aro A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 56(9): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209378
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Potential health effects of the dietary flavonol quercetin. Author(s): Hertog MG, Hollman PC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 February; 50(2): 63-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641249
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Pre-clinical and clinical study of QC12, a water-soluble, pro-drug of quercetin. Author(s): Mulholland PJ, Ferry DR, Anderson D, Hussain SA, Young AM, Cook JE, Hodgkin E, Seymour LW, Kerr DJ. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 February; 12(2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300332
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Probing the binding of the flavonoid, quercetin to human serum albumin by circular dichroism, electronic absorption spectroscopy and molecular modelling methods. Author(s): Zsila F, Bikadi Z, Simonyi M. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 February 1; 65(3): 447-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527338
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Protection against oxidative damage of erythrocyte membrane by the flavonoid quercetin and its relation to iron chelating activity. Author(s): Ferrali M, Signorini C, Caciotti B, Sugherini L, Ciccoli L, Giachetti D, Comporti M. Source: Febs Letters. 1997 October 20; 416(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9369196
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Protection by quercetin against cooking oil fumes-induced DNA damage in human lung adenocarcinoma CL-3 cells: role of COX-2. Author(s): Lin SY, Tsai SJ, Wang LH, Wu MF, Lee H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672646
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Protection by quercetin and quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide of peroxynitriteinduced antioxidant consumption in human plasma low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Terao J, Yamaguchi S, Shirai M, Miyoshi M, Moon JH, Oshima S, Inakuma T, Tsushida T, Kato Y. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 December; 35(6): 925-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811543
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Protection by the flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, and rutin against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 and Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(2): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578483
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Protective effect of quercetin and rutin on photosensitized lysis of human erythrocytes in the presence of hematoporphyrin. Author(s): Sorata Y, Takahama U, Kimura M. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1984 June 29; 799(3): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6733152
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Quercetin 3-arabinopyranoside, a major flavonoid compound from Alchemilla xanthochlora. Author(s): Fraisse D, Heitz A, Carnat A, Carnat AP, Lamaison JL. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71(4): 463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925029
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Quercetin 3-O-(6”-caffeoyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside from Polygonum viscosum. Author(s): Datta BK, Datta SK, Sarker SD. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71(4): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925027
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Quercetin abrogates taxol-mediated signaling by inhibiting multiple kinases. Author(s): Marone M, D'Andrilli G, Das N, Ferlini C, Chatterjee S, Scambia G. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 2001 October 15; 270(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597122
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Quercetin and anti-CD95(Fas/Apo1) enhance apoptosis in HPB-ALL cell line. Author(s): Russo M, Palumbo R, Tedesco I, Mazzarella G, Russo P, Iacomino G, Russo GL. Source: Febs Letters. 1999 December 3; 462(3): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622719
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Quercetin and myricetin protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimidines) in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Dobson VL. Source: Mutation Research. 1997 October 24; 393(3): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9393615
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Quercetin and resveratrol potently reduce estrogen sulfotransferase activity in normal human mammary epithelial cells. Author(s): Otake Y, Nolan AL, Walle UK, Walle T. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2000 July-August; 73(5): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070355
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Quercetin and tamoxifen sensitize human melanoma cells to hyperthermia. Author(s): Piantelli M, Tatone D, Castrilli G, Savini F, Maggiano N, Larocca LM, Ranelletti FO, Natali PG. Source: Melanoma Research. 2001 October; 11(5): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595883
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Quercetin and the growth of leukemic progenitors. Author(s): Larocca LM, Teofili L, Maggiano N, Piantelli M, Ranelletti FO, Leone G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1996 September; 23(1-2): 49-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9021685
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Quercetin arrests human leukemic T-cells in late G1 phase of the cell cycle. Author(s): Yoshida M, Yamamoto M, Nikaido T. Source: Cancer Research. 1992 December 1; 52(23): 6676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1423313
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Quercetin as a modulator of the cellular neoplastic phenotype. Effects on the expression of mutated H-ras and p53 in rodent and human cells. Author(s): Avila MA, Cansado J, Harter KW, Velasco JA, Notario V. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 401: 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886129
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Quercetin cumulatively enhances copper induction of metallothionein in intestinal cells. Author(s): Kuo SM, Huang CT, Blum P, Chang C. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Winter; 84(1-3): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11817679
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Quercetin derivatives are deconjugated and converted to hydroxyphenylacetic acids but not methylated by human fecal flora in vitro. Author(s): Aura AM, O'Leary KA, Williamson G, Ojala M, Bailey M, Puupponen-Pimia R, Nuutila AM, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Poutanen K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1725-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879065
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Quercetin down-regulated bcl-2 gene expression in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Xiao D, Gu ZL, Zhu SP. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1998 November; 19(6): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437144
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Quercetin down-regulates signal transduction in human breast carcinoma cells. Author(s): Singhal RL, Yeh YA, Praja N, Olah E, Sledge GW Jr, Weber G. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 March 8; 208(1): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7887960
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Quercetin elevates p27(Kip1) and arrests both primary and HPV16 E6/E7 transformed human keratinocytes in G1. Author(s): Beniston RG, Campo MS. Source: Oncogene. 2003 August 21; 22(35): 5504-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12934110
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Quercetin enhances transforming growth factor beta 1 secretion by human ovarian cancer cells. Author(s): Scambia G, Panici PB, Ranelletti FO, Ferrandina G, De Vincenzo R, Piantelli M, Masciullo V, Bonanno G, Isola G, Mancuso S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1994 April 15; 57(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157359
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Quercetin exerts a preferential cytotoxic effect on active dividing colon carcinoma HT29 and Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Agullo G, Gamet L, Besson C, Demigne C, Remesy C. Source: Cancer Letters. 1994 November 25; 87(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7954370
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Quercetin exerts multiple inhibitory effects on vascular smooth muscle cells: role of ERK1/2, cell-cycle regulation, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Author(s): Moon SK, Cho GO, Jung SY, Gal SW, Kwon TK, Lee YC, Madamanchi NR, Kim CH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 February 21; 301(4): 1069-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589822
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Quercetin glucosides are completely hydrolyzed in ileostomy patients before absorption. Author(s): Walle T, Otake Y, Walle UK, Wilson FA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 November; 130(11): 2658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11053503
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Quercetin glucuronide prevents VSMC hypertrophy by angiotensin II via the inhibition of JNK and AP-1 signaling pathway. Author(s): Yoshizumi M, Tsuchiya K, Suzaki Y, Kirima K, Kyaw M, Moon JH, Terao J, Tamaki T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 May 24; 293(5): 1458-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054679
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Quercetin glucuronides inhibited 2-aminofluorene acetylation in human acute myeloid HL-60 leukemia cells. Author(s): Kuo HM, Ho HJ, Chao PD, Chung JG. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 October; 9(7): 625-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487326
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Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Source: Urology. 1999 December; 54(6): 960-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604689
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Quercetin in our diet: from potent mutagen to probable anticarcinogen. Author(s): Stavric B. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1994 August; 27(4): 245-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8001284
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Quercetin induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Xiao D, Zhu SP, Gu ZL. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1997 May; 18(3): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072952
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Quercetin induces type-II estrogen-binding sites in estrogen-receptor-negative (MDA-MB231) and estrogen-receptor-positive (MCF-7) human breast-cancer cell lines. Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Panici PB, Piantelli M, De Vincenzo R, Ferrandina G, Bonanno G, Capelli A, Mancuso S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 May 28; 54(3): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8509221
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Quercetin inhibits Ca2+ uptake but not Ca2+ release by sarcoplasmic reticulum in skinned muscle fibers. Author(s): Shoshan V, Campbell KP, MacLennan DH, Frodis W, Britt BA. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1980 August; 77(8): 4435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6449007
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Quercetin inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet activation through inhibition of multiple components of the glycoprotein VI signaling pathway. Author(s): Hubbard GP, Stevens JM, Cicmil M, Sage T, Jordan PA, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA, Gibbins JM. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 May; 1(5): 1079-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871380
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Quercetin inhibits heat shock protein induction but not heat shock factor DNAbinding in human breast carcinoma cells. Author(s): Hansen RK, Oesterreich S, Lemieux P, Sarge KD, Fuqua SA. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1997 October 29; 239(3): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9367858
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Quercetin inhibits hexose transport in a human diploid fibroblast. Author(s): Salter DW, Custead-Jones S, Cook JS. Source: The Journal of Membrane Biology. 1978 April 20; 40(1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=650675
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Quercetin inhibits human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Author(s): Alcocer F, Whitley D, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Jordan WD, Sellers MT, Eckhoff DE, Suzuki K, Macrae C, Bland KI. Source: Surgery. 2002 February; 131(2): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11854699
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Quercetin inhibits hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Musonda CA, Chipman JK. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 September; 19(9): 1583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9771928
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Quercetin inhibits inducible ICAM-1 expression in human endothelial cells through the JNK pathway. Author(s): Kobuchi H, Roy S, Sen CK, Nguyen HG, Packer L. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 September; 277(3 Pt 1): C403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484327
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Quercetin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of endothelial cell intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Author(s): Middleton E Jr, Anne S. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7613204
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Quercetin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Author(s): Song L, Xu M, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 July 1; 391(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414687
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Quercetin inhibits p21-RAS expression in human colon cancer cell lines and in primary colorectal tumors. Author(s): Ranelletti FO, Maggiano N, Serra FG, Ricci R, Larocca LM, Lanza P, Scambia G, Fattorossi A, Capelli A, Piantelli M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 February 1; 85(3): 438-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10652438
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Quercetin inhibits Shc- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by angiotensin II in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Yoshizumi M, Tsuchiya K, Kirima K, Kyaw M, Suzaki Y, Tamaki T. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2001 October; 60(4): 656-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562426
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Quercetin inhibits the action of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a tumor promoter. Author(s): Nishino H, Nishino A, Iwashima A, Tanaka K, Matsuura T. Source: Oncology. 1984; 41(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6200810
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Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Xing N, Chen Y, Mitchell SH, Young CY. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 March; 22(3): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11238180
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Quercetin inhibits the growth of a multidrug-resistant estrogen-receptor-negative MCF-7 human breast-cancer cell line expressing type II estrogen-binding sites. Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Benedetti Panici P, Piantelli M, Bonanno G, De Vincenzo R, Ferrandina G, Pierelli L, Capelli A, Mancuso S. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1991; 28(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1879042
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Quercetin inhibits the growth of leukemic progenitors and induces the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in these cells. Author(s): Larocca LM, Teofili L, Sica S, Piantelli M, Maggiano N, Leone G, Ranelletti FO. Source: Blood. 1995 June 15; 85(12): 3654-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7780149
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Quercetin inhibits the sulfation of r(-)-apomorphine in human brain. Author(s): Vietri M, Vaglini F, Cantini R, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 January; 41(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564743
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Quercetin intake and the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Author(s): Knekt P, Isotupa S, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Jarvinen R, Hakkinen S, Aromaa A, Reunanen A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 54(5): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822289
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Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties. Author(s): Manach C, Morand C, Crespy V, Demigne C, Texier O, Regerat F, Remesy C. Source: Febs Letters. 1998 April 24; 426(3): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600261
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Quercetin mediates the down-regulation of mutant p53 in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB468. Author(s): Avila MA, Velasco JA, Cansado J, Notario V. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 May 1; 54(9): 2424-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8162591
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Quercetin modifies reactive oxygen levels but exerts only partial protection against oxidative stress within HL-60 cells. Author(s): Bestwick CS, Milne L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 September 3; 1528(1): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11514098
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Quercetin not only inhibits P-glycoprotein efflux activity but also inhibits CYP3A isozymes. Author(s): Sarkar MA. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1995; 36(5): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634387
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Quercetin potentiates the effect of adriamycin in a multidrug-resistant MCF-7 human breast-cancer cell line: P-glycoprotein as a possible target. Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Panici PB, De Vincenzo R, Bonanno G, Ferrandina G, Piantelli M, Bussa S, Rumi C, Cianfriglia M, et al. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1994; 34(6): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923555
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Quercetin potentiates TNF-induced antiviral activity. Author(s): Ohnishi E, Bannai H. Source: Antiviral Research. 1993 December; 22(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8279819
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Quercetin prevents DNA single strand breakage and cytotoxicity caused by tertbutylhydroperoxide: free radical scavenging versus iron chelating mechanism. Author(s): Sestili P, Guidarelli A, Dacha M, Cantoni O. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1998 July 15; 25(2): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667496
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Quercetin prevents the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL on lymphoid cell lines. Author(s): Negre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1992; 12(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1559614
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Quercetin protects cutaneous tissue-associated cell types including sensory neurons from oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion: cooperative effects of ascorbic acid. Author(s): Skaper SD, Fabris M, Ferrari V, Dalle Carbonare M, Leon A. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1997; 22(4): 669-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9013129
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Quercetin regulates growth of Ishikawa cells through the suppression of EGF and cyclin D1. Author(s): Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y, Sakuragi N, Fujimoto S, Dahiya R. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 January; 22(1): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12469199
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Quercetin suppresses heat shock response by down regulation of HSF1. Author(s): Nagai N, Nakai A, Nagata K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 March 28; 208(3): 1099-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7702609
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Quercetin triglycoside from Capparis spinosa. Author(s): Sharaf M, el-Ansari MA, Saleh NA. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 February; 71(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11449469
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Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, inhibits the DNA synthesis of human leukemia cells. Author(s): Uddin S, Choudhry MA. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995 July; 36(3): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7549953
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Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, inhibits the induction of interleukin 8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured human synovial cells. Author(s): Sato M, Miyazaki T, Kambe F, Maeda K, Seo H. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 September; 24(9): 1680-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292787
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Quercetin, a dietary-derived flavonoid, possesses antiangiogenic potential. Author(s): Tan WF, Lin LP, Li MH, Zhang YX, Tong YG, Xiao D, Ding J. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 January 17; 459(2-3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12524154
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Quercetin, a potent and specific inhibitor of the human P-form phenosulfotransferase. Author(s): Walle T, Eaton EA, Walle UK. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 August 25; 50(5): 731-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7669078
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Quercetin, a regulator of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions. Author(s): Schneider C, Berton G, Spisani S, Traniello S, Romeo D. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1979; 121(A): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=547731
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Quercetin, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP3A, does not contribute to the interaction between nifedipine and grapefruit juice. Author(s): Rashid J, McKinstry C, Renwick AG, Dirnhuber M, Waller DG, George CF. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 November; 36(5): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959295
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Quercetin, an inhibitor of heat shock protein synthesis, inhibits the acquisition of thermotolerance in a human colon carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Koishi M, Hosokawa N, Sato M, Nakai A, Hirayoshi K, Hiraoka M, Abe M, Nagata K. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1992 November; 83(11): 1216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1483935
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Quercetin, an inhibitor of lactate transport and a hyperthermic sensitizer of HeLa cells. Author(s): Kim JH, Kim SH, Alfieri AA, Young CW. Source: Cancer Research. 1984 January; 44(1): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6690027
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Quercetin, apoptosis, heat shock. Author(s): Jakubowicz-Gil J, Rzymowska J, Gawron A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 December 1; 64(11): 1591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429348
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Quercetin: an inhibitor of antigen-induced human basophil histamine release. Author(s): Middleton E Jr, Drzewiecki G, Krishnarao D. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1981 August; 127(2): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6166675
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Quercetin: synergistic action with carboxyamidotriazole in human breast carcinoma cells. Author(s): Yeh YA, Herenyiova M, Weber G. Source: Life Sciences. 1995; 57(13): 1285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674820
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Quercetin-dependent reduction of salivary nitrite to nitric oxide under acidic conditions and interaction between quercetin and ascorbic acid during the reduction. Author(s): Takahama U, Yamamoto A, Hirota S, Oniki T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 24; 51(20): 6014-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13129310
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Quercetin-induced apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells: possible role of EGF receptor signaling. Author(s): Richter M, Ebermann R, Marian B. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(1): 88-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453447
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Quercetin-induced apoptosis in the monoblastoid cell line U937 in vitro and the regulation of heat shock proteins expression. Author(s): Rong Y, Yang EB, Zhang K, Mack P. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 November-December; 20(6B): 4339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205268
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Regioselectivity of phase II metabolism of luteolin and quercetin by UDPglucuronosyl transferases. Author(s): Boersma MG, van der Woude H, Bogaards J, Boeren S, Vervoort J, Cnubben NH, van Iersel ML, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IM. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 May; 15(5): 662-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018987
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Regulation of heat shock protein synthesis by quercetin in human erythroleukaemia cells. Author(s): Elia G, Santoro MG. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1994 May 15; 300 ( Pt 1): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198534
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Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various foods in man. Author(s): Hollman PC, van Trijp JM, Buysman MN, van der Gaag MS, Mengelers MJ, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Source: Febs Letters. 1997 November 24; 418(1-2): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9414116
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Repair of amino acid radicals of apolipoprotein B100 of low-density lipoproteins by flavonoids. A pulse radiolysis study with quercetin and rutin. Author(s): Filipe P, Morliere P, Patterson LK, Hug GL, Maziere JC, Maziere C, Freitas JP, Fernandes A, Santus R. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 September 10; 41(36): 11057-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206678
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Repair of quercetin-induced single-strand breaks by a cell free system. Author(s): Uddin S. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994 February; 32(2): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8019439
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Resveratrol and quercetin down-regulate tissue factor expression by human stimulated vascular cells. Author(s): Di Santo A, Mezzetti A, Napoleone E, Di Tommaso R, Donati MB, De Gaetano G, Lorenzet R. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 May; 1(5): 1089-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871381
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Review of the biology of Quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Author(s): Formica JV, Regelson W. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1995 December; 33(12): 1061-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8847003
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Ribavirin and quercetin synergistically downregulate signal transduction and are cytotoxic in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Author(s): Li W, Shen F, Weber G. Source: Oncology Research. 1999; 11(5): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608619
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Role of cyclic AMP in the inhibition of human platelet aggregation by quercetin, a flavonoid that potentiates the effect of prostacyclin. Author(s): Beretz A, Stierle A, Anton R, Cazenave JP. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1982 November 15; 31(22): 3597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295405
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Rutin-induced beta-glucosidase activity in Streptococcus faecium VGH-1 and Streptococcus sp. strain FRP-17 isolated from human feces: formation of the mutagen, quercetin, from rutin. Author(s): MacDonald IA, Bussard RG, Hutchison DM, Holdeman LV. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1984 February; 47(2): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6424566
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Safety-assessment of 3-methoxyquercetin as an antirhinoviral compound for nasal application: effect on ciliary beat frequency. Author(s): Dimova S, Mugabowindekwe R, Willems T, Brewster ME, Noppe M, Ludwig A, Jorissen M, Augustijns P. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 September 16; 263(1-2): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954184
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Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin. Author(s): Lindahl M, Tagesson C. Source: Inflammation. 1993 October; 17(5): 573-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8225564
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Sensitive fluorometric method for determination of quercetin in plasma or urine. Author(s): Gugler R, Dengler HJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1973 January; 19(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4683363
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Sensitivity of human melanoma cells to oestrogens, tamoxifen and quercetin: is there any relationship with type I and II oestrogen binding site expression? Author(s): Lama G, Angelucci C, Bruzzese N, Iacopino F, Nori SL, D'Atri S, Turriziani M, Bonmassar E, Sica G. Source: Melanoma Research. 1998 August; 8(4): 313-22. Erratum In: Melanoma Res 1999 October; 9(5): 530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764806
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Sensitization of human Ewing's tumor cells to chemotherapy and heat treatment by the bioflavonoid quercetin. Author(s): Debes A, Oerding M, Willers R, Gobel U, Wessalowski R. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 3359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926076
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Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of kaempferol and quercetin in human urine after consumption of Ginkgo biloba tablets. Author(s): Watson DG, Oliveira EJ. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 February 19; 723(1-2): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10080647
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Stimulation of endogenous adenosine release by oral administration of quercetin and resveratrol in man. Author(s): Blardi P, De Lalla A, Volpi L, Di Perri T. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(2-3): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10370871
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Structural determinants of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin, LY294002, quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine. Author(s): Walker EH, Pacold ME, Perisic O, Stephens L, Hawkins PT, Wymann MP, Williams RL. Source: Molecular Cell. 2000 October; 6(4): 909-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11090628
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Structural studies on bioactive compounds. 23. Synthesis of polyhydroxylated 2phenylbenzothiazoles and a comparison of their cytotoxicities and pharmacological properties with genistein and quercetin. Author(s): Stevens MF, McCall CJ, Lelieveld P, Alexander P, Richter A, Davies DE. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1994 May 27; 37(11): 1689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201603
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Studies on the inhibitory effects of quercetin on the growth of HL-60 leukemia cells. Author(s): Kang TB, Liang NC. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1997 November 1; 54(9): 1013-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9374422
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Sulfation of R(-)-apomorphine in the human liver and duodenum, and its inhibition by mefenamic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin. Author(s): Vietri M, Vaglini F, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 July; 32(7): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162854
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Sulforaphane and quercetin modulate PhIP-DNA adduct formation in human HepG2 cells and hepatocytes. Author(s): Bacon JR, Williamson G, Garner RC, Lappin G, Langouet S, Bao Y. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 December; 24(12): 1903-11. Epub 2003 August 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949046
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Superoxide--driven oxidation of quercetin and a simple sensitive assay for determination of superoxide dismutase. Author(s): Kostyuk VA, Potapovich AI. Source: Biochem Int. 1989 November; 19(5): 1117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2561443
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Supplementation with quercetin markedly increases plasma quercetin concentration without effect on selected risk factors for heart disease in healthy subjects. Author(s): Conquer JA, Maiani G, Azzini E, Raguzzini A, Holub BJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 March; 128(3): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9482769
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Suppression of insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway and collagen expression in keloid-derived fibroblasts by quercetin: its therapeutic potential use in the treatment and/or prevention of keloids. Author(s): Phan TT, See P, Tran E, Nguyen TT, Chan SY, Lee ST, Huynh H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 544-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653748
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Synergetic anticancer effect of combined quercetin and recombinant adenoviral vector expressing human wild-type p53, GM-CSF and B7-1 genes on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Author(s): Shi M, Wang FS, Wu ZZ. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 January; 9(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508355
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Synergistic action of quercetin and genistein in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Author(s): Shen F, Weber G. Source: Oncology Research. 1997; 9(11-12): 597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563007
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Synergistic antiproliferative activity of quercetin and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell growth. Author(s): Scambia G, Ranelletti FO, Benedetti Panici P, Bonanno G, De Vincenzo R, Piantelli M, Mancuso S. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1990 October; 1(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2131036
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Synergistic cytotoxic effect of quercetin and heat treatment in a lymphoid cell line (OZ) with low HSP70 expression. Author(s): Fujita M, Nagai M, Murata M, Kawakami K, Irino S, Takahara J. Source: Leukemia Research. 1997 February; 21(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112431
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Synergistic down-regulation of signal transduction and cytotoxicity by tiazofurin and quercetin in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Author(s): Shen F, Herenyiova M, Weber G. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 64(21): 1869-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353585
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Synthesis and antiviral activity of 7-O-(omega-substituted)-alkyl-3-Omethylquercetin derivatives. Author(s): Boers F, Lemiere G, Lepoivre JA, De Groot A, Dommisse R, De Bruyne T, Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe DA. Source: Pharmazie. 1998 August; 53(8): 512-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9741060
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Synthesis of inositol 2-phosphate-quercetin conjugates. Author(s): Calias P, Galanopoulos T, Maxwell M, Khayat A, Graves D, Antoniades HN, d'Alarcao M. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1996 October 4; 292: 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8870239
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Synthesis, characterization, antioxidative and antitumor activities of solid quercetin rare earth(III) complexes. Author(s): Zhou J, Wang LF, Wang JY, Tang N. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2001 January 1; 83(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11192698
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Tamoxifen and quercetin interact with type II estrogen binding sites and inhibit the growth of human melanoma cells. Author(s): Piantelli M, Maggiano N, Ricci R, Larocca LM, Capelli A, Scambia G, Isola G, Natali PG, Ranelletti FO. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 August; 105(2): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636308
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Tea and coronary heart disease: the flavonoid quercetin is more bioavailable from rutin in women than in men. Author(s): Erlund I, Alfthan G, Maenpaa J, Aro A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 August 13-27; 161(15): 1919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493148
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Test of carcinogenicity of quercetin, a widely distributed mutagen in food. Author(s): Saito D, Shirai A, Matsushima T, Sugimura T, Hirono I. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1980; 1(2): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119812
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The bioflavonoid quercetin inhibits neutrophil degranulation, superoxide production, and the phosphorylation of specific neutrophil proteins. Author(s): Blackburn WD Jr, Heck LW, Wallace RW. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1987 May 14; 144(3): 1229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3034275
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The combination of quercetin and cytosine arabinoside synergistically inhibits leukemic cell growth. Author(s): Teofili L, Pierelli L, Iovino MS, Leone G, Scambia G, De Vincenzo R, Benedetti-Panici P, Menichella G, Macri E, Piantelli M, et al. Source: Leukemia Research. 1992; 16(5): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1625476
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The dietary flavonoid quercetin modulates HIF-1 alpha activity in endothelial cells. Author(s): Wilson WJ, Poellinger L. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 April 26; 293(1): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054621
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The effect of cisplatin, etoposide and quercetin on Hsp72 expression. Author(s): Jakubowicz-Gil J, Paduch R, Gawron A, Kandefer-Szerszen M. Source: Pol J Pathol. 2002; 53(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476615
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The effect of heat shock, cisplatin, etoposide and quercetin on Hsp27 expression in human normal and tumour cells. Author(s): Jakubowicz-Gil J, Paduch R, Gawron A, Kandefer-Szerszen M. Source: Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002; 40(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885806
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The effect of quercetin on apoptosis and necrosis induction in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS180. Author(s): Pawlikowska-Pawlega B, Jakubowicz-Gil J, Rzymowska J, Gawron A. Source: Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2001; 39(2): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374833
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The effect of quercetin on cell cycle progression and growth of human gastric cancer cells. Author(s): Yoshida M, Sakai T, Hosokawa N, Marui N, Matsumoto K, Fujioka A, Nishino H, Aoike A. Source: Febs Letters. 1990 January 15; 260(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2298289
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The effect of quercetin on light-induced cytotoxicity of hypericin. Author(s): Mirossay A, Onderkova H, Mirossay L, Sarissky M, Mojzis J. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2001; 50(6): 635-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11829327
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The effect of the flavonoids, quercetin, myricetin and epicatechin on the growth and enzyme activities of MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Rodgers EH, Grant MH. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1998 November 27; 116(3): 213-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9920463
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The effects of the bioflavonoid quercetin on squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck origin. Author(s): Castillo MH, Perkins E, Campbell JH, Doerr R, Hassett JM, Kandaswami C, Middleton E Jr. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1989 October; 158(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2802040
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The flavonoid, quercetin, differentially regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) cytokine gene expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Nair MP, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, Chadha KC, Chawda R, Nair H, Kumar N, Nair RE, Schwartz SA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 December 16; 1593(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431781
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The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Author(s): Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Celestini A, Lenti L, Ghiselli A, Gazzaniga PP, Violi F. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 November; 72(5): 1150-5. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2001 February; 73(2): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063442
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The flavonoids, quercetin and isorhamnetin 3-O-acylglucosides diminish neutrophil oxidative metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Zielinska M, Kostrzewa A, Ignatowicz E, Budzianowski J. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2001; 48(1): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440168
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The inhibitory effect of curcumin, genistein, quercetin and cisplatin on the growth of oral cancer cells in vitro. Author(s): Elattar TM, Virji AS. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 May-June; 20(3A): 1733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928101
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The interaction of quercetin with human serum albumin: a fluorescence spectroscopic study. Author(s): Sengupta B, Sengupta PK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 December 6; 299(3): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445814
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The mutant androgen receptor T877A mediates the proliferative but not the cytotoxic dose-dependent effects of genistein and quercetin on human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Maggiolini M, Vivacqua A, Carpino A, Bonofiglio D, Fasanella G, Salerno M, Picard D, Ando S. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2002 November; 62(5): 1027-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391264
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The poliovirus-induced shut-off of cellular protein synthesis persists in the presence of 3-methylquercetin, a flavonoid which blocks viral protein and RNA synthesis. Author(s): Vrijsen R, Everaert L, Van Hoof LM, Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe DA, Boeye A. Source: Antiviral Research. 1987 January; 7(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3026245
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The quantitation of metabolites of quercetin flavonols in human urine. Author(s): Gross M, Pfeiffer M, Martini M, Campbell D, Slavin J, Potter J. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 September; 5(9): 711-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8877063
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The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Author(s): Pace-Asciak CR, Hahn S, Diamandis EP, Soleas G, Goldberg DM. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1995 March 31; 235(2): 207-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554275
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The study of the quercetin action on human erythrocyte membranes. Author(s): Pawlikowska-Pawlega B, Gruszecki WI, Misiak LE, Gawron A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 August 15; 66(4): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906925
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The two phyto-oestrogens genistein and quercetin exert different effects on oestrogen receptor function. Author(s): Miodini P, Fioravanti L, Di Fronzo G, Cappelletti V. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 June; 80(8): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10376965
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Transport of quercetin and its glucosides across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Walgren RA, Walle UK, Walle T. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1998 May 15; 55(10): 1721-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9634009
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Treatment of interstitial cystitis with a quercetin supplement. Author(s): Katske F, Shoskes DA, Sender M, Poliakin R, Gagliano K, Rajfer J. Source: Tech Urol. 2001 March; 7(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272677
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Type II estrogen binding sites and antiproliferative activity of quercetin in human meningiomas. Author(s): Piantelli M, Rinelli A, Macri E, Maggiano N, Larocca LM, Scerrati M, Roselli R, Iacoangeli M, Scambia G, Capelli A, et al. Source: Cancer. 1993 January 1; 71(1): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8416715
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Ultrasensitive assay for three polyphenols (catechin, quercetin and resveratrol) and their conjugates in biological fluids utilizing gas chromatography with mass selective detection. Author(s): Soleas GJ, Yan J, Goldberg DM. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 June 5; 757(1): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419741
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Urine recovery experiments with quercetin and other mutagens using the Ames test. Author(s): Busch DB, Hatcher JF, Bryan GT. Source: Environ Mutagen. 1986; 8(3): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3086073
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Validated method for the quantitation of quercetin from human plasma using highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Erlund I, Alfthan G, Siren H, Ariniemi K, Aro A. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 April 30; 727(1-2): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10360437
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Vitamin C and quercetin modulate DNA-damaging effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Author(s): Blasiak J, Trzeciak A, Gasiorowska A, Drzewoski J, Malecka-Panas E. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2002 Winter; 57(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11855621
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND QUERCETIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and quercetin.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Quercetin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “quercetin” (or a synonym): •
Caffeic acid and quercetin decrease peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and glutathione concentration in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN), Rome (Italy) Universita della Tuscia, Viterbo (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Source: D'Aquino, M. Merendino, N. Tomassi, G. Rivista-di-Scienza-dell'Alimentazione (Italy). (February 2001). volume 30(1) page 1-4.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for quantitative analysis of quercetin in plant materials. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
[email protected] Source: Dadakova, E Prochazkova, E Krizek, M Electrophoresis. 2001 May; 22(8): 1573-8 0173-0835
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Arrhythmogenic peroxynitrite-induced alterations in mammalian heart contractility and its prevention with quercetin-filled liposomes. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Medical Sciences, 03057 Kiev, Ukraine.
[email protected] Source: Soloviev, A StefaNovember, A Parshikov, A Khromov, A Moibenko, A Kvotchina, L Balavoine, G Geletii, Y Cardiovasc-Toxicol. 2002; 2(2): 129-39 1530-7905
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Cardiovascular effects of isorhamnetin and quercetin in isolated rat and porcine vascular smooth muscle and isolated rat atria. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Source: Ibarra, Manuel Perez Vizcaino, Francisco Cogolludo, Angel Duarte, Juan Zaragoza Arnaez, Francisco Lopez Lopez, Jose Gustavo Tamargo, Juan Planta-Med. 2002 April; 68(4): 307-10 0032-0943
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Crystal structure of the copper-containing quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase from Aspergillus japonicus. Author(s): Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Fusetti, Fabrizia Schroter, Klaus H Steiner, Roberto A van Noort, Paula I Pijning, Tjaard Rozeboom, Henriette J Kalk, Kor H Egmond, Maarten R Dijkstra, Bauke W Structure-(Camb). 2002 February; 10(2): 259-68 0969-2126
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Determinations of morin, quercetin and their conjugate metabolites in serum. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Hsiu, S L Tsao, C W Tsai, Y C Ho, H J Chao, P D Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2001 August; 24(8): 967-9 0918-6158
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Effects of combined quercetin and coenzyme Q(10) treatment on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats. Author(s): Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA. Source: Coldiron, A D Jr Sanders, R A Watkins, J B 3rd J-Biochem-Mol-Toxicol. 2002; 16(4): 197-202 1095-6670
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Effects of intestinal microflora on the bioavailability of dietary quercetin in adult mice. Source: Tamura, M. Suzuki, H. Shinohara, K. Food-sci-technol-res. Tsukuba, Ibaraki : Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, c1999-. November 2000. volume 6 (4) page 291-293. 1344-6606
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Effects of quercetin on antioxidant defense in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Author(s): Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405-7005, USA. Source: Sanders, R A Rauscher, F M Watkins, J B 3rd J-Biochem-Mol-Toxicol. 2001; 15(3): 143-9 1095-6670
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EPR characterization of the mononuclear Cu-containing Aspergillus japonicus quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase reveals dramatic changes upon anaerobic binding of substrates. Author(s): Unilever Research Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. Source: Kooter, Ingeborg M Steiner, Roberto A Dijkstra, Bauke W van Noort, Paula I Egmond, Maarten R Huber, Martina Eur-J-Biochem. 2002 June; 269(12): 2971-9 0014-2956
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Identification of o-quinone/quinone methide metabolites of quercetin in a cellular in vitro system. Author(s): Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Source: Awad, Hanem M Boersma, Marelle G Boeren, Sjef van der Woude, Hester van Zanden, Jelmer van Bladeren, Peter J Vervoort, Jacques Rietjens, Ivonne M C M FEBSLett. 2002 June 5; 520(1-3): 30-4 0014-5793
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Inhibitory action of quercetin on xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase activity. Source: Bindoli, A Valente, M Cavallini, L Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1985 September; 17(9): 831-9 0031-6989
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Mechanisms of relaxant action of 3-O-methylquercetin in isolated guinea pig trachea. Author(s): Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
[email protected] Source: Ko, Wun Chang Wang, Han Lang Lei, Chien Bang Shih, Chih Hsien Chung, Mei Ing Lin, Chung Nan Planta-Med. 2002 January; 68(1): 30-5 0032-0943
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Modulation of DMBA induced genotoxicity in bone marrow by quercetin during skin carcinogenesis. Author(s): Dept. of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India. Source: Sengupta, A Ghosh, S Das, S J-Exp-Clin-Cancer-Res. 2001 March; 20(1): 131-4 0392-9078
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Quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether: a vasorelaxant flavonoid isolated from Croton schiedeanus Schlecht. Author(s): Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain. Source: Guerrero, M F Puebla, P Carron, R Martin, M L San Roman, L J-PharmPharmacol. 2002 October; 54(10): 1373-8 0022-3573
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Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction by cyclosporine in rats. Author(s): Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Source: Satyanarayana, P S Singh, D Chopra, K Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 May; 23(4): 175-81 0379-0355 •
The antioxidative and antihistaminic properties of quercetin in ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Kocatepe University, Afyon 03200, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Kahraman, A Erkasap, N Koken, T Serteser, M Aktepe, F Erkasap, S Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 133-42 0300-483X
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The inhibitory action of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Bacterial Toxin, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan. Source: Mu, M M Chakravortty, D Sugiyama, T Koide, N Takahashi, K Mori, I Yoshida, T Yokochi, T J-Endotoxin-Res. 2001; 7(6): 431-8 0968-0519
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Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of quercetin and morin complexes with Al3+. Author(s): Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Gutierrez, Amanda C Gehlen, Marcelo H Spectrochim-Acta-A-Mol-BiomolSpectrosc. 2002 January 1; 58(1): 83-9 1386-1425
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to Quercetin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin C and Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,935,00.html
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Minerals Bromelain/Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10053,00.html
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Food and Diet Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Spinach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,35,00.html Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON QUERCETIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to quercetin. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “quercetin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on quercetin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Quercetin ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to quercetin. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Comparison of the Uptake and Antioxidative Effect of Quercetin and Rutin in Erythrocytes and Ghosts Cells Following Their Delivery As Liposomes and Solutions by Ciccone, Giuseppe; PhD from St. John's University (New York), School of Pharmacy, 2003, 202 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095073
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Natural Products As Potential Herbicide Adjuvants: Citric Acid Esters and Quercetin by Johnson, Heather Enid; MS from Michigan State University, 2003, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414655
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Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Quercetin from Onion Skins by Martino, Karina Gorostiaga; MS from Michigan State University, 2003, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414670
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The Development of General Pharmacokinetic Model for Combined Quercetin and Metabolites: A Low Bioavailable Compound with High Bioavailable Metabolites by
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Chen, Xiao; PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic of China), 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3104880
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND QUERCETIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning quercetin.
Recent Trials on Quercetin The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to quercetin.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Investigating the Use of Quercetin on Glucose Absorption in Obesity, and Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus; Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Quercetin is a compound naturally found in various foods. It may have some role in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study is to investigate research volunteers with obesity or obesity with type 2 diabetes to determine whether quercetin affects the way glucose is absorbed by the body. Thirty two participants aged 19 to 65 who are considered to be medically obese or obese with type 2 diabetes will be enrolled in this study. Before the onset of treatment, they will undergo a medical history, physical exam, blood work, and urinalysis. During the study, participants will be given an oral glucose tolerance test three times; during these tests they will receive 1 or 2 grams of quercetin, or placebo. Researchers will collect blood samples and analyze the effect of the treatment on blood glucose. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065676
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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “quercetin” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON QUERCETIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “quercetin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on quercetin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Quercetin By performing a patent search focusing on quercetin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on quercetin: •
.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin, and its preparation and uses Inventor(s): Iritani; Satoshi (Okayama, JP), Miyake; Toshio (Okayama, JP), Yoneyama; Masaru (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo (okayama, Jp) Patent Number: 5,565,435 Date filed: February 15, 1995 Abstract: A novel.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin, wherein at least equimolar D-glucose residues are attached to quercetin via the.alpha.-bond, has a satisfactory watersolubility, light tolerance and stability, and exerts the inherent activity of quercetin in vivo. The.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin is prepared by a process comprising subjecting a solution containing quercetin and an.alpha.-glucosyl saccharide to the action of a saccharide-transferring enzyme to form an.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin, and recoverying the resultant.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin. The.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin can be advantageously used in combination with other materials in food products, cosmetic compositions and pharmaceutical compositions as a highly-safe and natural vitamin Penriched agent, yellow-color-imparting agent, antioxidant, deodorant, stabilizer, quality-improving agent, antiseptic, prophylactic agent, therapeutic agent and ultraviolet-absorbing agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin, and its preparation and uses, more particularly, it relates to (i) an.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin wherein at least equimolar D-glucose residues are attached to quercetin via the.alpha.bond; (ii) a process for preparing.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin comprising subjecting a solution containing quercetin and an.alpha.-glucosyl saccharide to the action of a saccharide-transferring enzyme to form an.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin; and recoverying the resultant.alpha.-glycosyl quercetin, and (iii) a composition, for example, food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for susceptive diseases, into which said.alpha.glycosyl quercetin is incorporated. Usually, quercetin is widely distributed in the plant kingdom as a glycoside, i.e. rutin wherein a saccharide is attached to quercetin via the.beta.-bond, and can be prepared by extracting and separating such a glycoside from plants and hydrolyzing the resultant glycoside with an acid or an enzyme to remove saccharides therefrom. Quercetin has a relatively-large resonance structure in terms of the chemical structure, and this exhibits a yellow-color-imparting ability, antioxidation activity, vitamin-P activity and ultraviolet-absorbing activity. Thus, quercetin could be useful in the fields of food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05565435__
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3-hydroxyflavones: their preparation and therapeutic application Inventor(s): Creuzet; Marie-Helene (Bordeaux, FR), Feniou; Claude (Pessac, FR), Guichard; Francoise (Bordeaux, FR), Mosser; Jacqueline (Saint-Medard-En-Jalles, FR), Pontagnier; Henri (Pessac, FR), Prat; Gisele (Talence, FR) Assignee(s): Societe Cortial, S.a. (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 4,591,600 Date filed: March 29, 1984 Abstract: This invention relates to quercetin or fisetin derivatives substituted on the oxygen in the 3 position by groups such as lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, methanesulfonyl or paratoluenesulfonyl.The derivatives substituted by methanesulfonyl or paratoluenesulfonyl are obtained from a 3-O-glycoside whose phenol OH groups are blocked in the form of benzoate, and from which the OH in the 3 position is released by the action of concentrated HCl; this OH is esterified by mesityl chloride or paratoluenesulfonic acid chloride, and the benzoate groups are eliminated by soda treatment. The O derivatives substituted by alkyl or cycloakyl are prepared from a suitably substituted acetonitrile or metadiphenol; the resulting derivative reacts with 3,4-dibenzyloxybenzoic acid and the resulting flavone is debenzylated by hydrogenolysis.The derivatives, object of this invention, are useful in preventive or curative therapy of ocular and nervous complications from diabetes and are also useful as hypolipidemic or hypoglycemic agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new 3-hydroxyflavones variously substituted on the oxygen in the 3 position, the method of preparing them and their therapeutic application. The products where R.sub.1 is OH are quercetin derivatives; the products where R.sub.1 is H are fisetin derivatives. Some methyl ethers of flavonols and in particular 3-O-methyl flavanols are already known. A certain number of these are natural derivatives. The Biosedra company on May 21, 1970 under No. 70 18458 patented pentabenzylquercetin used in therapy in the standard indications of flavonoids (inhibition of hyperpermeability and reduction of capillary fragility). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04591600__
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Analogues or derivatives of quercetin (prodrugs) Inventor(s): Golding; Bernard Thomas (Newcastle Upon Tyne, GB), Griffin; Roger John (Morpeth, GB), Quarterman; Charmaine Paulina (Redditch, GB), Slack; John Alfred (Solihull, GB), Williams; Jonathan Gareth (Nuneaton, GB) Assignee(s): Cobra Therapeutics Limited (gb) Patent Number: 6,258,840 Date filed: July 20, 1999 Abstract: Novel carbamate ester analogues or derivatives of Quercetin (prodrugs) are provided which have enhanced aqueous solubility and which are especially suitable for use as biodegradable prodrugs in pharmaceutical compositions formulated for clinical use. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of biochemistry and medicine. More particularly it relates to Quercetin analogues or derivatives and preparations thereof. These compounds are potentially useful in tumour chemotherapy, treatment of inflammation and allergy. The flavonoid Quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone)
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has been shown to inhibit the activity of a variety of enzymes including the calcium- and phospholipid dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, it synergistically enhances the antiproliferative activity of cisdiaminedichloroplatinum II (cis-DDP) both in vitro and in vivo and therefore is of interest as a promising therapeutic agent for use in the chemotherapy of human tumours. However, Phase I clinical trials have proved problematic owing to the limited solubility of Quercetin in pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, and this characteristic has prevented its further clinical development. The present invention has developed from efforts to produce analogues or derivatives of Quercetin having greater aqueous solubility, more suitable for use in pharmaceutical formulations and capable of acting as prodrugs which can be biologically degraded or broken down to release Quercetin within the body after being administered to a patient in need of treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258840__ •
Antioxidant derived from lentil and its preparation and uses Inventor(s): Muanza; David N. (Houston, TX), Ronzio; Robert A. (Houston, TX), Sparks; William S. (Bellaire, TX) Assignee(s): Biotics Research Corporation (stafford, Tx) Patent Number: 5,762,936 Date filed: September 4, 1996 Abstract: The preparation of extracts of seed coats of lentil (Lens esculenta) as a representative member of the Leguminosae, extracted with a range of volatile solvents, such as methanol, acetone, singly or a mixture with water, and food solvents, such as ethyl acetate and ethanol, to yield such extracts that are water-soluble, which contain a rich mixture of condensed tannins (procyanidins and prodciphinidin as glycosides), together with a flavanone (luteolin) and flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol) and phenolic acids (ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid) and which possess the ability to quench organic free radicals, to scavenge superoxide, to inhibit the oxidation of water soluble nutrients such as vitamin C, as well as the oxidation of fat-soluble nutrients such as essential fatty acids, and to limit damage due to oxidants linked to inflammatory conditions, and to inhibit certain cells responsible for inflammation, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): In one aspect, the invention relates to an antioxidant derived from lentil seed husks. In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing the antioxidant. In yet another aspect, the invention relates to uses for the antioxidant. Plant seed coats sometimes possess antioxidants that protect the seed and embryo against oxidative damage during seed storage and germination. For example, the antioxidative components of seed coats of tamarind (Tamrindus indica L.) were studied by Tsuda et al (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994:42:2641-2674). Seed coats were extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, an ethyl acetate-ethanol mixture or methanol. All of the solvent extracts inhibited the oxidation of linoleic acid, with the ethyl acetate extract being somewhat more active. The major active components were identified as ethyl 3,4 dihydroxybenzoate, 2-hydroxy 3,4 dihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4 dihydroxyphenyl acetate and epicatechin. Essentially no antioxidant activity was detected in the germ. It was reported in Tsuda et al. (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994:42:248-251) that pigments from red and green pea bean (Phaseola vulgaris L.) blocked the autoxidation of linoleic acid. Pelargonidin glucoside, delphinidin glucoside and cyanidin glucoside were identified in an extract prepared from 0.5% trifluroacetic and 80% ethanol. Later studies
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demonstrated that cyanidin and its glucoside block lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes and liposomes. (Tsuda et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994:42:2407-10). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05762936__ •
Composition and process for dissolving a sparingly water-soluble flavonoid Inventor(s): Horikawa; Hiroshi (Osaka, JP), Moriwaki; Masamitsu (Osaka, JP), Nishimura; Masato (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): San-ei Chemical Industries, Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 5,122,381 Date filed: August 20, 1990 Abstract: A process for dissolving a sparingly water-soluble flavonoid in an aqueous medium by use of one or more kinds of quercetin-3-0-glycosides, which is applicable to the case of using the sparingly water-soluble flavonoid as an antifading agent for colored drinks. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for dissolving a sparingly watersoluble flavonoid. Rutin, which is one of the typical sparingly water-soluble flavonoids, has pharmacological actions such as antioxidizing action, blood vessel reinforcing action and the like. Alternatively, rutin has been frequently used as an antifading agent for colored drinks. Where rutin is used as the antifading agent, it is desirable that at least about 0.01 W/V% of rutin be present in the aqueous solution. However, rutin is sparingly water-soluble, and its solubility is about 0.008 % in water at an ordinary temperature. Some methods for dissolving rutin in water for pharmaceutical purpose are known, i.e., adding an aliphatic compound having an amino group to rutin (Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 1677/1950), and allowing a halogenated acetic acid or Rongalite to act on rutin for improving in its water-solubility (Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 2724/1951; No. 1285/1954). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05122381__
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Compositions and methods for regulating metabolism and balancing body weight Inventor(s): Jiang; David (Irvine, CA), Yegorova; Inna (Northridge, CA) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (miami, Fl) Patent Number: 6,399,089 Date filed: May 15, 2000 Abstract: Compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. The compositions comprise chromium, fat-free cocoa powder, Hypericum perforatum extract, Garcinia cambogia extract, Ginkgo biloba extract, Panax ginseng extract, and quercetin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans
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are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY 731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399089__ •
Food supplement formulation Inventor(s): Green; Lonny S. (10825 Cherry Hill Dr., Glen Allen, VA 23059) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,605,306 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: A food supplement formulation comprises quercetin, bromelain, papain, passiflora incarnata, valeriana officinalis, gotu kola, usnea barbata, althea officinalis, and L-arginine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a food supplement formulation. More particularly the invention is directed to a food supplement formulation which may additionally aid the relief of interstitial cystitis. Herbal formulations have been used as dietary supplements and natural medicaments for many years. In addition to providing compounds necessary to the human body for good nutrition, such formulations additionally may aid the body in dealing with a number of urinary tract maladies. In addition to desiring a supplement to the daily diet, many persons suffer from a condition known as interstitial cystitis in which the afflicted person experiences frequent urination, pain in the genital/pelvic region, pain with sexual activity, and like maladies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605306__
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Herbal caffeine replacement composition and food products incorporating same Inventor(s): Zhou; James H. (32 Hallmark Dr., Wallingford, CT 06492) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,416,806 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: A caffeine replacement composition including a first plant extract portion containing at least one flavoglycoside selected from the group consisting of quercetin, quercetagetin, ginkgetin, biloba, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, rutin, isoginkgetin, ginnol,
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and mixtures thereof; a second plant extract portion containing Ginkgolactones; and a third plant extract portion containing a component selected from the group consisting of puerarin, acetylpuerarin, puerarin-xyloside and combinations thereof. These extracts are preferably obtained from Ginkgo biloba and kudzu (Pueraria). Excerpt(s): Coffee is heavily consumed around the world for various reasons, one of which is the enhanced alertness provided by the caffeine contained in coffee. Unfortunately, caffeine is quite addictive. Approximately 2.1 billion cups of coffee are consumed per day worldwide, with four hundred twenty million cups being consumed daily in the United States. Numerous other products such as chocolate, cola, and the like also contain caffeine and are consumed in large quantities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416806__ •
Insulin sensitivity maintenance and blood sugar level maintenance formulation for the prevention and treatment of diabetes Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Boynton Beach, FL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.com, Inc. (boynton Beach, Fl) Patent Number: 6,572,897 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: A composition that contains the most potent combination of nutrients with clinical studies proven to assist in the maintenance of insulin sensitivity and healthy blood sugar levels. The formulation contains essential amounts of Alpha Lipoic Acid, Chromium, Lutein, Bioflavonoids(quercetin and rutin), Mormordica Charantia extract, Corosolic Acid, and Gymnema Sylvestre Extract, as well as other ingredients and healthy filler ingredients. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition that contains the most potent combination of nutrients with clinical studies proven to assist in the maintenance of insulin sensitivity and healthy blood sugar levels. The advanced formulation is designed to promote healthy blood sugar levels as people age which is critical to good health. High levels of blood sugar are associated with adverse affects on our vision, heart/circulation, kidneys and nervous system. This is commonly associated with the disease of diabetes. Individual vitamins, minerals, herbs and antioxidants have been studied for their efficacy at promoting healthy blood sugar and protecting cells from the damage of elevated blood sugar levels. This prevents heart disease and strokes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572897__
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Medical food for treating inflammation-related diseases Inventor(s): Bland; Jeffrey S. (Fox Island, WA), Darland; Gary K. (Gig Harbor, WA), Irving; Tracey A. (Gig Harbor, WA), Liska; DeAnn J. (Gig Harbor, WA), Lukaczer; Daniel O. (Gig Harbor, WA) Assignee(s): Healthcomm International, Inc. (gig Harboor, Wa) Patent Number: 6,210,701 Date filed: April 30, 1999
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Abstract: The present invention provides dietary supplements, medical foods and methods effective to ameliorate at least one of the symptoms, preferably all of the symptoms, of an inflammation-related disease. The dietary supplements of the present invention include rosemary, curcumin and at least one component selected from the group consisting of quercetin and rutin. The medical foods of the present invention include rosemary and at least one component selected from the group consisting of curcumin, quercetin and rutin. The medical foods of the present invention also include macronutrients. The methods of the present invention include the step of administering to a person suffering from an inflammation-related disease an effective amount of a dietary supplement or medical food of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dietary supplements and medical foods for treating inflammation-related diseases. The compositions of the present invention include rosemary. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as not only the absence of disease, but also the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being. (Constitution of the World Health Organization. In: World Health Organization, Handbook of Basic Documents. 5th ed. Geneva: Palais des Nations, 3-20 (1952)). The status of a patient's physical, mental, and social functioning is often referred to in the literature as quality-of-life and is used as a measure of health outcome. In the past 25 years, there has been a nearly exponential increase in the evaluation of quality-of-life as a technique of clinical research as a component of determining clinical benefit from an intervention protocol. For example, in 1973, only five articles listed quality-of-life as a key word in the Medline database, whereas in the subsequent four years there were successively 195, 273, 490, and 1,252 such articles. (Testa M A and Simonson D C, N Eng J Med. 334:835-840 (1996). In 1998, approximately 3,724 articles listed quality-of-life as a key word. Thus, the health outcome, or quality-of-life, associated with a clinical intervention has been recognized as an important tool in measuring effectiveness and costs of medical care. (Wilson I B and Cleary P D., JAMA., 273:59-65 (1995)). Extensive research has resulted in the development of instruments that measure health outcome using quality-of-life tools that follow academically well-established and statistically validated psychometric principles. (Ware J E Jr., J Chronic Dis., 40:473-480 (1987); Spilker B., Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott-Raven Co; 1995.) One such tool is the SF-36 (Short form-36), which has been widely used in clinical trials and in clinical practice to assess health outcome. (Clancy C M and Eisenberg J M, Science, 282:245-246 (1998)). The SF-36 was derived from the Medical Outcomes Study, which involved 11,336 patients from 523 different clinical sites. (Ware J E, Sherbourne C D, Davies A R. Developing and testing the MOS 20-item short-form health survey. In: Stewart A L and Ware J E, eds., Measuring functioning and well-being: The Medical Outcomes Study approach. Durham, N.C.: University Press, 277-290 (1992); Ware J E. SF-36 Health Survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston, Mass.: Nimrod Press; 2:1-3:22 (1993)). The validity and reliability of the SF-36 has been proven in several studies in which researchers tested internal consistency, within subject reliability, and differentiation between patient populations. (McHorney C A, et al., Medical Care, 31:247-263 (1993); McHorney C A, et al., Medical Care, 30:S253-S265 (1992); Jenkinson C, et al., Br Med J, 306:1436-1440 (1993); Brazier J E, et al., Br Med J. 305:160-164 (1992)). The SF-36 has been shown to predict the course of depression during a two-year study, and to be lower overall in patients who experience chronic health disorders. (Wells K B, et al., Archives General Psychiatry, 49:788-794 (1992); Schlenk E A, et al., Quality of Life Res., 7:57-65 (1998)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210701__
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Method of frying foods in the presence of a spice antioxidant Inventor(s): Kanamori; Takeshi (Chiba, JP), Kimura; Yukichi (Narashino, JP) Assignee(s): Lion Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 4,363,823 Date filed: November 18, 1980 Abstract: Fried foods are produced by adding an antioxidant to a frying oil and then frying a desired food stuff therein at 100.degree.-250.degree. C. The antioxidant is obtained by subjecting a starting material, selected from the group consisting of herb family spices, residues obtained after the recovery of essential oils from herb family spices, oleoresins obtained from the extraction of herb family spices with a polar solvent, and oleoresins and extracted residues obtained from the extraction of herb family spices with a non-polar solvent, to an extraction treatment with a polar solvent to obtain an extract, decoloring the extract with an adsorbent, concentrating the extract after separation of the adsorbent, forming an aqueous dispersion from the concentrate, steam distilling the aqueous dispersion to produce a steam distilled residue and recovering an insoluble part from the steam distilled residue. At least one additive selected from the group consisting of a mixture of dihydroxyacetone and amino acid, quercetin, citric acid, miso peptide, casein peptied, and phytic acid is added to the frying oil and/or the food stuff. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing fried foods such as fried noodles, fried potato chips, fried corn chips, fried nuts, fried crackers and the like, and more particularly to a method of producing fried foods which are resistant to oil oxidation and have an improved shelf life. In the production of fried foods such as fried noodles, potato chips, fried crackers and the like, a frying oil containing a synthetic antioxidant such as BHA (butylhydroxy anisole) has hitherto been used in order to prevent oxidation of oil in the fried foods to improve the shelf life thereof. However, the use of such synthetic antioxidants as BHA is strictly restricted with respect to addition amount, kind of foods to be fried with and the like according to food regulations. For this reason, it has also been proposed to add tocopherol (vitamin E), vitamin C, a mixture of tocopherol and melanoidin, citric acid or the like as an antioxidant to frying oil. However, the addition effect of such antioxidants is fairly poor as compared with that of BHA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04363823__
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Methods for modulating T cell responses by manipulating intracellular signal transduction Inventor(s): June; Carl H. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Navy (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,632,789 Date filed: April 29, 1994 Abstract: Methods for modulating T cell responses by manipulating intracellular signals associated with T cell costimulation are disclosed. The methods involve inhibiting or stimulating the production of at least one D3-phosphoinositide in a T cell. Production of D3-phosphoinositides can be manipulated by contacting a T cell with an inhibitor or
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activator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase for use in the methods of the invention include wortmannin and quercetin, or derivatives or analogues thereof. The methods of the invention can further comprise modulating other intracellular signals associated with costimulation, such as protein tyrosine phosphorylation, for example by modulating the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase or a protein tyrosine phosphatase in the T cell. Inhibition of a T cell response in accordance with the disclosed methods is useful therapeutically in situations where it is desirable to inhibit an immune response to an antigen(s), for example in organ or bone marrow transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Alternatively, stimulation of a T cell response in accordance with the disclosed methods is useful therapeutically to enhance an immune response to an antigen(s), for example to stimulate an anti-tumor response in a subject with a tumor, to stimulate a response against a pathogenic agent or increase the efficacy of vaccination. Novel screening assays for identifying inhibitors or activators of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, which can be used to inhibit or stimulate a T cell response, are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The induction of antigen-specific T cell responses involves multiple interactions between cell surface receptors on T cells and ligands on antigen presenting cells (APCs). The primary interaction is between the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex on a T cell and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule/antigenic peptide complex on an antigen presenting cell. This interaction triggers a primary, antigenspecific, activation signal in the T cell. In addition to the primary activation signal, induction of T cell responses requires a second, costimulatory signal. In the absence of proper costimulation, TCR signaling can induce a state of anergy in the T cell. Subsequent appropriate presentation of antigen to an anergic T cell fails to elicit a proper response (see Schwartz, R. H. (1990) Science 248:1349). A costimulatory signal can be triggered in a T cell through a T cell surface receptor, such as CD28. For example, it has been demonstrated that suboptimal polyclonal stimulation of T cells (e.g. by antiCD3 antibodies or phorbol ester, either of which can provide a primary activation signal) can be potentiated by crosslinking of CD28 with anti-CD28 antibodies (Linsley, P. S. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:721; Gimmi, C. D. et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6575). Moreover, stimulation of CD28 can prevent the induction of anergy in T cell clones (Harding, F. A. (1992) Nature 356:607-609). Natural ligands for CD28 have been identified on APCs. CD28 ligands include members of the B7 family of proteins, such as B7-1(CD80) and B7-2 (B70) (Freedman, A. S. et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 137:32603267; Freeman, G. J. et al. (1989) J. Immunol. 143:2714-2722; Freeman, G. J. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:625-631; Freeman, G. J. et al. (1993) Science 26:909-911; Azuma, M. et al. (1993) Nature 366:76-79; Freeman, G. J. et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178:2185-2192). In addition to CD28, proteins of the B7 family have been shown to bind another surface receptor on T cells related to CD28, termed CTLA4, which may also play a role in T cell costimulation (Linsley, P. S. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:561-569; Freeman, G. J. et al. (1993) Science 262:909-911). The elucidation of the receptor:ligand relationship of CD28/CTLA4 and the B7 family of proteins, and the role of this interaction in costimulation, has led to therapeutic approaches involving manipulation of the extracellular interactions of surface receptors on T cells which bind costimulatory molecules. For example, a CTLA4Ig fusion protein, which binds to both B7-1 and B7-2 and blocks their interaction with CD28/CTLA4, has been used to inhibit rejection of allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts (see e.g., Turka, L. A. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11102-11105; Lenschow, D. J. et al. (1992) Science 257:789-792). Similarly, antibodies reactive with B7-1 and/or B7-2 have been used to inhibit T cell proliferation and IL-2 production in vitro and inhibit primary immune responses to antigen in vivo (Hathcock K. S. et al. (1993) Science 262:905-907; Azuma, M. et al. (1993) Nature 366:76-
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79; Powers, G. D. et al. (1994) Cell. Immunol. 153:298-311; Chen C. et al. (1994) J. Immunol. 152:2105-2114). Together, these studies indicate that T cell surface receptors which bind costimulatory molecules such as B7-1 and B7-2 are desirable targets for manipulating immune responses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632789__ •
Pharmaceutical composition from Tienchi Inventor(s): Liu; Yaguang (67-08 168th Street, Fresh Meadows, NY 11365) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,755,504 Date filed: December 22, 1986 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition containing saponin and quercetin, derived from Tienchi, is effective in treatment of circulatory disease and as health food. Processes for producing these components are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new pharmaceutical composition comprising two active ingredients: quercetin and saponin derived from the root Tienchi, the Chinese name of Panax Notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, a member of the ginseng family growing in the provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi in Southern China. Tienchi is the source of a valuable Chinese traditional medicine for human consumption. In recent years, there has been much interest in plant-derived health foods and medicines, particularly ginseng. There are many varieties of ginseng and each variety of the ginseng plant contains many pharmacologically active components. Correctly chosen mixtures of such components often have unexpected benefical effects. The prior art usually addresses the preparation of such components alone in pure form. U.S. Pat. No. 3,661,890 discloses a process for converting rutin into 3-O-alkyl quercetin by organic synthsis. Two alkyl quercetin derivatives are reported to have antimicrobial activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04755504__
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Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for improving wrinkles and other skin conditions Inventor(s): Murad; Howard (4316 Marina City Dr., Marina del Rey, CA 90292) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,804,594 Date filed: January 22, 1997 Abstract: This application relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of skin conditions in a patient having a sugar compound that is converted to a glycosaminoglycan in the patient in an amount sufficient to thicken the skin, a primary antioxidant component in an amount sufficient to substantially inhibit the formation of collagenase and elastase, at least one amino acid component in an amount sufficient to assist in the thickening of the skin, and at least one transition metal component in an amount effective to bind collagen and elastic fibers and rebuild skin. In one preferred form, the composition further includes a catechin-based preparation, a glucosamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a chondroitin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. In a more preferred form, the
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invention further includes a vitamin E source, a cysteine source, a vitamin B.sub.3 source, quercetin dihydrate, pyridoxal 5 phosphate-Co B.sub.6, a methionine source, and a vitamin A source. The invention further relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of skin conditions by administering the pharmaceutical composition in an amount therapeutically effective to modify the thickness of the skin to prevent or treat at least one skin condition. Excerpt(s): This application relates to pharmaceutical compositions, as well as methods, to supplement collagen and elastic tissues and thicken the dermis for the treatment of wrinkles and other skin conditions. Human skin is a composite material of the epidermis and the dermis. The topmost part of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is the stiffest layer of the skin, as well as the one most affected by the surrounding environment. Below the stratum corneum is the internal portion of the epidermis. Below the epidermis, the topmost layer of the dermis is the papillary dermis, which is made of relatively loose connective tissues that define the micro-relief of the skin. The reticular dermis, disposed beneath the papillary dermis, is tight, connective tissue that is spatially organized. The reticular dermis is also associated with coarse wrinkles. At the bottom of the dermis lies the subcutaneous layer. The principal functions of the skin include protection, excretion, secretion, absorption, thermoregulation, pigmentogenesis, accumulation, sensory perception, and regulation of immunological processes. These functions are detrimentally affected by the structural changes in the skin due to aging and excessive sun exposure. The physiological changes associated with skin aging include impairment of the barrier function and decreased turnover of epidermal cells, for example. ›Cerimele, D., et al., Br. J. Dermatol., 122 Suppl. 35, p. 13-20 (April 1990)!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05804594__ •
Process for enhancing the sunlight stability of rubrolone Inventor(s): Iacobucci; Guillermo A. (Atlanta, GA), Sweeny; James G. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): The Coca-cola Company (atlanta, Ga) Patent Number: 4,285,985 Date filed: March 25, 1980 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for reducing the tendency of the pigment rubrolone to fade upon exposure to direct sunlight wherein the pigment is combined with quercetin-5'-sulfonate. Pigment compositions comprised of rubrolone and quercetin-5'-sulfonate as well as food compositions containing these components are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the stabilization of pigments against sunlight-induced bleaching and, in particular, relates to such stabilization of the pigment rubrolone. The preparation and structural analysis of rubrolone is described in Palleroni, et al., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 1218 (1978); Schuep, et al., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 1226 (1978); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,533. Although the significant water solubility of rubrolone makes it attractive as a colorant for foods, and particularly for water-based products such as beverages, we have found that rubrolone undergoes degradation upon direct exposure to sunlight with a resultant color loss in products colored therewith. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04285985__
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Production of quercetin glucuronide Inventor(s): Kinoshita; Yasuhiro (Neyagawa, JP), Yamamoto; Yoshikazu (Neyagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 5,212,076 Date filed: September 16, 1991 Abstract: The present invention provides a dye other than red and purple which is obtained from cultured cells of Euphorbia milli. The present invention also provides cultured cells containing quercetin glucuronide in a large amount, derived from tissues or cells of Euphorbia milli. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing quercetin glucuronide obtained from cultured cells derived from plant tissues and cells of Euphorbia milli. A dye is generally formulated in food as a food colorant to make it clear or vivid, but synthetic colorants are restrictively used because of toxicity (e.g. mutability). A colorant which is derived from natural materials, especially natural plants, is therefore much desired in practical use in view of safety. However, the growth of the natural plants is dependent on surrounding conditions, such as season, climate, temperature, latitude, land shape, water transportation, soil and the like, the colorants derived from the natural plants are not constantly and stably supplied. A large cultivation using arable land contends with food production and therefore the supply of the natural plants has a limit. Also, as mentioned above, the productivity of the plants has a limit which makes cost-up. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05212076__
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Proteoglycan compositions for treatment of cardiovascular inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Theoharides; Theoharis C. (14 Parkman St., Brookline, MA 02446) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,624,148 Date filed: December 27, 2002 Abstract: Compositions with synergistic anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory diseases resulting from activation and consequent degranulation of mast cells and followed by secretion of inflammatory biomolecules from the activated mast cells, composed of a heavily sulfated, non-bovine proteoglycan such as shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate C, and one or more of a hexosamine sulfate such as D-glucosamine sulfate, a flavone such as quercetin, an unrefined olive kernel extract that increases absorption of these compositions in various routes of administration, Sadenosylmethionine, a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, a histamine-3 receptor agonist, an antagonist of the actions of CRH, caffeine, and a polyamine. Excerpt(s): The invention is generally related to the treatment of inflammatory conditions. More specifically, the invention is related to compositions containing inhibitors of mast cell activation and secretion such as a proteoglycan that are designed to be used as dietary supplements or adjuvants to conventional approved medications for the relief of inflammatory conditions. There have been a number of mostly anecdotal reports that the proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate, as well as glucosamine sulfate, a product of the intestinal breakdown of proteoglycans, may be helpful in relieving the pain of osteoarthritis:--Shute N. Aching for an arthritis cure. US News and World
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Report, Feb. 10, 1997.--Cowley G. The arthritis cure? Newsweek, Feb. 17, 1997; Foreman J., People, and their pets, tout arthritis remedy. The Boston Globe, Apr. 7, 1997; Tye L. Treatment gains scientific attention. The Boston Globe, Sep. 25, 2000. A recent metaanalysis showed potential therapeutic benefit of chondroitin sulfate and/or glucosamine in osteoarthritis [McAlindon et al. J Am Med Assn. 283:1469 (2000)], while a doubleblind clinical trial with glucosamine showed definite benefits in osteoarthritis with respect to both pain and radiographic joint appearance [Reginster et al., Lancet 337:252 (2001)]. However, less than 5% of the chondroitin sulfate in commercially available preparations is absorbed orally, because the size of the molecule and the degree of sulfation impede its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, such commercial preparations use chondroitin sulfate obtained from cow trachea, with the possible danger of contracting spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease". In fact, the European Union has banned even cosmetics that contain bovine-derived products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06624148__ •
Quercetin chalcone and methods related thereto Inventor(s): Birdsall; Timothy C (Sandpoint, ID), Czap; Al F (Sandpoint, ID) Assignee(s): Thorne Research, Inc. (sandpoint, Id) Patent Number: 5,977,184 Date filed: September 15, 1995 Abstract: Quercetin chalcone, an effective, soluble and bioavailable bioflavonoid, is disclosed. Also disclosed are compositions containing quercetin chalcone in combination with an acceptable carrier and/or diluent, as well as methods for administration thereof to warm-blooded animals. Such administration is beneficial in generally maintaining good health of the animal and, more specifically, for the treatment of allergies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a quercetin derivative, quercetin chalcone, as well as compositions and methods for preparation and use thereof. Bioflavonoids are a group of naturally occurring compounds and are widely distributed among plants, including most all citrus fruits, rose hips and black currants. Such compounds are generally isolated from the rinds of oranges, tangerines, lemons, limes, kumquats and grapefruits by commercial extraction methods. Bioflavonoids have been determined to be involved with homeostasis of the walls of small blood vessels. In addition, these compounds have been found to contribute to the maintenance of normal blood vessel conditions by decreasing capillary permeability and fragility. Bioflavonoids have also been found to have activity as a histamine release blocker (treatment of allergies), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (treatment of gout), an aldose reductase inhibitor (prevention of diabetic complications), a phospholiphase A2 and lipoxygenase inhibitor (antiinflammatory), an aerobic glycosis inhibitor (an anti-cancer agent), and a tumor necrosis factor potentiator (an antiviral agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05977184__
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Quercetin pentamethyl carbamate and a process for its preparation Inventor(s): Aedo; Dionisio M. (Barcelona, ES), Ricard; Rene (Barcelona, ES), Taya; Miguel M. (Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): Rogador Sociedad Anonima (esplugas DE Lloebregat, Es) Patent Number: 4,202,825 Date filed: March 7, 1978 Abstract: A derivative of quercetin, quercetin pentamethyl carbamate, with therapeutical properties and a process for its preparation. Excerpt(s): This new quercetin derivative has capillary protective and tonifying properties for the venous wall, which properties are of great interest for patients suffering from internal and external varicose veins of the legs, patients suffering from haemorrhoids, capillarites in diabetic retinitis, essential arterial hypertension, etc. This compound, the chemical skeleton of which is quercetin, contains the free hydroxyls thereof protected by methylcarbamate radicals. In this way there is obtained a product which retains the recognised vasoprotector action of the flavonoids, at the same time as it becomes very absorbable orally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04202825__
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Quercetin-containing coloring Inventor(s): Kuwahara; Nobuhiro (Yokohama, JP), Okemoto; Hisashi (Yokohama, JP), Tanaka; Takemi (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co., Ltd. (yokohama, Jp) Patent Number: 5,445,842 Date filed: November 22, 1993 Abstract: A quercetin-containing colorant which has as an effective component a quercetin included by cyclodextrin. Effective use thereof as a colorant is possible by imparting thereto resistance against light, heat and chemicals to quercetin which is a flavonoid yellow substance. The colorant may be added to various food products for use of quercetin as a stable coloring matter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a quercetin-containing colorant, and specifically it relates to a quercetin-containing colorant which has been stabilized by forming an inclusion complex with cyclodextrin. Quercetin is a yellow substance contained in plants such as Japanese pagoda, onion and the like, and according to the present invention it is stabilized for use as a colorant. A method has been proposed for using quercetin in food preservation, for the improvement of solubility and as an antioxidant, by its inclusion complex with cyclodextrin (Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 2-268643), but no method has been heretofore known for the use of quercetin/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as pigments. Quercetin is alkali-soluble, but at pHs lower than neutral it becomes poorly soluble and its color changes considerably. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05445842__
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Skin care compositions containing naringenin and/or quercetin and a retinoid Inventor(s): Burger; Allan Robert (Passaic, NJ), Granger; Stewart Paton (Paramus, NJ), Scott; Ian Richard (Allendale, NJ) Assignee(s): Chesebrough-pond's Usa Co., Division of Conopco, Inc. (greenwich, Ct) Patent Number: 5,665,367 Date filed: September 27, 1996 Abstract: Quercetin and/or naringenin in combination with either retinol or retinyl ester resulted in a synergistic inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation. The effects of the retinol or retinyl esters in combination with naringenin and/or quercetin were analogous to treatment with retinoic acid. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to skin care compositions containing specific flavonoids and a retinoid, preferably retinol or retinyl ester. Retinol (vitamin A) is an endogenous compound which occurs naturally in the human body and is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation. Natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives have been used extensively in the treatment of a variety of skin disorders and have been used as skin repair or renewal agents. Retinoic acid has been employed to treat a variety of skin conditions, e.g., acne, wrinkles, psoriasis, age spots and discoloration. See e.g., Vahlquist, A. et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., Vol. 94, Holland D. B. and Cunliffe, W. J. (1990), pp. 496-498; Ellis, C. N. et al., "Pharmacology of Retinols in Skin", Vasel, Karger, Vol. 3, (1989), pp. 249-252; Lowe, N. J. et al., "Pharmacology of Retinols in Skin", Vol. 3, (1989), pp. 240-248; PCT Patent Application No. WO 93/19743. It is believed that the use of retinol or esters of retinol would be preferred over retinoic acid. Retinol is an endogenous compound which occurs naturally in the human body and is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation. Retinol is also considered much safer than retinoic acid. Esters of retinol hydrolyze in-vivo to produce retinol. retinol and retinyl esters are considered ,safer than retinoic acid. Unfortunately, retinol and retinyl esters are less effective than retinoic acid at providing skin benefits. The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that a combination of retinol or retinyl esters with specific flavonoids results in a synergistic inhibition in keratinocyte differentiation. The effects of the flavonoids (specifically, naringenin and quercetin) combined with retinol or a retinyl ester were analogous to the effects of retinoic acid. Thus, a mixture of the specific flavonoids with retinol or retinyl esters mimics retinoic acid yet is easier and safer to use than retinoic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05665367__
Patent Applications on Quercetin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to quercetin:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Antioxidant composition comprising propionyl L-carnitine and a flavonoid against throm-bosis and atherosclerosis Inventor(s): Cavazza, Claudio; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030206895 Date filed: June 4, 2003 Abstract: A composition is disclosed which comprises as characterizing active ingredients propionyl L-carnitine and a flavonoid, typically quercetin or its 3rutinoside, rutin, for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of various alterations and pathological states induced by free radicals and by thrombotic or atherosclerotic abnormalities, that may take the form of a dietary supplement, dietetic support or of an actual medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or treatment of thrombotic or atherosclerotic abnormalities, allergic inflammatory reactions, diseases brought about by the release of free radicals and by increased platelet aggregation. Accordingly, the composition may take the form and exert the action of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine, depending upon the support or preventive action, or the strictly therapeutic action, which the composition is intended to exert in relation to the particular individuals it is to be used in. (b) a flavonoid, preferably selected from the group comprising quercetin, rutin, myricetin, myricitrin or mixtures thereof or extracts of natural vegetable products containing such flavonoids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Avocado concentrate and process for preparing same Inventor(s): Carre, Eric; (Grayslake, IL) Correspondence: Gerald T. Shekleton, ESQ.; Welsh & Katz, LTD.; 22nd Floor; 120 S. Riverside Plaza; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030165598 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: A composition for stabilizing avocado meat is disclosed that comprises acids from cultured dextrose, erythorbic acid, ascorbic acid, quercetin and inulin that are present in weight ratios of about 1:2-2.5:2.25-2.75:0.9-1.1:6-7, respectively. That composition is admixed in a color-stabilizing amount with avocado meat to form a color-stabilized avocado concentrate. A method for the preparation of a color-stabilized avocado concentrate is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the preparation of food stuffs. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition for stabilizing avocado meat, a stabilized avocado concentrate suitable for eating itself or for the preparation of a food such as guacamole, and a process for preparing a stabilized avocado concentrate. Browning, or oxidative darkening, of food products can result from both enzymatic and nonenzymatic chemical reactions in food. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning constitute serious problems for the food industry and result in millions of pounds of wasted food products each year. Several physical methods have been developed for inhibiting oxidation and the resultant browning. One of the most common and well-
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known methods is heat inactivation of the enzymes through pasteurization or similar processes. Additional physical methods involve vacuum, dehydration, and the like, all of which have drawbacks either in the loss of flavor from the food or ineffectiveness in the result. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Blends of isoflavones and flavones Inventor(s): Green, Martin Richard; (Sharnbrook, GB), Hailes, Anne; (Sharnbrook, GB), Tasker, Maria Catherine; (Sharnbrook, GB), Yates, Paula Rachel; (Sharnbrook, GB) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020068121 Date filed: August 15, 2001 Abstract: Blends of quercetin and isoflavones from the group consisting of genestein, daidzein and glycetin display synergistic effects when applied as anti-inflammatory agent or as skin agent in particular for anti ageing purposes. Excerpt(s): Isoflavones are known as health components that can be applied to prevent or treat many health deficiencies or to achieve certain health effects not directly related with a health deficiency. E.g. these compounds are known to achieve benefits in the women's health area in particular for postmenopausal women. These effects are disclosed in e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,631; WO 98/56373; WO 98/08503; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,733,926; 5,952,374 and many other references. Health effects that are also attributed to isoflavones include skin effects and anti-inflammatory effects. Although for a few of these effects some experimental support can be found in the literature the majority of the pretended effects are mere statements in the prior art without any experimental support. We found on basis of a number of tests specifically developed in order to find experimental support to confirm the pretended effects that indeed some of the pretended effects exist however only to a low or medium extend. whereas in the text the possibility of synergy between one or more of the components is suggested, there is no clear teaching that a synergy could be achieved by combining the components from which we found that they gave a synergy with respect to anti-inflammatory effects or with respect to skin benefits in particular to antiageing effects. In fact the preferred antioxidants are in this WO'607 bioflavanoids such as proanthocyanidins. The neovascular regulator can be genistein, daidzein or a soy isolate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Combination of catechin and quercetin for pharmaceutical or dietary use Inventor(s): Gatti, Valter Gian; (Milano, IT), Naccari, Gian Carlo; (Monza, IT), Trimboli, Domenico; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: James V Costigan; Hedman & Costigan; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036-2646; US Patent Application Number: 20040014686 Date filed: August 14, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for pharmaceutical or dietary use that possesses antioxidant activity and characterized in that it contains as active principle a
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combination of catechin quercetin, which exert a synergistic action when combined in mutual molar ratios selected within a critical range, from 6:1 to 3:1 mol of catechin:quercetin. Excerpt(s): It is known that moderate consumption of red wine is associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular events (More, Medicine 1986:65:245-67; Graziano, N. Engl. J. Med. 1993:329:1829-34). Constituents of red wine such as flavonoids have been considered to be involved in the aforementioned beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system on account of their ability to inhibit platelet function. Indeed, experimental studies in vivo on animals demonstrated that both red wine and grape juice reduced platelet activation in canine coronary arteries affected by stenosis. A similar effect was observed with flavonoids isolated from red wine, including quercetin, indicating that these constituents of red wine were involved in eliminating the reduction in flow caused by platelet aggregation (Slane, Clin. Res. 1994; 42; 169A (abstr.)). Several studies in vitro have demonstrated that flavonoids such as resveratrol, quercetin and catechin inhibit platelet aggregation; however, one potential limitation of these studies arises from the fact that the concentration employed to obtain this inhibition was too high. Accordingly, some authors have called into question the antiplatelet activity exerted in vivo by these constituents of red wine (Janssen, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 67; 255-62). It should be noted that research into the effects of flavonoids on platelet function has until now focused on each component considered individually; there has never been an investigation of whether the flavonoids can act in combination to inhibit platelet activation. Following the consumption of red wine, more than one flavonoid is circulating in the human body, so such a synergy might be relevant, in that lower concentrations of flavonoids than those studied previously might modulate platelet activity. Another question concerning the antiplatelet effect of the flavonoids is their mechanism of action. Although the results of the majority of studies are in agreement that the flavonoids interact with the metabolism of arachidonic acid, thus inhibiting the production of thromboxane A.sub.2, the mechanism on which this action is based has never been studied. The flavonoids are phenolic compounds whose antioxidant effects are correlated with the deoxidation of radicals rather than with chelation of the metal. It has been suggested that inhibition both of platelet function and of metabolism of arachidonic acid depends on the antioxidant activity, but no study envisaged investigations to discover whether the flavonoids interact with platelet activation by contrasting the effect of oxidizing species formed in situ. The present invention was therefore based on investigating whether the flavonoids, or some of them selectively, could act synergistically to inhibit platelet function, and to interfere with platelet function on the basis of an antioxidant effect. As a result of this study, the present invention proposes a composition for pharmaceutical or dietary use that possesses high antioxidant activity, characterized in that this active principle comprises a combination of catechin and quercetin in the molar ratio in the range between approx 6:1 and 3:1, respectively. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and method for correcting a dietary phytochemical deficiency Inventor(s): Davies, Audra; (Long Beach, CA), Dykhouse, Robin; (Newport Beach, CA), Groh, David; (Temecula, CA), Rehnborg, Carl S.; (Laguna Beach, CA), Siddiqui, Idrees; (Richmond, VA), Stonebrook, Kerry; (Pomona, CA) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20020025350 Date filed: June 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention is directed to a composition and method for correcting a dietary phytochemical deficiency, wherein the phytochemicals include sulphoraphane, naringen, hesperidin, narirutin, quercetin,.beta.-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and isoflavones. The composition may also comprise additional vitamins and minerals. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/210,746, filed June 12, 2000. The present invention relates to a composition and method for correcting a dietary inadequacy, including a diet-induced inadequacy, of phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. Dietary supplements are often used for the treatment and prevention of various disorders. Such supplements are often targeted for specific diseases. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,568 is directed to a modular system of dietary supplement compositions for the treatment and prevention of, among other things, coronary heart disease. The modular system comprises several different modules, or formulas, each of which is a different combination of vitamins and minerals such as antioxidants and folic acid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and method for treating non-bacterial prostatitis Inventor(s): Kastke, Floyd A.; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Robert J. Schaap; Suite 188; 21241 Ventura Boulevard; Woodland Hills; CA; 91364; US Patent Application Number: 20010025059 Date filed: January 9, 2001 Abstract: A composition and a method for treatment of prostate related dysfunction and, particularly, non-bacterial prostatitis and, even more particularly, non-bacterial chronic prostatitis. The composition primarily relies upon the use of a bioflavonoid and, particularly, that bioflavonoid known as quercetin. The quercetin is mixed with a proteolytic digestive enzyme protease, such as bromelin and papain, as the primary active ingredients. However, the composition may optionally and beneficially include other prostatitis affecting agents, such as zinc derived from zinc gluconate, cranberry, saw palmetto, as well as some other active and non-active ingredients. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60,175,286, filed Jan. 10, 2000, for "Composition for Treating Non-Bacterial Prostatitis". The invention primarily relates to a composition and method for the treatment of non-bacterial prostatitis and, more particularly, to a composition and method for treating non-bacterial chronic prostatitis syndromes using bioflavonoids in a treatment composition and in a treatment method. Prostatitis is a name commonly used for a non-specific group of prostate related problems and is often characterized by
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prostatic pain, which may actually adopt the form of phantom symptomatic pain. At present, the cause for many of the forms of prostatitis is not fully known. As a result, there is frequently no known cure for non-bacterial chronic prostatitis, although there are several therapies of varying effectiveness, and usually limited effectiveness. These therapies are generally designed to address the issues of pain and discomfort as well as the other symptoms arising from this condition of prostatitis, but are not specific to any effective cure or permanent treatment therefor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for prostate and kidney health and disorders, an herbal preparation Inventor(s): Chou, Wen Hsien; (Kowloon, HK) Correspondence: Blakely Sokoloff Taylor & Zafman; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, Seventh Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90025; US Patent Application Number: 20030108629 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: A composition including an aliquot of the herb Herba Epimedii; and an aliquot of at least three supplemental herbs selected from the group consisting of Fructus Rosae laevigatae; Fructus Rubi; Fructus Psoralea; Radix Morindae officinalis; Fructus Schisandrac chinensis; Fructus Ligustri lucidi; Semen Cuscutae; and Radix Astragali. A composition including icariin; ursolic acid; ellagic acid; psoralen; deoxyschizandrin; oleanolic acid; quercetin; aslvagaloside; and an extract of the herb Radix Morindae Officinalis. Methods including administering a composition directed at treatment of various kidney disorders or the promotion of kidney health and to the overall health of the kidney, including the use of a composition in the treatment of prostate cancer, prophylatic prostate health, reduction of polyuria, incontinence, proteinuria, as well as for sexual satisfaction. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of co-pending provisional application Serial No. 60/306,112, filed Jul. 17, 2001, by Wen Hsein Chou, titled "Compositions and Methods for the Treatment of Prostate Disorders with an Herbal Preparation," and incorporated herein by reference. Presented in this application are herbal compositions and methods that provide a treatment for prostate gland and kidney disorders. In particular, a composition for the treatment or improvement of prostatitis and methods and compositions for the treatment or improvement of prostate carcinoma and relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostate disorders. In a further aspect, compositions and methods related to the overall health of the kidney, including the use of an herbal combination in the reduction of polyuria, incontinence, and proteinuria, as well as relieving the symptoms of these conditions. In a still further aspect, compositions and methods that improve sexual satisfaction. The kidney is either one or a pair of organs in the dorsal region of the vertebrate abdominal cavity, functioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are excreted as urine. Thus, the consequence of a kidney disorder can constitute an overall imbalance in the organism as a whole. Many organs such as the bladder, intestine, heart, lungs, prostate depend on the ability of the kidney to filter out the undesirable debris of the body and maintain overall homeostasis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions comprising a mixture of bioflavonols Inventor(s): Buchholz, Herwig; (Frankfurt, DE), Meduski, Jerzy; (Playa Del Rey, CA) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030022845 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compositions containing a mixture of two or three bioflavonols like isoquercetin, quercetin-4'-glycoside, rutin and quercetin, which show differences in their pharmacokinetics. These compositions are useful as food supplements possessing preventive properties against damage to human tissues due to their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, these compositions secure a continuum of the presence of bioflavonols having the same aglycone in human plasma over an extended period of time. Excerpt(s): Structures of body tissues are susceptible to damage caused by the oxidative stress, e.g., by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species during ageing, chronic environmental stress, inflammations or general metabolic dysfunctions. The role of reactive oxygen species in aetiology of human diseases (e.g. cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, immune system dysfunctions, brain function decline, connective tissue dysfunctions) is well established. Chronic exposure to reactive oxygen species leads to chronic intracellular damage, to oxidative stress and premature ageing. Cells of the human body possess metabolic antioxidant defences which are supported by dietary antioxidants. The early observations of the antioxidant defence metabolic processes involved flavonoids. Quercetin, an aglycone, isoquercetin, a quercetin glycoside, and rutin, a quercetin rutinoside, are flavonols that are being recently extensively studied due to their antioxidant properties. Gycosylation of an aglycone makes the molecule less reactive towards free radicals and more water-soluble. Kind and the position of the glycosylation are the sources of the pharmacokinetic differences among flavonols that have the same aglycone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions for the treatment of lupus Inventor(s): Ziegler, Randy H.; (Newport Coast, CA) Correspondence: Reed Smith Crosby Heafey Llp; 1901 Avenue OF The Stars, Suite 700; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20040028675 Date filed: April 30, 2003 Abstract: A composition and a method for the amelioration of Lupus, related rheumatic and autoimmune diseases such as fibromyalgia and inflammatory joint diseases. The composition consists of a bioflavonoid combined with Bromelain. Vitamin C may be added to the composition to improve its efficacy. The preferred flavonoid is Luteolin or Quercetin. Myricetin may also be used as may be a glycoside such as Rutin that contains either Luteolin, Quercetin or Myricetin as an aglycone. Other effective flavonoids can be selected by their ability to interact with the Kv1.3 channel of lymphocytes. In a preferred method of treatment a mixture of flavonoid, Bromelain and Vitamin C is administered
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at least daily by an oral route. A mixture of 500 mg Quercetin, 500 mg Bromelain and 500 mg Vitamin C administered three times daily is effective. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation in part of, and claims priority from, PCT/US02/39297 designating the United States which was based on and claimed priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/339,199 filed on Dec. 7, 2001. The present invention concerns a treatment for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and for joint diseases. Lupus Erythematosus ("Lupus") is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the skin, joints, blood, and kidneys as well as other parts of the body. Lupus is an "autoimmune" disease in which the immune system makes antibodies directed against parts of the body. Normally antibodies react only with bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances. When "self" antibodies are made, damage can occur either through direct antibody mediated attack on body tissues or indirectly from immune complexes. Immune complexes are the reaction products between portions of the body's tissues and the antibodies. These complexes build up in the skin or in joints or in kidneys and cause many of the symptoms of Lupus. Although many cases of Lupus are mild, the disease may cause serious life-threatening symptoms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions for treatment of diseases arising from secretion of mast cell biochemicals Inventor(s): Theoharides, Theoharis C.; (Brookline, MA) Correspondence: DR. Melvin Blecher; Law Offices OF DR. Melvin Blecher; 4329 Van Ness ST., NW; Washington; DC; 20016; US Patent Application Number: 20030232100 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: Compositions for treatment of diseases arising from products secreted by activated tissue mast cells, composed of, as active ingredients, unprocessed olive kernel (pit) extract that increases absorption of these compositions in various routes of administration, and one or more of a heavily sulfated, non-bovine proteoglycan such as shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate C, a hexosamine sulfate such as D-glucosamine sulfate, a flavonoid such as quercetin, S-adenosylmethionine, a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, a histamine-3 receptor agonist, a CRH antagonist, caffeine, fragments of myelin basic protein, rutin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Bitter Willow Extract and a polyamine. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 09/773,576, filed Feb. 2, 2001, which is a divisional of co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 09/056,707, filed Apr. 8, 1998. The invention generally relates to the treatment of diseases arising from mast cell secretory products. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions containing inhibitors of mast cell activation and secretion that are designed to be used as dietary supplements alone or as or adjuvants to conventional approved medications for the relief of said diseases. The expression "arising from" is intended herein to mean any process that leads to pathophysiology that involves any product secreted from mast cells. The term "secretory product" is intended to mean any biochemical(s) secreted from mast cells, whether preformed or newly synthesized. By "disease" is mean any condition, syndrome or other pathophysiological entity leading to dysfunction in the patient. A recent meta-analysis showed potential therapeutic benefit of chondroitin sulfate and/or glucosamine in osteoarthritis [McAlindon et al. J Am Med
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Assn. 283:1469 (2000)], while a double-blind clinical trial with glucosamine showed definite benefits in osteoarthritis with respect to pain, radiographic joint appearance and progression [Reginster et al., Lancet 337:252 (2001); Pavelka et al., Arch Intern Med. 162:2113(2002)]. However, less than 5% of the chondroitin sulfate in commercially available preparations is absorbed orally, because the size of the molecule and the degree of sulfation impede its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of such preparations. Furthermore, such commercial preparations use chondroitin sulfate obtained from cow trachea, with the possible danger of contracting spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease". In fact, the European Union has banned even cosmetics that contain bovine-derived products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dermal cytochrome P450 1A inhibitors and enhancers Inventor(s): Hsiong, Cheng-Huei; (Taipei, TW), Pao, Li-Heng; (Taipei, TW), Wang, Chao-Jih; (Taipei, TW), Yoa-Pu Hu, Oliver; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Venable, Baetjer, Howard And Civiletti, Llp; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030166583 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides dermal cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) inhibitors, which include free base or pharmacologically acceptable salt of (-)epicatechin, (+)-epicatechin, (+)-limonene, 3-phenylpropyl acetate,.alpha.naphthoflavone, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin,.beta.-myrcene, catechin,.beta.naphthoflavone, cineole, daidzein, daidzin, diosmin, ergosterol, formononetin, gallic acid, genistein, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, hesperetin, hesperidin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, lauryl alcohol, luteolin, luteolin-7-glycoside, narigenin, narigin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, oleanolic acid, paeoniflorin, quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, swertiamarin, terpineol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, umbelliferone, genkwanin, homoorientin, isovitexin, neohesperidin, wongonin, capillarisin, liquiritin, ethyl myristate, poncirin, and ursolic acid. The CYP1A inhibitors can be co-administered with compounds with first-pass effect such as dermatological drugs to improve the bioavailability of the drugs. The present invention also provides dermal CYP1A enhancers, which include (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-epicatechin, (+)-limonene, 3phenylpropyl acetate, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin,.beta.-myrcene, cineole, daidzein, daidzin, diosmin, ergosterol, formononetin, gallic acid, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, lauryl alcohol, luteolin, luteolin-7-glycoside, narigin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, paeoniflorin, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, swertiamarin, terpineol, trans-cinnamic acid, umbelliferone, and umbellic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chemical compounds, which inhibit or enhance dermal cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) enzymatic activity. The preferred examples of the inhibitors of CYP 1A include free base or pharmacologically acceptable salt of kaempferol, luteolin-7-glycoside, terpineol,.alpha.-naphthoflavone,.beta.naphthoflavone, and hesperetin. The CYP1A inhibitors can be co-administered with dermatological drugs to improve the bioavailability and suppress the first-pass effect of the dermatological drugs. The preferred dermatological drug is retinoid, most favorably retinoic acid. The present invention also provides dermal CYP1A enhancers. The preferred CYP1A enhancers include (-)-epicatechin, cineole, narigin, and protocatechuic acid. The dermal CYP1A enhancers improve the CYP1A enzymatic activity so as to
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reduce the bioavailability of the drugs. Cytochrome P450 is a heme-containing protein which was discovered by its unusually reduced carbon monoxide difference spectrum that has an absorbance at 450 nm, which is caused by a thiolate anion acting as the fifth ligand to the heme. The most common reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 is hydroxylation, often of a lipophilic substrate. Thus, cytochrome P450 proteins are frequently called hydroxylases. Cytochrome P450 has been proven to be the major enzyme responsible for the first pass metabolism. The first-pass effect of drugs is referred to as the process of drug degradation during a drug's transition from site of entry (such as initial ingestion) to circulation in the blood stream. The first-pass effect affects bioavailability of a drug. Clinically, cytochrome P450 not only increases the firstpass metabolism in a large scale, but also magnifies the therapeutic effect as well as side effects of the drug because of drug interactions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dietary supplement compositions Inventor(s): Pitman, Bradford D.; (Attleboro, MA) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20040005311 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: The invention is directed to dietary supplements including a core of lysine and bromelain and, optionally, including lycopene. Supplements can further include at least one of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, CoEnzymeQ10, lycopene, folic acid, selenium, lecithin and quercetin. Supplements can also further include lutein or xanthin. A preferred supplement includes 5000 mg lysine, 125 mg bromelain, 250 mg Vitamin C,800 IU Vitamin E, 500 mcg Vitamin B 12, 200 mg CoEnzymeQ10, 10 mg lycopene, 800 mcg folic acid, 100 mcg selenium, 250 mg quercetin and 2400 mg lecithin. The supplements have dietary uses or can be used to alleviate dementia-related symptoms. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of prior-filed provisional patent application U.S. Serial No. 60/219,959, filed Jul. 20, 2000, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by this reference. It is well known that the diets of many persons in today's modem societies are lacking in a variety of important or essential vitamins, minerals and other natural elements. From this knowledge has arisen a vast interest in dietary supplementation, to restore desirable or necessary levels of various vitamins, minerals and the like. Dietary supplementation has also become very popular as a natural approach to achieving improved health effects including weight loss, appetite suppression, increased energy levels, increased muscle mass, improved learning and memory and the like. Moreover, it is well known that many disorders are the result of dietary deficiencies wherein the body is starved of certain vitamins, minerals and other natural elements. Other disorders are simply the result of aging. Disorders due to aging may result if the body produces too much or too little of certain enzymes or hormones, thereby affecting the body's metabolism. Some disorders can be treated or corrected by supplementing missing natural elements which are ordinarily not found in the average diet. Through the use of a daily supplement, supplying these missing vitamins and natural elements, the symptoms of various disorders may improve or disappear entirely. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING NATURAL INGREDIENTS Inventor(s): PERKES, LYNN; (REXBURG, ID) Correspondence: Richard J. Anderson; Fish & Richardson P.C., P.A.; 60 South Sixth Street; Suite 3300; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20020048575 Date filed: May 11, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a dietary supplement comprising at least one flavonoid source and an enzyme, that is effective for inhibiting in vivo platelet activity and LDL cholesterol oxidation in a mammal at a dosage of about 30 mg/Kg or less. The supplement may contain flavonoid sources found in grape seed extracts, grape skin extracts, bilberry extracts, ginkgo biloba extracts or the flavonoid quercetin. The supplement may also contain fungal proteases, acid stable proteases and bromelain. The invention further provides a method for using the dietary supplement and an article of manufacture containing the supplement. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dietary supplements containing natural ingredients. Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other vascular occlusions are major health concerns. A common characteristic of these diseases is the atherosclerotic process, or the narrowing of arteries. Blood platelets contribute to the development and progression of the atherosclerotic process by releasing growth factors, chemotactic substances and other factors that accelerate the atherosclerotic process. In addition, platelet aggregation at or near the point of arterial damage contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and acute platelet thrombus formation. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is also associated with atherosclerosis. It has been proposed that nonatherogenic LDL cholesterol circulating in the blood is converted to atherogenic LDL cholesterol through oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids, which leads to modification of the apoprotein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Dietary supplements for treating inflammation-related diseases Inventor(s): Bland, Jeffrey S.; (Fox Island, WA), Darland, Gary K.; (Gig Harbor, WA), Irving, Tracey A.; (Gig Harbor, WA), Liska, DeAnn J.; (Gig Harbor, WA), Lukaczer, Daniel O.; (Gig Harbor, WA) Correspondence: Christensen, O'connor, Johnson, Kindness, Pllc; 1420 Fifth Avenue; Suite 2800; Seattle; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20020051826 Date filed: January 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides dietary supplements, medical foods and methods effective to ameliorate at least one of the symptoms, preferably all of the symptoms, of an inflammation-related disease. The dietary supplements of the present invention include rosemary, curcumin and at least one component selected from the group consisting of quercetin and rutin. The medical foods of the present invention include include rosemary and at least one component selected from the group consisting of curcumin, quercetin and rutin. The medical foods of the present invention also include macronutrients. The methods of the present invention include the step of
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administering to a person suffering from an inflammation-related disease an effective amount of a dietary supplement or medical food of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dietary supplements and medical foods for treating inflammation-related diseases. The compositions of the present invention include rosemary. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as not only the absence of disease, but also the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being. (Constitution of the World Health Organization. In: World Health Organization, Handbook of Basic Documents. 5th ed. Geneva: Palais des Nations, 3-20 (1952)). The status of a patient's physical, mental, and social functioning is often referred to in the literature as quality-of-life and is used as a measure of health outcome. In the past 25 years, there has been a nearly exponential increase in the evaluation of quality-of-life as a technique of clinical research as a component of determining clinical benefit from an intervention protocol. For example, in 1973, only five articles listed quality-of-life as a key word in the Medline database, whereas in the subsequent four years there were successively 195, 273, 490, and 1,252 such articles. (Testa MA and Simonson DC, N Eng J Med. 334:835-840 (1996). In 1998, approximately 3,724 articles listed quality-of-life as a key word. Thus, the health outcome, or quality-of-life, associated with a clinical intervention has been recognized as an important tool in measuring effectiveness and costs of medical care. (Wilson IB and Cleary PD., JAMA., 273:59-65 (1995)). Extensive research has resulted in the development of instruments that measure health outcome using quality-of-life tools that follow academically well-established and statistically validated psychometric principles. (Ware JE Jr., J Chronic Dis., 40:473-480 (1987); Spilker B., Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott-Raven Co; 1995.) One such tool is the SF-36 (Short form-36), which has been widely used in clinical trials and in clinical practice to assess health outcome. (Clancy CM and Eisenberg JM, Science, 282:245-246 (1998)). The SF-36 was derived from the Medical Outcomes Study, which involved 11,336 patients from 523 different clinical sites. (Ware JE, Sherbourne CD, Davies AR. Developing and testing the MOS 20-item short-form health survey. In: Stewart AL and Ware JE, eds., Measuring functioning and well-being: The Medical Outcomes Study approach. Durham, N.C.: University Press, 277-290 (1992); Ware JE. SF-36 Health Survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston, Mass.: Nimrod Press; 2:1-3:22 (1993)). The validity and reliability of the SF-36 has been proven in several studies in which researchers tested internal consistency, within subject reliability, and differentiation between patient populations. (McHorney CA, et al., Medical Care, 31:247-263 (1993); McHorney CA, et al., Medical Care, 30:S253-S265 (1992); Jenkinson C, et al., Br Med J, 306:1436-1440 (1993); Brazier JE, et al., Br Med J 305:160-164 (1992)). The SF-36 has been shown to predict the course of depression during a two-year study, and to be lower overall in patients who experience chronic health disorders. (Wells KB, et al., Archives General Psychiatry, 49:788-794 (1992); Schlenk EA, et al., Quality of Life Res., 7:57-65 (1998)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Formulation of flavones and isoflavones for treatment of cellulite Inventor(s): Pugliese, Peter T.; (Berneville, PA) Correspondence: Arthur R. Eglington; 113 Cross Creek DR. R.D. # 5.; Pottsville; PA; 17901; US Patent Application Number: 20020106388 Date filed: November 21, 2001
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Abstract: Disclosed is a treatment protocol and formulation for the cosmetic condition known as cellulite. The active ingredients of the several formulation include isoflavones, like genistein, a hydroxyflavone, like quercetin, a xanthine derivative, like theophylline, a carnitine, and a plant extract like coleus forskohlii. In the emusion form, standard emulsifiers, emollients, and preservatives are utilized. In the microencapsulated form, the slurry also includes a carrier and preservative, which facilitates a slurry that is used to impregnate body garments, like pantyhose, for extended application to the user's skin. Excerpt(s): This is an examinable application submitted for an official PTO filing receipt under 35 U.S. Code Section 111(a). This is a continuation-in-part application of my copending provisional application of Nov. 24, 2000, accorded U.S. Ser. No. 60/250,997, same title. This patent application relates to a method and composition for the control and treatment of a cosmetic condition known as cellulite. Treatment is directed at controlling the breakdown of collagen and reducing the fat mass to a smaller volume. As a result, the phtyoestrogens have the capacity to act as either partial estrogen agonists, or antagonists depending on the expression of estrogen receptors subtypes in the cell, and the concentration of the phytoestrogen. Clinically, phytoestrogens may exert tissue specific effects. Phytoestrogens also exhibit both estrogen receptor dependent and independent effects that suggest additional mechanisms beyond receptor binding. Induced differentiation of cancer cells and inhibition of tyrosine kinase are two known effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and use of extract of a member of Typhaceae's family Inventor(s): Zhou, Tong-Shui; (Shanghai, CN) Correspondence: Raymond Y. Chan; Suite 128; 108 N. Ynez AVE.; Monterey Park; CA; 91754; US Patent Application Number: 20040018261 Date filed: July 16, 2003 Abstract: An extract of Typhae Pollen which is a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of flavonoids as active components includes at least one member of the group selected from kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin and the derivatives of these active components. The present invention also relates to the degraded form of flavonoids, the metal derivatives formed with sodium and potassium salts, and the metal complex formed with a predetermined metal ion. The extract of Typhae Pollen is prepared by a plurality of extraction processes and has a plurality of functions for promoting health including lowering blood lipid level, preventing arteriosclerosis, promoting tolerance of brain and heart tissue under anaerobic condition, preventing blood platelet coagulation, preventing thrombosis and stop bleeding. The extract of Typhae Pollen of the present invention is also used for preventing and treating diseases related to blood vessels in brain and heart, and poor blood circulation induced diseases selecting from the group consisting of chest pain, stomachache, physical injuries, puerperium pain and menstruation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to technology in medical and health science, and more particularly to an extract of a Typhae Pollen and its manufacture and application in medicine and health science. `Typhae Pollen` is a common traditional Chinese medicine, which is generally dried pollen of the family Typhaceae such as
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Typha angustifolia L. and Typha orientalis Presl. According to the principles of the tradition Chinese medicine, Typhae Pollen has the properties of stop bleeding, bruise heeling, and enhancing circulation of the lymphatic system and it has been widely used in the treatment of bleeding, apistaxis, hematemesis, external bleeding, painful menstruation, colic, abscess, painful lymphatic system's disease or discomfort. Recent scientific researches envisage that the extracted components of Typhae Pollen by water extraction or alcohol extraction is capable of substantially increasing the coronary blood flow, improving microcirculation, increasing the tolerance ability of brain and cardiac muscle under anaerobic condition, lowering the consumption of oxygen of brain and heart system, promoting blood vessel dilation, lowering the blood lipid level, preventing arteriosclerosis, and acting as anticoagulant. All the different species of Typhae Pollen comprises organic acid, flavonoids, sterol components, long chain aliphatic components and polysaccharides. The principles and applications of these chemical components were only once disclosed in a Chinese patent 1006015 in China wherein the active mechanism and application of lowering blood lipid level of sterol, long chain aliphatic compounds of Typhae Pollen were described. Since then, there is no related arts relating to Typhae Pollen's extract. A main object of the present invention is to provide an extract of Typhae Pollen and a manufacturing method thereof wherein one of the extract components is flavonol glycosides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases by administering rutin and quercetin Inventor(s): Bae, Ki-Hwan; (Daejeon, KR), Bok, Song-Hae; (Daejeon, KR), Choi, MyungSook; (Daegu, KR), Choi, Yang-Kyu; (Daejeon, KR), Hyun, Byung-Hwa; (Daejeon, KR), Jeong, Tae-Sook; (Daejeon, KR), Kim, Hyo-Soo; (Seoul, KR), Kwon, Yong-Kook; (Daejeon, KR), Lee, Chul-Ho; (Daejeon, KR), Lee, Eun-Sook; (Daejeon, KR), Lee, SaeBom; (Daejeon, KR), Moon, Surk-Sik; (Gongju-shi, KR), Park, Yong-Bok; (Daegu, KR), Park, Young-Bae; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Shahan Islam; Rosenman & Colin Llp; 575 Madison Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20010014669 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A method for treating or preventing an elevated blood lipid level-related disease in a mammal, which comprises administering thereto an effective amount of rutin, quercetin or a mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, stroke and hepatic diseases in mammals, which comprises by administering thereto an effective amount of rutin and/or quercetin. It has been reported that blood lipids, especially cholesterols and triglycerides, are closely related to various kind of diseases such as coronary cardio-circulatory diseases, e.g., arteriosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver. Cholesterol, a fatty steroid alcohol, is a blood lipid produced from saturated fat in the liver. Triglycerides are another type of blood lipids which are known to increase the risk of various diseases. It has also been reported that an elevated blood or plasma cholesterol level causes the deposition of fat, macrophages and foam cells on the wall of blood vessels, such deposit leading to plaque formation and then to arteriosclerosis(see Ross, R., Nature, 362, 801-809(1993)). One of the methods
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for decreasing the plasma cholesterol level is alimentotherapy to reduce the ingestion of cholesterol and lipids. Another method is to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting enzymes involved therein. Acyl CoA-cholesterol-o-acyltransferase(ACAT) promotes the esterification of cholesterol in blood. Foam cells are formed by the action of ACAT and contain a large amount of cholesterol ester carried by low density lipoproteins. The formation of foam cells on the wall of artery increases with the ACAT activity, and, accordingly, an inhibitor of ACAT may also be an agent for preventing arteriosclerosis. Further, it has been reported that the blood level of LDL-cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting the ACAT activity(see Witiak, D. T. and D. R. Feller(eds.), AntiLipidemic Drugs: Medicinal, Chemical and Biochemical Aspects, Elsevier, pp159-195 (1991)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of treating interleukin-6-mediated inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Theoharides, Theoharis C.; (Brookline, MA) Correspondence: Law Offices OF DR. Melvin Blecher; 4329 Van Ness ST., NW; Washington; DC; 20016-5625; US Patent Application Number: 20030229030 Date filed: June 11, 2002 Abstract: The invention is a method of treating IL-6-mediated inflammatory diseases with flavonoid inhibitors of the production and secretion of IL-6 from human or animal mast or macrophage cells. The most effective flavonoid compounds include quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and genistein, and these can be administered alone or in combination with S-adenosylmethionine, folic acid, interleukin-10 or a histamine-1 receptor antagonist such as azelastine. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated inflammatory diseases in humans and animals. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of certain flavonoid compounds and histamine-1 receptor antagonists for treating inflammatory diseases mediated by IL-6. IL-6, a multifunctional cytokine, is rapidly elevated in the circulation during inflammatory, physiological or psychological stress, and is also associated with osteoporosis (Papanicolau, D., et al., Arch Int Med 128: 127 (1998)). IL-6 has been strongly implicated in the genesis of autoimmune disorders, plasma cell neoplasias, inflammatory processes of the skin (including scleroderma, psoriasis and delayed pressure urticaria, rheumatoid arthritis juvenile chronic arthritis, coronary artery disease (CAD) with or without atherosclerosis, interstitial cystitis, and congestive heart failure. Inflammation and IL-6 are specifically now thought to link to heart attacks (Taubes, G., Science 296: 242 (2002)). Inflammation can occur in response to external (e.g., infection) or internal (e.g., cancer) factors and involves many cell types, primarily immune cells, including macrophages. Mast cells have been increasingly implicated in inflammatory processes where degranulation, as commonly seen in allergic reactions, is not observed (Theoharides, T C, J Clin Psychopharmacol. 22:103 (2002). Serotonin secreted from rat mast cells without exocytosis provided the first indication of differential release, but the physiological stimuli for such process remain unknown. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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•
Methods and compositions for inhibiting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells Inventor(s): XING, NIANZENG; (ROCHESTER, MN), Young, Charles; (Rochester, MN) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson P.C.; 3300 Dain Rascher Plaza; 60 South Sixth Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030054357 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides for methods of monitoring the proliferation of cultured prostate cancer cells in the presence of quercetin, methods of treating an individual with prostate cancer or at risk of developing prostate cancer, and methods of reducing the risk of recurrence of prostate cancer in an individual who had previously been treated for prostate cancer. Methods of the invention further include treating an individual with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with quercetin as well as methods of screening for compounds that inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The invention provides for compositions and articles of manufacture containing quercetin in particular formulations, and quercetin with a second compound that also exerts an effect on the androgen receptor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to prostate cancer, and more particularly to methods and compositions for inhibiting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The prostate gland is located between the bladder and the rectum and wraps around the urethra. The prostate is composed of glandular tissue that produces a milky fluid and smooth muscles that contract during sex and squeeze this fluid into the urethra where it mixes with other fluid and sperm to form semen. The prostate gland converts testosterone to a more powerful male hormone, dihydrotestosterone, which affects the size of the gland and plays an important role in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises in the prostate gland and can eventually spread through the blood and lymph fluid to other organs, bones, and tissues. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the U.S., and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men after non-melanoma skin cancer. Although prostate cancer is just as common in Japan as in the United States, death rates from prostate cancer are significantly lower in Japan. It is unlikely that these differences are all genetic, because Japanese men who migrate to the United States die of prostate cancer with increasing frequency as a function of the number of years they reside in the United States. It is possible that this paradox could be explained, at least in part, by dietary factors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
New method for producing antioxidant and prevention of cancer Inventor(s): Liu, Yaguang; (Flushing, NY) Correspondence: Yaguang Liu; 67-08 168th Street; Flushing; NY; 11365; US Patent Application Number: 20030175372 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Excerpt(s): A pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease and antioxidation contains resveratol. The new method of process for producing resveratol is extracted resveratol from oil residue and stems of peanuts or stems of other cheap herbs. It has demonstrated that resveratol (RES) and its derivatives shown remarkably preventing effect on the development of cancer and
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cardiovascular disease. But natural source of extracting resveratol is limited in seed and skin of grapes so far. Therefore, the price of resveratol is expensive. We also found that resveratol is a very strong antioxidant. In fact, disorder of anti-oxidation and peroxidation will cause cardiovascular disease, cancer, alzheimer and other diseases. For example, oxidation of lower density lipoprotein (LDL) is very important in heart disease. Over oxidized LDL involves plaques and clot formation and ischemia occurs in development of atherosclerosis. The results are that more oxidative injury caused in the vascular endothelium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Ophthalmic, pharmaceutical and other healthcare preparations with naturally occurring plant compounds, extracts and derivatives Inventor(s): Bruijn, Chris De; (Ahaus, DE), Christ, F. Richard; (Laguna Beach, CA), Dziabo, Anthony J.; (Lake Forest, CA), Vigh, Joseph; (Placentia, CA) Correspondence: Crosby Heafey Roach & May; 1901 Avenue OF The Stars, Suite 700; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030086986 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A number of discrete, isolated and well-characterized natural plant compounds show antimicrobial activity when used for topical applications in the ophthalmic, skin care, oral care, pharmaceutical, medical device, heath care products or similar preparations for topical application. Of particular interest are Allantoin, Berberine, Bilberry extract, Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ether, Chlorogenic Acid, Cranberry Extract, Elderberry Extract, Ferulic Acid, Green Tea Extract, Grape Seed Extract, Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Olive Leaf Extract, Pine Bark Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Pycnogenol, Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Tart Cherry Extract. Oleuropein, and Pomegranate Extract, either alone or in combination, is extremely effective. Allantoin, can be used to enhance the efficacy of synthetic chemical disinfecting/preservative agents as well as to mitigate the cytotoxicity of some synthetic chemical disinfecting/preservative agents. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation In Part of Ser. No. 09/711,784, filed on Nov. 13, 2000, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 09/130,542, filed on Aug. 4, 1998 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,393 all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to the use of natural plant compounds, extracts and derivatives alone or in combination or with other chemical antimicrobial agents to preserve ophthalmic, skin care, oral care, pharmaceutical and other healthcare preparations and methods to disinfect soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. Ophthalmic, oral care, skin care solutions, emulsions, ointments, gels, creams and many other pharmaceutical and healthcare preparations for topical application (e.g., artificial tears, skin creams, mouthwashes, therapeutics, contact lens care products, antiallergenic, anti-puretics, etc.) must be preserved to prevent biological contamination and degradation. By "preparation for topical application" we mean any cream or solution or other physical form that is applied to the skin, eyes or externally accessible mucous membranes such as preparation inserted into various body orifices. It is now acceptable practice to add chemical preservatives to such preparations to ensure preservation of said preparations. These chemical preservatives (e.g., Benzalkonium Chloride, polyhexamethyl biguanide [PHMB], Chlorhexadine, Thimerosol, sorbic acid, etc.) are often harsh, synthetic cytotoxic agents, which can irritate and possibly damage sensitive
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tissues. The same issue applies to any other pharmaceutical and healthcare preparations, which require preservative to prevent biological contamination and degradation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Polyphenolics for enhancing endothelial cell-mediated fibrinolysis Inventor(s): Aikens, Michael L.; (Birmingham, AL), Benza, Raymond L.; (Birmingham, AL), Booyse, Francois M.; (Birmingham, AL) Correspondence: Glenna Hendricks, ESQ.; P.O. Box 2509; Fairfax; VA; 22031-2509; US Patent Application Number: 20020146424 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: This invention to provides means of achieving cardiovascular protective effects by administration of fibrinolytic activity increasing amounts of catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and/or resveratrol or their complexes individually or in combination without administration of ethanol. Excerpt(s): This application takes priority for U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/269,351, filed Feb. 20, 2001. This invention relates to use of polyphenols, including metabolically or synthetically modified forms, to promote systemic fibrinolysis in the prevention/regression and treatment of atherogenesis and its atherothrombotic consequences, including myocardial infarction, unstable angina, claudication, acute limb ischemia and thrombotic cerebrovascular events. Previous studies suggest that the moderate consumption of red wine is associated with lower coronary heart disease (CHD) related mortality. Even though the mechanism by which the cardioprotection occurs has not been fully elucidated, this reduction in cardiovascular mortality is believed to be, in part, due to components found in red wine. Low ethanol levels have been shown to have various effects on vascular endothelial cell (EC) mediated fibrinolysis. ECs play a key role in maintenance of hemostasis by synthesis/regulation of plasminogen activators (PAs), tissue type-PA (t-PA) and urokinase type-PA (u-PA) and their respective receptors. These fibrinolytic proteins interact to localize and regulate fibrinolysis on the EC surface. Therefore, systemic factors that will affect EC PAs and/or receptors and increase fibrinolysis may reduce the risk for thrombosis, CHD and myocardial infarction (MI). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Unit dosage forms for the treatment of herpes simplex Inventor(s): Pearson, Don C.; (Lakewood, WA), Richardson, Kenneth T.; (Anchorage, AK) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20010031737 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: The components of this invention are chosen because of their complementarity for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by the herpes simplex virus. L-Lysine favorably increases the physiologic immunomodulation necessary for defense against this virus. Zinc improves and maintains a normal immune response. 2-Deoxy-2-D-
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glucose and heparin sodium alter the surface interaction between the herpes virus and the cell, preventing fusion and infectivity. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine increases glutathione levels thereby creating a thiol redox barrier to the virus at the cell membrane. Quercetin reduces intracellular replication of the herpes virus and viral infectivity. Ascorbate, in concert with copper and D-.alpha.-tocopherol, provides an antioxidant defense against the herpes virus, which tends to lose latency during period of oxidative, free radical excess. Selenium and quercetin also participate in reducing various oxidative stresses. Together the components of this invention provide the potential for improved resistance to, improved recovery from, and a decreased frequency of recurrence of herpes simplex virus infection. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/101,308, filed Sep. 21, 1998, and claims all benefits legally available therefrom. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/101,308 is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes capable of being served thereby. This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates specifically to the pharmacological treatment of conditions associated with herpes simplex virus infections. No human virus is considered normal flora; although some viruses may be more or less symptomatic, unlike bacteria none can be considered non-pathogenic. And because the viral life cycle is played out within a host cell, the membrane and molecular function of the target eukaryocyte and the biological life cycle of the invasive virion are inextricably entwined. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of natural EGFR inhibitors to prevent dermatitis, such as due to cleansers Inventor(s): Fisher, Gary J.; (Ypsilanti, MI), Kang, Sewon; (Ann Arbor, MI), Voorhees, John J.; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: Bradley N. Ruben, PC; Suite 5A; 463 First ST.; Hoboken; NJ; 07030; US Patent Application Number: 20040033207 Date filed: August 12, 2003 Abstract: People's hands undergo daily exposure to hot, cold, and chemicals (such as cleansers). These exposures can cause dermatitis due to activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). One effect of activation of the EGFR is hyperproliferation of skin cells, which presents as rough, dry, and/or peeling hands, generally known as dermatitis. The use of a natural EGFR inhibitor, such as genistein or quercetin, can help to treat or prevent these kinds of dermatitis. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/085,978, filed Feb. 27, 2002, which is on prior provisional application No. 60/271,894, filed Feb. 27, 2001, the disclosures of which are both incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to the use of EGF receptor inhibitors, especially those occuring naturally in produce, foodstuffs, and the like, such as the isoflavinoid genistein, for preventing unwanted side effects when retinoids are used topically for treating humans. Topical retinoid administration has been used to treat a wide variety of dermatological ailments. For example, acne vulgaris has been treated with all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin), sold under the well-known brand name Retin-A (from Janssen Pharmaceuticals), and the lesser known brand name Avita (from Penederm); oral 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin; sold under the brand name Accutane for oral administration) has been used for severe cases of acne. 9-cis retinoic acid (alitretinoin) has been used topically to treat cutaneous lesions of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Panretin brand gel, from Ligand
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Pharmaceuticals), and systemically to treat chronic eczema and renal cancer. Synthetic retinoids that have been approved for use against acne and psoriasis include adapalene (sold under the brand Differin) and tazarotene (sold under the brand name Tazorac), respectively. Psoriasis also has been treated with the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue of retinoic acid ethyl ester (etretinate; sold under the brand names Soriatane (acetretin), and formerly Tegison (etretinate)). Retinoids have also been used for treating other kinds of acne (such as cystic acne and acne rosacea) and various keratinization disorders (such as, ichthyoses (such as lamellar ichthyosis, ichthyosis vulgaris), pityriasis rubra pilaris, and Darier's disease). Retinoids have also been used for skin cancer and chemotheraphy of precancerous lesions and chemoprophylaxis (such as for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas and keratoacanthoma). Retinoids have also been used for treating such skin conditions as warts, hyperkaratotic eczema of the hands and feet, and cutaneous sarcoidosis. In addition, retinoids have been used for treating photoaged skin, with compositions such as sold under the brand name Renova. Thus, retinoids are widely used both topically and systemically (orally) for a wide variety of conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Utilization of achyrocline satureoides ("Marcela") extracts and liposomal preparations of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoids for the prevention and treatment of the consequences of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases Inventor(s): Dajas, Federico; (Montevideo, UY), Heinzen, Horacio; (Montevideo, UY) Correspondence: Needle & Rosenberg, P.C.; The Candler Building; Suite 1200; 127 Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30303-1811; US Patent Application Number: 20030055103 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: Discovery of a neuroprotective effect in vivo of Achyrocline satureoides ("Marcela") extracts and of liposomal preparations of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoids structurally related to quercetin. This effect is obtained mainly through antiapoptotic mechanisms, complementary and different of the antioxidant actions of flavonoids. The compounds will be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative and aging brain lesions. These benefits will be obtained by the administration of compositions comprising one or various compounds of general formula 1. The liposomal preparation of these compounds increases neuroprotection and will be the preferred application. 1 Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Uruguayan Patent Application No. 26.816, filed on Jul. 4, 2001, which is herein incorporated by this reference in its entirety. The invention relates to methods of treating and/or preventing vascular or neurodegenerative brain diseases. Vascular and neurodegenerative brain diseases are the most frequent causes of death and morbidity of neurologic origin. With 8% of total deaths and a general incidence of around 2/1000, cerebral pathology is very important because of its high morbidity, the deep affectation of quality of life they provoke and the burden of high socio-economic costs (Reitsma et al. 1998; Kolominsky-Rabas et al. 1998; Samsa et al. 1999; Leppl et al. 1999). In spite of this situation, there is no specific treatment for neuronal death. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with quercetin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on quercetin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning quercetin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON QUERCETIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover quercetin.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on quercetin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to quercetin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “quercetin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for quercetin: •
Quercetin alleviates symptoms of nonbacterial chronic prostatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 17, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “quercetin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to quercetin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “quercetin” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Quercetin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to quercetin. In addition to
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these sources, you can search for articles covering quercetin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4528 2 547 3 5 5085
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “quercetin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on quercetin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to quercetin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to quercetin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “quercetin”:
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicfatiguesyndrome.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Weight Loss Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightlosssurgery.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on quercetin. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Information About Prostate Pain Relief Source: Encino, CA: Institute for Male Urology. 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available from Institute for Male Urology. 16500 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 409, Encino, CA 91436. (888) 724-1113. Website: www.urol.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure offers information on prostate pain relief for men who have one or more of the symptoms of chronic, nonbacterial prostatitis, a painful and frustrating inflammation of the prostate gland that can affect men of all ages. The brochure describes the use of Prosta-Q, a proprietary, patent-pending formulation of the bioflavonoid quercetin, found in red wine, onions, green tea, and other natural substances. Prosta-Q is available in drug stores without a prescription. The brochure also discusses other treatments for chronic prostatitis, including antibiotics, alpha blockers, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and dietary changes. One chart summarizes the symptoms of the three types of prostatitis: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Another chart summarizes prostate health facts. The brochure briefly describes the work of the Institute for Male Urology (IMU, www.urol.com). 1 figure. 1 table.
•
Interstitial Cystitis and Over-the-Counter Products and Medications Source: Rockville, MD: Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 110 N. Washington Street, Suite 340, Rockville, MD 20850. (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge.
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Summary: This fact sheet considers the several over-the-counter (OTC) products and medications currently available that may be useful for interstitial cystitis (IC). Products are organized into four sections: to help reduce bladder symptoms, reduced acid foods and beverages, to help with sexual intimacy, and other helpful products. In the first section, the fact sheet briefly describes Prelief (dietary supplement), aloe vera, Cysta-Q and Prosta-Q (bioflavenoids), traditional Chinese herbal remedies, Algonot-Plus (glucosamine, chondroitin, and quercetin combination), and Tamer (natural supplements containing calcium carbonate, potassium and magnesium hydroxides). The second section includes Cafix (a coffee substitute), acid reduced coffees and teas, acidreduced orange juice, Puroast coffee (lower acid coffee), and Natural Touch Roma (a multigrain beverage). The fact sheet includes the contact information for the ICA (www.ichelp.org). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “quercetin” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
2002 national guideline for the management of prostatitis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3041&nbr=2267&a mp;string=Quercetin The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to quercetin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to quercetin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with quercetin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about quercetin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “quercetin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “quercetin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For
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publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “quercetin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “quercetin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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QUERCETIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. EC 2.7.1.67. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Rosacea: An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH]
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Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH]
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Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by
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posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anecdotal report: An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more patients. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergic: 1. Characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive. 2. Marked by asthenia or lack of energy. 3. Pertaining to anergy. [EU] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In
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anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the
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maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]
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Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Arylsulfotransferase: A sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. A number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. Sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. EC 2.8.2.1. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH]
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Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta-Glucosidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of beta-glucose. EC 3.2.1.21. [NIH]
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Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in
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an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood Preservation: The process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH]
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Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the
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endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capping: A 7-methyl guanosine cap attached to the 5'-end of eucaryotic mRNAs by a phosphodiester linkage. The cap is believed to increase the stability of the message, since most nucleases require a 5'-3'or 3'-5'bond in order to cleave the RNA. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxyamidotriazole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual
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patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon
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differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemokines, C: Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]
Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the
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cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of
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the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire
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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH]
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Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to
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stress. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]
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Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH]
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Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dihydroxyacetone: A ketotriose compound. Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. It is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. In combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent. [NIH] Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diosmin: A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded
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DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most
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commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]
Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
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Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH]
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Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial
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neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-
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identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of
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shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or
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participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH]
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Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Glycyrrhizic Acid: A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetic acid, which inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. [NIH]
Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC
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4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]
Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood
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clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hesperidin: Predominant flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,
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atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylamines: Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypolipidemic: A drug that lowers abnormally high plasma concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides or both. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic
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chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Ichthyosis Vulgaris: Most common form of ichthyosis characterized by prominent scaling especially on the exterior surfaces of the extremities. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence)
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or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH]
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Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from
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formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
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Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the
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blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH]
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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macronutrients: Nutrients in the diet that are the key sources of energy, namely protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-
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inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU]
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Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl Ethers: A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region.
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[EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1: A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary
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thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH]
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Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oleanolic Acid: Occurs in leaves of Olea europaea, Viscum album L., and other higher plants. It is also the aglycone component of many saponins. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25
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to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH]
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Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Picornavirus: Any of a group of tiny RNA-containing viruses including the enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized
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destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]
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Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH]
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Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU]
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Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]
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Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pulse Radiolysis: Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]
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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in
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ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH]
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Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a
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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell
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differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In
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taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation.
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[EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide
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anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules. [NIH]
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Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tiazofurin: An anticancer drug being studied to stop cell growth. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic
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proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]
Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder,
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ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds
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of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Usnea: A genus of lichens containing usnic acid and mucilage. Usnea barbata has been used as an herbal medicine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]
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Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinculin: A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used
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together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine in the presence of NAD+ to form urate and NADH. It acts also on a variety of other purines and aldehydes. EC 1.1.1.204. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX 1 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, 39, 139 A Abdomen, 139, 148, 174, 177, 186, 198, 199 Abdominal, 97, 139, 154, 185 Abortion, 139, 171, 184 Abscess, 105, 139 Acatalasia, 139, 151 Acceptor, 139, 167, 176, 185, 202 Acetone, 80, 139, 175 Acetylcholine, 139, 183 Acne, 92, 110, 139, 174, 194, 203 Acne Rosacea, 111, 139 Acne Vulgaris, 110, 139, 174, 203 Actin, 14, 139, 166, 181 Acyl, 20, 106, 139, 163 Adaptability, 139, 151 Adduct, 58, 139 Adenine, 140, 192 Adenocarcinoma, 27, 43, 60, 140, 170 Adenosine, 30, 57, 140, 145, 149, 172, 187, 201 Adjuvant, 11, 140 Adrenal Cortex, 140, 141, 156, 163, 184, 190 Adverse Effect, 6, 140, 144, 174, 196 Aerobic, 90, 140, 180, 185 Aerobic Metabolism, 140, 185 Aerobic Respiration, 140, 185 Aetiology, 98, 140 Affinity, 140, 159, 176, 180, 197 Agar, 10, 140, 157, 172, 187 Age of Onset, 140, 203 Ageing, 94, 98, 140 Aggressiveness, 10, 140 Agonist, 89, 99, 140, 144, 160, 200 Airways, 5, 140 Albumin, 11, 141, 188 Aldehydes, 141, 206 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 90, 141 Aldosterone, 141, 168 Alertness, 83, 141, 149 Algorithms, 141, 147 Alkaline, 141, 149 Allergen, 11, 141 Allergic Rhinitis, 141, 169 Allogeneic, 86, 141 Aloe, 127, 141
Alternative medicine, 13, 114, 141 Amine, 141, 170 Amino Acid Motifs, 142, 156 Amino Acid Sequence, 142, 143, 156, 190, 205 Amino-terminal, 142, 190 Anaerobic, 18, 20, 67, 104, 105, 142 Anaesthesia, 142, 173 Analgesic, 142, 154, 176, 178, 181, 199 Analog, 142, 159 Analogous, 92, 142, 188, 202 Anaphylatoxins, 142, 155 Anatomical, 142, 148, 152, 161, 172, 195 Anecdotal report, 89, 142 Anemia, 142, 165 Anergic, 86, 142 Anergy, 86, 142 Angina, 105, 109, 142 Angina Pectoris, 105, 142 Anginal, 142, 183 Angiogenesis, 142, 150, 178 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 142, 150 Animal model, 16, 143 Anions, 141, 143, 174, 196, 200 Ankle, 143, 205 Antagonism, 143, 149, 201 Anthocyanins, 12, 143 Antiangiogenic, 53, 143 Antibacterial, 143, 198 Antibiotic, 143, 158, 160, 198 Antibodies, 86, 99, 143, 169, 170, 172, 178, 188 Antibody, 99, 140, 143, 154, 172, 173, 178 Anticarcinogenic, 25, 143 Anticoagulant, 105, 143, 191 Antigen, 5, 11, 54, 86, 140, 143, 155, 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 143, 155 Anti-infective, 143, 171 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 7, 9, 89, 90, 94, 143, 145, 148, 168, 178, 195, 199 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 7, 9, 143, 145 Antimicrobial, 20, 87, 108, 143 Antineoplastic, 143, 144, 160, 166, 186, 188, 202 Antineoplastic Agents, 144, 186 Antiproliferative, 21, 32, 39, 41, 58, 63, 80, 144
Quercetin
Antipyretic, 144, 179 Antiseptic, 78, 139, 144, 151 Antitussive, 144, 159 Antiviral, 23, 51, 59, 62, 90, 144 Anus, 144, 148, 154 Apolipoproteins, 144, 177 Apomorphine, 50, 57, 144 Apoptosis, 9, 22, 25, 26, 33, 35, 40, 44, 48, 53, 54, 60, 144, 151, 157 Aqueous, 79, 80, 81, 85, 144, 146, 157, 161, 171, 176 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 144, 177 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 144, 177 Arachidonic Acid, 5, 95, 144, 176, 183, 190 Arginine, 82, 142, 144, 183, 204 Aromatic, 144, 145, 180, 186, 198 Arterial, 17, 91, 102, 144, 145, 153, 171, 191, 200 Arteries, 95, 102, 144, 145, 148, 156, 177, 180, 181, 201 Arteriolar, 145, 148, 164 Arterioles, 145, 148, 149, 180, 182 Arteriolosclerosis, 145 Arteriosclerosis, 104, 105, 145, 181 Arteriovenous, 145, 180 Artery, 5, 102, 106, 144, 145, 148, 156, 161, 182, 185, 192, 193, 205 Articular, 145, 184 Arylsulfotransferase, 32, 145 Ascorbic Acid, 52, 54, 93, 145, 171 Aspartate, 145, 159 Aspirin, 9, 145 Assay, 21, 23, 33, 58, 63, 145 Asthenia, 142, 145 Astringent, 145, 151 Atopic, 11, 145 ATP, 7, 145, 159, 166, 177, 186, 187, 191 Atrophy, 145, 183 Autoimmune disease, 86, 98, 145 Autologous, 32, 145, 146 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 32, 146 B Bacillus, 14, 18, 146 Bacteremia, 14, 146 Bacteria, 12, 14, 20, 24, 99, 110, 139, 143, 146, 147, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 177, 180, 193, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204 Bacterial Infections, 146, 168, 194 Bactericidal, 146, 163 Bacteriophage, 146, 188, 202 Bacterium, 32, 146, 155
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Bacteriuria, 146, 204 Barbiturates, 146, 192 Basal Ganglia, 146, 148 Base, 97, 100, 140, 146, 157, 158, 164, 174 Basophil, 54, 146, 170 Benign, 107, 145, 146, 169, 175, 182, 206 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 107, 146 Benzene, 146, 174 Benzoic Acid, 12, 146 Beta-Glucosidase, 18, 56, 146 Bilateral, 147, 194 Bile, 9, 27, 147, 162, 165, 167, 170, 177, 198 Bile Acids, 27, 147, 198 Bile Acids and Salts, 147 Bile duct, 147 Biliary, 13, 147, 149 Bilirubin, 141, 147, 167 Binding Sites, 14, 33, 34, 38, 39, 48, 50, 59, 63, 147 Bioavailability, 5, 8, 9, 15, 21, 42, 55, 67, 100, 147 Bioavailable, 59, 71, 90, 147 Biological therapy, 147, 168 Biomarkers, 22, 27, 42, 62, 147 Biotechnology, 17, 18, 114, 121, 147 Biotransformation, 18, 39, 145, 147 Bivalent, 147, 180 Bladder, 97, 107, 127, 146, 147, 157, 172, 191, 193, 202, 204 Blood Coagulation, 147, 148, 149 Blood Glucose, 73, 148, 169, 171, 173 Blood Platelets, 148, 196 Blood Preservation, 148, 159 Blood pressure, 148, 150, 164, 168, 171, 181, 183, 197 Body Fluids, 147, 148, 160, 197, 203 Body Mass Index, 82, 148, 184 Body Regions, 148, 154 Bone Marrow, 21, 33, 67, 86, 146, 148, 157, 168, 177, 190, 197 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 86, 148 Boron, 148, 157 Bowel, 148, 159, 173, 174, 175, 199 Bowel Movement, 148, 159, 199 Bradykinin, 148, 183, 188 Brain Diseases, 111, 148 Branch, 135, 148, 177, 186, 192, 197, 201 Breakdown, 89, 104, 148, 159, 166 Bromelain, 4, 69, 82, 98, 101, 102, 148 Bronchi, 149, 163, 201, 202 Bronchial, 6, 149, 170, 201 Bronchitis, 12, 149
209
Buccal, 149, 171, 177 C Caffeine, 8, 82, 83, 89, 99, 149, 192 Calcification, 145, 149 Calcium, 9, 14, 20, 30, 36, 80, 127, 149, 153, 155, 164, 166, 173, 178, 182, 183, 191, 195, 197 Calcium Carbonate, 127, 149 Calculi, 149, 168 Calmodulin, 38, 149, 173 Camptothecin, 149, 174 Capillary, 66, 79, 90, 91, 148, 149, 151, 195, 205 Capillary Fragility, 79, 149, 151, 195 Capillary Permeability, 90, 148, 149 Capping, 14, 150 Capsid, 150, 205 Capsules, 150, 160, 165 Carbohydrate, 59, 150, 167, 168, 189 Carbon Dioxide, 149, 150, 158, 187, 204 Carboxyamidotriazole, 54, 150 Carcinogen, 20, 139, 150, 163, 181 Carcinogenesis, 9, 25, 49, 50, 58, 60, 67, 150, 152 Carcinogenic, 146, 150, 173, 190, 198 Carcinogenicity, 60, 150 Carcinoma, 39, 46, 48, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 97, 150 Cardiac, 6, 105, 149, 150, 163, 181, 182, 198 Cardiac arrest, 6, 150 Cardiovascular, 6, 9, 15, 66, 89, 95, 107, 109, 150, 176, 196 Cardiovascular disease, 6, 9, 15, 107, 150 Cardiovascular System, 15, 95, 150 Carnitine, 93, 104, 150 Carotene, 13, 96, 150 Carrier Proteins, 150, 188 Case report, 150, 154 Case series, 150, 154 Caspase, 25, 151 Catabolism, 10, 151 Catalase, 7, 139, 151 Catechin, 5, 13, 16, 28, 40, 61, 63, 87, 94, 95, 100, 109, 151 Catechol, 40, 145, 151 Cations, 151, 174 Cause of Death, 6, 151 Cell Death, 6, 144, 151, 163, 166 Cell Differentiation, 92, 151, 197 Cell Division, 146, 151, 163, 168, 179, 180, 187, 200
Cell membrane, 37, 110, 150, 151, 158, 164, 173, 187 Cell proliferation, 13, 17, 22, 49, 66, 86, 145, 151, 197 Cell Respiration, 140, 151, 180, 185 Cell Survival, 151, 168 Cellulose, 151, 187 Central Nervous System, 139, 146, 148, 149, 151, 166, 167, 169, 176, 181, 184, 196, 201 Centrifugation, 151, 180 Cerebellum, 148, 152 Cerebral, 111, 146, 148, 152, 163, 164 Cerebral Cortex, 148, 152, 164 Cerebrovascular, 50, 109, 150, 152 Cerebrum, 152 Character, 142, 152, 158 Chelation, 7, 95, 152 Chemokines, 12, 152 Chemokines, C, 12, 152 Chemoprevention, 7, 67, 152 Chemopreventive, 9, 10, 26, 152 Chemotactic Factors, 152, 155 Chemotherapeutics, 13, 152 Chemotherapy, 13, 27, 50, 51, 56, 79, 152 Chest Pain, 104, 152 Chin, 139, 152, 179 Chlorine, 152, 171 Cholesterol, 23, 25, 102, 105, 147, 152, 153, 156, 171, 177, 195, 198, 200 Cholesterol Esters, 152, 177 Chondroitin sulfate, 89, 99, 153 Chorioretinitis, 153, 194 Choroid, 153, 194 Chromatin, 144, 153, 162, 200 Chromium, 81, 83, 153 Chromosomal, 153, 180 Chromosome, 32, 153, 155, 169, 176, 180, 205 Chronic Disease, 13, 15, 16, 153, 176 Chronic prostatitis, 3, 47, 96, 113, 126, 153 Chylomicrons, 153, 177 Chymopapain, 153, 185 Cicatrix, 153, 175 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 153, 175 Ciliary, 56, 153 CIS, 5, 16, 32, 38, 80, 110, 153 Cisplatin, 58, 60, 62, 153 Citric Acid, 71, 85, 153 Citrus, 90, 145, 153 Claudication, 109, 153 Clear cell carcinoma, 153, 158
Quercetin
Cleave, 150, 154 Clinical study, 43, 154 Clinical trial, 4, 11, 42, 73, 74, 80, 84, 90, 100, 103, 121, 154, 157, 160, 191, 193 Cloning, 10, 147, 154 Coagulation, 104, 147, 154, 169, 188, 201 Codeine, 154, 159 Coenzyme, 66, 145, 154 Cofactor, 154, 183, 191 Colic, 105, 154 Colitis, 154, 173 Collagen, 27, 48, 58, 87, 88, 104, 141, 148, 151, 154, 164, 165, 175, 178, 188, 190 Collapse, 148, 154 Colloidal, 141, 154, 196 Colon, 9, 33, 38, 46, 49, 53, 60, 154, 173, 175 Colorectal, 9, 13, 33, 49, 54, 154 Colorectal Cancer, 9, 13, 154 Complement, 8, 142, 154, 166, 178, 188 Computational Biology, 121, 155 Concomitant, 16, 155 Congestive heart failure, 106, 155 Conjugated, 19, 24, 41, 51, 146, 147, 155, 157, 182 Conjugation, 23, 145, 147, 155, 167 Conjunctivitis, 155, 169 Connective Tissue, 88, 98, 145, 148, 154, 155, 158, 165, 166, 175, 177, 179, 191, 194, 195 Connective Tissue Cells, 155 Consciousness, 142, 156, 158 Consensus Sequence, 11, 142, 156 Conserved Sequence, 142, 156 Constitutional, 156, 194 Constriction, 156, 174 Consumption, 4, 8, 15, 16, 19, 23, 44, 57, 87, 95, 105, 109, 156 Contamination, 108, 156 Continuum, 98, 156 Contractility, 6, 66, 156 Contraindications, ii, 156 Cornea, 156, 167 Corneum, 88, 156, 162, 172 Coronary, 5, 12, 59, 63, 95, 96, 102, 105, 106, 109, 142, 150, 156, 180, 181 Coronary Circulation, 142, 156 Coronary heart disease, 59, 63, 96, 109, 150, 156 Coronary Thrombosis, 156, 180, 181, 182 Corpuscle, 156, 163 Cortex, 25, 156 Corticosteroids, 156, 168
210
Cortisol, 141, 156 Cromolyn Sodium, 6, 157 Culture Media, 140, 157 Cultured cells, 38, 89, 157 Curative, 79, 157, 201 Curcumin, 62, 84, 102, 157 Cutaneous, 52, 110, 157, 177 Cyclic, 56, 149, 157, 168, 183, 189, 190, 201 Cyclin, 52, 157 Cyclosporine, 67, 157 Cysteinyl, 157, 180 Cystitis, 63, 82, 106, 126, 127, 157 Cytochrome, 8, 39, 100, 157, 194 Cytochrome b, 157, 194 Cytokine, 11, 61, 106, 157 Cytoplasm, 14, 144, 151, 157, 162, 168, 173, 180, 195, 200 Cytosine, 60, 157, 192 Cytotoxic, 35, 46, 55, 59, 62, 108, 157, 197 Cytotoxicity, 30, 40, 51, 52, 59, 61, 108, 153, 158 D Dairy Products, 158, 195 Daunorubicin, 158, 160 Decarboxylation, 158, 170 Degenerative, 7, 12, 158, 184, 194 Dehydration, 14, 94, 158 Deletion, 144, 158 Dementia, 101, 158 Dendrites, 158, 183 Density, 102, 106, 108, 148, 152, 158, 177, 184 Dental Caries, 12, 158 Dental Plaque, 12, 158 Depolarization, 158, 197 Dermal, 100, 158 Dermatitis, 11, 27, 110, 158, 160 Dermatologic Agents, 158 Dermis, 88, 158, 175, 194, 200 DES, 84, 103, 142, 158 Detoxification, 159, 167 Deuterium, 159, 171 Dextromethorphan, 8, 159 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 114, 159 Diarrhea, 14, 159 Diastolic, 159, 171 Dietary Fats, 159, 176 Digestion, 147, 148, 159, 174, 176, 177, 199 Digestive system, 74, 159 Digestive tract, 159, 197, 198 Dihydrotestosterone, 107, 159, 193 Dihydroxy, 141, 159, 195
211
Dihydroxyacetone, 85, 159 Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate, 159 Dilatation, 139, 159, 190 Dilation, 105, 148, 159 Dimethyl, 67, 159 Diosmin, 100, 159 Diploid, 48, 159, 187 Direct, iii, 5, 88, 99, 159, 160, 193, 200 Discrete, 14, 108, 159 Disinfectant, 159, 163 Disposition, 13, 19, 26, 159 Diuresis, 149, 159, 201 DNA Topoisomerase, 159, 166 Dopamine, 144, 160, 183, 186 Dorsal, 97, 160, 189 Dosage Forms, 109, 160 Dose-dependent, 6, 16, 62, 160 Double-blind, 3, 47, 90, 100, 160 Doxorubicin, 10, 160 Drug Interactions, 7, 101, 160 Drug Resistance, 10, 160 Drug Tolerance, 160, 202 Duct, 160, 195, 198, 200 Duodenum, 26, 57, 147, 160, 174, 199 Dura mater, 160, 179, 185 E Eczema, 111, 160 Edema, 152, 160, 168, 181, 182 Effector, 139, 155, 161 Efficacy, 5, 8, 9, 83, 86, 98, 108, 161 Effusion, 161, 200 Ejaculation, 161, 196 Elastic, 87, 88, 161 Elasticity, 145, 161, 197 Elastin, 154, 161, 164 Elective, 56, 161 Electrocoagulation, 154, 161 Electrolyte, 97, 141, 161, 189, 197 Electroplating, 151, 161 Ellagic Acid, 11, 40, 97, 161 Embolus, 161, 173 Embryo, 80, 139, 151, 161, 173, 184, 188 Emetic, 144, 161 Emodin, 141, 161 Emollient, 161, 184 Emulsions, 108, 140, 161 Enamel, 158, 161, 175 Encapsulated, 161, 177 Encephalopathy, 90, 100, 161 Endogenous, 15, 57, 92, 160, 161, 167, 185, 202 Endometrial, 38, 161
Endometrium, 161, 162, 179 Endothelial cell, 4, 6, 16, 28, 30, 31, 49, 60, 109, 162, 200 Endothelium, 5, 6, 108, 162, 183, 188 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 162 Endothelium, Vascular, 162 Endothelium-derived, 162, 183 Endotoxin, 68, 162, 203 Enhancers, 100, 162 Enterohepatic, 162, 199 Enterohepatic Circulation, 162, 199 Environmental Health, 120, 122, 162 Enzymatic, 32, 93, 100, 142, 149, 150, 155, 158, 162, 163, 165, 170, 185 Enzyme Inhibitors, 162, 188 Eosinophils, 162, 168, 176 Epidemiological, 15, 16, 162 Epidermal, 22, 29, 88, 110, 162, 175, 179, 206 Epidermal Growth Factor, 22, 29, 110, 162 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 22, 29, 162 Epidermis, 88, 156, 158, 162, 170, 172, 175, 190, 192 Epidermoid carcinoma, 26, 163, 198 Epinephrine, 160, 163, 183, 203 Epithelial, 9, 30, 45, 63, 92, 140, 162, 163, 170, 175 Epithelial Cells, 9, 45, 162, 163, 170 Epithelium, 162, 163 Erythema, 163, 204 Erythrocyte Membrane, 43, 63, 81, 163 Erythrocytes, 24, 33, 37, 44, 71, 142, 148, 159, 163, 169, 193 Esophagus, 159, 163, 199 Esterification, 106, 163 Estradiol, 163 Estrogen, 16, 33, 34, 39, 45, 48, 50, 59, 63, 104, 163, 196, 200 Estrogen receptor, 16, 104, 163 Estrone, 36, 163 Ethanol, 5, 15, 16, 68, 80, 109, 163, 164 Ether, 36, 67, 108, 163 Etoposide, 60, 163 Etretinate, 111, 163 Evoke, 164, 199 Excipients, 8, 164 Exocytosis, 106, 164, 170 Exogenous, 147, 160, 161, 164, 167, 203 Extensor, 164, 192, 205 Extracellular, 49, 86, 155, 164, 165, 178, 197 Extracellular Matrix, 155, 164, 165, 178
Quercetin
Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 164, 178 Extraction, 57, 71, 85, 90, 104, 105, 164 F Faecal, 31, 164 Family Planning, 121, 164 Fatty acids, 80, 141, 164, 167, 177, 190 Fatty Liver, 105, 164 Feces, 18, 56, 164, 199 Felodipine, 8, 164 Fermentation, 31, 164 Fetus, 139, 164, 165, 187, 190, 204 Fibrin, 148, 164, 165, 188, 201 Fibrinogen, 164, 188, 201 Fibrinolysis, 4, 16, 109, 165 Fibrinolytic, 5, 16, 109, 165 Fibroblasts, 58, 155, 165, 174, 181 Fibrosis, 165, 195 Filler, 83, 165 Flatus, 165, 166 Fluorescence, 62, 68, 165 Foam Cells, 105, 165 Foetal, 37, 165 Foetoplacental, 165, 184 Folate, 13, 165 Folic Acid, 96, 101, 106, 165 Free Radicals, 26, 80, 93, 98, 144, 165, 182, 192 Fructose, 165, 168, 174 Fungistatic, 146, 165, 197 G Gallate, 9, 26, 29, 165 Gallbladder, 139, 147, 159, 165 Gallic Acid, 100, 165 Gamma Rays, 165, 181 Ganglia, 139, 166, 182, 186 Gas, 40, 57, 63, 108, 150, 152, 165, 166, 171, 181, 183 Gastric, 61, 68, 150, 160, 162, 166, 170 Gastrin, 166, 170 Gastrointestinal, 90, 100, 148, 163, 166, 176, 196, 199, 203 Gastrointestinal tract, 90, 100, 163, 166, 176, 196, 203 Gels, 108, 166 Gelsolin, 14, 166 Gemcitabine, 27, 166 Gene, 5, 12, 14, 16, 17, 25, 28, 35, 40, 46, 61, 147, 166, 174, 177, 202, 203, 205 Gene Expression, 5, 12, 16, 17, 28, 35, 40, 46, 61, 166, 203 Genetic Engineering, 147, 154, 166
212
Genistein, 9, 13, 17, 27, 57, 58, 62, 63, 94, 100, 104, 106, 110, 166 Genital, 82, 153, 166 Genotype, 166, 186 Giant Cells, 166, 195 Gingivitis, 12, 158, 166 Ginkgo biloba, 6, 24, 57, 81, 83, 102, 166 Ginseng, 7, 81, 87, 166 Gland, 107, 140, 166, 177, 185, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201 Glomerular, 25, 167, 174 Glomerulus, 167, 175 Glucans, 12, 167 Glucose, 22, 73, 78, 110, 141, 145, 146, 148, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173, 197 Glucose tolerance, 73, 167 Glucose Tolerance Test, 73, 167 Glucosyltransferases, 12, 167 Glucuronic Acid, 167, 169, 204 Glucuronides, 23, 34, 40, 47, 167 Glucuronosyltransferase, 35, 167 Glutamate, 159, 167 Glutamic Acid, 165, 167, 183, 190 Glutathione Peroxidase, 167, 196 Glycine, 141, 146, 147, 167, 183, 196 Glycoprotein, 8, 48, 51, 164, 166, 167, 176, 186, 203 Glycosaminoglycan, 87, 153, 167 Glycoside, 27, 78, 79, 98, 100, 168 Glycosylation, 98, 168 Glycyrrhizic Acid, 100, 168 Gonadal, 168, 198 Gout, 90, 168 Governing Board, 168, 189 Grade, 4, 168 Graft, 168, 170, 182, 192 Graft-versus-host disease, 168, 192 Gram-negative, 14, 168 Gram-positive, 14, 168, 199 Granulocytes, 146, 168, 176, 197, 206 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 168, 194 Grasses, 165, 168 Growth, 22, 29, 33, 34, 41, 45, 50, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 89, 102, 140, 142, 143, 144, 151, 157, 162, 165, 168, 173, 174, 178, 182, 187, 195, 201, 202, 203 Growth factors, 102, 168 Guanylate Cyclase, 168, 183 H Habitual, 43, 152, 169 Hair follicles, 158, 169, 206 Half-Life, 8, 169
213
Haploid, 169, 187 Hay Fever, 12, 141, 169 Headache, 149, 169 Heart attack, 106, 150, 169 Heart failure, 169 Hematemesis, 105, 169 Heme, 101, 147, 157, 169, 182, 189 Hemodialysis, 149, 169 Hemoglobin, 142, 163, 169, 189 Hemoglobin A, 169, 189 Hemolysis, 163, 169 Hemorrhage, 161, 169, 182, 199 Hemostasis, 5, 31, 109, 169, 196 Heparin, 110, 169 Hepatic, 10, 14, 27, 32, 40, 105, 141, 167, 170 Hepatocellular, 58, 170 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 58, 170 Hepatocytes, 10, 14, 40, 58, 170 Heredity, 139, 166, 170 Herpes, 109, 110, 170 Herpes virus, 110, 170 Herpes Zoster, 170 Hesperidin, 96, 100, 170 Histamine, 6, 54, 89, 90, 99, 106, 142, 170 Histamine Release, 6, 54, 90, 142, 170 Histidine, 170 Homeostasis, 16, 90, 97, 170 Homodimer, 170, 202 Homogeneous, 145, 156, 170, 186 Hormone, 36, 107, 141, 156, 158, 163, 166, 170, 173, 179, 190, 194, 196, 201, 202 Horny layer, 162, 170 Host, 14, 110, 146, 170, 176, 181, 204, 205 Humoral, 14, 170 Humour, 170 Hybridomas, 170, 174 Hydrogen, 44, 45, 49, 61, 139, 141, 146, 150, 151, 159, 164, 167, 170, 171, 176, 181, 185, 191, 200 Hydrogen Peroxide, 44, 45, 49, 61, 151, 167, 171, 176, 200 Hydrolysis, 146, 147, 153, 171, 186, 187, 191 Hydrophobic, 171, 177 Hydroxylamines, 145, 171 Hydroxylation, 101, 171 Hydroxylysine, 154, 171 Hydroxyproline, 141, 154, 171 Hypercholesterolemia, 13, 66, 105, 171 Hyperkeratosis, 171, 187 Hyperlipidemia, 105, 171
Hypersensitivity, 141, 171, 176, 194 Hypertension, 91, 145, 150, 169, 171 Hyperthermia, 26, 31, 32, 45, 171 Hypertrophy, 47, 146, 171, 172, 194 Hyperuricemia, 168, 171 Hypochlorous Acid, 32, 171 Hypoglycemic, 79, 171 Hypoglycemic Agents, 79, 171 Hypolipidemic, 79, 171 Hypothalamus, 148, 171 Hypoxanthine, 172, 206 I Ichthyosis, 111, 172 Ichthyosis Vulgaris, 111, 172 Id, 7, 69, 90, 127, 134, 136, 172 Idiopathic, 172, 195 Ileostomy, 19, 47, 172 Ileum, 172, 174 Immune function, 172, 202 Immune response, 86, 109, 140, 142, 143, 145, 172, 178, 199, 204, 205 Immune system, 14, 98, 99, 147, 172, 176, 178, 182, 186, 204, 206 Immunocompromised, 14, 172 Immunodiffusion, 140, 172 Immunoelectrophoresis, 140, 172 Immunoglobulin, 29, 143, 172 Immunohistochemistry, 13, 172 Immunology, 29, 49, 54, 68, 140, 172 Impairment, 34, 88, 172, 179 Implantation, 172, 184 In situ, 86, 95, 172 In vitro, 5, 6, 10, 16, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 46, 53, 54, 58, 62, 67, 80, 86, 95, 172 In vivo, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19, 24, 31, 39, 42, 78, 80, 86, 95, 102, 111, 170, 172, 185, 199, 201 Incision, 172, 174 Incontinence, 97, 172 Indicative, 173, 186, 205 Induction, 8, 13, 15, 25, 35, 45, 48, 52, 60, 86, 173 Infarction, 109, 173, 193 Infection, 106, 110, 147, 152, 153, 172, 173, 177, 178, 183, 194, 199, 204, 206 Inflammatory bowel disease, 98, 173 Ingestion, 8, 19, 101, 106, 167, 171, 173, 180, 188 Initiation, 173, 202 Inorganic, 59, 153, 173, 178 Inositol, 39, 59, 173
Quercetin
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 39, 173 Inotropic, 160, 164, 173 Insight, 9, 15, 16, 18, 173 Insulin, 58, 81, 83, 167, 173, 175, 203 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 173 Insulin-like, 58, 173 Interleukin-1, 106, 174 Interleukin-10, 106, 174 Interleukin-2, 174 Interleukin-6, 106, 174 Interstitial, 63, 82, 106, 126, 127, 174 Intestinal, 8, 10, 20, 21, 24, 31, 32, 39, 45, 63, 67, 89, 150, 167, 174 Intestinal Mucosa, 9, 174 Intestine, 97, 147, 148, 154, 162, 174, 175, 199 Intracellular, 6, 14, 30, 39, 49, 61, 85, 98, 110, 149, 173, 174, 179, 183, 189, 190, 193, 196 Intravenous, 26, 174 Inulin, 93, 174 Invasive, 110, 174 Ions, 7, 146, 149, 161, 166, 171, 173, 174, 187, 191, 195 Irinotecan, 13, 174 Ischemia, 108, 109, 145, 174, 182, 193 Isoflavones, 14, 16, 25, 94, 96, 103, 104, 174 Isotretinoin, 110, 174 Isozymes, 51, 174 J Jejunum, 19, 174 Joint, 90, 98, 99, 100, 145, 174, 184, 200 K Kb, 120, 174 Keloid, 58, 153, 174 Keratin, 175, 195 Keratinocytes, 46, 175 Keratoacanthoma, 111, 175 Keratolytic, 158, 175, 188 Ketoacidosis, 139, 175 Ketone Bodies, 139, 175 Kidney Cortex, 175, 180 Kinetics, 17, 19, 175 L Labile, 154, 175 Lactation, 175, 184 Large Intestine, 154, 159, 174, 175, 193, 197 Laryngeal, 34, 175 Larynx, 175, 202 Latency, 110, 175 Laxative, 140, 161, 175, 197 Lectins, 11, 176
214
Lens, 80, 108, 176 Leucocyte, 36, 176 Leukaemia, 32, 176 Leukemia, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, 59, 60, 160, 176, 190 Leukocytes, 30, 148, 152, 162, 168, 176, 181, 203 Leukotrienes, 5, 27, 144, 176 Levorphanol, 159, 176 Library Services, 134, 176 Lichens, 176, 204 Life cycle, 110, 176 Ligament, 176, 191 Ligands, 25, 86, 176 Linkage, 39, 150, 176 Lipase, 20, 176 Lipid, 34, 37, 38, 62, 81, 104, 105, 144, 145, 149, 159, 161, 165, 173, 176, 185, 203 Lipid Peroxidation, 34, 37, 38, 62, 81, 176, 185 Lipophilic, 101, 176 Lipopolysaccharide, 49, 68, 168, 176 Lipoprotein, 102, 108, 168, 176, 177, 205 Liposomal, 111, 177 Liposomes, 66, 71, 81, 177 Lipoxygenase, 37, 90, 144, 176, 177, 183 Localization, 14, 172, 177 Localized, 16, 139, 158, 161, 173, 177, 187, 195, 203, 204 Locomotion, 177, 187 Low-density lipoprotein, 37, 38, 44, 55, 177 Luciferase, 14, 177 Lupus, 98, 99, 177 Lymph, 107, 156, 162, 170, 177, 195, 199 Lymph node, 177, 195 Lymphatic, 105, 162, 173, 177, 179, 197, 198, 201 Lymphatic system, 105, 177, 197, 198, 201 Lymphocyte, 143, 178, 181 Lymphoid, 52, 59, 143, 156, 176, 178 Lysine, 101, 109, 171, 178, 190 M Macronutrients, 84, 102, 178 Macrophage, 68, 106, 174, 178 Magnesium Hydroxide, 127, 178 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 86, 178 Malignant, 107, 140, 144, 145, 178, 182, 195 Malignant tumor, 107, 178 Malnutrition, 141, 145, 178 Mammary, 45, 178, 200
215
Man-made, 151, 178 Matrix metalloproteinase, 25, 47, 49, 178 Meat, 93, 148, 159, 178, 195 Medial, 145, 178 Mediate, 12, 160, 178 Mediator, 29, 174, 178, 196 MEDLINE, 121, 178 Medullary, 159, 178 Mefenamic Acid, 57, 178 Megaloblastic, 165, 179 Meiosis, 147, 179, 180, 200 Melanin, 179, 186, 203 Melanocytes, 179 Melanoma, 45, 56, 59, 107, 179, 203 Membrane Proteins, 177, 179 Memory, 101, 158, 179 Meninges, 151, 160, 179 Meningitis, 14, 179 Menopause, 179, 184, 189 Menstrual Cycle, 179, 184, 190 Menstruation, 104, 105, 179 Mental, iv, 4, 75, 84, 103, 120, 122, 152, 158, 159, 179, 192 Mental Disorders, 75, 179 Mental Health, iv, 4, 75, 120, 122, 179, 192 Mesenchymal, 162, 179 Meta-Analysis, 90, 99, 179 Metabolic disorder, 168, 179 Metabolite, 13, 22, 147, 159, 163, 179, 190 Metallothionein, 45, 180 Metastasis, 29, 178, 180 Methanol, 80, 180 Methionine, 88, 159, 180, 199 Methyl Ethers, 79, 180 Methyltransferase, 40, 180 MI, 5, 16, 82, 109, 110, 137, 180 Microbe, 180, 202 Microcirculation, 105, 180, 188 Micronuclei, 33, 180 Micronutrients, 9, 13, 180 Microorganism, 154, 180, 205 Micro-organism, 158, 180, 187 Microsomal, 39, 180 Migration, 49, 180 Mitochondria, 6, 180, 182, 184 Mitosis, 144, 176, 180 Mitotic, 163, 180 Modification, 102, 142, 166, 180, 192 Modulator, 45, 180 Monitor, 181, 183 Monocyte, 28, 52, 181
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, 52, 181 Mononuclear, 61, 66, 67, 181, 203 Morphine, 144, 154, 181 Morphological, 140, 161, 179, 181 Motility, 14, 166, 181, 196 Mucins, 158, 181, 195 Mucosa, 26, 177, 181 Multidrug resistance, 13, 31, 181, 186 Muscle Contraction, 181, 195 Muscle Fibers, 18, 48, 181 Mustard Gas, 181 Mutagen, 18, 20, 27, 47, 56, 60, 64, 181 Mydriatic, 159, 181 Myelin, 99, 181 Myocardial infarction, 15, 102, 109, 156, 180, 181, 182 Myocardial Ischemia, 142, 181 Myocardial Reperfusion, 182, 194 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 182, 194 Myocardium, 142, 180, 181, 182 Myoglobin, 182, 189 Myristate, 100, 182 N Naive, 10, 182 Naphthoquinones, 159, 182 Nausea, 160, 182 NCI, 1, 74, 119, 153, 182 Need, 3, 10, 80, 128, 140, 178, 182, 202 Neoplasia, 164, 182 Neoplasm, 182, 195, 203 Neoplastic, 45, 170, 175, 182 Nerve, 141, 152, 156, 158, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 195, 199, 203 Nervous System, 83, 151, 178, 182, 183, 186 Neural, 170, 183 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 111, 183 Neurologic, 111, 183 Neuronal, 111, 183 Neurons, 52, 158, 166, 183, 200 Neuropathy, 141, 183 Neuroretinitis, 183, 194 Neurotoxicity, 159, 183 Neurotransmitter, 139, 140, 142, 148, 160, 167, 170, 183, 196, 199 Neutrophil, 29, 60, 62, 183 Nickel, 26, 183 Nifedipine, 8, 53, 183 Nitric Oxide, 15, 42, 54, 68, 183 Nitrogen, 12, 141, 164, 183, 203 Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, 100, 183
Quercetin
Nuclear, 12, 25, 146, 149, 155, 166, 178, 183, 201 Nuclei, 155, 166, 180, 183, 184, 191, 200 Nucleic acid, 150, 157, 172, 183, 184, 192 Nucleus, 144, 153, 157, 159, 162, 166, 179, 180, 181, 184, 191, 199 O Ocular, 79, 139, 184 Oestrogen, 36, 38, 56, 63, 184 Ointments, 108, 160, 184 Oleanolic Acid, 97, 100, 184 Opacity, 158, 184 Ophthalmic, 108, 184 Optic Nerve, 183, 184, 185, 194 Organelles, 151, 157, 179, 184 Osmotic, 141, 184, 196 Osteoarthritis, 89, 99, 184 Osteoporosis, 106, 184 Ovary, 163, 184, 185, 188 Overweight, 68, 82, 184 Ovum, 176, 185, 190 Oxidants, 6, 15, 16, 80, 185 Oxidation, 30, 41, 42, 58, 80, 85, 93, 102, 108, 139, 144, 147, 157, 167, 176, 185, 206 Oxidation-Reduction, 147, 185 Oxidative metabolism, 62, 140, 176, 185 Oxidative Stress, 12, 29, 51, 52, 66, 67, 98, 110, 185, 200 P Pachymeningitis, 179, 185 Palliative, 184, 185, 201 Pancreas, 139, 147, 159, 173, 176, 185, 203 Pancreatic, 22, 150, 185 Papain, 4, 82, 96, 185 Papilla, 185 Papillary, 88, 171, 185 Parkinsonism, 144, 185 Parotid, 185, 195 Paroxysmal, 142, 185 Pathogenesis, 12, 14, 16, 185 Pathologic, 144, 148, 156, 171, 186, 192 Pathologic Processes, 144, 186 Pathophysiology, 99, 186 Patient Education, 126, 132, 134, 137, 186 Pelvic, 4, 82, 186, 191 Pelvis, 139, 186, 204 Peptide, 11, 85, 86, 141, 175, 186, 190, 191 Peptide Fragments, 11, 186 Perception, 88, 186 Periodontitis, 166, 186 Peripheral blood, 21, 36, 61, 66, 186 Peripheral Nervous System, 183, 186, 199
216
P-Glycoprotein, 13, 186 Phagocyte, 185, 186 Phantom, 97, 186 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 160, 186 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 14, 71, 98, 186 Pharmacologic, 11, 169, 186, 202 Phenotype, 45, 186 Phenylalanine, 186, 203 Phorbol, 86, 186 Phospholipases, 187, 197 Phospholipids, 164, 173, 177, 187 Phosphorus, 149, 187 Phosphorylated, 154, 159, 187 Phosphorylation, 25, 29, 36, 60, 86, 187, 191 Photocoagulation, 154, 187 Photodynamic therapy, 187 Photosensitizer, 37, 187 Physiologic, 109, 140, 169, 174, 179, 180, 187, 190, 193 Physiology, 9, 19, 49, 176, 187 Phytic Acid, 85, 187 Picornavirus, 20, 187 Pigments, 80, 88, 91, 143, 150, 187 Pityriasis, 111, 187 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, 111, 187 Placenta, 163, 165, 187, 190, 192 Plant Oils, 184, 187 Plaque, 12, 105, 187 Plasma cells, 143, 188 Plasma protein, 32, 141, 162, 188, 191, 196 Plasmin, 188, 201, 204 Plasminogen, 5, 7, 16, 109, 188, 201, 204 Plasminogen Activators, 16, 109, 188 Platelet Activation, 48, 95, 188, 197 Platelet Aggregation, 56, 63, 93, 95, 102, 142, 183, 188, 201 Platelets, 28, 30, 36, 102, 183, 188, 201 Platinum, 153, 188 Pneumonia, 156, 188 Podophyllotoxin, 163, 188 Poisoning, 144, 182, 188 Pollen, 104, 188, 192 Polymorphic, 14, 189 Polymorphism, 14, 189 Polyposis, 154, 189 Polysaccharide, 12, 143, 151, 167, 189, 191, 204 Polyunsaturated fat, 5, 99, 189, 201 Polyuria, 97, 189 Porphyrins, 7, 189 Posterior, 152, 153, 160, 185, 189
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Postmenopausal, 94, 184, 189 Postsynaptic, 189, 197 Potassium, 104, 127, 141, 168, 189 Potentiates, 51, 56, 174, 189 Potentiating, 81, 189 Potentiation, 189, 197 Practice Guidelines, 122, 127, 189 Precancerous, 111, 152, 189 Preclinical, 9, 189 Precursor, 144, 160, 161, 162, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 202, 203 Premalignant, 189 Prenatal, 161, 190 Prevalence, 82, 190 Prickle, 175, 190 Probe, 8, 14, 190 Procollagen, 27, 190 Prodrug, 190 Progesterone, 190, 198 Progression, 13, 61, 100, 102, 143, 190 Progressive, 145, 151, 158, 160, 168, 183, 184, 188, 190, 203 Proline, 154, 171, 190 Promoter, 10, 14, 16, 25, 50, 190 Promyelocytic leukemia, 190, 203 Prophylaxis, 163, 190, 204 Prostaglandin, 28, 41, 190, 201 Prostaglandins A, 190, 191 Prostate, 3, 30, 31, 50, 62, 96, 97, 107, 126, 146, 147, 153, 184, 191, 194, 203 Prostate gland, 97, 107, 126, 153, 191 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 191 Prostatitis, 3, 96, 97, 126, 127, 191 Protease, 96, 191, 201 Protein C, 141, 142, 144, 146, 175, 176, 191, 205 Protein Kinases, 16, 191 Protein S, 11, 53, 54, 62, 147, 156, 191 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 166, 191 Proteinuria, 97, 191 Proteoglycan, 89, 99, 191 Proteolytic, 96, 155, 165, 185, 188, 191, 201, 204 Prothrombin, 191, 201 Protocol, 84, 103, 104, 191 Protons, 171, 191, 192 Pruritic, 160, 192 Psoralen, 97, 192 Psoriasis, 92, 106, 111, 163, 181, 192, 203 Psychic, 179, 192 Public Health, 9, 122, 192 Public Policy, 121, 192
Puerperium, 104, 192 Pulmonary, 148, 152, 156, 176, 192, 205 Pulse, 55, 181, 192 Pulse Radiolysis, 55, 192 Pupil, 156, 159, 181, 192 Purines, 192, 196, 206 Pustular, 139, 192 Pyridoxal, 88, 192 Pyrimidines, 45, 192, 196 Q Quality of Life, 4, 84, 103, 111, 192 R Race, 180, 192 Radiation, 142, 165, 171, 178, 186, 192, 203, 206 Radioactive, 169, 171, 172, 178, 183, 192 Randomized, 3, 5, 11, 161, 193 Reactive Oxygen Species, 6, 10, 98, 193 Reagent, 152, 165, 177, 193 Receptors, Serotonin, 193, 196 Recombinant, 11, 29, 58, 193, 205 Rectum, 107, 144, 148, 154, 159, 165, 166, 173, 175, 191, 193 Recurrence, 107, 110, 152, 193 Red blood cells, 25, 163, 193 Reductase, 25, 141, 193 Refer, 1, 149, 154, 166, 170, 177, 182, 193, 202 Refraction, 193, 198 Regimen, 161, 193 Relaxant, 67, 193 Reliability, 84, 103, 193 Remission, 193 Renal pelvis, 193, 203 Renin, 168, 193 Reperfusion, 6, 182, 193 Reperfusion Injury, 6, 193 Reproductive system, 191, 194 Respiratory Burst, 16, 194 Reticular, 88, 194 Retina, 153, 176, 183, 184, 194, 195 Retinitis, 91, 194 Retinoid, 92, 100, 110, 163, 194 Retinol, 92, 194 Retinopathy, 141, 187, 194 Rheumatic Diseases, 99, 194 Rheumatism, 194 Rheumatoid, 5, 98, 106, 185, 194 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 98, 106, 194 Rhinophyma, 139, 194 Riboflavin, 13, 194 Ribose, 140, 194
Quercetin
Rigidity, 185, 187, 194 Risk factor, 6, 58, 194 Rod, 146, 195 Rutin, 18, 20, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 55, 56, 59, 71, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 93, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 192, 195 S Salicylate, 7, 195 Salicylic, 57, 195 Saliva, 195 Salivary, 42, 54, 158, 159, 195, 199 Salivary glands, 158, 159, 195 Saponin, 87, 195 Sarcoidosis, 111, 195 Sarcoma, 110, 195 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 18, 20, 48, 195 Saturated fat, 105, 195 Scatter, 186, 195, 203 Scleroderma, 106, 145, 195 Sclerosis, 145, 195 Screening, 86, 107, 154, 195, 204 Sebaceous, 158, 194, 195, 206 Sebaceous gland, 158, 194, 195, 206 Sebum, 139, 195 Secondary tumor, 180, 195 Secretion, 30, 36, 39, 46, 88, 89, 99, 106, 139, 162, 170, 173, 175, 181, 195, 196, 202 Secretory, 99, 196 Sediment, 196, 204 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 196, 200 Selenium, 9, 101, 110, 196 Semen, 97, 107, 161, 191, 196 Semisynthetic, 149, 163, 196 Senile, 184, 196 Serine, 196, 201 Serotonin, 81, 106, 183, 193, 196, 203 Serous, 162, 196 Serum, 21, 23, 43, 62, 66, 141, 142, 154, 177, 196, 203 Serum Albumin, 21, 43, 62, 196 Sex Characteristics, 184, 196, 201 Shock, 10, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, 41, 48, 52, 53, 54, 60, 196 Side effect, 101, 110, 140, 147, 171, 196, 199, 202 Signal Transduction, 16, 46, 55, 59, 85, 173, 196, 200 Skeletal, 195, 197 Skeleton, 91, 139, 174, 190, 197 Skin Aging, 88, 197
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Small intestine, 35, 153, 160, 170, 172, 174, 197 Smooth muscle, 13, 47, 49, 50, 66, 107, 142, 149, 155, 164, 165, 170, 181, 197, 199 Social Environment, 192, 197 Sodium, 22, 27, 104, 110, 141, 168, 197, 200 Soft tissue, 148, 197 Solid tumor, 142, 143, 160, 197 Solvent, 80, 85, 139, 146, 163, 180, 184, 186, 197 Somatic, 170, 179, 180, 186, 197 Sorbic Acid, 108, 197 Sorbitol, 141, 197 Soybean Oil, 189, 197 Specialist, 128, 159, 197 Spectroscopic, 21, 62, 192, 198 Spectrum, 13, 101, 157, 198 Sperm, 34, 107, 153, 188, 198 Sperm Motility, 34, 198 Spermatozoon, 198 Spices, 85, 198 Spinal cord, 151, 152, 160, 179, 182, 183, 185, 186, 198 Spinous, 162, 175, 198 Spleen, 177, 195, 198 Sporadic, 183, 198 Squamous, 61, 111, 163, 175, 198 Squamous cell carcinoma, 61, 111, 163, 175, 198 Squamous cells, 198 Stabilization, 88, 198 Stabilizer, 78, 198 Staurosporine, 57, 198 Steatosis, 164, 198 Stellate, 27, 198 Stenosis, 95, 198, 199 Steroid, 36, 45, 105, 147, 156, 167, 184, 198 Stimulant, 149, 170, 198 Stimulus, 29, 36, 156, 175, 199, 201 Stomach, 139, 159, 163, 166, 167, 170, 182, 197, 198, 199 Stool, 154, 173, 175, 199 Strand, 39, 40, 45, 51, 55, 199 Streptococci, 12, 199 Stress, 12, 98, 106, 149, 157, 182, 185, 194, 199, 200, 204 Stricture, 198, 199 Stroke, 75, 102, 105, 111, 120, 150, 199 Structure-Activity Relationship, 7, 9, 36, 199 Subacute, 173, 199 Subclinical, 173, 199
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Subcutaneous, 88, 161, 199 Submaxillary, 162, 199 Subspecies, 197, 199 Substance P, 179, 196, 199 Substrate, 18, 101, 162, 199 Sulfur, 164, 180, 199 Sulindac, 9, 199 Superoxide, 7, 15, 29, 58, 60, 80, 194, 199 Superoxide Dismutase, 7, 15, 58, 199 Supplementation, 15, 25, 58, 101, 200 Suppression, 6, 16, 28, 40, 52, 58, 101, 200 Sweat, 158, 200 Sweat Glands, 158, 200 Symphysis, 152, 191, 200 Symptomatic, 4, 97, 110, 200 Synaptic, 183, 197, 200 Synergistic, 38, 54, 58, 59, 89, 92, 94, 95, 200 Synovial, 52, 200 Synovial Membrane, 200 Synovitis, 5, 200 Systemic, 5, 8, 16, 109, 148, 163, 172, 173, 195, 200 Systemic disease, 172, 200 Systolic, 171, 200 T Tachycardia, 146, 200 Tachypnea, 146, 200 Tamoxifen, 34, 39, 45, 56, 59, 196, 200 Teichoic Acids, 168, 200 Telophase, 180, 200 Teratogenic, 164, 174, 200, 203 Tert-Butylhydroperoxide, 40, 51, 200 Testis, 163, 184, 201 Testosterone, 107, 193, 201 Thalamus, 148, 201 Theophylline, 104, 192, 201 Therapeutics, 22, 31, 79, 108, 201 Thermoregulation, 88, 201 Threshold, 171, 201 Thrombin, 7, 164, 188, 191, 201 Thrombocytes, 188, 201 Thrombolytic, 188, 201 Thrombosis, 5, 16, 48, 55, 104, 109, 191, 199, 201 Thromboxanes, 144, 201 Thrombus, 102, 156, 173, 181, 182, 188, 201 Thymus, 177, 201 Thyroid, 36, 201, 203 Thyroxine, 141, 186, 201 Tiazofurin, 59, 201 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 6, 31, 201
Tolerance, 12, 78, 104, 105, 139, 167, 202 Topical, 108, 110, 145, 163, 171, 174, 185, 202, 203 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 174, 202 Topotecan, 27, 202 Torsion, 173, 202 Toxic, iv, 6, 146, 155, 158, 168, 180, 183, 188, 196, 202 Toxicity, 13, 89, 160, 161, 202 Toxicology, 26, 30, 35, 54, 55, 66, 68, 122, 202 Toxin, 68, 162, 202 Trace element, 148, 153, 183, 202 Trachea, 67, 90, 100, 149, 175, 201, 202 Transcription Factors, 5, 12, 202 Transduction, 12, 196, 202 Transfection, 147, 202 Transferases, 54, 168, 202 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 46, 202 Transitional cell carcinoma, 33, 202 Translation, 141, 203 Transmitter, 139, 160, 178, 203 Transplantation, 178, 203 Tretinoin, 110, 203 Triglyceride, 39, 203 Tryptophan, 154, 196, 203 Tumor marker, 147, 203 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 52, 90, 203 Tumour, 25, 60, 79, 203 Tunica, 181, 203 Type 2 diabetes, 73, 203 Tyrosine, 22, 25, 28, 29, 42, 86, 104, 160, 191, 203 U Ulcer, 203, 205 Ultraviolet radiation, 197, 203 Unconscious, 172, 204 Uracil, 192, 204 Urease, 183, 204 Ureter, 193, 203, 204 Urethra, 107, 146, 191, 204 Uric, 168, 171, 192, 204 Uridine Diphosphate, 167, 204 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 167, 204 Urinalysis, 73, 204 Urinary, 7, 13, 27, 29, 42, 82, 146, 149, 157, 172, 189, 201, 204, 206 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 201, 204 Urinary tract, 7, 82, 146, 204 Urinary tract infection, 7, 146, 204 Urokinase, 109, 204
Quercetin
Urticaria, 106, 204 Usnea, 82, 204 Uterus, 139, 161, 162, 179, 190, 194, 204, 205 V Vaccination, 86, 204 Vaccine, 140, 191, 204 Vagina, 158, 179, 194, 205 Varicose, 91, 205 Varicose vein, 91, 205 Vascular, 6, 12, 15, 16, 47, 49, 55, 66, 102, 108, 109, 111, 153, 158, 159, 162, 164, 173, 180, 183, 187, 188, 200, 201, 204, 205 Vasoactive, 6, 205 Vasodilator, 148, 160, 170, 182, 183, 205 Vector, 58, 202, 205 Vein, 6, 145, 174, 183, 185, 205 Venous, 91, 145, 191, 205 Ventricle, 172, 192, 200, 201, 205 Venules, 148, 149, 162, 180, 205 Vesicular, 170, 180, 205 Veterinary Medicine, 121, 205 Vinculin, 15, 205 Viral, 62, 110, 150, 166, 202, 205, 206
220
Virion, 110, 205 Virulence, 202, 205 Virus, 109, 110, 146, 150, 162, 166, 174, 188, 202, 205 Vitamin A, 41, 173, 194, 205 Vitiligo, 192, 205 Vitreous, 153, 176, 194, 205 Vitro, 5, 6, 10, 16, 80, 170, 205 Vivo, 5, 6, 10, 14, 16, 80, 92, 95, 206 Vulgaris, 80, 206 W Warts, 111, 188, 206 White blood cell, 143, 146, 176, 177, 178, 181, 183, 188, 206 Windpipe, 201, 206 Wound Healing, 153, 178, 206 X Xanthine, 67, 90, 104, 206 Xanthine Dehydrogenase, 67, 206 Xanthine Oxidase, 67, 90, 206 Xenograft, 143, 206 X-ray, 165, 166, 178, 181, 183, 192, 198, 206 Y Yeasts, 186, 206
