Reiki: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Reiki: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84062-8 1. Reiki-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Reiki. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON REIKI ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Reiki .............................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND REIKI................................................................................................ 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Reiki ............................................................................................. 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 12 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND REIKI ......................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON REIKI ........................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Dissertations on Reiki .................................................................................................................. 25 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND REIKI ...................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Recent Trials on Reiki .................................................................................................................. 27 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON REIKI .......................................................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 31 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 32 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 37 Chapters on Reiki ......................................................................................................................... 37 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON REIKI ............................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Bibliography: Multimedia on Reiki.............................................................................................. 39 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 43 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 53 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 53 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 59 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 59

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REIKI DICTIONARY...................................................................................................................... 61 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Reiki is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Reiki, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Reiki, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Reiki. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Reiki, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Reiki. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON REIKI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Reiki.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Reiki, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Energy Therapies and Diabetes Mellitus Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 14(3): 149-153. August, 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: People with diabetes require multiple interventions to reach their glycemic goals. Energy therapies have been a useful aid improving health and well being. Clinical interventions involve energy exchange in some form. This article focuses on energy therapies that involve the presence of a therapist, whether local or long distance, to support and aid in the healing process. Energy or healing therapies include Therapeutic Touch (TT), Reiki, massage, Microwave Resonance Therapy (MRT), colored light therapy, and acupuncture. The literature on diabetes and healing therapies is sparse, but

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there is potential for energy therapy to assist individuals with diabetes in reaching goals for normoglycemia (normal levels of blood glucose) and high quality of life. The authors conclude that these therapies have few known side effects and many potential benefits. However, as with all unproved therapies, they should be approached with caution and careful monitoring. 1 table. 47 references. •

Unconventional Dentistry: Part I. Introduction Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(6): 323-326. June 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: This is the first in a series of five articles that provides a contemporary overview and introduction to unconventional (alternative) dentistry (UD) and correlation with unconventional (alternative) medicine (UM). The author of this introductory article contends that UD is analogous to and conceptually inseparable from UM. Dentists should learn about UD and UM and be aware of evidence on the safety and effectiveness of treatments and procedures. While being skeptical of promotions, dentists should be able to accept and encompass science based advances and reject unproven and disproven methods. The author reviews seven types of UD practices: mind body control, alternative medical and dental systems (for example, acupuncture), lifestyle and disease prevention, biologically based dental therapies, manipulative and body based systems, biofield (i.e., therapeutic touch or Reiki used for oral and dental conditions), and bioelectromagnetics. Incorporating selected unconventional methods with conventional dentistry in selected patients for specific purposes may be useful to both patients and dentists. The author concludes that improved education in critical thinking, research, science, medicine, behavior, communication, and patient management is needed. 1 table. 20 references.

Federally Funded Research on Reiki The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Reiki. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Reiki. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Reiki. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Reiki:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: ANIMAL MODEL IN REIKI EFFICACY ON STRESS-INDUCED DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Baldwin, Ann L.; Professor; Physiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The main purpose of this project is to measure the effects of Reiki on noise-induced intestinal damage. Reiki is a subtle energy healing system in which a Reiki practitioner transmits the Universal Life Force Energy to the recipient. In a previous study, using rats, we showed that noise stress causes disruption of the intestinal barrier, and increases permeability of mesenteric microvessels. Any condition that disrupts these barriers would allow the inappropriate introduction of antigens, microorganisms, and toxins into the lamina propria, and ultimately the systemic circulation. Specialized epithelial cells in the intestine, M cells, sample antigens and present them to immune cells in the intestinal mucosa. We hypothesize that noiseinduced stress reduces the selectivity of the M cells to foreign particles, and thus up regulates the immune system. If Reiki can limit the destructive responses of an inappropriately activated immune system, it will have profound effects in the treatment of immune disorders. The proposed experiments will be performed on the rat intestinal model. No Reiki studies have used animal models, even though animal experiments ensure tight control of variables and guarantee the absence of a believing/skeptical attitude. Groups of rats will be exposed to a daily period of white noise. Some groups will also receive (i) Reiki, (ii) Reiki from a distance, or (iii) Sham Reiki, in which a technician just imitates the hand positions of the Reiki Master. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal mucosa will be monitored using a fluorescent probe. Changes in microvascular permeability will be evaluated using intravital epifluorescence microscopy and computerized image analysis. Cellular changes will be assessed using electron microscopy and histology. Selective exclusion of foreign particles by the M cells will be tested by orally administering polystyrene particles and measuring particle concentration in Peyer's patches and lymph nodes. Specific Aim 1. Reiki, but not Sham Reiki, reduces the effects of noise stress on the intestine, specifically, generation of excess ROS, epithelial damage, increased particulate uptake by M-cells and increased microvascular permeability. If hypothesis 1 is correct, or if both Reiki and Sham Reiki reduce damage, then the experiments will be repeated using Reiki at a distance to determine whether the effects require the presence of a person in the animal room (Specific Aim 2a). If neither Reiki nor Sham Reiki affect results, then we shall investigate whether gentle handling of the animals reduces the intestinal responses to noise (Specific Aim 2b). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON PAIN,NAUSEA,QUALITY OF LIFE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenthal, David S.; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the past several decades, an increasing number of the US public are using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to maintain or improve health and well being. It is estimated that within the US alone, the use of CAM has grown 380 percent since 1990 and that the public is now spending billions of dollars per year for these therapies. A large percentage of the practice and use of these methods is focused on cancer. Whether the CAM use is aimed at reducing one's risk of

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developing cancer or improving the quality of life of a cancer patient during treatment or at the end of life, the public focus on CAM and cancer has created a driving force for cancer centers to address the efficacy and science of these methods. At the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, CAM clinical services have been established and integrated within the oncology practice. Acupuncture, massage therapy, Reiki, spirituality programs, mind body techniques, herbal consults and a number of other clinical programs are offered through the newly established Zakim Center for Integrated Therapies. The issues of palliative care in the end of life of a cancer patient are extremely important as currently, the majority of cancer patients do not receive adequate palliative care. In this proposal, we are addressing the use of' acupuncture by traditional Chinese clinicians to address the quality of life and symptoms of patients with incurable cancer. Acupuncture has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pain and nausea and has also been shown to improve one's general well being. Acupuncture has some effectiveness in anxiety and depression as well. We seek to determine if studying such an intervention be feasible in ambulatory patients at the end of life? The study population will be women with recurrent metastatic ovarian cancer and similar patients with advanced cancer who are ambulatory and receiving conventional palliative care. These patients will continue to receive high quality conventional clinical interventions, including chemotherapy and pain and symptom reduction programs, but in addition receive acupuncture. Evaluation tools such as Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale for Cancer (SLDS-C), Brief Pain Inventory and Rotterdam Symptom Check List will be piloted to determine appropriate end points of the study as well as the feasibility of end of life patients completing the surveys. The Behavioral Research Center of the American Cancer Society will provide additional in-kind support for data analysis and evidence of effectiveness of Quality of Life measures for end of life evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF ENERGY HEALING ON PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Eric A.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of our studies is to determine whether CAM modalities can improve disease progression or the quality of life or for cancer patients. Anxiety is reported more often than any other psychological symptom in patients with or surviving cancer. Anxiety is of concern as it has been implicated in cancer progression. Current methods of anxiety reduction include medication and psychosocial interventions that require active mental engagement by the patient. A CAM modality used frequently by cancer patients is spirituality. One modality based on spirituality is energy-healing. While clients often claim decreased anxiety following energy-healing, this has not been rigorously tested. Studies of the beneficial effects of energy-healing on disease states have been inconclusive and relied mainly on nonphysiological outcome measures. Our aim was to design a study to determine whether energy-healing affects disease progression or anxiety in a cancer population, using physiological markers of outcome. Prostate cancer is a disease in which there is a serum marker for tumor progression, prostate specific antigen (PSA). Prostate cancer is also associated with high anxiety. The present application represents collaboration between physicians, basic scientists, psychiatrists, biostatisticians, and energy healers. We propose a pilot study in which newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients will be provided with energy-healing treatments for 4-weeks during the 6-8 week period between initial diagnosis and radical prostatectomy. PSA levels will be used to assess

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disease progression. Anxiety states will be monitored using and salivary cortisol and plasma DHEA assays in addition to validated psychometric instruments. The Specific Aims are: 1) to determine the effects of energy-healing on cancer activity as measured by PSA levels in the blood, 2) to determine the effects of energy-healing on anxiety states using validated psychometric instruments, 3) to determine the effects of energy-healing on physiologic anxiety as measured by cortisol and DHEA levels. By incorporating notreatment, sham healing, and Reiki treatment groups, we will determine whether any effects observed could also be obtained by a sham healer. We anticipate that these studies will provide insights into whether energy-healing holds promise as an adjunct to standard management of patients with prostate cancer. They would also provide insights into whether energy healing might be beneficial in decreasing anxiety in cancer patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EXPLORATORY PROGRAM GRANT FOR FRONTIER MEDICINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Prestwood, Karen M.; Assistant Professor and Associate Direct; Medicine; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): In the United States, the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) increased by approximately 25% between 1990 and 1997. The number of visits to CAM practitioners was 629 million and exceeded visits to primary care physicians by about 250 million in 1997. In spite of the extensive use of CAM in the US and internationally, we know little about the safety and efficacy, mechanism of action and longer-term outcomes of many popular modalities. Energy medicine modalities, including therapeutic touch, healing touch and Reiki, are commonly utilized for conditions ranging from headache to cancer yet our understanding of the human energy field and how it may be used in healing is limited. Although many of these therapies have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years, the current medical and scientific environment demands that we begin to apply rigorous standards to the study of this field. The Exploratory Center for Frontier Medicine at the University of Connecticut Health Center (UCHC), in collaboration with the University of Iowa, will focus on biofield/energy healing, specifically therapeutic touch and healing touch. We have chosen our major projects based on the research strengths of the principal investigators and designed projects in close collaboration with experienced practitioners in energy medicine. We have created a plan for collaboration between projects and between institutions which we believe will provide the infrastructure to 'nurture and advance this field of biomedical science'. The administrative core of the Center will provide the scientific and educational infrastructure for investigators in frontier medicine. The core will take advantage of the rich academic environments at the University of Connecticut and Iowa in order to provide an infrastructure in which to evaluate the effects of therapeutic and healing touch on several human diseases and processes. The four projects include basic and clinical science. The studies are: Project #1 (Dr. Karen Prestwood) The effect of therapeutic touch on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women after wrist fracture; Project #2 (Dr. Gloria Gronowicz) The effect of therapeutic touch on bone formation in vitro; Project #3 (Dr. Theresa Smith) The effect of therapeutic touch on human fibroblast biology; and Project #4 (Dr. Susan Lutgendorf) Healing touch in advanced cervical cancer: immune effects and mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE EFFICACY OF REIKI IN THE TREATMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Assefi, Nassim P.; Women's Health Specialist; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fibromyalgia (FM), one of the most common rheumatologic diagnoses, is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by widespread muscle pain and stiffness, accompanied by a variety of other symptoms including sleep disturbance, headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and psychological distress. Treatment is generally unsatisfactory and most randomized, controlled treatment trials have been unable to demonstrate a sustained effective intervention. Thus, it is not surprising that the vast majority of FM patients have tried complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. Reiki is a form of energy medicine in which practitioners reportedly access universal life energy to heal patients, either by direct contact at specific hand positions or from a distance. A vast body of anecdotal literature as well as 2 randomized controlled trials suggest that Reiki may be an effective treatment for FM, appearing to relieve pain and improve psychological well being. In addition, it appears to have no adverse effects and can eventually be self-administered, making it a low-risk, low-cost, potentially patient-empowering intervention. This study will investigate the efficacy of Reiki in the treatment of FM. 100 Reiki-naive FM patients will be recruited from a chronic fatigue referral clinic, and will undergo an 8-week, biweekly (16 treatments) trial. Patients will be randomized into 2 Reiki groups (directcontact and distant Reiki) and 2 control (sham and placebo) groups. The sham Reiki practitioners will be professional actors who resemble the true Reiki practitioners but have no experience with health care or healing arts and are taught to mimic the Reiki Masters' verbal and physical interactions with the patients, while distracting whatever healing intention they may possess by doing mental arithmetic. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to evaluate the short and long-term efficacy and safety of an 8-week placebo-controlled randomized trial of both direct-contact and distant Reiki in the treatment of FM; 2) establish carefully constructed control groups for their feasibility and scientific usefulness for future trials of Reiki and other types of energy medicine; and 3) to collect pilot data for larger trials on the mechanism, safety, and duration of clinical and subjective effects of Reiki. Patients will be assessed at enrollment, 4 and 8 weeks during treatment and 12 weeks post-treatment. Our primary outcomes will be patient global assessment, subjective pain and mean number of tender points. Secondary outcomes will include pain threshold, sleep, fatigue, and psychological indicators. This pilot study could potentially impact the clinical care of the estimated 6 million Americans with FM, and shape the design of future larger, randomized, placebocontrolled trials of Reiki and other energy therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE USE OF REIKI FOR PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: True, Gala; Albert Einstein Healthcare Network 5501 Old York Rd Philadelphia, Pa 191413098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will investigate the use of Reiki, an energy-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) intervention, as an approach to improve well being for patients with advanced AIDS, and evaluate its effects on dimensions of well being and quality of life. The study is a two-group comparison between participants receiving Reiki plus usual medical care (treatment)

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and participants receiving usual medical care only (control). One hundred and forty-six patients with advanced AIDS will be enrolled and randomized into the two groups. Patients in the intervention (Reiki) group will receive a total of three one-hour Reiki sessions over a period of 6 weeks. Participants in both the intervention and control groups will be assessed at two times during the study period using repeated measures. We will investigate and compare changes in participants' anxiety, depression, pain, quality of life, and spiritual well being at the end of the intervention period. This is the first part of a longer-term research agenda to examine the use and effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicines for patients with advanced disease. We plan to examine one clinical context in which Reiki is currently provided. It is important to design studies that respect both the context of care and the practitioner-client relationship-elements essential to an understanding of the philosophy and delivery of CAMS such as Reiki, and at the same time endeavor to outline a systematic approach to the study of CAMs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND REIKI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Reiki.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Reiki The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.3 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Reiki” (or a synonym): •

A study to test the effectiveness of placebo Reiki standardization procedures developed for a planned Reiki efficacy study. Author(s): College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. [email protected] Source: Mansour, A A Beuche, M Laing, G Leis, A Nurse, J J-Altern-Complement-Med. 1999 April; 5(2): 153-64 1075-5535

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Experience of a Reiki session. Author(s): University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, USA. Source: Engebretson, Joan Wardell, Diane Wind Altern-Ther-Health-Med. 2002 MarApril; 8(2): 48-53 1078-6791

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Reiki therapy. Source: Whitsitt, T J-Christ-Nurs. 1998 Winter; 15(1): 12-3 0743-2550

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Reiki: an ancient touch therapy. Source: van Sell, S L RN. 1996 February; 59(2): 57-9 0033-7021

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The first Reiki practitioner in our OR. Author(s): Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA. Source: Sawyer, J AORN-J. 1998 March; 67(3): 674-7 0001-2092

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

13

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

15

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND REIKI Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Reiki. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Reiki and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Reiki: •

“Unruffling” the mystique of therapeutic touch. Author(s): Pearson L. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2001 November; 26(11): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759611&dopt=Abstract

•

.and even more on TT. Author(s): Rosa L. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 1995 December; 18(6): 575. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480859&dopt=Abstract

•

.and even more on TT. Author(s): Bishop E.

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Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 1995 December; 18(6): 575. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480858&dopt=Abstract •

A phase II trial of Reiki for the management of pain in advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Olson K, Hanson J, Michaud M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2003 November; 26(5): 990-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14585550&dopt=Abstract

•

A study to test the effectiveness of placebo Reiki standardization procedures developed for a planned Reiki efficacy study. Author(s): Mansour AA, Beuche M, Laing G, Leis A, Nurse J. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1999 April; 5(2): 153-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328637&dopt=Abstract

•

Biological correlates of Reiki Touch (sm) healing. Author(s): Wardell DW, Engebretson J. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 February; 33(4): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251731&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in the isoprenoid pathway with transcendental meditation and Reiki healing practices in seizure disorder. Author(s): A RK, Kurup PA. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571006&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of Reiki treatments on functional recovery in patients in poststroke rehabilitation: a pilot study. Author(s): Shiflett SC, Nayak S, Bid C, Miles P, Agostinelli S. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 December; 8(6): 755-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614528&dopt=Abstract

•

Enhancing the treatment of HIV/AIDS with Reiki training and treatment. Author(s): Schmehr R. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 120, 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652892&dopt=Abstract

•

Experience of a Reiki session. Author(s): Engebretson J, Wardell DW.

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Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 March-April; 8(2): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890385&dopt=Abstract •

Integrative care--Reiki. Author(s): Eliopoulos C. Source: Director. 2003 Winter; 11(1): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630139&dopt=Abstract

•

Pamela Miles. Reiki vibrational healing. Interview by Bonnie Horrigan. Author(s): Miles P. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 July-August; 9(4): 74-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868256&dopt=Abstract

•

Preliminary report on the use of Reiki HIV-related pain and anxiety. Author(s): Miles P. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652881&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki as an alternative healing method. Author(s): Kovalik D. Source: Common Factor. 1995 April; (No 10): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362356&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki therapy. Author(s): Whitsitt T. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1998 Winter; 15(1): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464018&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki therapy: the benefits to a nurse/Reiki practitioner. Author(s): Whelan KM, Wishnia GS. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003 July-August; 17(4): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889549&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki therapy--a tool for wellness. Author(s): Rivera C. Source: Imprint. 1999 February-March; 46(2): 31-3, 56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10373831&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki. Author(s): Yapp V.

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Reiki

Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2002 May; 8(2): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188157&dopt=Abstract •

Reiki. A complementary therapy for nursing practice. Author(s): Nield-Anderson L, Ameling A. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2001 April; 39(4): 42-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324176&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki: a complementary therapy for life. Author(s): Bullock M. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1997 January-February; 14(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069762&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki: a gift and a skill anyone can learn. Author(s): Fleming D. Source: Beginnings. 2003 January-February; 23(1): 12-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592974&dopt=Abstract

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Reiki: a starting point for integrative medicine. Author(s): Schiller R. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652880&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki: a supportive therapy in nursing practice and self-care for nurses. Author(s): Gallob R. Source: J N Y State Nurses Assoc. 2003 Spring-Summer; 34(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639776&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki: an ancient touch therapy. Author(s): van Sell SL. Source: Rn. 1996 February; 59(2): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8685612&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki--healing and dealing. Author(s): Tattam A. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 1994 August; 2(2): 3, 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849997&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiki--review of a biofield therapy history, theory, practice, and research. Author(s): Miles P, True G.

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Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 62-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652885&dopt=Abstract •

The empowering nature of Reiki as a complementary therapy. Author(s): Nield-Anderson L, Ameling A. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2000 April; 14(3): 21-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119625&dopt=Abstract

•

The first Reiki practitioner in our OR. Author(s): Sawyer J. Source: Aorn Journal. 1998 March; 67(3): 674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541710&dopt=Abstract

•

Using Reiki to manage pain: a preliminary report. Author(s): Olson K, Hanson J. Source: Cancer Prev Control. 1997 June; 1(2): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9765732&dopt=Abstract

•

Using Reiki to support surgical patients. Author(s): Alandydy P, Alandydy K. Source: Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 1999 April; 13(4): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10330795&dopt=Abstract

•

What are the distinctions between Reiki and therapeutic touch? Author(s): Potter P. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2003 January-February; 7(1): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629941&dopt=Abstract

•

Working with survivors of torture in Sarajevo with Reiki. Author(s): Kennedy P. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery.

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Reiki

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Reiki; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Alternative Therapy Alliance Method Alternative names: "traditional" Reiki Usui System of Natural Healing; called "Hayashi" in Japan Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Bodywork Alternative names: Bodywork Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chakra Cellular Memory Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Gemstone-Reiki Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Hand-mediated Energetic Healing Alternative names: HMEH HMEH approaches HMEH traditions hand-mediated healing modalities Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html

Alternative Medicine 21

Holistic Psychotherapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Holistic Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Initiation Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html Karuna Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/k.html Living Whole Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Mariel Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Nine Gates Training Program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Omega Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Physio-spiritual Etheric Body Healing Alternative names: PSEB Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html

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Psycho-therapeutic Reiki Alternative names: Psycho-Therapeutic Reiki healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Qigong Yoga Body Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/q.html Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Reiki I Alternative names: hands-on Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reiki Marathon Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reiki Meditation Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reiki Plus Alternative names: Reiki Plus Natural Healing Reiki Plus System of Natural Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reiki-alchemia Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Seichim Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html

Alternative Medicine 23

Spinal Attunement Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Taido Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html The Radiance Technique Alternative names: TRT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Tibetan Reiki Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Touch Therapy Alternative names: touch healing touch therapies the laying on of hands Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Transformational Bodywork Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Viviano Method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/v.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

25

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON REIKI Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Reiki. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Reiki” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Reiki, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Reiki ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Reiki. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Fragmented Bodies, Emerging Selves: Reiki Journeys and Practice in South Saskatchewan by Eichhorn, Tekla M.; MA from The University of Regina (Canada), 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71340

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

27

CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND REIKI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Reiki.

Recent Trials on Reiki The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Reiki.4 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

The Efficacy of Reiki in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Condition(s): Fibromyalgia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Reiki in the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM), a condition characterized by widespread muscle pain and stiffness, often accompanied by sleep disturbance, headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and psychological distress. Reiki is a form of energy medicine in which practitioners reportedly access universal life energy to heal patients, either by direct contact at specific hand positions or from a distance. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051428

•

The Use of Reiki for Patients with Advanced AIDS Condition(s): Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

4

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Reiki

Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will investigate the use of Reiki, an energy-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) intervention, as an approach to improve well-being for patients with advanced AIDS, and evaluate its effects on dimensions of well-being and quality of life. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032721 •

Effects of Reiki on Painful Neuropathy and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Condition(s): Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The object of this study is to determine if Reiki will improve glycemic control and cardiac autonomic function diabetic patients with painful neuropathy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010751

•

Reiki/Energy Healing in Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether Reiki energy healing affects disease progression and anxiety in patients with localized prostate cancer who are candidates for radical prostatectomy. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065208

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately

Clinical Trials 29

5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Reiki” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON REIKI Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Reiki. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Reiki include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Reiki: •

Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy Source: San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. 300 p. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This book serves as a resource for people who experience pain related to peripheral neuropathy. About one half of peripheral neuropathies are related to complications from diabetes mellitus. The book focuses on traditional, conventional, and alternative treatments for neuropathic pain. The book begins with a chapter that defines peripheral neuropathy and discusses this condition in terms of its types, symptoms and effects, causes, and evaluation. The next chapter explains the physical and psychological aspects of peripheral neuropathic pain. The following chapter discusses medications for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including nonopioid drugs, opioids, and topical

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medications. A discussion of nonopioid drug costs is included. The fourth chapter focuses on other medical therapies for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including hematologic treatments such as plasmapheresis, immunosuppressant medications, and nerve based treatments such as nerve blocks and direct nerve stimulation. This is followed by a chapter on alternative treatments, including physical therapy; psychotherapeutic methods such as relaxation and meditation training, biofeedback, self hypnosis, and prayer; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; acupuncture; touch therapies such as massage, reflexology, Reiki, Qigong, and therapeutic touch; magnets; and chelation. Treating peripheral neuropathic pain with various nutrients (vitamins A, B, C, and E; minerals such as selenium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc; and herbs such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wart, bioflavonoids, and others) is the topic of the next chapter. In addition, the chapter provides information on other supplements such as alpha-lipoic acid, gamma linolenic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, glutamine, coenzyme Q10, S-adenosylmethionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl sulfonyl methane. The focus of the next chapter is on experimental or unapproved drugs, including aldose reductase inhibitors; aminoguanidine; COX-2; ABT-594; SNX-111; lamotrigine; memantine; natural pain relievers such as bimoclomol, cannabinoids, endorphins, and nocistatin/OFQ2; nerve regenerating compounds such as NGF, IGF-1, neutrophin-3, and GPI 1046; nimodipine; peptide T; and PN 401. This is followed by a chapter that examines diabetes and HIV. Diabetes classifications and diabetic neuropathy (types, risk factors, blood sugar control, and treatment approaches) are discussed. The final chapter presents ways of coping with peripheral neuropathy, including exercising, using heat or cold therapy, creating conducive conditions for sleeping, avoiding certain foods, and selecting appropriate footwear. The book concludes with an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Reiki” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “Reiki” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Reiki” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Complete Book of Reiki Healing: Heal Yourself, Others, and the World Around You by Brigitte Muller, Horst H. Gunther (1995); ISBN: 0940795167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940795167/icongroupinterna

•

A Guide to Reiki (Mind, Body, Spirit) by Cass Jackson, Janie Jackson (2002); ISBN: 1840672986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840672986/icongroupinterna

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Abundance Through Reiki by Paula Horan (1998); ISBN: 091495525X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091495525X/icongroupinterna

•

An Introduction to Reiki: Healing Energy for Mind, Body and Spirit by Mary Lambert, et al (2000); ISBN: 1855857472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855857472/icongroupinterna

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33

•

Aprenda Reiki by Juan H. Usui (2002); ISBN: 9507684204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9507684204/icongroupinterna

•

Archetypal Reiki: Spiritual, Emotional and Physical Healing: Book and Cards by Dorothy May PhD (2000); ISBN: 188520390X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188520390X/icongroupinterna

•

Aura-Reiki: A Practical Guide to Using Reiki to Heal the Aura (The Healing, 3) by Bill Waites (2002); ISBN: 9654941074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654941074/icongroupinterna

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Bio Reiki by J. M. Jimenez, Jose Maria Jimenez Solana (2003); ISBN: 8484450414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8484450414/icongroupinterna

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Complete Reiki Handbook by Walter Lubeck, Walter Luebeck (1998); ISBN: 0941524876; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941524876/icongroupinterna

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Degrees of Reiki by Maureen J. Kelly (2003); ISBN: 094098556X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094098556X/icongroupinterna

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El Espiritu de Reiki by Walter Lubeck (2001); ISBN: 9879827260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9879827260/icongroupinterna

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El Gran Libro del Reiki by Massimo Mantovani (2001); ISBN: 843152118X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/843152118X/icongroupinterna

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Empower Your Life with Reiki by Richard Ellis (2000); ISBN: 0734400314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0734400314/icongroupinterna

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Empowerment Through Reiki by Paula Horan (1998); ISBN: 0941524841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941524841/icongroupinterna

•

Energy Medicine : Reiki, Herbal Medicine, Homeopathy, Reflexology, Aromatherapy by John Hamwee (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0091882249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091882249/icongroupinterna

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Fuego Reiki by F. Arjava Petter, Frank Arjava Petter (2000); ISBN: 987955132X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/987955132X/icongroupinterna

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Guia Facil de Reiki by Mari Hall (1998); ISBN: 8479272538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8479272538/icongroupinterna

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Hand to Hand: The Longest-Practicing Reiki Master Tells His Story by John Harvey Gray, et al (2002); ISBN: 1401049605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401049605/icongroupinterna

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Harmony Healing the Reiki Way by Elza Meintjies (2002); ISBN: 0473089033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0473089033/icongroupinterna

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Healing Reiki by Eleanor McKenzie, Elanor McKenzie (1998); ISBN: 1569751625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569751625/icongroupinterna

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Healing With Seichim/Reiki Handbook by Maurice Ramsey (2003); ISBN: 1932047964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1932047964/icongroupinterna

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Iniciacion Al Reiki by Andrew Gideon (2001); ISBN: 8493146609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8493146609/icongroupinterna

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Inner Reiki: A Practical Guide for Healing and Meditation by Tanmaya Honervogt, Deborah Brody (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 080506690X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080506690X/icongroupinterna

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•

It's Time To Wake Up: Reiki & Other Essential Tools for Spiritual Awakening by K. Scott Teeters (2003); ISBN: 193204793X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/193204793X/icongroupinterna

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Metodo Moderno de Reiki Para La Curacion by Doi Hiroshi (2001); ISBN: 9879827287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9879827287/icongroupinterna

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Practical Reiki: A Step by Step Guide by Mari Hall (2001); ISBN: 0722534655; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722534655/icongroupinterna

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Practical Reiki: Focus Your Body's Energy for Deep Relaxation and Inner Peace by Richard Ellis (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0806968079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806968079/icongroupinterna

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Reiki by Carmen Fernandez (2003); ISBN: 1842159070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842159070/icongroupinterna

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Reiki - Energia Vital Universal, Spanish Edition by Bodo J. Baginski, Shalila Sharamon (2001); ISBN: 9879551346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9879551346/icongroupinterna

•

Reiki - The Legacy of Dr. Usui by Frank Arjava Petter, Christine M. Grimm (Translator) (1999); ISBN: 091495556X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091495556X/icongroupinterna

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Reiki & You: Awakening the Healer Within by Margaret Lee Lyles (2002); ISBN: 1401035698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401035698/icongroupinterna

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Reiki (Con CD) by Ch Walcott (1998); ISBN: 8479012870; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8479012870/icongroupinterna

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Reiki (Pocket Healing Books, 2) by Chantal Dupont (2000); ISBN: 9654941023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654941023/icongroupinterna

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Reiki : Une Introduction by Mary Lambert (2001); ISBN: 2895230471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2895230471/icongroupinterna

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Reiki 2 Nivel by Mister Manual (2003); ISBN: 8477206163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8477206163/icongroupinterna

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Reiki and Spiritual Growth [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by John F. Christian (2002); ISBN: B0000CBX6K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000CBX6K/icongroupinterna

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Reiki and the Seven Chakras : Your Essential Guide to the First Level by Richard Ellis (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0091882907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091882907/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Best Practices: Wonderful Tools of Healing for the First, Second and Third Degree of Reiki by Walter Lubeck, et al (2003); ISBN: 0914955748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955748/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Energy Medicine: Bringing the Healing Touch into Home, Hospital and Hospice by Libby Barnett, et al (1996); ISBN: 0892816333; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892816333/icongroupinterna

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Reiki esencial by Diane Stein (2001); ISBN: 8479271493; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8479271493/icongroupinterna

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35

•

Reiki Fire by Arjava Petter, Frank Arjava Petter (1998); ISBN: 0914955500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955500/icongroupinterna

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Reiki for Beginners: Mastering Natural Healing Techniques by David Vennells (1999); ISBN: 1567187676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567187676/icongroupinterna

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Reiki for Children: Using Healing Touch and Raw Foods to Tap into the Power of the Universe by Kytka Hilmar-Jezek (2003); ISBN: 1403388962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403388962/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Plus (R) Natural Healing by David G. Jarrell, et al (1997); ISBN: 0963469002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963469002/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Plus Professional Practitioner's Manual for Second Degree: A Guide for Spiritual Healing (3rd Edition) by David G. Jarrell, Richelle M. Jarrell (2000); ISBN: 0963469037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963469037/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Universal by J. De Carli (2003); ISBN: 8441405476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8441405476/icongroupinterna

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Reiki Universal by Johnny de'Carli (2003); ISBN: 8441411603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8441411603/icongroupinterna

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Reiki with Gemstones by Ursula Klinger-Omenka, Ursula Omenka-Klinger (1998); ISBN: 0914955292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955292/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: A Key to Your Personal Healing Power by Lena Johansson (2002); ISBN: 0910261342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910261342/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: A Piatkus Guide (Piatkus Guides) by Penelope Quest (2000); ISBN: 0749919353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0749919353/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: A Practical Guide by Bill Waites, Master Naharo (1998); ISBN: 9654940469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654940469/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: an Introduction by Christina Moore (2001); ISBN: 1902463498; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902463498/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: Beyond the Usui System by Karyn K. Mitchell (1997); ISBN: 0964082225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964082225/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: Hands That Heal by Joyce J. Morris, William R. Morris (1999); ISBN: 1578631181; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578631181/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: Hawayo Takata's Story by Helen J. Haberly (1997); ISBN: 0944135064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944135064/icongroupinterna

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Reiki: Healing Yourself & Others: A Photo-Instructional Art Book by Marsha J. Burack (1995); ISBN: 188044139X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188044139X/icongroupinterna

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Reiki:Essenst.Guide to Ancient Healing by Chris Parkes (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0091816432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091816432/icongroupinterna

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Reiki? A Healing Art? Yes! by Charlott Louise Motter (1999); ISBN: 080594527X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080594527X/icongroupinterna

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•

Reiki--For First Aid by Walter Luebeck, Walter Lubeck (1998); ISBN: 0914955268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955268/icongroupinterna

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Sacred Flames Reiki by Allison Dahlhaus (2003); ISBN: 1932047719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1932047719/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Reiki Course (Ultimate Full-Color Guide) by Master Naharo, et al (2002); ISBN: 9654941198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654941198/icongroupinterna

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The Everything Reiki Book: Channel Your Positive Energy to Reduce Stress, Promote Healing, and Enhance Your Quality of Life (The Everything Series) by Phylameana lila Desy (2004); ISBN: 159337030X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159337030X/icongroupinterna

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The Hayashi Reiki Manual: Traditional Japanese Healing Techniques from the Founder of the Western Reiki System by Frank Arjava Petter, et al (2003); ISBN: 0914955756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955756/icongroupinterna

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The Healing Path of Reiki by Ojela Frank (1997); ISBN: 0961901055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961901055/icongroupinterna

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The Lost Steps of Reiki: The Channeled Messages of Wei Chi by Thomas A. Hensel, Kevin Ross Emery (1997); ISBN: 1890405027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890405027/icongroupinterna

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The Making of a Reiki Master: The Transformation of an Ordinary Man Led by Spirit by Kevin Domanski (2003); ISBN: 1410767469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410767469/icongroupinterna

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The Power of Reiki: An Ancient Hands-On Healing Technique by Tanmaya Honervogt (1998); ISBN: 0805055592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805055592/icongroupinterna

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The Reiki Sourcebook by Bronwen & Frans Stiene (2004); ISBN: 1903816556; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1903816556/icongroupinterna

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The Spirit of Reiki: The Complete Handbook of the Reiki System: From Tradition to the Present Fundamental, Lines of Transmission, Original Writings, Mastery, Symbols, tre by Walter Lubeck, et al (2001); ISBN: 0914955675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955675/icongroupinterna

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The Ultimate Reiki Touch: Understanding Energy Medicine 21 Healing Cycles for Complete Self-Empowerment by Paula Horan, Narayan Choyin Dorje (2002); ISBN: 0914955705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955705/icongroupinterna

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Traditional Reiki for Our Times: Practical Methods for Personal and Planetary Healing by Amy Zaffarano Rowland (1998); ISBN: 0892817771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892817771/icongroupinterna

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Tu Reiki by Claudio Marquez (2002); ISBN: 9871090056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9871090056/icongroupinterna

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Usui Reiki: Level One Manual by Francine Milford (2003); ISBN: 1411600746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1411600746/icongroupinterna

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Vivir Reiki by Claudio Marquez (2003); ISBN: 9871090110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9871090110/icongroupinterna

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37

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •

Essential Reiki: a complete guide to an ancient healing art Author: Stein, Diane,; Year: 2000; Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, c1995; ISBN: 0895947366 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895947366/icongroupinterna

•

Practical guide to Reiki, an ancient healing art Author: Hochhuth, Klaudia.; Year: 1999; East Malvern, Vic.: Gemcraft Books, 1993; ISBN: 0909223572

Chapters on Reiki In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Reiki, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Reiki using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to Reiki have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:6 •

Directory of Schools for Alternative and Complementary Health Care Source: Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. 1998. 250 p.

5 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books. 6 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “Reiki” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Contact: Oryx Press. PO Box 33889, Phoenix, AZ 85067-3889. 800-279-6799, 602-265-2651, FAX: 602-265-2650, 800-279-4663. PRICE: $49.50. ISBN: 157356110X. Summary: This book provides information on schools and programs in the United States and Canada that offer professional training in alternative and complementary modalities, including acupressure, acupuncture, Alexander technique, aromatherapy, Ayurvedic medicine, biofeedback, chiropractic, Feldenkrais, herbal medicine, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage therapy and bodywork, midwifery, naturopathic medicine, Oriental medicine, polarity therapy, reflexology, Reiki, Shiatsu, and yoga. The book contains a list of abbreviations, a glossary, a subject index, and nine essays on selected alternative medicine health fields describing each modality and the training and education required to practice in that field. The alphabetical listing of schools by state provides contact information, including the school's name, address, telephone number, fax number, e-mail address, and Web page address, if available. The school listing is followed by a list of organizations and accrediting bodies and resources for further reading. This book also provides an index of schools by name and by specialization, and a general index.

39

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON REIKI Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on Reiki. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Reiki The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in Reiki (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on Reiki: •

An introduction to the ancient art of Reiki healing [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Gaia Films; an Anthony Litton production for Quantum Leap Group Ltd; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Derry, N.H.: Chip Taylor Communications, 2002

41

APPENDICES

43

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

45

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “Reiki” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Alternative + Holistic Health Care for AIDS and Its Prevention: A Sourcebook of Descriptions, Bibliography, and Practitioners in the Washington, DC, Baltimore, Maryland Area Contact: Whitman-Walker Clinic, AIDS Program, 1407 S St NW, Washington, DC, 20009-3840, (202) 365-5225, http://www.wwc.org. Summary: This sourcebook provides information on alternative, supplemental, and holistic health care for persons with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related conditions (ARC), seropositive individuals, and other concerned parties. Therapies include acupuncture, guided imagery, macrobiotics, massage, nutrition, Reiki, vitamin therapy, yoga, and other special approaches. Religious/spiritual, selfhelp, and other information resources are listed.

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

10 11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 331 35 554 5 0 925

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “Reiki” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

12

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

14

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 16

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

49

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Reiki can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Reiki. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Reiki. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Reiki”:

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•

Other guides Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Reiki. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

51

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Reiki. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Reiki. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Reiki. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Reiki” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Reiki”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Reiki” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Reiki” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

53

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

57

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

59

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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REIKI DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with

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phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important

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determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duke: A lamp which produces ultraviolet radiations for certain ophthalmologic therapy. [NIH]

Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]

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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Holistic Health: Health as viewed from the perspective that man and other organisms function as complete, integrated units rather than as aggregates of separate parts. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH]

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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Isoprenoid: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

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Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

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Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Midwifery: The practice of assisting women in childbirth. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by

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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation

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of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,

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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH]

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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

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tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torture: The intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcendental meditation: TM. A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve quality of life. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used

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together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 61, 68, 69, 71, 73 Abdominal Pain, 61, 68 Adrenal Cortex, 61, 65 Adverse Effect, 8, 61, 74 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 32, 61 Algorithms, 61, 62 Alternative medicine, 9, 38, 61 Amino Acids, 61, 71, 72 Ammonia, 61, 67 Analogous, 4, 61, 75 Animal model, 5, 61 Anterior chamber, 61, 68 Antibody, 61, 62, 64, 68, 73 Antigen, 6, 61, 62, 64, 68 Anxiety, 6, 9, 17, 28, 62 Arterial, 62, 68, 72 Arteries, 62, 65, 70 Atmospheric Pressure, 62, 67 Autonomic, 28, 62 B Bacteria, 62, 73 Base, 62, 68 Benign, 62, 67 Biotechnology, 37, 45, 62 Bladder, 62, 72, 73, 75 Bloating, 62, 68 Blood Glucose, 4, 62 Blood pressure, 62, 68, 70 Blood vessel, 62, 63, 69, 75 Bowel, 62, 65, 68, 74 Bowel Movement, 62, 65, 74 Branch, 57, 62, 69, 71, 74 C Calcium, 62, 64, 70 Cannabidiol, 63 Cannabinoids, 32, 63 Cannabinol, 63 Carcinogens, 63 Cardiac, 28, 63, 70, 74 Carnitine, 32, 63 Cell, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73 Cell membrane, 63, 68 Central Nervous System, 63, 67 Central Nervous System Infections, 63, 67 Cerebrovascular, 63, 70 Cervical, 7, 63 Cervix, 63

Chelation, 32, 63 Chemotherapy, 6, 63 Chiropractic, 38, 63 Chromium, 32, 63 Chronic, 8, 63, 65, 68 Clinical trial, 4, 27, 29, 45, 63, 65, 73 Cloning, 62, 64 Coenzyme, 32, 64 Cofactor, 64, 72 Colitis, 64, 68 Complement, 12, 64 Complementary and alternative medicine, 5, 7, 8, 15, 23, 28, 64 Complementary medicine, 15, 64 Computational Biology, 45, 64 Connective Tissue, 64, 69 Constipation, 65, 68 Contraindications, ii, 65 Control group, 8, 9, 65 Coronary, 28, 65, 70 Coronary Thrombosis, 65, 70 Cortisol, 7, 65 Cranial, 65, 67 Craniocerebral Trauma, 65, 67 Cysteine, 32, 65 Cystine, 65 D Databases, Bibliographic, 45, 65 Dentists, 4, 65 Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 28, 31, 65, 67 Diagnostic procedure, 65 Diarrhea, 65, 68 Digestion, 62, 65, 68, 69, 74 Digestive system, 29, 65 Dilatation, 65, 72 Dimethyl, 32, 65 Direct, iii, 7, 8, 27, 32, 65, 73 Disease Progression, 6, 28, 65 Distal, 66, 71 Drug Costs, 32, 66 Duct, 66, 74 Duke, 12, 66 E Efficacy, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 27, 66 Endorphin, 66 Environmental Health, 44, 46, 66 Enzyme, 61, 64, 66, 67, 73, 75 Epithelial, 5, 66

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Epithelial Cells, 5, 66 Epithelium, 66, 68 Esophagus, 65, 66, 74 F Family Planning, 45, 66 Fatigue, 8, 66 Fold, 66, 69 G Gallbladder, 61, 65, 66 Gamma-Endorphin, 66 Gas, 61, 66, 68, 70 Gastric, 63, 66 Gene, 37, 62, 66 Ginkgo biloba, 32, 66 Gland, 61, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74 Glucose, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 74 Glucose Intolerance, 65, 67 Glutamic Acid, 67 Glutamine, 32, 67 Glutathione Peroxidase, 67, 74 Governing Board, 67, 72 Growth, 34, 67, 71, 76 H Headache, 7, 67 Headache Disorders, 67 Hemorrhage, 65, 67, 75 Heredity, 66, 67 Histology, 5, 67 Holistic Health, 46, 67 Hormone, 65, 67 Hydrophobic, 67, 68 Hyperbaric, 32, 67 Hyperbaric oxygen, 32, 67 Hypertension, 67, 68 Hypnotherapy, 38, 68 I Id, 13, 19, 50, 56, 58, 68 Immune response, 62, 68 Immune system, 5, 68, 69, 70 Immunodeficiency, 27, 46, 68 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 46, 68 Immunosuppressant, 32, 68 Impairment, 68, 69 In vitro, 7, 68 In vivo, 68 Indicative, 32, 68 Infarction, 65, 68, 70 Infection, 68, 69, 70 Intestinal, 5, 68 Intestine, 5, 62, 67, 68, 69 Intracellular, 68, 74 Involuntary, 68, 70, 73

Iris, 61, 68 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 8, 27, 68 Isoprenoid, 16, 68 K Kb, 44, 68 L Large Intestine, 65, 68, 69, 73 Library Services, 56, 69 Ligament, 69, 72 Liver, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69 Localized, 28, 68, 69, 71 Lymph, 5, 63, 69 Lymph node, 5, 63, 69 Lymphatic, 68, 69 Lymphatic system, 69 Lymphocyte, 62, 69 M MEDLINE, 45, 69 Melanin, 68, 69 Memantine, 32, 69 Membrane, 63, 64, 69, 70 Menopause, 69, 72 Mental Disorders, 29, 69 Mesenteric, 5, 69 Mesentery, 69 Metabolite, 65, 69 Metastasis, 69 Metastatic, 6, 69 Methionine, 65, 70, 72 MI, 59, 70 Microscopy, 5, 70 Midwifery, 18, 19, 38, 70 Modification, 70, 72 Motion Sickness, 70 Mucosa, 5, 70 Myocardium, 70 N Naive, 8, 70 Nausea, 6, 70 NCI, 1, 29, 43, 70 Necrosis, 68, 70 Need, 3, 31, 37, 46, 51, 70 Nerve, 32, 61, 63, 70, 71, 74 Nervous System, 63, 70 Neuropathy, 28, 31, 61, 70, 71 Nimodipine, 32, 70 Nitrogen, 67, 70 O Oncology, 6, 19, 71 Ophthalmologic, 66, 71 Opioid Peptides, 71

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P Pain Threshold, 8, 71 Palliative, 6, 71 Pancreas, 61, 65, 71 Pancreatic, 63, 71 Particle, 5, 71 Pelvic, 71, 72 Peptide, 32, 66, 71, 72 Perineal, 71, 73 Peripheral Neuropathy, 31, 71 Pharmacologic, 71, 75 Phosphorylated, 64, 71 Physical Therapy, 32, 71 Physiologic, 7, 71, 73 Pilot study, 6, 8, 16, 71 Plants, 67, 71, 75 Plasma, 7, 63, 67, 71, 74 Plasmapheresis, 32, 71 Poisoning, 70, 71 Polysaccharide, 62, 72 Posterior, 68, 71, 72 Postmenopausal, 7, 72 Practice Guidelines, 47, 72 Precursor, 66, 72 Prescription Fees, 66, 72 Probe, 5, 72 Progression, 6, 61, 72 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 66, 71, 72 Prostate, 6, 28, 72, 73 Prostatectomy, 72, 73 Protein S, 37, 62, 72 Proteins, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Public Policy, 45, 72 Q Quality of Life, 4, 6, 8, 28, 36, 72, 75 R Radiation, 67, 72, 73 Radiation therapy, 67, 73 Radical prostatectomy, 6, 28, 73 Randomized, 8, 9, 66, 73 Randomized Controlled Trials, 8, 73 Reactive Oxygen Species, 5, 73 Receptor, 62, 73 Rectum, 62, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73 Reductase, 61, 73 Refer, 1, 64, 66, 70, 73 Reflex, 32, 33, 38, 73 Regimen, 66, 73 Restoration, 71, 73 Retinopathy, 61, 73 Retropubic, 72, 73 Retropubic prostatectomy, 73

Risk factor, 32, 73 S Saliva, 73, 74 Salivary, 7, 65, 73, 74 Salivary glands, 65, 73, 74 Screening, 63, 74 Selenium, 32, 74 Semen, 72, 74 Serum, 6, 64, 74 Side effect, 4, 61, 74, 75 Social Environment, 72, 74 Somatic, 71, 74 Sorbitol, 61, 74 Spastic, 68, 74 Specialist, 8, 51, 74 Species, 66, 73, 74, 76 Spinal cord, 63, 70, 73, 74 Steroid, 65, 74 Stimulus, 73, 74 Stomach, 61, 65, 66, 67, 70, 74 Stool, 68, 69, 74 Stress, 5, 36, 65, 68, 70, 74, 75 Stroke, 29, 44, 75 Stroma, 68, 75 Subarachnoid, 67, 75 Symphysis, 72, 75 Systemic, 5, 62, 68, 73, 75 T Tetrahydrocannabinol, 63, 75 Thrombosis, 72, 75 Tin, 71, 75 Tissue, 62, 64, 69, 70, 74, 75 Topical, 31, 75 Torture, 19, 75 Toxic, iv, 70, 74, 75 Toxicology, 46, 75 Toxins, 5, 62, 68, 75 Trace element, 63, 75 Transcendental meditation, 16, 75 Transfection, 62, 75 U Unconscious, 68, 75 Urethra, 72, 75 Uterus, 63, 75 V Venous, 72, 75 Veterinary Medicine, 45, 75 Vitro, 75 W Wart, 32, 76 X Xenograft, 61, 76

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