Rubella - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

RUBELLA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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RUBELLA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Rubella: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84615-4 1. Rubella-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on rubella. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RUBELLA ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Rubella .......................................................................................... 9 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RUBELLA ......................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding Nutrition Studies on Rubella ......................................................................................... 81 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 83 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON RUBELLA ..................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Dissertations on Rubella .............................................................................................................. 85 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON RUBELLA ................................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patents on Rubella ....................................................................................................................... 87 Patent Applications on Rubella ................................................................................................. 103 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON RUBELLA ................................................................................................. 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 107 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 108 Chapters on Rubella ................................................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON RUBELLA ....................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RUBELLA .................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 119 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 121 Academic Periodicals covering Rubella...................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 123 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 144 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 147 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 147

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 147 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 153 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 156 RUBELLA DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 157 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 221

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with rubella is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about rubella, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to rubella, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on rubella. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to rubella, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on rubella. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RUBELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on rubella.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and rubella, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Deafness Source: American Journal of Audiology. 3(2): 27-38. July 1994. Summary: After a brief discussion of the medical aspects of CMV infection and of the Annual Survey of Hearing Impaired Children and Youth, this paper presents data on children with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced hearing loss reported to the 1991-92 Annual Survey. The author includes demographic and audiological information and also data related to school achievement and to other factors affecting performance in the classroom (e.g., disabilities in addition to hearing impairment). Although the disease occurs at all stages of life, the focus of this report is on congenital CMV infection. Data reviewed in this study resemble those reported for children with impaired hearing from the 1964-65 maternal rubella epidemic: hearing loss in the severe to profound range, often accompanied by serious additional disabilities, especially mental retardation and

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cerebral palsy. Depressed achievement test results of children with CMV-induced hearing loss are further indications of the serious nature of this disease. 1 appendix. 2 tables. 56 references. (AA-M). •

Early Environmental Events as a Cause of IDDM: Evidence and Implications Source: Diabetes. 43(7): 843-850. July 1994. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In this article, the authors examine the evidence for and implications of early environmental events as a cause of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). They propose that the disease is caused by nongenetic, probably environmental, factors operating in a genetically susceptible host to initiate a destructive immune process. Topics include the roles of genetic and nongenetic factors; how the environmental effect operates in early childhood; evidence for clinical, metabolic, and immune prodomes; the development of diabetes-associated antibodies; disproportionate maternal influence; the importance of the weaning diet and timing; the role of congenital rubella infection as a cause for IDDM; the epidemiological implications of early events causing IDDM, including environmental factors, the variable rate of disease progression, how genetic factors affect disease rate, and the disease process leading to IDDM or no disease; implications for prediction of IDDM; and implications for the prevention of IDDM. 2 figures. 71 references.

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Teratogenic Hearing Loss Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 6(1): 28-38. January 1995. Summary: In this article, the authors introduce the subject of teratology and discuss the ototoxic teratogenic agents that have potentially deleterious effects on the human auditory system. Topics covered include embryologic considerations; the study of environmental teratogenesis; infectious agents, including viral infections in general, rubella, cytomegalovirus, bacterial infections, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis; nonprescription drugs, including thalidomide, and ethyl alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome; prescription drugs, including aminoglycosides, and chloroquine; physical agents; maternal metabolic and genetic factors; and general considerations regarding teratogenic hearing loss. 4 tables. 59 references.

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Etiology of Hearing Loss in Children: Nongenetic Causes Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 46(1): 49-64. February 1999. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. Summary: In this article, the many nongenetic causes of hearing loss are discussed. The author focuses on the most common causes of nongenetic hearing loss in children and places them in the context of the changes in the major causes of hearing loss over the past few decades. The author first discusses children who are 'graduates' of neonatal intensive care units (NICU), covering hypoxia, persistence pulmonary hypertension and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hyperbilirubinemia, and ototoxic medications. The author then discusses meningitis; congenital infections, including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex infection, congenital rubella, congenital syphilis, congenital toxoplasmosis, and prenatal toxic syndrome; otitis media, hearing loss, and developmental sequelae; ototoxic medications and substances; noise induced hearing

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loss (NIHL); head trauma; and other causes of hearing loss, including mumps and hypothyroidism. The author concludes by reiterating that the identification of a cause of the hearing loss is important for planning a habilitation plan, for knowing the prognosis, for medical monitoring of associated disorders, and for family planning. 78 references. •

Immunization Guidelines for Pediatric Renal Disease Source: Seminars in Nephrology. (18)3: 256-263. May 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable illness remain a significant concern in patients with renal disease. This article discusses current recommendations for routine and special vaccines in children with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), those on dialysis, and those post renal transplantation. The authors stress that it is imperative that pediatric nephrologists monitor the immunization status of pediatric CRI, dialysis, and transplantation patients closely to reduce the risk of vaccine preventable disease. Pediatric patients with CRI and those on dialysis should receive all the standard immunizations. In addition to these standard vaccines, these patients will also benefit from influenza and pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatric renal transplant recipients should also be immunized with standard and special vaccines; however, all live viral vaccines should be avoided in this population. Because patients with renal disease may not respond optimally to all immunizations, it is important to study antibody response to measles, mumps, rubella and varicella in patients before transplantation. If these patients are unprotected, they should be immunized before transplantation. It seems that pediatric dialysis and transplantation patients may not respond optimally to hepatitis B vaccine. Therefore, if possible, this vaccine should be administered before these therapies. Doubling the recommended dose of hepatitis B vaccine may improve response. Antibody levels to hepatitis B should be monitored every other year. The authors conclude that the morbidity and mortality associated with vaccine preventable disease can be reduced in this population by ensuring that pediatric patients with chronic renal disease are adequately immunized. 2 tables. 33 references. (AA-M).

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Clinical Epidemiology of Otitis Media Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 19(5 Supplement): S31-S36. May 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 637-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. Summary: The impact of otitis media (OM, middle ear infection) on public health is considerable. This article explores the clinical epidemiology of OM. OM, with its peak incidence in the first 2 years of life, is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric disease. Between 1993 and 1995, OM was the most common diagnosis during office visits among 1 to 4 year olds. OM constituted 18 percent of physician visits, compared with 14 percent of visits for well child care, 11 percent of visits for upper respiratory infection, 8 percent of visits for injury, and 5 percent of visits for sore throat and tonsillitis. Thirty percent of children younger than 24 months in a large managed care organization were treated with tympanostomy (ventilation) tubes in 1994, and cost of OM treatment in the United States was estimated at $3.8 billion in 1995. Additionally, OM was one of the most common reasons for postponing vaccination for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella; postponement of the vaccine increases a child's risk for these preventable diseases. The authors conclude that identified host characteristics are useful in targeting high risk children, and well defined environmental factors present

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potential avenues of primary prevention. Vaccines currently being field tested offer promise for primary prevention, and strategies for risk factor reduction should be tested and implemented. 33 references. •

Are Vaccines Safe for People With IBD? Source: Foundation Focus. p. 13. November 1991. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 932-2423 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: This article considers commonly used vaccines and their safety for people with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. In general, vaccines may be administered to children and adults who have IBD in the same way as to the general population. The author details the few important exceptions to this rule and then reviews the following vaccines: influenza, pneumococcal, polio, typhoid, cholera, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and gamma globulin.

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Diabetes Around the World Source: JDF International Countdown. 17(2): 18-21. Spring 1996. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Summary: This article focuses on the connection between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or Type I) and where a person lives. In recent years, epidemiologists have suggested many potential environmental factors that are linked either directly or indirectly to diabetes. These include changes in living standards and diet; specific nutritional elements such as cow's milk proteins, food additives, nitrates, coffee, and sugar; and chemical toxins. Many believe that viruses are likely environmental triggers and, in the past, there have been reports associating IDDM with chicken pox infection, rubella, mumps, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. Based on everything that is known about immunological, genetic, and environmental risk factors for diabetes, Dr. Ronald LaPorte, professor of epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, notes that the place where a person lives is the especially important. For example, a child in Finland is up to 400 times more likely to develop IDDM than a child in China. The article notes that, while epidemiology is an imperfect science, population studies have contributed significantly to an understanding of diabetes and have helped form public health planning around the world. The article also points out the importance of genetic influences. Recent findings indicate that genetic susceptibility at least partly accounts for the high incidence of diabetes in areas such as Scandinavia and Sardinia. Scientists are now working with numerous populations to test the various genetic, immunological, and environmental hypotheses and attempting to separate the origins and pathways of all influences. A sidebar covers how geography affects noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or Type II). (AA-M).

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Fending Off the Flu and Other Preventable Diseases Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(6): 82-83. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923.

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Summary: This article presents guidelines for receiving various types of vaccinations. Many deaths occur in the United States from vaccine preventable deaths. The article identifies the people who should and should not receive influenza; pneumonia; hepatitis A and B; tetanus and diphtheria; measles, mumps, and rubella; and chicken pox vaccinations. In addition, the article explains when and how often these vaccinations should be received. •

Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children Source: Pediatric Clinics in North America. 43(6): 1195-1216. December 1996. Summary: This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children. The article begins with a brief discussion of the social and educational impact of an undetected hearing loss in infants and young children, then reviews the goals of universal screening and hearing loss detection. The author notes that an optimal protocol for universal screening would permit infants with normal hearing to be accurately segregated from those with true positive results who need expensive follow up and would help identify neonates with transient conducive hearing losses, sparing them the necessity of follow-ups. The article goes on to discuss the causes of SNHL, the use of a multidisciplinary team evaluation, the measurement of hearing (using evoked otacoustic emissions, or OAE, and other methods), and the advances in understanding the genetics of hearing loss. The remainder of the article considers the nongenetic causes of hearing loss, including congenital cytomegalovirus infection, congenital toxoplasmosis, congenital syphilis, rubella, measles and mumps, herpes simplex encephalitis, bacterial meningitis, toxic drugs and chemicals, hypoxia and anoxia, hyperbilirubinemia, recurrent otitis media, neonatal intensive care, ear or temporal bone trauma, perilymph fistula, and noise-induced hearing loss. 3 tables. 79 references. (AA-M).

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Genetics and Molecular Biology of Deafness Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 32(6): 1067-1088. December 1999. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: This article reviews the genetics and molecular biology of deafness, stressing that otolaryngologists will increasingly play a role in the evaluation of people with hearing impairments. The authors outline three reasons that knowledge of genetics and molecular biology is becoming more important: during the past two decades, there has been a chance in the most common causes of severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss (i.e., less rubella, fewer trauma induced problems, and reduced use of ototoxic drugs); in the last decade, approximately 49 genes that cause hereditary hearing impairment have been identified; and, as genes that cause hereditary hearing impairment are located and closed, scientists gain information about the biologic mechanisms that likely will lead to new methods for treating and preventing sensorineural hearing loss. Hereditary hearing impairment can present as an isolated occurrence, or in association with a number of anomalies to be part of a syndrome. The screening of newborns for hearing impairment using the techniques of molecular biologists and geneticists will result in early identification and appropriate intervention for those at risk for hereditary hearing impairment. 1 figure. 6 tables. 41 references.

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Risk of Transmission of Viruses in the Dental Office Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(10): 554-555, 557. November 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: This article reviews the risk of transmission of viruses in the dental office. In addition to the bloodborne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses, other viruses of concern in the dental office include rubella, mumps and measles viruses; the herpes viruses, including varicella zoster, Epstein Barr, and cytomegalovirus; human papilloma viruses; adenovirus; coxsackie viruses; and the upper respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza. Most of these viruses are far more prevalent than the bloodborne pathogens and many are of particular concern to nonimmune pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. The author discusses the evidence for viral transmission in the dental office, and dentists' exposure to bloodborne pathogens. The author notes that many cases of transmission of infection are not documented. Many are not recognized because of subclinical infection (no apparent symptoms), the difficulty of linking isolated sporadic cases with a health care worker, and the variation in completeness of surveillance among jurisdictions. 29 references.

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Infant Hearing Screening Program: High-Risk Factors for Hearing Loss Source: Seminars in Hearing. 17(2): 165-170. May 1996. Summary: This article stresses the importance of identifying early risk factors for hearing loss. Early identification provides significant advantages for hearing improvement; later identification of hearing impairment carries serious consequences for language development. Various screening techniques have been developed and these are important for the direction of future research in the diagnosis and management of hearing impairment in infants and children. The authors report on their experiences in a hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and note that there is approximately a 1 to 3 percent incidence of significant hearing impairment that can be diagnosed in the NICU setting. Routine use of the high risk registry (following guidelines established by an NIH Consensus Conference) only results in a detection rate of 50 percent. Presently, the average age of diagnosing significant hearing loss in children is two and one-half years. Children with cranial facial abnormalities are at high risk for having sensorineural hearing impairment. Hearing impairment can be associated with low agar scores and low birth weight. Children who have intrauterine exposure to toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes (TORCH) are at high risk for hearing impairment in the neonatal period. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the impact of ear infections on hearing in children and a discussion of the cost-effectiveness of hearing screening. 11 references. (AA-M).

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Viral Infection as a Cause of Arthritis Source: American Family Physician. 54(6):2009-2015. November 1, 1996. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for health professionals discusses viral infection as a cause of arthritis. Theories concerning the pathogenesis of viral rheumatic illnesses are presented. The features of arthritis associated with various viral infections are described,

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focusing on rubella virus; parvovirus B19; enteroviruses, adenovirus, and arboviruses; and hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. Rheumatic complaints secondary to viral infections are usually brief, self-limited, and nondestructive. They may accompany almost any type of viral illness, and the arthritic presentation is nonspecific. Often the cause of the rheumatic complaint remains elusive because of the prompt resolution of the viral infection. Evaluation for autoimmune diseases should be postponed until the symptoms have been present for at least 6 weeks. However, some viral diseases, such as parvovirus and chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, can produce long-lasting rheumatic symptoms. Since the arthritis associated with hepatitis C infection has only recently been recognized, it is important to search for this association in patients who have atypical rheumatic complaints, risk factors for hepatitis, and alterations in liver enzymes, so that an accurate diagnosis can be established and the pathophysiology can be better understood. 26 references and 1 table. •

Pediatric Exanthems: Recognize the Rash Source: JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(4): 2930,32,35-36. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on recognizing distinct exanthems to differentiate viral and bacterial infections from rickettsial rashes, parasitic infections, drug reactions, and other reactive erythemas. The article focuses on the transmission, features, and treatment of common exanthems, including the eruptions of varicella, measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, and scarlet fever. The lesions of varicella, or chickenpox, are teardrop shaped vesicles on an erythematous base. The rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities and face. Treatment is aimed at relieving pruritus and preventing secondary infection. Measles presents with a maculopapular rash that develops approximately 2 days after the appearance of Koplik's spots. Treatment is symptomatic. Rubella, or German measles, is characterized by small maculopapules beginning on the face and spreading to the trunk and extremities. The rash of fifth disease begins with plaquelike lesions on the face that coalesce to create a slapped cheek appearance. This is followed by the development of a maculopapular rash that takes on a lacelike or reticular pattern on the arms, legs, and torso. Roseola, the most common viral exanthematous disease of childhood, is characterized by a morbilliform rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the neck, face, and extremities. The lesions of hand foot and mouth disease are thin walled, blisterlike vesicles on a red base that rapidly ulcerate. Infectious mononucleosis causes a rash in approximately 15 percent of patients. Scarlet fever presents with a punctate, erythematous rash that appears first on the trunk. Antibiotics are used to treat this disease. Treatment for measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, and infectious mononucleosis is symptomatic. Vaccines are available for varicella, measles, and rubella. 7 figures and 9 references.

Federally Funded Research on Rubella The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to rubella. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

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(Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to rubella. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore rubella. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for rubella: •

Project Title: ASSEMBLY OF ENVELOPED VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Richard J.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A fundamental process carried out by all viruses is the assembly of the virion. A detailed understanding of this process will be invaluable of effective antiviral strategies as well as providing insight into basic macromolecular process. The proposed project will investigate the assembly of enveloped viruses. The research will span two families of structurally related viruses: the flaviviruses and togaviruses. The flaviviruses comprise a family of plus-strand RNA viruses, many of which cause significant disease in humans. This proposal will focus on yellow fever virus and hepatitis C virus. In addition, our study of togavirus assembly will be devoted to rubella virus, the sole member of the rubrivirus genus. We propose to investigate the process by which these viruses assembly their inner nucleocapsid core and the subsequent association of the core with transmembrane glycoproteins. A multi- disciplinary approach will be employed to investigate this assembly process. This approach will entail the use of molecular genetics, biochemistry and structural techniques to probe the mechanism of virus assembly and to ultimately describe the process in atomic detail. In collaboration with Tim Baker's laboratory, we will use cryo electron microscopy and image reconstructions to Rossmann's laboratory, we will carry out crystallographic experiments to determine the atomic structure of the nucleocapsid proteins and in vitro assembled nucleocapsid cores. In parallel, we will use NMR techniques, in collaboration with Carol Post, to probe the structure of capsid proteins. We will carry out biochemical studies on purified capsid proteins produced in E. coli. These studies will examine the processes of capsid-capsid interaction, capsid-nucleic acid interaction, core assembly and capsid-glycoprotein interaction. We will also perform molecular genetic studies on yellow fever and rubella to examine structure-function relationships in these capsid proteins and their role in the virus life cycle. The proposed research will advanced our knowledge of virus assembly, macromolecular interactions, and serve as a paradigm for the molecular mechanism of virus and cellular budding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: CONGENITAL CMV IN A HIGHLY SEROIMMUNE MATERNAL POPULATI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Britt, William J.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus is a major cause of brain disease and long-term sequelae in infants and children. Although the natural history of this maternal/fetal infection has been studied for over 30 years, major gaps in our understanding in the pathogenesis of this infection remain. In contrast to other congenital viral infections such as those caused by rubella, congenital CMV infections occurs in offspring of immune women. Congenital infections in immune women are termed non-primary infections and likely account for the vast majority of infected infants worldwide. Recently, several reports have indicated that congenital infections following non-primary maternal infections also are a major cause of disease in newborn infants and can be associated with long term CNS sequelae. Furthermore, the incidence of congenital CMV infections appears to increase with increasing maternal seroprevalence. In this proposal we will extend the ongoing studies in southeastern Brazil where the maternal CMV seroprevalence is >95% and the congenital infection rate is over 2%. Our goals are to identify maternal risk factors associated with this high rate of congenital infection and to begin to define the relationship between viral genetic diversity and the high rate of congenital infection. Studies such as the one proposed in this application are particularly relevant to the development of strategies such as vaccination to limit this important cause of childhood disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CRYOEM AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION OF VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, Timothy S.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Viruses are parasites of their hosts. Hence, the life cycle of any virus is inextricably tied to that of the host cell. Despite this dependence, all viruses share a number of essential tasks which they must accomplish for survival. A virus must be able to find and recognize a cell in which it can replicate, release its genome into the cell, generate new viral components by transcription and translation and assembly these components into precursors that mature into a stable progeny virion which is released from the host cell and transmitted to encounter a new host. Different viruses accomplish these tasks in different ways as a result of adaptation to different cellular environments. Each of these tasks involves interactions between components within the context of the whole virion and hence require the visualization of the entire structure at which the techniques of cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction ('cryo-reconstruction') excel. We have exploited cryoreconstruction techniques to study a diverse range of viruses, including those that infect mammals as well as insects, bacteria, and plants (including fungi and algae). Several studies funded by the current PPG have illustrated the structural response of different viruses to the common tasks of the viral life cycle. This proposal involves several new cryo-reconstruction studies aimed at exploring the structural basis for key aspects of viral infection. Work with the Kuhn and Rossmann laboratories will continue analyses of the assembly of several enveloped viruses of the alphavirus gene (Togavirus family). We will also initiate new studies of the assembly of three important human

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pathogenesis: rubella virus (rubrivirus genus) and two members of the closely related Flavivirus family of enveloped viruses, yellow fever virus and Hepatitis C virus. A collaboration with Smith's laboratory will address issues related to viral transmission in two plant viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. A collaboration with Friedman's laboratory will define viral epitopes on human papilloma viruses, including the carcinogenic, HPV serotype 16. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF DISEASE INTERFERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rohani, Pejman; None; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed work will develop a general framework for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of "disease communities". Although the field of epidemiology has a distinguished history with notable successes, the potential for interaction between unrelated infections has not received much attention. A mechanism for interaction between antigenically distinct infections is proposed: following an acute infection, individuals are temporarily unavailable to contract other diseases (primarily because quarantining during convalescence). Hence, the number of potential "hosts" available for each pathogen is affected by the outbreak dynamics of other infections. If an infection is associated with substantial mortality, then potential hosts become permanently removed and the interaction takes the form of competition between diseases. This mechanism leads to what is called "disease interference". This proposal aims to develop this conceptual framework, answering a number of fundamental ecological and evolutionary questions. Do all infections interact with all other infections? The answer to this is clearly no. Intuitively, it would be expected that the strength of this negative interaction between infections would depend on the degree similarity in hosts infected. For human infections, this would be determined by the amount of overlap between the distributions of the host age at infection. Does disease interference affect evolutionary dynamics? A central hypothesis of this work is that interference is likely to select for increased disease virulence. Can we use interference effects in systems where antigenic polymorphism is well established (e.g. Dengue)? The interference mechanism provides a null model for the study of infections with multiple strains. Is this work likely to have any important public health implications? Preliminary work suggests interference effects may be beneficially used to eradicate infections using fewer vaccine units than using conventional estimates. This proposal also aims to construct statistical tools whereby the signature of interference may be confidently detected from data. Due to their excellent spatio-temporal data sets, much of this work will focus on childhood infections (e.g. as measles, pertussis, chickenpox and rubella), though the proposed mechanism is quite general. The analytical tools developed will be applied to numerous long-term disease records to explore the ubiquity of the interference phenomenon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF PEDIATRIC MEASLES/MUMPS/RUBELLA VACCINE ON HIV 1 REPLICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Staprans, Silvija I.; Assistant Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002

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Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENHANCING MICROENCAPSULATION

MUCOSAL

IMMUNE

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Offit, Paul A.; Chief; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 191044399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1990; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Whereas protection following natural infection with systemic viruses (such as measles, mumps, rubella, or varicella) is usually life-long and complete (1), protection following infection with mucosal viruses (such as rotavirus, influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus) is usually short-lived and incomplete (2). Two observations might explain these differences. First, antibodysecreting cells (ASC) at mucosal surfaces after natural infection or immunization (primary ASC) are short-lived (3). Second, the time required for generation of secondary ASC derived from memory B cells is often longer than the incubation periods of most mucosal pathogens. Therefore, development of vaccines that provide long-lived and complete protection against mucosal pathogens will depend upon either prolonging primary ASC after immunization or hastening the onset of secondary ASC after challenge. To enhance virus-specific mucosal immune responses, we recently developed a system of microencapsulation based on the ionic linkage of aqueous polymers and aqueous amines (10). We found that microcapsules enhance the magnitude of primary and secondary rotavirus-specific ASC and enhance protection against rotavirus challenge. Although the mechanism by which microcapsules enhance protective virusspecific immune responses remains unclear, we found that microcapsules containing rotavirus might select for antigen-presenting cells (APC) different from and perhaps more efficient that those involved during natural infection. Using microencapsulated and unencapsulated preparations of rotavirus, we will determine whether APC type (i.e. dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, or intestinal epithelial cells) alters primary or secondary ASC responses. In addition, by biologically or chemically modifying microcapsules, we will determine whether alteration in the type of APC recruited during mucosal infection, or alteration in the kinetics of antigen presentation, modifies protective immune responses. The availability of microencapsulated virus provides a unique opportunity to understand the relationship between APC and protective mucosal immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF VACCINE RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Poland, Gregory A.; Director, Mayo Vaccine Research Group; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Our broad, long term objective is to determine the genetic mechanisms that influence the immune response (antibody level and lymphoproliferative responses) to viral vaccines. We propose to study the influence of HLA class I and II genes on the immune response to an established live viral vaccine - rubella - as a model. We will also determine whether these findings are specific to rubella or generalizable to concomitantly administered live viral (measles and mumps) vaccines. Our central hypothesis is that genetic polymorphisms of the HLA system significantly influence the immune responses to live viral vaccines. To test our specific hypotheses, we propose

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studies with the following Specific Aims: 1) To estimate the association between specific alleles of HLA class I alleles (A, B, and C), and immune responses following rubella immunization in human subjects, 2) To estimate the association between specific alleles of HLA class II alleles (DRB, DQA, DQB, DPA, and DPB), and immune responses following rubella immunization, 3) To estimate the effects of genetic variation (homozygosity and multigenic interactions) across the class I and/or class II HLA alleles and immune responses following rubella immunization, and 4) To determine the specificity of vaccine-induced immune response associations (antibody and lymphoproliferative responses) following immunization with rubella vaccine compared to models of other live viral vaccines (measles and mumps). The study aims of this research proposal extend our NO 1 and RU 1 data on measles vaccine immunogenetics by examining the influence of the class I (A, B, C) and II (DRB, DQA, DQB, DPA, DPB) HLA genes upon variations in immune response (defined as antibody levels and lymphoproliferative responses) following rubella immunization. Our findings may allow generalizable immunogenetic conclusions regarding the immune response to viral vaccines. Our study may also guide the development of new vaccines (HIV, HPV, Hepatitis C, and others) and would facilitate identification of the actual epitopes involved in immune response variation in a genetically outbred heterogeneous population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF RUBELLA VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frey, Teryl K.; Professor and Associate Chair; Biology; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rubella virus (RUB), the sole member of the Rubivirus genus in the Togavirus family of RNA viruses, is a major human pathogen that is the most potent teratogen of an infectious nature. Use of live, attenuated vaccines control rubella, however these vaccines have been associated with arthritis in adult women and placental transfer to the fetus, contraindicating vaccination during pregnancy. The proposed research will continue a long-term study of the molecular biology of RUB aimed at understanding virus pathogenesis and evolution. The focus of study is the RUB nonstructural proteins (NSP's) involved in virus RNA replication. The NSP's have been implicated in RUB-induced pathogenesis and are of evolutionary interest in that, by computer alignment, they are more closely related to hepatitis E virus (HEV, an unclassified enteric virus) than to the alphaviruses, the other Togavirus genus. The first specific aim is to study domains of the RUB NSP's that are unique to RUB. The structure of two Zn binding domains within the protease that processes the NSP's from a precursor will be analyzed (hypothesis: the RUB protease is a metalloprotease, a type of protease not previously found in RNA viruses). Another putative Zn binding motif in the RUB NSP's will be analyzed (hypothesis: the Zn domain participates in methyltransferase activity). Finally, the function of a recently discovered domain that can be complemented by the virus capsid gene will be studied (hypothesis: complementation is at the RNA level). In the second specific aim, the effect of precursor processing on the structure of the NSP complex will be analyzed. The NSP's of plusstrand RNA viruses are multifunctional proteins and the impact of processing on these proteins, which function in a complex, is not understood. RUB produces two NSP's by a single cleavage of the precursor (other viruses produce four or more NSP's) and advantage will be taken of this minimal number of proteins to analyze the effect of cleavage on subsequent interaction of the NSP's. Binding sites between the NSP's will be

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mapped and the effect of independent expression and insertion of additional cleavage sites will be explored (hypothesis: complex formation is not dependent on initial synthesis as a precursor). Additionally, in vitro expression of the HEV NSP's will be used to determine how many NSP's are produced (hypothesis: HEV produces two NSP's confirming relatedness with RUB previously indicated only by computer). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NMR STUDIES OF VIRAL PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Post, Carol B.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Structural and biochemical studies are proposed to examine protein- protein and protein-lipid interactions involved in viral budding and viral maturation. The focus is on the plus-strand RNA viruses, which either cause human disease or are closely related to viruses which cause human disease. The budding process and nucleocapsid stabilization will be investigated by NMR and other methods for alphavirus, hepatitis C virus, rubella virus, and yellow fever virus, the most simple enveloped viruses. Structural features important for capsid stabilization and maturation will be investigated by NMR for Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), a structurally more complex retrovirus. Specific objectives are to understand the importance of the capsidnucleocapsid region of the RSV Gag protein by determining 3-dimensional solution structures of various RSV protein constructs, and characterizing interdomain interactions for the C-terminal domain of capsid (CA) protein, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, and the capsid-nucleocapsid core particles and the transmembrane E2glycoprotein has been proposed and will be tested by biochemical and NMR experiments. Further studies to investigate nucleocapsid stability are also proposed for yellow fever virus (YFV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and rubella virus (RUBV) using NMR methods combined with mutagenesis results. Results from the studies proposed in this project, coupled with results from molecular genetics and crystallography proposed elsewhere in the Program Project, will enhance our understanding of the structural and physical basis underlying viral assembly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PASSIVE ANTIBODY PROTECTION IN SHIV CHALLENGE MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Vancott, Thomas C.; Principal Scientist; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) Passive administration of specific antibody can protect against disease caused by viruses such as polio, measles, rubella, varicella, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. While antibody alone may not protect against HIV1 infection, the investigators hypothesize that pre-existing antibody in systemic and mucosal compartments may be an important component of protection against transmission of HIV-1. The lack of an animal challenge model for HIV-1 that readily supports replication of primary isolates and simulates the physiology of sexual HIVinfection has made it difficult to perform passive transfer studies that would elucidate humoral correlates of protection. An additional obstacle is that few available antibodies appear capable of potent neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates. The investigators have recently demonstrated that three antibody reagents (a polyclonal HIVIG and human Mabs 2F5 and 2G12) each neutralize primary HIV-1 strains and together, display

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synergistic neutralizing activity. They propose to study the efficacy of passive administration of these antibodies (alone or in combination) in preventing macaque infection by a SHIV containing the HIV-1 envelope of a primary isolate (SHIV-89.6). Experiments will include intravenous and intravaginal challenge, and in-vivo protection will be correlated to measured levels of serum and mucosal HIV-specific antibody. Particular emphasis will be placed on the intravaginal challenge system as a model of sexual transmission of HIV-1. The main objectives are to evaluate the protective efficacy of passively transferred antibody and to understand the humoral immune correlates of protection. In addition, since genital tract dendritic cells are likely initial targets of HIV-1 infection, the investigators will perform neutralizing antibody assays using skin and blood derived dendritic cells as targets of HIV-1 infection. Specific Aim 1. Develop invitro assays that can measure antibody-mediated virus neutralization from serum and muscosal specimens using human dendritic cells as targets of HIV-1 infection. Specific Aim 2. Evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of passive administration of anti-HIV-1 antibody combinations in protection of rhesus macaques against intravenous and muscosal SHIV challenge. Specific Aim 3. Correlate in-vivo protection from SHIV challenge with serum and muscosal antibody levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHASE II SEROCONVERSION OF SINGLE DOSE AND TWO DOSE MEASLES VACCINATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kovacs, Andrea A.; Associate Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREGNANCY AND THE MODULATION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Langer-Gould, Annette; Neurology & Neurological Scis; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): It is well known that disease activity is significantly reduced during late pregnancy in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). This disease-modifying effect is far more powerful than any existing treatments for MS. There are no studies of pregnant women with MS to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for this effect. Based on our studies of the disease-modifying effect of pregnancy in the animal model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, we hypothesize that there is a circulating factor present during late pregnancy that suppresses activation of memory CD4+ T cells and accounts for the disease amelioration in pregnant women with MS. We will test this hypothesis first by characterizing the state of T cell activation in MS patients during pregnancy and for 1-year postpartum using 11-color FACS analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Secondly, we will determine if the changes in antigen-specific memory T cell activation are different in women with MS as compared with healthy pregnant women (n = 20). This will address the important question of whether an underlying defect in pregnancy-related hormonal regulation of the immune system is key in the pathogenesis of MS. Finally, we will test (in vitro) the effect of human pregnancy sera on alterations in Th1-like memory T cells and compare this with the ex vivo measurements of memory T cell function during pregnancy in women with MS. To address these aims, we will enroll pregnant women

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with MS (n = 50) and healthy pregnant women (n = 20). Clinical information will be collected prospectively by the participants? neurologist and from medical records and interviewer-administered questionnaires in early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Statistical analyses of the data will examine the association between the immunologic measures and clinical disease activity while examining (and controlling for) other important factors, such as disease subtype, age, treatment history, and disease duration. The search for the pregnancy-related factor or hormone responsible for the protective effect of pregnancy in MS may potentially lead to the development of novel treatments for MS and other Th1-driven autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE OF SIMPLE RNA ENVELOPED VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rossmann, Michael G.; Hanley Distinguished Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy are to be used for structural studies of enveloped viruses and their self-assembled cores. The work will concentrate on alpha- (Sindbis, Semliki Forest, Ross River, Aura), rubella and flavi(hepatitis C and yellow fever) viruses. Rubella virus is a major problem to the human fetus in pregnant mothers. Hepatitis C virus infections are a worldwide problem, affecting as much as 20% of the population in some countries. Alphaviruses can sometimes cause fatal diseases such as encephalitis fever and arthritis. Currently, little structural information is available about enveloped viruses. Structural studies are likely to provide understanding of the mechanisms by which these positive-stranded RNA viruses disassemble on cell entry and assemble prior to cell exit. Many laboratories have attempted to crystallize alphaviruses, but only very poorly diffracting crystals have been produced. We suspect that the probable cause for the crystalline disorder may be the presence of heterogeneous carbohydrate moieties. Hence, site-directed mutations are being made (in collaboration with Richard Kuhn) to eliminate or reduce the number of potential glycosylation sites on the surface glycoproteins of Sindbis virus. The most difficult and time-consuming part of the work will be in sample preparation involving site-specific mutagenesis to deglycosylate the surface glycoproteins to obtain homogeneous samples of in vitro assembled cores. Although the electron microscopic, image reconstruction and crystallographic studies will take time and effort, the technologies are well established. We have attained good expression of Sindbis virus, Ross River virus, rubella virus and hepatitis C virus capsid protein in E. coli, although crystallization of the capsid protein has so far been achieved for only Sindbis virus. Mutational and structural studies of these proteins will be pursued similar to those previously used in the analysis of Sindbis virus. Self-assembled core-like particles using various nucleic acids, including genomic RNA and a DNA 48-mer, have been obtained for all the above mentioned capsid proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy studies and crystallization trials are underway. Reproducible small crystals (less than or equal to 0.05 mm diameter) of the in vitro assembled Sindibis cores can be produced routinely. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOGAVIRUS TROPISM FOR BONES, JOINTS, AND CNS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heise, Mark T.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Togavirus infection of humans is characterized by acute and persistent arthritis/arthralgia, as well as viral encephalitis. Infection of adult mice with S.A.AR86, an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae, provides an excellent and unique model system to examine the molecular basis for both of these human disease pathologies. Attractive features of these models include: a) S.A.AR86 and related viruses cause acute and persistent arthralgia in humans. b) We have sequenced the genomes of S.A.AR86 and several of its closest relatives, constructed an authentic S.A.AR86 infectious cDNA clone, and successfully utilized expression systems based on S.A.AR86 for in vitro and in vivo experiments. c) Preliminary data demonstrated acute S.A.AR86 tropism for mouse bone and joint tissue following peripheral inoculation and persistence in these tissues for at least 3 months. d) Unlike other members of the Sindbis-group of alphaviruses, S.A.AR86 is neurovirulent in mice of all ages, and this phenotype maps to the viral nonstructural genes responsible for RNA synthesis. We propose the following Specific Aims. 1) Identify cellular targets of S.A.AR86 replication within bone/joint tissue, characterize S.A.AR86 persistence within these tissues, and evaluate other arthritis/arthralgia associated Togaviruses, including rubella and Ross River virus, for replication and/or persistence in bone/joint tissue. 2) Nine putative genetic determinants of neurovirulence within the nonstructural genes will be evaluated by changing these codons within the S.A.AR86 genome to the codons found in non-neurovirulent viruses and screening for loss of neurovirulence. In addition, the candidate S.A.AR86 codons will be introduced into non-neurovirulent virus genomes and screened for gain of virulence. 3) The mechanism(s) by which mutations modulate neurovirulence in adult mice will be examined using the nonstructural gene mutants identified in Aim 2, as well as a mutation at nsP1 538, which has already been identified, cloned and partially characterized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for rubella in the PubMed Central database: •

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5' sequences of rubella virus RNA stimulate translation of chimeric RNAs and specifically interact with two host-encoded proteins. by Pogue GP, Cao XQ, Singh NK, Nakhasi HL.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238172 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A case-control study of autism and mumps-measles-rubella vaccination using the general practice research database: design and methodology. by Smeeth L, Hall AJ, Fombonne E, Rodrigues LC, Huang X, Smith PG.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29106

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A Single-Amino-Acid Substitution of a Tyrosine Residue in the Rubella Virus E1 Cytoplasmic Domain Blocks Virus Release. by Yao J, Gillam S.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111801

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Accuracy of single radial hemolysis test for rubella immunity when internal reference standards are used to estimate antibody levels. by Nommensen FE.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265807

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Alpha interferon administration to infants with congenital rubella. by Arvin AM, Schmidt NJ, Cantell K, Merigan TC.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181869

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An antibody- and synthetic peptide-defined rubella virus E1 glycoprotein neutralization domain. by Wolinsky JS, Sukholutsky E, Moore WT, Lovett A, McCarthy M, Adame B.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237450

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Analysis of T- and B-cell epitopes of capsid protein of rubella virus by using synthetic peptides. by Ou D, Chong P, Tripet B, Gillam S.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240908

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Antenatal Screening for Hepatitis B and Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Rubella Virus: Evaluation of Two Commercial Immunoassay Systems. by Diepersloot RJ, Dunnewold-Hoekstra H, Kruit-den Hollander J, Vlaspolder F.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96143

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Antibody levels for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and rubella in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. by Halbert SP, Kiefer DJ, Friedman-Kien AE, Poiesz B.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268634

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Antibody response to individual rubella virus proteins in congenital and other rubella virus infections. by Katow S, Sugiura A.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271684

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Antigen requirements, sensitivity, and specificity of enzyme immunoassays for measles and rubella viral antibodies. by Forghani B, Schmidt NJ.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275375

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Application of immunoperoxidase staining to more rapid detection and identification of rubella virus isolates. by Schmidt NJ, Ho HH, Chin J.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273848

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Autoantigens interact with cis-acting elements of rubella virus RNA. by Pogue GP, Hofmann J, Duncan R, Best JM, Etherington J, Sontheimer RD, Nakhasi HL.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190652

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B-cell function in vitro during rubella infection. by Hyypia T, Eskola J, Laine M, Meurman O.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264339

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Cellular and humoral immune responses to rubella virus structural proteins E1, E2, and C. by Chaye HH, Mauracher CA, Tingle AJ, Gillam S.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265500

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Characteristics of Serially Propagated Monkey Kidney Cell Cultures with Persistent Rubella Infection. by Maassab HF, Veronelli JA.; 1966 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315965

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Characterization of an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein. by Hobman TC, Lemon HF, Jewell K.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192117

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Characterization of rubella virus-specific antibody responses by using a new synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Mitchell LA, Zhang T, Ho M, Decarie D, Tingle AJ, Zrein M, Lacroix M.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265391

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Characterization of the rubella virus nonstructural protease domain and its cleavage site. by Chen JP, Strauss JH, Strauss EG, Frey TK.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190407

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Characterization of the Zinc Binding Activity of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease. by Liu X, Yang J, Ghazi AM, Frey TK.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112091

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Circulating immune complexes in patients with acute measles and rubella virus infections. by Ziola B, Lund G, Meurman O, Salmi A.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264681

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Clinical evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin M. by Chernesky MA, Wyman L, Mahony JB, Castriciano S, Unger JT, Safford JW, Metzel PS.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271338

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Comparative evaluation of commercial rubella virus antibody kits. by Wittenburg RA, Roberts MA, Elliott LB, Little LM.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271605

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Comparison of a new, rapid enzyme immunoassay with a latex agglutination test for qualitative detection of rubella antibodies. by Ferraro MJ, Kallas WM, Welch KP, Lau AY.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269315

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Comparison of a simple latex agglutination test with hemolysis-in-gel, hemagglutination inhibition, and radioimmunoassay for detection of rubella virus antibodies. by Vaananen P, Haiva VM, Koskela P, Meurman O.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271783

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Comparison of a whole-virus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with a peptide-based EIA for detecting rubella virus immunoglobulin G antibodies following rubella vaccination. by Zrein M, Joncas JH, Pedneault L, Robillard L, Dwyer RJ, Lacroix M.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265571

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Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with indirect hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition for determination of rubella virus antibody: evaluation of immune status with commercial reagents in a clinical laboratory. by Truant AL, Barksdale BL, Huber TW, Elliott LB.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272583

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Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with enzyme-linked fluorescence assay with automated readers for detection of rubella virus antibody and herpes simplex virus. by Shekarchi IC, Sever JL, Nerurkar L, Fuccillo D.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271582

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Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition, and passive latex agglutination for determination of rubella immune status. by Steece RS, Talley MS, Skeels MR, Lanier GA.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271594

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Comparison of four enzyme immunoassays for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies against rubella virus. by Matter L, Gorgievski-Hrisoho M, Germann D.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263955

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Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining antibody to rubella virus. by Shekarchi IC, Sever JL, Tzan N, Ley A, Ward LC, Madden D.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273902

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Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining for identification of rubella virus isolates. by Schmidt NJ, Dennis J, Lennette EH.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275075

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Comparison of novel synthetic peptide-based DETECT-RUBELLA enzyme immunoassays with Enzygnost and IMx for detection of rubella-specific

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immunoglobulin G. by Pedneault L, Zrein M, Robillard L, Landry F, Lacroix M, Joncas J.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267191 •

Comparison of several test systems used for determination of rubella immune status. by Weissfeld AS, Gehle WD, Sonnenwirth AC.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272298

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Comparison of social distribution of immunisation with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, England, 1991-2001. by Middleton E, Baker D.; 2003 Apr 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153473

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Comparison of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test and an Indirect FluorescentAntibody Test for Detection of Antibody to Rubella Virus in Human Sera. by Cremer NE, Hagens SJ, Cossen C.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273499

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Comparison of the latex agglutination test with the hemagglutination inhibition test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and neutralization test for detection of antibodies to rubella virus. by Meegan JM, Evans BK, Horstmann DM.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272438

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Complementation of a Deletion in the Rubella Virus P150 Nonstructural Protein by the Viral Capsid Protein. by Tzeng WP, Frey TK.; 2003 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187411

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Construction of rubella virus genome-length cDNA clones and synthesis of infectious RNA transcripts. by Wang CY, Dominguez G, Frey TK.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236859

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Decay of Passively Acquired Maternal Antibodies against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses. by Nicoara C, Zach K, Trachsel D, Germann D, Matter L.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95790

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Decline of Measles-Specific Immunoglobulin M Antibodies after Primary Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination. by Helfand RF, Gary HE Jr, Atkinson WL, Nordin JD, Keyserling HL, Bellini WJ.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=121349

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Detection of Immunoglobulin G and A Antibodies to Rubella Virus in Urine and Antibody Responses to Vaccine-Induced Infection. by Takahashi S, Machikawa F, Noda A, Oda T, Tachikawa T.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=121385

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Detection of immunoglobulins G and M to rubella virus by time-resolved immunofluorometry. by Shankaran P, Reichstein E, Khosravi MJ, Diamandis EP.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269664

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Detection of Low-Avidity Immunoglobulin G in Oral Fluid Samples: New Approach for Rubella Diagnosis and Surveillance. by Akingbade D, Cohen BJ, Brown DW.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145279

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Detection of rubella antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition, indirect fluorescentantibody test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Zartarian MV, Friedly G, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274013

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Detection of rubella virus gene sequences by enzymatic amplification and direct sequencing of amplified DNA. by Eggerding FA, Peters J, Lee RK, Inderlied CB.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269913

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Detection of rubella virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies in whole blood on Whatman paper: comparison with detection in sera. by Punnarugsa V, Mungmee V.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270299

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Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies by immunoblot assays. by Zhang T, Mauracher CA, Mitchell LA, Tingle AJ.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265169

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Detection of Rubella Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin G in Saliva by an Amplification-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Monoclonal Antibody to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate. by Vyse AJ, Brown DW, Cohen BJ, Samuel R, Nokes DJ.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84317

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Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies with a baculovirusexpressed E1 protein. by Schmidt M, Lindqvist C, Salmi A, Oker-Blom C.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170281

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Detection of rubella virus-specific polymeric immunoglobulin A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in combination with streptococcal pretreatment of serum. by Kawano K, Minamishima Y.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265405

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Detection of rubella-specific immunoglobulin G: comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay (IMx). by Skurrie IJ, Head JL, Garland SM.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270199

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Detection of specific immunoglobulin M antibody to rubella virus by use of an enzyme-labeled antigen. by Bonfanti C, Meurman O, Halonen P.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271827

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Rubella

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Determination of immune status in patients with low antibody titers for rubella virus. by Fayram SL, Akin S, Aarnaes SL, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265855

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Development and evaluation of a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of rubella immunoglobulin M using monoclonal antibodies. by Gerna I, Zannino M, Revello MG, Petruzzelli E, Dovis M.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269131

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Development of a highly specific and sensitive rubella immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme immunoassay that uses enzyme-labeled antigen. by Seppanen H.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267783

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Development of a Rubella Virus Vaccine Expression Vector: Use of a Picornavirus Internal Ribosome Entry Site Increases Stability of Expression. by Pugachev KV, Tzeng WP, Frey TK.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110958

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Diagnosis of postnatally acquired rubella by use of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for specific immunoglobulins G and M and single radial hemolysis for specific immunoglobulin G. by Field PR, Gong CM.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271482

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Diagnosis of recent rubella virus infection by demonstration of specific immunoglobulin M antibodies: comparison of solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. by Denoyel GA, Gaspar A, Peyramond D.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273862

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Diagnostic potential of baculovirus-expressed rubella virus envelope proteins. by Seppanen H, Huhtala ML, Vaheri A, Summers MD, Oker-Blom C.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270228

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Differences in antibody responses with rapid agglutination tests for the detection of rubella antibodies. by Chernesky MA, DeLong DJ, Mahony JB, Castriciano S.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362835

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Dot immunobinding assay for simultaneous detection of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies to measles virus, mumps virus, and rubella virus. by Condorelli F, Ziegler T.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262851

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Effect of antiviral antibody on maintenance of long-term rubella virus persistent infection in Vero cells. by Abernathy ES, Wang CY, Frey TK.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248014

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Effect of Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Detection of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Antibodies. by Pinsky NA, Huddleston JM, Jacobson RM, Wollan PC, Poland GA.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145292

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Effects of 17beta-estradiol on the replication of rubella virus in an estrogenresponsive, continuous cell line. by Roehrig JT, Brawner TA, Riggs HG Jr.; 1979 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=353148

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Effects of Defined Mutations in the 5[prime prime or minute] Nontranslated Region of Rubella Virus Genomic RNA on Virus Viability and Macromolecule Synthesis. by Pugachev KV, Frey TK.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109418

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Effects of Mutations in the Rubella Virus E1 Glycoprotein on E1-E2 Interaction and Membrane Fusion Activity. by Yang D, Hwang D, Qiu Z, Gillam S.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110290

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determination of specific rubella antibody levels in micrograms of immunoglobulin G per milliliter of serum in clinical samples. by Leinikki PO, Shekarchi I, Dorsett P, Sever JL.; 1978 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275263

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rubella immunoglobulin G: new method for attachment of antigens to microtiter plates. by Skurrie IJ, Gilbert GL.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272734

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Evaluation and comparison of two assays for detection of immunity to rubella infection. by Brody JP, Binkley JH, Harding SA.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273252

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Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies to rubella virus in selected sera. by Freeman S, Clark L, Dumas N.; 1983 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270768

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Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay based on recombinant Rubella virus-like particles for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Rubella virus. by Grangeot-Keros L, Enders G.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229588

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Evaluation of a new latex test and a new enzyme immunoassay for determination of rubella immunity. by Simor AE, Chua R, Low DE.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266665

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Evaluation of a rubella hemagglutination inhibition test system. by Smith JA, Cummins AC.; 1976 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274217

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Evaluation of an institution-based protocol for postpartum rubella vaccination. by Eason E, Naus M, Sciberras J, Oppenheimer L.; 2001 Nov 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81624

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Evaluation of Antibodies against a Rubella Virus Neutralizing Domain for Determination of Immune Status. by Cordoba P, Lanoel A, Grutadauria S, Zapata M.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95994

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Evaluation of Cobas Core Rubella IgG EIA recomb, a new enzyme immunoassay based on recombinant rubella-like particles. by Grangeot-Keros L, Pustowoit B, Hobman T.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228421

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Evaluation of microparticle enzyme immunoassays for immunoglobulins G and M to rubella virus and Toxoplasma gondii on the Abbott IMx automated analyzer. by Schaefer LE, Dyke JW, Meglio FD, Murray PR, Crafts W, Niles AC.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267046

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Evaluation of rubella immune status by three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. by Field PR, Ho DW, Cunningham AL.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266502

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Evaluation of the hemolysis-in-gel test for the screening of rubella immunity and the demonstration of recent infection. by Grillner L, Strannegard O.; 1976 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274239

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Expression and characterization of virus-like particles containing rubella virus structural proteins. by Qiu Z, Ou D, Hobman TC, Gillam S.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236923

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Fluorescence immunoassay and passive latex agglutination as alternatives to hemagglutination inhibition for determining rubella immune status. by Fayram SL, Nakasone A, Aarnaes S, Zartarian M, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272717

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Fluoroimmunoassay for detection of rubella-specific immunoglobulin M: comparison with indirect enzyme immunoassay and mu-chain capture. by Echevarria JM, de Ory F, Najera R.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268426

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Hemadsorption immunosorbent technique for determination of rubella immunoglobulin M antibody. by van der Logt JT, van Loon AM, van der Veen J.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273805

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Hemolysis-in-gel test for the demonstration of antibodies to rubella virus. by Strannegard O, Grillner L, Lindberg IM.; 1975 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275164

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Identification of Calreticulin as a Rubella Virus RNA Binding Protein. by Singh NK, Atreya CD, Nakhasi HL.; 1994 Dec 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45521

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Identification of domains in rubella virus genomic RNA and capsid protein necessary for specific interaction. by Liu Z, Yang D, Qiu Z, Lim KT, Chong P, Gillam S.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190057

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Identification of T-cell epitopes on E2 protein of rubella virus, as recognized by human T-cell lines and clones. by Ou D, Chong P, Choi Y, McVeigh P, Jefferies WA, Koloitis G, Tingle AJ, Gillam S.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240179

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Immunoaffinity purification of baculovirus-expressed rubella virus E1 for diagnostic purposes. by Lindqvist C, Schmidt M, Heinola J, Jaatinen R, Osterblad M, Salmi A, Keranen S, Akerman K, Oker-Blom C.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263965

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Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of rubella virus structural proteins defined by synthetic peptides. by McCarthy M, Lovett A, Kerman RH, Overstreet A, Wolinsky JS.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237418

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Improved rubella hemagglutination inhibtion test: inactivation of nonimmunoglobulin hemagglutination inhibitors by phospholipase C. by Iwasa S, Hori M.; 1976 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274505

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Improved serological diagnosis of rubella. by Cremer NE, Hagens SJ, Fukuchi R.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270891

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Improvement of the specific infectivity of the rubella virus (RUB) infectious clone: determinants of cytopathogenicity induced by RUB map to the nonstructural proteins. by Pugachev KV, Abernathy ES, Frey TK.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191085

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Increase in congenital rubella occurrence after immunisation in Greece: retrospective survey and systematic review. by Panagiotopoulos T, Antoniadou I, Valassi-Adam E.; 1999 Dec 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28289

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Induction of an organ-specific autoimmune disease, lymphocytic hypophysitis, in hamsters by recombinant rubella virus glycoprotein and prevention of disease by

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neonatal thymectomy. by Yoon JW, Choi DS, Liang HC, Baek HS, Ko IY, Jun HS, Gillam S.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240829 •

Interferon-induced 2-5A synthetase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after immunization with influenza virus and rubella virus vaccines. by Penn LJ, Williams BR.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255533

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Intracellular Distribution of Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protein P150. by Kujala P, Ahola T, Ehsani N, Auvinen P, Vihinen H, Kaariainen L.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104308

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Large-scale production of rubella precipitinogens and their use in the diagnostic laboratory. by Cappel R, Schluederberg A, Horstmann DM.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275019

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Latex agglutination test for rubella antibodies: report based on data from the College of American Pathologists surveys, 1983 to 1985. by Skendzel LP, Edson DC.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268908

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Mapping of Genetic Determinants of Rubella Virus Associated with Growth in Joint Tissue. by Lund KD, Chantler JK.; 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111599

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Mapping the Rubella Virus Subgenomic Promoter. by Tzeng WP, Frey TK.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136037

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. by Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J.; 2002 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65532

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Modified Staphylococcal Absorption Method Used for Detecting Rubella-Specific Immunoglobulin M Antibodies During a Rubella Epidemic. by Handsher R, Fogel A.; 1977 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274661

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Monoclonal antibody-defined epitope map of expressed rubella virus protein domains. by Wolinsky JS, McCarthy M, Allen-Cannady O, Moore WT, Jin R, Cao SN, Lovett A, Simmons D.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248828

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Multicenter evaluation of a 1-h enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rubella serology. by Boteler WL, Barnes KJ, Buimovici-Klein E, O'Beirne AJ.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271534

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Multicenter evaluation of five commercial rubella virus immunoglobulin G kits which report in international units per milliliter. by Dimech W, Bettoli A, Eckert D, Francis B, Hamblin J, Kerr T, Ryan C, Skurrie I.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265124

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Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis. by Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H.; 2001 Feb 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26561

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Mutagenic Analysis of the 3[prime prime or minute] cis-Acting Elements of the Rubella Virus Genome. by Chen MH, Frey TK.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104103

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Mutational Analysis of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Polyprotein and Its Cleavage Products in Virus Replication and RNA Synthesis. by Liang Y, Gillam S.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110866

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Mutational Analysis, Using a Full-Length Rubella Virus cDNA Clone, of Rubella Virus E1 Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains Required for Virus Release. by Yao J, Gillam S.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112503

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Mutations in the E1 Hydrophobic Domain of Rubella Virus Impair Virus Infectivity but Not Virus Assembly. by Qiu Z, Yao J, Cao H, Gillam S.; 2000 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112174

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New latex agglutination test for rapid determination of rubella immune status. by Weissfeld AS, Sonnenwirth AC.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272514

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New passive hemagglutination assay kit that uses hemagglutinin-sensitized erythrocytes for detection of rubella antibodies. by Coates SR, Madsen RD, Rippe DF.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272550

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Nonspecific reactions in the hemagglutination inhibition test for detection of rubella antibodies. by Budzko DB, Jelinek DF, Wilcke BW Jr.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273895

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Nucleotide sequence and in vitro expression of rubella virus 24S subgenomic messenger RNA encoding the structural proteins E1, E2 and C. by Clarke DM, Loo TW, Hui I, Chong P, Gillam S.; 1987 Apr 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=340714

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Nucleotide sequence of capsid, E2 and E1 protein genes of Rubella virus vaccine strain RA27/3. by Nakhasi HL, Thomas D, Zheng DX, Liu TY.; 1989 Jun 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=317967

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Oligomeric immunoglobulin A antibody response to rubella virus infection. by Inouye S, Kono R, Takeuchi Y.; 1978 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275104

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PCR for detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical samples. by Bosma TJ, Corbett KM, O'Shea S, Banatvala JE, Best JM.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228107

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Persistence of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies after postnatal rubella infection determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. by Meurman OH.; 1978 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274852

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Phosphorylation of Rubella Virus Capsid Regulates Its RNA Binding Activity and Virus Replication. by Law LM, Everitt JC, Beatch MD, Holmes CF, Hobman TC.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140988

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Polycarbonate-coated microsticks as solid-phase carriers in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rubella antibody. by Shekarchi IC, Tzan N, Sever JL, Madden DL.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271317

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Prenatal diagnosis of rubella virus infection by direct detection and semiquantitation of viral RNA in clinical samples by reverse transcription-PCR. by Revello MG, Baldanti F, Sarasini A, Zavattoni M, Torsellini M, Gerna G.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229655

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Presence of a neutralizing domain in isolates of rubella virus in Cordoba, Argentina. by Cordoba P, Grutadauria SL, Cuffini C, Zapata MT.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170558

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Presence of an acid-labile alpha-interferon in sera from fetuses and children with congenital rubella. by Lebon P, Daffos F, Checoury A, Grangeot-Keros L, Forestier F, Toublanc JE.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271779

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Problems in determining immune status in borderline specimens in an enzyme immunoassay for rubella immunoglobulin G antibody. by Steece RS, Talley MS, Skeels MR, Lanier GA.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271215

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Prospective Immunological Assessment of Arthritis Induced by Rubella Vaccine. by Tingle AJ, Yang T, Allen M, Kettyls GD, Larke RP, Schulzer M.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264812

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Rapid Latex Agglutination Test for Rubella Antibody. by Sever JL, Tzan NR, Shekarchi IC, Madden DL.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272572

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Rapid method to detect rubella immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibodies. by Schmitz H, Shimizu H, Kampa D, Doerr HW.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274987

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Rapid separation of immunoglobulin M from immunoglobulin G antibodies for reliable diagnosis of recent rubella infections. by Frisch-Niggemeyer W.; 1975 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274194

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Reactivity of nonsensitized control erythrocytes in rubella passive hemagglutination assays. by Madsen RD, Coates SR, Rippe DF.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270893

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Release of Rubella Virus Ribonucleic Acid from Ribonucleoprotein by Polyanions. by Hovi T.; 1972 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=356387

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Role of N-linked oligosaccharides in processing and intracellular transport of E2 glycoprotein of rubella virus. by Qiu Z, Hobman TC, McDonald HL, Seto NO, Gillam S.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241132

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Role of Rubella Virus Glycoprotein Domains in Assembly of Virus-Like Particles. by Garbutt M, Law LM, Chan H, Hobman TC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104124

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Rubella antibodies detected by several commercial immunoassays in hemagglutination inhibition-negative sera. by Kleeman KT, Kiefer DJ, Halbert SP.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272855

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Rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test: false-positive reactions in sera contaminated with bacteria. by Campbell JB, Romach M, Ellins ML.; 1976 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274485

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Rubella reimmunization: comparative analysis of the immunoglobulin G response to rubella virus vaccine in previously seronegative and seropositive individuals. by Mitchell LA, Ho MK, Rogers JE, Tingle AJ, Marusyk RG, Weber JM, Duclos P, Tepper ML, Lacroix M, Zrein M.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229219

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Rubella virus 40S genome RNA specifies a 24S subgenomic mRNA that codes for a precursor to structural proteins. by Oker-Blom C, Ulmanen I, Kaariainen L, Pettersson RF.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255479

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Rubella Virus and Chronic Joint Disease: Is There an Association? by Bosma TJ, Etherington J, O'Shea S, Corbett K, Cottam F, Holt L, Banatvala JE, Best JM.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105233

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Rubella virus antigens: localization of epitopes involved in hemagglutination and neutralization by using monoclonal antibodies. by Green KY, Dorsett PH.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252819

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Rubella Virus Capsid Associates with Host Cell Protein p32 and Localizes to Mitochondria. by Beatch MD, Hobman TC.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112044

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Rubella virus contains one capsid protein and three envelope glycoproteins, E1, E2a, and E2b. by Oker-Blom C, Kalkkinen N, Kaariainen L, Pettersson RF.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256571

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Rubella Virus E2 Signal Peptide Is Required for Perinuclear Localization of Capsid Protein and Virus Assembly. by Law LM, Duncan R, Esmaili A, Nakhasi HL, Hobman TC.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115144

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Rubella virus hemagglutination with human and animal erythrocytes: effect of age and trypsinization. by Ponzi AN, Pugliese A, Pertusio P.; 1978 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275013

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Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protein Protease Domains Involved in trans- and cisCleavage Activities. by Liang Y, Yao J, Gillam S.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112025

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Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity. by Lee JY, Bowden DS.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88950

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Rubella virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses: identification of the capsid as a target of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted lysis and definition of two epitopes. by Lovett AE, Hahn CS, Rice CM, Frey TK, Wolinsky JS.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238003

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Rubella-Associated Arthritis: Rescue of Rubella Virus from Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Two Years Postvaccination. by Chantler JK, Ford DK, Tingle AJ.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351589

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Rubella-specific immune complexes after congenital infection and vaccination. by Coyle PK, Wolinsky JS, Buimovici-Klein E, Moucha R, Cooper LZ.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351255

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Second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: questionnaire survey of health professionals. by Petrovic M, Roberts R, Ramsay M.; 2001 Jan 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26597

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Selective reactivity of antibodies to human immunoglobulins G, M, and A with rubella virus proteins. by Partanen P, Seppanen H, Suni J, Vaheri A.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271785

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Sensitive neutralization test for rubella antibody. by Sato H, Albrecht P, Krugman S, Ennis FA.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273003

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Separation of hemagglutination-inhibiting immunoglobulin M antibody to rubella virus in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. by Kobayashi N, Suzuki M, Nakagawa T, Matumoto M.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268812

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Simple procedure for the removal of nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutination. by Allen R, Hedlund K.; 1975 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275215

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Simple technique for separation of concentrated immunoglobulin M fractions by multi-sample gel chromatography and its application to rubella serodiagnosis. by Inouye S, Kono R.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273771

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Simultaneous Detection of Measles Virus, Rubella Virus, and Parvovirus B19 by Using Multiplex PCR. by del Mar Mosquera M, de Ory F, Moreno M, Echevarria JE.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120129

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Single radial hemolysis test for rubella immunity and recent infection. by Neumann PW, Weber JM.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272568

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Single-radial hemolysis as a cost-effective determinant of Rubella antibody status. by Forger JM 3rd, Gilfillan RF.; 1979 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272967

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Single-serum diagnosis of rubella by combined use of the hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination tests. by Inouye S, Satoh K, Tajima T.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268653

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Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella virus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies. by Kalimo KO, Meurman OH, Halonen PE, Ziola BR, Viljanen MK, Granfors K, Toivanen P.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274410

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Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella virus immunoglobulin M antibodies: comparison with sucrose density gradient centrifugation test. by Meurman OH, Viljanen MK, Granfors K.; 1977 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274578

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Specific binding of host cell proteins to the 3'-terminal stem-loop structure of rubella virus negative-strand RNA. by Nakhasi HL, Cao XQ, Rouault TA, Liu TY.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250260

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Specificity of the passive hemagglutination test for antibody to rubella virus and the passive hemagglutination response after vaccination. by Cremer NE, Hagens SJ, Cossen CK.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273757

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Structural Proteins and Subunits of Rubella Virus. by Vaheri A, Hovi T.; 1972 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=356256

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Subclass distribution of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G. by Linde GA.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271587

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Surveillance of congenital rubella in Great Britain, 1971-96. by Tookey PA, Peckham CS.; 1999 Mar 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27790

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Targeting of a heterodimeric membrane protein complex to the Golgi: rubella virus E2 glycoprotein contains a transmembrane Golgi retention signal. by Hobman TC, Woodward L, Farquhar MG.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275811

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The E2 signal sequence of rubella virus remains part of the capsid protein and confers membrane association in vitro. by Suomalainen M, Garoff H, Baron MD.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248602

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The gene order for rubella virus structural proteins is NH2-C-E2-E1-COOH. by OkerBlom C.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254445

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The Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Requires Divalent Cations for Activity and Functions in trans. by Liu X, Ropp SL, Jackson RJ, Frey TK.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109682

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The rubella virus RNA binding activity of human calreticulin is localized to the Nterminal domain. by Atreya CD, Singh NK, Nakhasi HL.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189103

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Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay: a new test for rubella antibodies. by Meurman OH, Hemmila IA, Lovgren TN, Halonen PE.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272503

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Translocation of rubella virus glycoprotein E1 into the endoplasmic reticulum. by Hobman TC, Shukin R, Gillam S.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253859

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Use of enzyme immunoassays and the latex agglutination test to measure the temporal appearance of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies after natural infection or immunization with rubella virus. by Meegan JM, Evans BK, Horstmann DM.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270892

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Use of monoclonal antibodies to human immunoglobulin M in "capture" assays for measles and rubella immunoglobulin M. by Forghani B, Myoraku CK, Schmidt NJ.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270869

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Use of PCR for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. by Bosma TJ, Corbett KM, Eckstein MB, O'Shea S, Vijayalakshmi P, Banatvala JE, Morton K, Best JM.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228600

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Use of rubella virus E1 fusion proteins for detection of rubella virus antibodies. by Starkey WG, Newcombe J, Corbett KM, Liu KM, Sanders PG, Best JM.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227930

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Use of Sodium Polyanetholesulfonate-CaCl2 for Removal of Serum Nonspecific Inhibitors of Rubella Hemagglutination: Comparison with Other Polyanion-Divalent Cation Combinations. by Ellins ML, Campbell JB.; 1977 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274773

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Virus-specific polymeric immunoglobulin A antibodies in serum from patients with rubella, measles, varicella, and herpes zoster virus infections. by Negro Ponzi A, Merlino C, Angeretti A, Penna R.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268455

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with rubella, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for rubella (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of IgG anti-rubella activity in frozen serum stored in primary gel separation tubes or secondary tubes. Author(s): Ellis V, Charlett A, Bendall R. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 January; 57(1): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693850

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A new measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine: a randomized comparative trial for assessing the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three consecutive production lots and comparison with a widely used MMR vaccine in measles primed children. Author(s): Lee CY, Tang RB, Huang FY, Tang H, Huang LM, Bock HL. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 202-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718836

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A one year followup of chronic arthritis following rubella and hepatitis B vaccination based upon analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) database. Author(s): Geier DA, Geier MR. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508767

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A retrospective cohort study of the association of varicella vaccine failure with asthma, steroid use, age at vaccination, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Author(s): Verstraeten T, Jumaan AO, Mullooly JP, Seward JF, Izurieta HS, DeStefano F, Black SB, Chen RT; Vaccine Safety Datalink Research Group. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 August; 112(2): E98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897314

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Aberrant cellular localization of rubella viral genome in patients with adult Still's disease--a pilot study. Author(s): Newkirk MM, Lemmo A, Commerford K, Esdaile JM, Brandwein S. Source: Autoimmunity. 1993; 16(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8136465

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Accelerated rubella control and congenital rubella syndrome prevention strengthen measles eradication: the Costa Rican experience. Author(s): Morice A, Carvajal X, Leon M, Machado V, Badilla X, Reef S, Lievano F, Depetris A, Castillo-Solorzano C. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S158-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721908

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ACOG committee opinion. Number 281, December 2002. Rubella vaccination. Author(s): ACOG committee opinion. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 May; 81(2): 241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800832

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ACOG Committee Opinion: number 281, December 2002. Rubella vaccination. Author(s): American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 100(6): 1417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468198

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Administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination with other childhood schedule vaccines. Author(s): Heath TC, Burgess MA, O'Brien ED. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 1998 August 6; 22(8): 159. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9735551

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Adverse reaction potential of three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines. Author(s): Arya SC, Agarwal N. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2003 April; 13(4): 273-4; Author Reply 274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804159

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Aerosolized measles and measles-rubella vaccines induce better measles antibody booster responses than injected vaccines: randomized trials in Mexican schoolchildren. Author(s): Bennett JV, Fernandez de Castro J, Valdespino-Gomez JL, Garcia-Garcia Mde L, Islas-Romero R, Echaniz-Aviles G, Jimenez-Corona A, Sepulveda-Amor J. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(10): 806-12. Epub 2002 November 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471401

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Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and schoolmatched control subjects: a population-based study in metropolitan atlanta. Author(s): DeStefano F, Bhasin TK, Thompson WW, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Boyle C. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 February; 113(2): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754936

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Age specific rubella seroprevalence of an unvaccinated population of adolescents in Ankara, Turkey. Author(s): Kanbur NO, Derman O, Kutluk T, Kinik E. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711822

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An evaluation of the adverse reaction potential of three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines. Author(s): Dos Santos BA, Ranieri TS, Bercini M, Schermann MT, Famer S, Mohrdieck R, Maraskin T, Wagner MB. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2002 October; 12(4): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431355

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An opportunistic approach to rubella screening in general practice. Author(s): Foster W. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1986 February; 36(283): 58-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3712332

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An outbreak of rubella aboard a ship of the German Navy. Author(s): Ziebold C, Hassenpflug B, Wegner-Brose H, Wegner K, Schmitt HJ. Source: Infection. 2003 June; 31(3): 136-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12789470

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Antibody levels for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and rubella in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Halbert SP, Kiefer DJ, Friedman-Kien AE, Poiesz B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 February; 23(2): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3009534

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Association of autistic spectrum disorder and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: a systematic review of current epidemiological evidence. Author(s): Wilson K, Mills E, Ross C, McGowan J, Jadad A. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 July; 157(7): 628-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860782

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Atopic dermatitis is increased following vaccination for measles, mumps and rubella or measles infection. Author(s): Olesen AB, Juul S, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(6): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690341

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Autism and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination: a challenge for pharmacoepidemiology. Author(s): Skegg DC. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 December; 23(12): 1521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695030

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Bacterial infections, immune overload, and MMR vaccine. Measles, mumps, and rubella. Author(s): Miller E, Andrews N, Waight P, Taylor B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 March; 88(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598383

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Benefit-cost aspects of rubella immunization. Author(s): Schoenbaum SC. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1985 March-April; 7 Suppl 1: S210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3923595

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Benefits, risks and costs of immunization for measles, mumps and rubella. Author(s): White CC, Koplan JP, Orenstein WA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1985 July; 75(7): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3923849

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Bilateral deafness due to congenital CMV and not rubella reinfection. Author(s): Enders G, Strobel S, Bader U. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 March; 36(2): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570657

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Bilateral hearing loss after measles and rubella vaccination in an adult. Author(s): Hulbert TV, Larsen RA, Davis CL, Holtom PD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 July 11; 325(2): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2052052

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Binding sites for rubella virus on erythrocyte membrane. Author(s): Mastromarino P, Rieti S, Cioe L, Orsi N. Source: Archives of Virology. 1989; 107(1-2): 15-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2803002

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Birth and death of congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Plotkin SA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 April 20; 251(15): 2003-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6700106

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Bone changes after rubella vaccination. Author(s): Peters ME, Horowitz S. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1984 July; 143(1): 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610325

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Brain dysmorphology in adults with congenital rubella plus schizophrenialike symptoms. Author(s): Lim KO, Beal DM, Harvey RL Jr, Myers T, Lane B, Sullivan EV, Faustman WO, Pfefferbaum A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 June 1; 37(11): 764-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7647161

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Brefeldin A and monensin arrest cell surface expression of membrane glycoproteins and release of rubella virus. Author(s): Qiu Z, Tufaro F, Gillam S. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1995 April; 76 ( Pt 4): 855-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9049331

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Broadsheet: Clinical and laboratory features of rubella. Author(s): Dwyer DE, Robertson PW, Field PR; Board of Education of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Source: Pathology. 2001 August; 33(3): 322-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523934

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Brother-to-sister transmission of measles after measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation. Author(s): Millson DS. Source: Lancet. 1989 February 4; 1(8632): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2563426

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Burden of congenital rubella syndrome after a community-wide rubella outbreak, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2000 to 2001. Author(s): Lanzieri TM, Segatto TC, Siqueira MM, de Oliviera Santos EC, Jin L, Prevots DR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 April; 22(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690271

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Cases of congenital rubella may be the tip of the iceberg. Author(s): Thomas RM, Mehta NM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 September 14; 325(7364): 596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228143

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Characteristics and mechanisms of isolated rubella virus, strain JR23: infection of the central nervous system of BALB/c mice. Author(s): Wang Z, Yao P, Song Y, Wang G, Wang Y, Xu H, Wang P. Source: Intervirology. 2003; 46(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684546

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Comparative detection of measles and rubella IgM and IgG derived from filter paper blood and serum samples. Author(s): Helfand RF, Keyserling HL, Williams I, Murray A, Mei J, Moscatiello C, Icenogle J, Bellini WJ. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 December; 65(4): 751-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745941

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Comparative evaluation of measles, mumps & rubella vaccine at 9 & 15 months of age. Author(s): Yadav S, Thukral R, Chakarvarti A. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 November; 118: 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723482

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Comparative study and evaluation of further attenuated, live measles vaccines alone and in combination with mumps and rubella vaccines. Author(s): Wegmann A, Gluck R, Just M, Mischler R, Paroz P, Germanier R. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556778

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Comparison of fingerstick versus venipuncture for antibody testing of measles and rubella. Author(s): Pinsky NA, Loepfe TR, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Poland GA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693560

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Comparison of social distribution of immunisation with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, England, 1991-2001. Author(s): Middleton E, Baker D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 19; 326(7394): 854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702619

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Concomitant administration of varicella vaccine with combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in healthy children aged 12 to 24 months of age. Author(s): Stuck B, Stehr K, Bock HL. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2002 June; 20(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403196

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Congenital hearing impairment associated with rubella: lessons from Bangladesh. Author(s): Rahman MM, Khan AM, Hafiz MM, Ronny FM, Ara S, Chowdhury SK, Nazir SS, Khan WI. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 December; 33(4): 811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757231

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Congenital rubella and interstitial pneumonitis. Author(s): Franklin SL, Kelley R. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 February; 40(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11261445

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Congenital rubella infection control problem. Author(s): Zerr DM, Heath J, Riggert D, Marcuse EK. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 December; 108(6): 1389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731673

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Congenital rubella syndrome due to infection after maternal antibody conversion with vaccine. Author(s): Ushida M, Katow S, Furukawa S. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 56(2): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824690

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Congenital rubella syndrome in Haiti (Short communication). Author(s): Golden N, Kempker R, Khator P, Summerlee R, Fournier A. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2002 October; 12(4): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431359

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Congenital rubella syndrome: a risk in immigrant populations. Author(s): Sheridan E, Aitken C, Jeffries D, Hird M, Thayalasekaran P. Source: Lancet. 2002 February 23; 359(9307): 674-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879866

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Congenital rubella: down but not out. Author(s): Nardone A, Gay NJ, Edmunds WJ. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 7; 360(9335): 804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241854

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Congenital rubella: down but not out. Author(s): Devi R, Muir D, Rice P. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 7; 360(9335): 803-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241853

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Congenital rubella: down but not out. Author(s): Tookey P. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 7; 360(9335): 803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241852

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Control of the congenital rubella syndrome in Jamaica. Author(s): Baxter DN. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1986 March; 35(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716394

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Correlations between measles, mumps, and rubella serum antibody levels in Olmsted County school children. Author(s): St Sauver JL, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Jacobsen SJ, Green EM, Schaid DJ, Poland GA. Source: Vaccine. 2001 January 8; 19(11-12): 1363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11163657

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Current lessons from 20th century serosurveillance data on rubella. Author(s): Cooper LZ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 October 15; 33(8): 1287. Epub 2001 September 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11565066

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Day-to-day reactogenicity and the healthy vaccinee effect of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Author(s): Virtanen M, Peltola H, Paunio M, Heinonen OP. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 November; 106(5): E62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061799

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Decay of passively acquired maternal antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Author(s): Nicoara C, Zach K, Trachsel D, Germann D, Matter L. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 November; 6(6): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548578

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Decline in rates of seropositivity for measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies among previously immunized children treated for acute leukemia. Author(s): Feldman S, Andrew M, Norris M, McIntyre B, Iyer R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 August; 27(2): 388-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709893

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Decline of measles-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies after primary measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. Author(s): Helfand RF, Gary HE Jr, Atkinson WL, Nordin JD, Keyserling HL, Bellini WJ. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1998 March; 5(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9521134

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Definition of three minimal T helper cell epitopes of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein. Author(s): Marttila J, Ilonen J, Lehtinen M, Parkkonen P, Salmi A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996 June; 104(3): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099921

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Detection of immunoglobulin G and A antibodies to rubella virus in urine and antibody responses to vaccine-induced infection. Author(s): Takahashi S, Machikawa F, Noda A, Oda T, Tachikawa T. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1998 January; 5(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455874

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Detection of low-avidity immunoglobulin G in oral fluid samples: new approach for rubella diagnosis and surveillance. Author(s): Akingbade D, Cohen BJ, Brown DW. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 January; 10(1): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522062

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Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies by immunoblot assays. Author(s): Zhang T, Mauracher CA, Mitchell LA, Tingle AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 April; 30(4): 824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1572968

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Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G in saliva by an amplificationbased enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Author(s): Vyse AJ, Brown DW, Cohen BJ, Samuel R, Nokes DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 February; 37(2): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9889225

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Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies with a baculovirusexpressed E1 protein. Author(s): Schmidt M, Lindqvist C, Salmi A, Oker-Blom C. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1996 March; 3(2): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8991639

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Detection of rubella virus-specific polymeric immunoglobulin A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in combination with streptococcal pretreatment of serum. Author(s): Kawano K, Minamishima Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 July; 30(7): 1899-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1629352

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Detection of rubella, mumps, and measles virus genomic RNA in cells from synovial fluid and peripheral blood in early rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Zhang D, Nikkari S, Vainionpaa R, Luukkainen R, Yli-Kerttula U, Toivanen P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 July; 24(7): 1260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228121

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Determination of antibodies to rubella virus with the disperse dye immunoassay (DIA) in comparison with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Author(s): Rothe U, Lasch J, Romer I, Sandow D, Hubner G, Rosmus K, Kiessig ST, Porstmann T. Source: Biomed Biochim Acta. 1986; 45(10): 1325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566722

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Development of a rubella virus vaccine expression vector: use of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site increases stability of expression. Author(s): Pugachev KV, Tzeng WP, Frey TK. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 November; 74(22): 10811-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044128

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Diagnosis of rubella infection by detecting specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in saliva samples: a clinic-based study in Niteroi, RJ, Brazil. Author(s): de Oliveira SA, Siqueira MM, Brown DW, Litton P, Camacho LA, Castro ST, Cohen BJ. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2000 July-August; 33(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10936945

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Differences in antibody responses with rapid agglutination tests for the detection of rubella antibodies. Author(s): Chernesky MA, DeLong DJ, Mahony JB, Castriciano S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 April; 23(4): 772-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3517065

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Differential IgG avidity to rubella virus structural proteins. Author(s): Mauracher CA, Mitchell LA, Tingle AJ. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1992 March; 36(3): 202-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564450

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Does measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism? Author(s): Strauss B, Bigham M. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 April 15; 27(8): 65-72. Review. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11338656

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Dot immunobinding assay for simultaneous detection of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies to measles virus, mumps virus, and rubella virus. Author(s): Condorelli F, Ziegler T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 31(3): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8458970

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Duration of rubella immunity induced by two-dose measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. A 15-year follow-up in Finland. Author(s): Davidkin I, Peltola H, Leinikki P, Valle M. Source: Vaccine. 2000 July 15; 18(27): 3106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856790

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Ebstein's anomaly: a rare finding in congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Agarwal R, Kothari SS, Agarwal R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 November; 38(11): 1333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721088

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Economic analyses of rubella and rubella vaccines: a global review. Author(s): Hinman AR, Irons B, Lewis M, Kandola K. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(4): 264-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075361

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Effect of low level immunity on response to live rubella virus vaccine. Author(s): Vaananen P, Makela P, Vaheri A. Source: Vaccine. 1986 March; 4(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3962450

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Effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on detection of measles, mumps, and rubella virus antibodies. Author(s): Pinsky NA, Huddleston JM, Jacobson RM, Wollan PC, Poland GA. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 January; 10(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522034

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Effect of Pentavac and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination on the intestine. Author(s): Thjodleifsson B, Davidsdottir K, Agnarsson U, Sigthorsson G, Kjeld M, Bjarnason I. Source: Gut. 2002 December; 51(6): 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427783

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Elevated serum levels of interleukin-10 in children with acute rubella infection. Author(s): Akaboshi I, Nagayoshi I, Omura M, Iwaki K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(6): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11450867

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Eliminating rubella from the United States. Author(s): Kindrachuk W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986 January 10; 255(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941494

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Enhanced surveillance of primary measles mumps and rubella (MMR) immunisation in Wales. Author(s): Mason BW, Thomas DR, Salmon RL. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3635-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399189

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Epidemiological surveillance of rubella must continue. Author(s): Rahi J, Adams G, Russell-Eggitt I, Tookey P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 14; 323(7304): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11484683

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Epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in Italy. Author(s): Gabutti G, Rota MC, Salmaso S, Bruzzone BM, Bella A, Crovari P; Serological Study Group. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 December; 129(3): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558337

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Ethical debate: Vaccination against mumps, measles, and rubella: is there a case for deepening the debate? Dealing with uncertainty. Author(s): Pattison S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683153

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Ethical debate: Vaccination against mumps, measles, and rubella: is there a case for deepening the debate? How safe is MMR vaccine? Author(s): Heller T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 838-9; Discussion 840. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597968

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Ethical debate: Vaccination against mumps, measles, and rubella: is there a case for deepening the debate? Validity of the evidence. Author(s): Heller D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 839-40; Discussion 840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683152

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Evaluation of an institution-based protocol for postpartum rubella vaccination. Author(s): Eason E, Naus M, Sciberras J, Oppenheimer L. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 November 13; 165(10): 1321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11760977

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Evaluation of antibodies against a rubella virus neutralizing domain for determination of immune status. Author(s): Cordoba P, Lanoel A, Grutadauria S, Zapata M. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 November; 7(6): 964-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063507

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Evaluation of serological status of rubella & mumps in children below five years. Author(s): Chakravarti A, Yadav S, Berry N, Rastogi A, Mathur MD. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1999 July; 110: 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709331

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Evaluation of the measles, mumps and rubella immunisation programme in Spain by using a sero-epidemiological survey. Author(s): Amela C, Pachon I, de Ory F. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(1): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12705626

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Evaluation of the national immunisation programme in the Netherlands: immunity to diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Author(s): de Melker HE, van den Hof S, Berbers GA, Conyn-van Spaendonck MA. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 30; 21(7-8): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531347

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Evaluation of the seroprevalence of rubella in the region of Dakar (Senegal). Author(s): Dromigny JA, Nabeth P, Perrier Gros Claude JD. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 August; 8(8): 740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869096

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Evolution of surveillance of measles, mumps, and rubella in England and Wales: providing the platform for evidence-based vaccination policy. Author(s): Vyse AJ, Gay NJ, White JM, Ramsay ME, Brown DW, Cohen BJ, Hesketh LM, Morgan-Capner P, Miller E. Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. 2002; 24(2): 125-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762088

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Factors affecting uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation. Author(s): Li J, Taylor B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 July 17; 307(6897): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8343745

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Factors associated with clinical reactions to rubella vaccination in women. Author(s): Nakazono N, Fujimoto S, Wakisaka A, Ishii K, Ichinoe K, Aizawa M. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1987 June; 25(3): 207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886379

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Fall and rise of immunity to rubella. Author(s): Munro ND, Wild NJ, Sheppard S, Smithells RW, Hambling MH. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 February 21; 294(6570): 481. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3103734

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False positive IgM-rubella enzyme-linked immunoassay in three first trimester pregnant patients. Author(s): Bellin E, Safyer S, Braslow C. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 September; 9(9): 671-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2104524

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False positive tests for rubella-specific IgM. Author(s): Morgan-Capner P. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 May; 10(5): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1898481

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False-positive results of an enzyme immunoassay for rubella IgM in a case of measles. Author(s): Donovan SM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 February; 24(2): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114164

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Familial adverse events after measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. Author(s): Guala A, Garipoli V, Pastore G, Pagani L. Source: Vaccine. 2002 January 15; 20(7-8): 991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803055

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Fatal pneumonia after glandular fever and rubella. Author(s): Pether JV, Caul EO, Betteridge TJ, Nicholson KT. Source: Lancet. 1989 May 27; 1(8648): 1210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2566774

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Fetal infection after maternal reinfection with rubella. Author(s): Gilbert J, Kudesia G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 November 11; 299(6709): 1217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2513059

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Fetal infection after maternal reinfection with rubella: criteria for defining reinfection. Author(s): Best JM, Banatvala JE, Morgan-Capner P, Miller E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 September 23; 299(6702): 773-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508917

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Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine. Author(s): Evrard JR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 March; 67(3): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945457

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Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine: implications for vaccination of susceptible women. Author(s): Preblud SR, Williams NM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 July; 66(1): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4011062

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Field evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of vaccines against pertussis, measles, rubella and mumps: comments. Author(s): Menta R. Source: Vaccine. 1999 August 20; 18(1-2): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501229

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Field work of rubella attenuated live virus vaccine in Thailand. Author(s): Supawadee J, Suprasert S, Suzuki H, Yamazi Y, Takeuchi Y. Source: Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 1991 June; 58(3): 350-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880203

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First trimester prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella: a laboratory investigation. Author(s): Terry GM, Ho-Terry L, Warren RC, Rodeck CH, Cohen A, Rees KR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 April 5; 292(6525): 930-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3083942

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Fluoroimmunoassay for detection of rubella-specific immunoglobulin M: comparison with indirect enzyme immunoassay and mu-chain capture. Author(s): Echevarria JM, de Ory F, Najera R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1985 September; 22(3): 428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2995439

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Following up on unfinished business--prenatal rubella screening and postpartum vaccination. Author(s): Tam TW. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 November 3; 159(9): 1117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835879

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Frequency of linear hyperechogenicity over the basal ganglia in young infants with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Chang YC, Huang CC, Liu CC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 March; 22(3): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8852982

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Frequency of true adverse reactions to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A doubleblind placebo-controlled trial in twins. Author(s): Peltola H, Heinonen OP. Source: Lancet. 1986 April 26; 1(8487): 939-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2871241

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Further report on somatological measurement of head and face of children with congenital rubella syndrome in Okinawa, Japan--at 14 and 16 years postnatal. Author(s): Kato K, Manabe Y, Rokutanda A, Sumi M. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1985 October; 62(3-4): 153-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3831854

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Gait disturbances after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Author(s): Plesner AM. Source: Lancet. 1995 February 4; 345(8945): 316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7837872

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Galactosemia with rubella infection. Author(s): Diwakar KK, Rao R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 October; 34(10): 941-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9567560

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Gelatin-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in children with immediateand nonimmediate-type reactions to live measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines. Author(s): Kumagai T, Yamanaka T, Wataya Y, Umetsu A, Kawamura N, Ikeda K, Furukawa H, Kimura K, Chiba S, Saito S, Sugawara N, Kurimoto F, Sakaguchi M, Inouye S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 July; 100(1): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9257797

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Gender differences in the reactogenicity of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Author(s): Shohat T, Green MS, Nakar O, Ballin A, Duvdevani P, Cohen A, Shohat M. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 March; 2(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774264

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Generation of human anti-rubella monoclonal antibodies from human hybridomas constructed with antigen-specific Epstein-Barr virus transformed cell lines. Author(s): Hilfenhaus J, Kanzy EJ, Kohler R, Willems WR. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1986 June; (80): 31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3019293

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Genetic disposition to deafness in maternal rubella: fact or myth? Author(s): Moroso MJ. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1985 February; 14(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4068090

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Geographic variation in infant loss of maternal measles antibody and in prevalence of rubella antibody. Author(s): Black FL, Berman LL, Borgono JM, Capper RA, Carvalho AA, Collins C, Glover O, Hijazi Z, Jacobson DL, Lee YL, et al. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 September; 124(3): 442-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740044

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Gianotti-Crosti syndrome after measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. Author(s): Velangi SS, Tidman MJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 139(6): 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9990393

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Global distribution of rubella virus genotypes. Author(s): Zheng DP, Frey TK, Icenogle J, Katow S, Abernathy ES, Song KJ, Xu WB, Yarulin V, Desjatskova RG, Aboudy Y, Enders G, Croxson M. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 December; 9(12): 1523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720390

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Gregg and congenital rubella: lessons from history and clinical research. Author(s): Burgess MA. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991 November; 19(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1789960

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Gregg's congenital rubella patients 60 years later. Author(s): Forrest JM, Turnbull FM, Sholler GF, Hawker RE, Martin FJ, Doran TT, Burgess MA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 December 2-16; 177(11-12): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12463994

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Gregg's rubella legacy 1941-1991. Author(s): Ueda K, Tokugawa K. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 August 17; 157(4): 282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1435450

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Gregg's rubella legacy 1941-1991. Author(s): Gill P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 January 20; 156(2): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1736062

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Gregg's rubella legacy 1941-1991. Author(s): Burgess MA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 September 16; 155(6): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1921778

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Growth in congenital rubella syndrome and correlation with clinical manifestations. Author(s): Chiriboga-Klein S, Oberfield SE, Casullo AM, Holahan N, Fedun B, Cooper LZ, Levine LS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 August; 115(2): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474064

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Growth in congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Tokugawa K, Ueda K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 July; 117(1 Pt 1): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370608

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Growth of children with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Gleghorn EE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 February; 116(2): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2299511

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Author(s): Rees J, Hughes R. Source: Lancet. 1994 March 19; 343(8899): 733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7907701

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Author(s): Morris K, Rylance G. Source: Lancet. 1994 January 1; 343(8888): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7905077

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with rubella. Author(s): Atkins MC, Esmonde TF. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 April; 67(786): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2068032

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Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following mumps, measles, and rubella vaccination. Author(s): Karim Y, Masood A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 May; 17(5): 9412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981093

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Has oral fluid the potential to replace serum for the evaluation of population immunity levels? A study of measles, rubella and hepatitis B in rural Ethiopia. Author(s): Nokes DJ, Enquselassie F, Nigatu W, Vyse AJ, Cohen BJ, Brown DW, Cutts FT. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(7): 588-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477961

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Hearing defects in children born of mothers suffering from rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Niedzielska G, Katska E, Szymula D. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 August 11; 54(1): 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960689

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Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in congenital rubella syndrome. A 17-year follow-up in the Ryukyu Islands. Author(s): Ueda K, Tokugawa K, Fukushige J, Yoshikawa H, Nonaka S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 February; 141(2): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3812390

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Hemiplegia after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. Author(s): Sackey AH, Broadhead RL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 May 1; 306(6886): 1169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499819

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Hemolytic anemia following postnatally acquired rubella during the 1975-1977 rubella epidemic in Japan. Author(s): Ueda K, Shingaki Y, Sato T, Tokugawa K, Sasaki H. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1985 March; 24(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3971642

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Hepatitis in acquired rubella infection in children. Author(s): Sugaya N, Nirasawa M, Mitamura K, Murata A, Takeuchi Y. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1988 August; 142(8): 817-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3394672

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Hepatitis in an adult with rubella. Author(s): Tameda Y, Kosaka Y, Shiraki K, Ohashi Y, Hamada M, Miyazaki M, Ito N, Takase K, Nakano T. Source: Intern Med. 1993 July; 32(7): 580-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286839

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Hepatitis in an adult with rubella. Author(s): Zeldis JB, Miller JG, Dienstag JL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 October; 79(4): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4050836

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High incidence of congenital rubella syndrome after a rubella outbreak. Author(s): Mellinger AK, Cragan JD, Atkinson WL, Williams WW, Kleger B, Kimber RG, Tavris D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 July; 14(7): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567284

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HLA-DR class II associations with rubella vaccine-induced joint manifestations. Author(s): Mitchell LA, Tingle AJ, MacWilliam L, Horne C, Keown P, Gaur LK, Nepom GT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 January; 177(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419163

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HLA-linked genetic control in natural rubella infection. Author(s): Kato S, Kimura M, Takakura I, Tsuji K, Ueda K. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1980 January; 15(1): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735338

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How safe are pertussis and rubella vaccines? A commentary on the Institute of Medicine Report. Author(s): Fulginiti VA. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 February; 89(2): 334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734408

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Human parvovirus and rubella cross-reactions in specific IgM tests. Author(s): Lefrere JJ, Bricout F, Bertrand Y, Nicholas JC, Courouce AM. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 3; 1(8523): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879140

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Human parvovirus and rubella-like illness. Author(s): Anderson MJ, Kidd IM, Morgan-Capner P. Source: Lancet. 1985 September 21; 2(8456): 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863649

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Human T- and B-cell epitopes of E1 glycoprotein of rubella virus. Author(s): Chaye H, Ou D, Chong P, Gillam S. Source: Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1993 March; 13(2): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8320313

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Humoral antibody response after rubella vaccination. Author(s): Cubie HA, Burns SM, Collacott IT, Lawson LE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 November 30; 291(6508): 1539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3933741

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Humoral beta-cell autoimmunity is rare in patients with the congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Viskari H, Paronen J, Keskinen P, Simell S, Zawilinska B, ZgorniakNowosielska I, Korhonen S, Ilonen J, Simell O, Haapala AM, Knip M, Hyoty H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 September; 133(3): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930364

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Hydranencephaly/multicystic encephalomalacia: association with congenital rubella infection. Author(s): Deshmukh CT, Nadkarni UB, Nair K, Gharpure VP, Jain MK, Shah MD. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1993 February; 30(2): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8375892

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Hypersensitivity angiitis in an adult with rubella infection. Author(s): Ohsaki H, Sasaki T, Hatakeyama A, Nose M, Yoshinaga K. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 July; 19(7): 1160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1512782

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Identifying risk factors for rubella susceptibility in a population at risk in the United States. Author(s): Danovaro-Holliday MC, Gordon ER, Woernle C, Higginbotham GH, Judy RH, Icenogle JP, Reef SE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 February; 93(2): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554588

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Immunity against measles and rubella in Massachusetts schoolchildren. Author(s): Orenstein WA, Herrmann K, Albrecht P, Bernier R, Holmgreen P, Bart KJ, Hinman AR. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556779

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Immunogenicity and efficacy of one dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at twelve months of age as compared to monovalent measles vaccination at nine months followed by MMR revaccination at fifteen months of age. Author(s): Ceyhan M, Kanra G, Erdem G, Kanra B. Source: Vaccine. 2001 August 14; 19(31): 4473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483273

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a new measles, mumps and rubella vaccine when administered as a second dose at 12 y of age. Author(s): Gothefors L, Bergstrom E, Backman M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(7): 545-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515768

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a single dose of live attenuated varicella vaccine and a booster dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine given concomitantly at 12 years of age. Author(s): Parment PA, Svahn A, Ruden U, Brakenhielm G, Storsaeter J, Akesson L, Linde A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(10): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606613

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Immunogenicity and safety of a varicella vaccine (Okavax) and a trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (Trimovax) administered concomitantly in healthy Filipino children 12-24 months old. Author(s): Gatchalian S, Tabora C, Bermal N, Leboulleux D, Desauziers E. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 March; 70(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031516

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Immunogenicity of measles and rubella vaccines in Oman: a prospective clinical trial. Author(s): Kohler KA, Suleiman AJ, Robertson SE, Malankar P, Al-Khusaiby S, Helfand RF, Brown D, Bellini WJ, Sutter RW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721911

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Immunogenicity of second dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and implications for serosurveillance. Author(s): Pebody RG, Gay NJ, Hesketh LM, Vyse A, Morgan-Capner P, Brown DW, Litton P, Miller E. Source: Vaccine. 2002 January 15; 20(7-8): 1134-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803074

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Impact of the Australian Measles Control Campaign on immunity to measles and rubella. Author(s): Gilbert GL, Escott RG, Gidding HF, Turnbull FM, Heath TC, McIntyre PB, Burgess MA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 October; 127(2): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693507

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Implementation and evaluation of a measles/rubella vaccination campaign in a campus university in the UK following an outbreak of rubella. Author(s): Stevenson J, Murdoch G, Riley A, Duncan B, McWhirter M, Christie P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1998 August; 121(1): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747767

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Improved dysgammaglobulinaemia in congenital rubella syndrome after immunoglobulin therapy: correlation with CD154 expression. Author(s): Kawamura N, Okamura A, Furuta H, Katow S, Yamada M, Kobayashi I, Okano M, Kobayashi K, Sakiyama Y. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 October; 159(10): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11039132

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Improving sensitivity of oral fluid testing in IgG prevalence studies: application of mixture models to a rubella antibody survey. Author(s): Gay NJ, Vyse AJ, Enquselassie F, Nigatu W, Nokes DJ. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 April; 130(2): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729197

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Incidence of congenital rubella in Greece. Author(s): Panagiotopoulos T, Antoniadou I, Valassi-Adam E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 November 18; 321(7271): 1287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11082101

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Incidence of congenital rubella syndrome at a hospital serving a predominantly Hispanic population, El Paso, Texas. Author(s): Zimmerman L, Reef SE. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 March; 107(3): E40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230621

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Integrating measles and rubella surveillance: the experience in the Caribbean. Author(s): Irons B, Carrasco P, Morris-Glasgow V, Castillo-Solorzano C, de Quadros CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S153-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721907

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Interpretation of rubella serology in pregnancy--pitfalls and problems. Author(s): Best JM, O'Shea S, Tipples G, Davies N, Al-Khusaiby SM, Krause A, Hesketh LM, Jin L, Enders G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 20; 325(7356): 147-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12130613

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Intracranial calcification with congenital rubella syndrome in a mother with serologic immunity. Author(s): Numazaki K, Fujikawa T. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 April; 18(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760434

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Introducing printed postpartum orders for measles-mumps-rubella vaccination: a qualitative study. Author(s): Eason E, Graham ID, Sabourin M, Salvador A, Ranger L. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 May; 24(5): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196861

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Investigation of a rubella outbreak in Kyrgyzstan in 2001: implications for an integrated approach to measles elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Dayan GH, Zimmerman L, Shteinke L, Kasymbekova K, Uzicanin A, Strebel P, Reef S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721919

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Is the anti-rubella antibody in cerebrospinal fluid the local antibody? Author(s): Katow S, Sugiura A. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1986; 30(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3724560

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JAMA patient page. Rubella. Author(s): Stevens LM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 January 23-30; 287(4): 542. Erratum In: Jama 2002 February 27; 287(8): 989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824388

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Job applicants as research subjects: the case of a rubella vaccine trial. Author(s): Holder AR. Source: Irb. 1980 February; 2(2): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11661799

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Joint and limb symptoms in children after immunisation with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Author(s): Benjamin CM, Chew GC, Silman AJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 April 25; 304(6834): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1586818

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Joint California Department of Health Services-California Medical Association campaign to eliminate congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Dales L, Kizer KW, Elliott GV. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 March; 148(3): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3363969

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Kinetics of isotype-specific humoral immunity in rubella vaccine-associated arthropathy. Author(s): Tingle AJ, Pot KH, Yong FP, Puterman ML, Hancock EJ. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1989 November; 53(2 Pt 2): S99106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2791348

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Kinetics of rubella-specific IgM antibody response in postnatal rubella infection. Author(s): Cordoba P, Nates S, Mahony J, Zapata M. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1991 September; 34(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1955490

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Kinetics of specific IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM antibody responses in rubella. Author(s): Salonen EM, Hovi T, Meurman O, Vesikari T, Vaheri A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1985 May; 16(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3900285

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Laboratory diagnosis and clinical significance of rubella in children with cancer. Author(s): Morris DJ, Morgan-Capner P, Wood DJ, Dalton M, Wright J, Thomas HI, Stevens RF. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1989 December; 103(3): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2606166

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Laboratory diagnosis of congenital and maternal rubella infection: a review. Author(s): Kunakorn M, Petchclai B, Liemsuwan C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 January; 75 Suppl 1: 282-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1402479

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Laboratory diagnosis of rubella: past, present and future. Author(s): Cradock-Watson JE. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1991 August; 107(1): 1-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1879477

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Lack of adverse reactions to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in egg-allergic children. Author(s): Freigang B, Jadavji TP, Freigang DW. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 December; 73(6): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998661

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Lack of association between titers of HAI antibody and whole-virus ELISA values for patients with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Hancock EJ, Pot K, Puterman ML, Tingle AJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 December; 154(6): 1031-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3782867

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Lack of evidence of endogenous avian leukosis virus and endogenous avian retrovirus transmission to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine recipients. Author(s): Hussain AI, Shanmugam V, Switzer WM, Tsang SX, Fadly A, Thea D, Helfand R, Bellini WJ, Folks TM, Heneine W. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11266296

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Late onset Blueberry Muffin Syndrome following congenital rubella. Author(s): Vozza A, Tolone C, Carrano EM, Di Girolamo F, Santinelli R, Ascierto PA, Toraldo R, Nacca L, Vozza G. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 March; 17(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12705753

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Late-onset rubella syndrome: coexistence of immune complex disease and defective cytotoxic effector cell function. Author(s): Verder H, Dickmeiss E, Haahr S, Kappelgaard E, Leerboy J, Moller-Larsen A, Nielsen H, Platz P, Koch C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1986 February; 63(2): 367-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2938855

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Latex agglutination test for rubella antibodies: report based on data from the College of American Pathologists surveys, 1983 to 1985. Author(s): Skendzel LP, Edson DC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 September; 24(3): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531225

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Latex enzyme immunoassay for measuring IgG antibodies to rubella virus. Author(s): Duverlie G, Roussel C, Driencourt M, Orfila J. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 September; 43(9): 766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2212070

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Level of immunity to rubella in several group practices in Ireland. Author(s): Ramsay B, Keenan J. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1986 March; 36(284): 135-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3712353

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Lidocaine-prilocaine patch decreases the pain associated with the subcutaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine but does not adversely affect the antibody response. Author(s): Halperin SA, McGrath P, Smith B, Houston T. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 June; 136(6): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10839878

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Longitudinal serological study of rubella immunity in South Yorkshire. Author(s): Nokes NJ, Jennings R, Anderson RM. Source: Lancet. 1987 November 14; 2(8568): 1156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2890059

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Long-term follow-up study of rubella antibodies in naturally immune and vaccinated young adults. Author(s): Christenson B, Bottiger M. Source: Vaccine. 1994 January; 12(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8303939

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Long-term immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Ljungman P, Lewensohn-Fuchs I, Hammarstrom V, Aschan J, Brandt L, Bolme P, Lonnqvist B, Johansson N, Ringden O, Gahrton G. Source: Blood. 1994 July 15; 84(2): 657-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8025290

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Low affinity antibody to rubella antigen in patients after rubella infection in utero. Author(s): Fitzgerald MG, Pullen GR, Hosking CS. Source: Pediatrics. 1988 June; 81(6): 812-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368279

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Low incidence of adverse experiences after measles or measles-rubella mass revaccination at a college campus. Author(s): Seager C, Moriarity J, Ngai A, Staehle BO, Nalin DR. Source: Vaccine. 1994 August; 12(11): 1018-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7975841

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Low mumps antibody levels induced by mumps-measles-rubella vaccinations in type 1 diabetic children. Author(s): Hiltunen M, Hyoty H, Leinikki P, Akerblom HK, Tuomilehto J, Vesikari T. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1994 December; 11(10): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7895458

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Lowered immunity status of rubella virus infection in pregnant women. Author(s): Khare S, Banerjee K, Padubidri V, Rai A, Kumari S, Kumari S. Source: J Commun Dis. 1987 December; 19(4): 391-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3507446

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Lymphocytes proliferation kinetics and SCE variation after rubella vaccination. Author(s): Alicata P, Castro A, Faro S, Motta S. Source: Mutation Research. 1988 March; 198(1): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3352628

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Measles and rubella in the World Health Organization European region: diversity creates challenges. Author(s): Spika JS, Wassilak S, Pebody R, Lipskaya G, Deshevoi S, Guris D, Emiroglu N. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S191-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721913

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Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: advising concerned parents. Author(s): Elliman DA, Bedford HE. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(10): 631-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269839

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Measles, mumps and rubella: control by vaccination. Author(s): van Druten JA, de Boo T, Plantinga AD. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 53-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556777

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Wakefield AJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622124

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Noble KK, Miyasaka K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622123

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Mullins ME. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622122

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Spitzer WO. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622119

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Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine. Author(s): Dubey AP, Banerjee S. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 July; 70(7): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940381

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Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (Priorix; GSK-MMR): a review of its use in the prevention of measles, mumps and rubella. Author(s): Wellington K, Goa KL. Source: Drugs. 2003; 63(19): 2107-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962524

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Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism. Author(s): Mullins ME. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 July; 112(1 Pt 1): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12837894

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Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the development of autism. Author(s): Miller E. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 14(3): 199-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913832

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Measles-rubella mass immunization campaign in Albania, November 2000. Author(s): Bino S, Kakarriqi E, Xibinaku M, Ion-Nedelcu N, Bukli M, Emiroglu N, Uzicanin A. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721917

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Misled and confused? Telling the public about MMR vaccine safety. Measles, mumps, and rubella. Author(s): Clements CJ, Ratzan S. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 February; 29(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12569190

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Modeling measles, mumps, and rubella: implications for the design of vaccination programs. Author(s): Gay NJ. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1998 August; 19(8): 570-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758057

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Moving the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to school entry: implications for control of rubella. Author(s): Heath TC, Burgess MA, Forrest JM. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 1998 August 6; 22(8): 157-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9735550

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Mumps and rubella surveillance in Victoria, 1993 to 2000. Author(s): Guy RJ, Andrews RM, Robinson PM, Lambert SB. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27(1): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725508

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Natural immunity to measles, rubella and mumps among Spanish children in the prevaccination era. Author(s): Arroyo M, Alia JM, Mateos ML, Carrasco JL, Ballesteros F, Lardinois R. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 March; 15(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3957548

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Natural rubella infection with CD8+ T cell expansion and failure to detect viral genome in synovial fluid. Author(s): Ueno Y, Katow S, Tanaka T, Fukushima M, Shimizu S. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 January; 26(1): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9918269

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Neonatal manifestation of congenital rubella following an outbreak in Trinidad. Author(s): Ali Z, Hull B, Lewis M. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1986 April; 32(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3712533

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Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Author(s): Makela A, Nuorti JP, Peltola H. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 November; 110(5): 957-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415036

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Neurological aspects of rubella virus infection. Author(s): Frey TK. Source: Intervirology. 1997; 40(2-3): 167-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9450233

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New horizons in the control of rubella and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas. Author(s): Castillo-Solorzano C, Carrasco P, Tambini G, Reef S, Brana M, de Quadros CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187 Suppl 1: S146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721906

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No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism. Author(s): Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 October; 108(4): E58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11581466

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No evidence for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine-associated inflammatory bowel disease or autism in a 14-year prospective study. Author(s): Peltola H, Patja A, Leinikki P, Valle M, Davidkin I, Paunio M. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9643797

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Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella. Author(s): Brown AS, Cohen P, Greenwald S, Susser E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 March; 157(3): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698821

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Nucleotide sequence analysis of a major antigenic domain of the E1 glycoprotein of 22 rubella virus isolates. Author(s): Bosma TJ, Best JM, Corbett KM, Banatvala JE, Starkey WG. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1996 October; 77 ( Pt 10): 2523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8887486

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Ocular manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome in a developing country. Author(s): Vijayalakshmi P, Kakkar G, Samprathi A, Banushree R. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532496

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Ocular manifestations of congenital rubella. Author(s): Arnold J. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1995 June; 6(3): 45-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10150869

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Offering rubella vaccination to sexually active adolescents. Author(s): Guala A, Paoletti R, Pastore G, Sinaccio C, Pagani L. Source: Vaccine. 2003 April 2; 21(15): 1561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639476

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Onset and severity of hearing loss due to congenital rubella infection. Author(s): Wild NJ, Sheppard S, Smithells RW, Holzel H, Jones G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989 September; 64(9): 1280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2817948

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Optic neuritis following measles/rubella vaccination in two 13-year-old children. Author(s): Stevenson VL, Acheson JF, Ball J, Plant GT. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 December; 80(12): 1110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059281

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Optical complications in congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Weisinger HS, Pesudovs K. Source: Optometry. 2002 July; 73(7): 418-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365660

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Outbreak of aseptic meningitis associated with mass vaccination with a urabecontaining measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: implications for immunization programs. Author(s): Dourado I, Cunha S, Teixeira MG, Farrington CP, Melo A, Lucena R, Barreto ML. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 March 1; 151(5): 524-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707922

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Outbreak of rubella originating among high-school students--Selkirk, Manitoba. Author(s): Macdonald A, Petaski K. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1997 July 1; 23(13): 97-101. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509639

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Outcome of confirmed periconceptional maternal rubella. Author(s): Enders G, Nickerl-Pacher U, Miller E, Cradock-Watson JE. Source: Lancet. 1988 June 25; 1(8600): 1445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2898593

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Outcome of pregnancy after maternal reinfection with rubella. Author(s): Morgan-Capner P, Miller E, Vurdien JE, Ramsay ME. Source: Cdr (Lond Engl Rev). 1991 May 24; 1(6): R57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1669775

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Panuveitis due to acquired rubella and isolation of rubella virus from the aqueous humor. Author(s): Biswas J, Narayana KM, Gupta S, Malathi J, Madhavan HN. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003 July-August; 40(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908540

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Parental confidence in measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: evidence from vaccine coverage and attitudinal surveys. Author(s): Ramsay ME, Yarwood J, Lewis D, Campbell H, White JM. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 November; 52(484): 912-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434960

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Parents' attitude towards the second dose of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: a case-control study. Author(s): Petrovic M, Roberts RJ, Ramsay M, Charlett A. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 December; 6(4): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15067860

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Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to rubella retinopathy. Author(s): Wang LK, Kansal S, Pulido JS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429271

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Phylogenetic analysis of rubella virus isolated during a period of epidemic transmission in Italy, 1991-1997. Author(s): Zheng DP, Zhu H, Revello MG, Gerna G, Frey TK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 15; 187(10): 1587-97. Epub 2003 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721939

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Placental transfer of rubella-specific IgG in fullterm and preterm newborns. Author(s): Doroudchi M, Samsami Dehaghani A, Emad K, Ghaderi A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 May; 81(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706272

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in the second trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Tang JW, Aarons E, Hesketh LM, Strobel S, Schalasta G, Jauniaux E, Brink NS, Enders G. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 June; 23(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813768

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Prevalence of anti-gelatin IgE antibodies in people with anaphylaxis after measlesmumps rubella vaccine in the United States. Author(s): Pool V, Braun MM, Kelso JM, Mootrey G, Chen RT, Yunginger JW, Jacobson RM, Gargiullo PM; VAERS Team. US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 December; 110(6): E71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456938

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Prevalence of birth defects and rubella infection in pregnant women in Gansu, west China. A survey. Author(s): Cheng N, Bai Y, Hu X, Pei H, Li Y, Zhang W, Fan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Chen Z, Li C, He P, He H. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 November; 48(11): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699995

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Prevalence of rubella-specific IgG antibody in non-immunized pregnant women in Maiduguri, north eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Bukbuk DN, el Nafaty AU, Obed JY. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002 June; 10(1-2): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12096678

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Quantitative investigations of different vaccination policies for the control of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Anderson RM, Grenfell BT. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1986 April; 96(2): 305-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701044

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Rapid effect on endemic measles, mumps, and rubella of nationwide vaccination programme in Finland. Author(s): Peltola H, Karanko V, Kurki T, Hukkanen V, Virtanen M, Penttinen K, Nissinen M, Heinonen OP. Source: Lancet. 1986 January 18; 1(8473): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2867355

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Rubella and rubeola. Author(s): Rosa C. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1998 August; 22(4): 318-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738996

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Rubella antibodies in female applicants for premarital health certificates in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Author(s): Pereira F, Uez O. Source: Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1986; 20(2): 179-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3768598

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Rubella epidemiology in South East England. Author(s): Nokes DJ, Anderson RM, Anderson MJ. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1986 April; 96(2): 291-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701043

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Rubella serology in mentally retarded adults. Author(s): Olsen ME, Olsen NM, Breuel K, Burhenn C, Kalbfleisch JH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 September; 91(9): 842-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9743055

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Rubella vaccination and pregnancy: preliminary report of a national survey. Author(s): Sheppard S, Smithells RW, Dickson A, Holzel H. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 March 15; 292(6522): 727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3082412

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Rubella vaccination: a study in adult male volunteers. Author(s): Harcus AW, Ward AE, Bryett KA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1986; 10(5): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816290

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Rubella vaccination: the effect of health education and administrative systems on vaccination rates in two health authorities. Author(s): O'Mahony MC, Begg N. Source: Public Health. 1986 March; 100(2): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3737856

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Rubella-associated arthritis. I. Comparative study of joint manifestations associated with natural rubella infection and RA 27/3 rubella immunisation. Author(s): Tingle AJ, Allen M, Petty RE, Kettyls GD, Chantler JK. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 February; 45(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3947141

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Rubella-associated arthritis. II. Relationship between circulating immune complex levels and joint manifestations. Author(s): Singh VK, Tingle AJ, Schulzer M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 February; 45(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3484934

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Selection and performance of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an IgM antibody capture enzyme immunoassay for rubella. Author(s): Chantler S, Evans CJ. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986 February 27; 87(1): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3512718

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Seroprevalence of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies in Luxembourg: results from a national cross-sectional study. Author(s): Mossong J, Putz L, Schneider F. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2004 January; 132(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979584

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Seroprevalence of rubella antibodies among pregnant females in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Palihawadana P, Wickremasinghe AR, Perera J. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003 June; 34(2): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971571

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Seroprevalence of rubella antibodies in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 8 years after the introduction of vaccine. Author(s): Zanetta DM, Cabrera EM, Azevedo RS, Burattini MN, Massad E. Source: Vaccine. 2003 September 8; 21(25-26): 3795-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12922113

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Severe subaortic stenosis associated with congenital rubella syndrome: palliation by percutaneous transcatheter device occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus. Author(s): Moore JW, Mullins CE. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 1986; 7(4): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3822869

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Single-serum diagnosis of rubella by combined use of the hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination tests. Author(s): Inouye S, Satoh K, Tajima T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 February; 23(2): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3700622

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Stability of rubella virus after long-term persistence in human cell line. Author(s): Boriskin YuS, Desyatskova RG, Bogomolova NN, Gorbulev VG. Source: Microbiologica. 1986 April; 9(2): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3713544

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Study of the immune response engendered by differents combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines in an area of Andalusia (Spain). Author(s): Cruz Rojo C, Rodriguez Iglesias M, Olvera J, Alvarez Giron M. Source: Vaccine. 2003 December 12; 22(2): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615156

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Susceptibility to rubella among pregnant women and the serological evidence of congenital rubella in newborn babies at Colombo South Teaching Hospital. Author(s): Weerasekera DS, Fernanado S, Weerasekera MM. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2003 June; 48(2): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971208

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Symptomatic rubella reinfection in an immune contact of a rubella vaccine recipient. Author(s): Wolf JE, Eisen JE, Fraimow HS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 January; 86(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420023

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The consequences of antenatal rubella testing. Author(s): Wild NJ, Sheppard S, Smithells RW. Source: Health Trends. 1986 February; 18(1): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10276134

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The decline in congenital rubella syndrome in Western Australia: an impact of the school girl vaccination program? Author(s): Stanley FJ, Sim M, Wilson G, Worthington S. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1986 January; 76(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940451

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The effect of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunization on the immune responses of previously immunized primary school children. Author(s): Rager-Zisman B, Bazarsky E, Skibin A, Chamney S, Belmaker I, Shai I, Kordysh E, Griffin DE. Source: Vaccine. 2003 June 2; 21(19-20): 2580-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744894

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The epidemiology of rubella virus infections in a large city of southern Italy. Author(s): Leogrande G. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1993; 23(3): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8400335

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The genomic analysis of rubella virus detected from outbreak and sporadic cases in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Author(s): Donadio FF, Siqueira MM, Vyse A, Jin L, Oliveira SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 July; 27(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12829043

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The impact of rubella immunisation on the incidence of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome and rubella-related terminations of pregnancy in South Australia. Author(s): Cheffins T, Chan A, Keane RJ, Haan EA, Hall R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 September; 105(9): 998-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763052

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The impact of rubella immunization on the serological status of women of childbearing age: a retrospective longitudinal study in Melbourne, Australia. Author(s): Francis BH, Thomas AK, McCarty CA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 August; 93(8): 1274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893611

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The predicted impact of private sector MMR vaccination on the burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Author(s): Vynnycky E, Gay NJ, Cutts FT. Source: Vaccine. 2003 June 20; 21(21-22): 2708-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798608

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The risk of aseptic meningitis associated with the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain following mass vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1997. Author(s): da Silveira CM, Kmetzsch CI, Mohrdieck R, Sperb AF, Prevots DR. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October; 31(5): 978-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435771

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Time-course induction of apoptosis by wild-type and attenuated strains of rubella virus. Author(s): Cooray S, Best JM, Jin L. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2003 May; 84(Pt 5): 1275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692294

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UK case of congenital rubella can be linked to Greek cases. Author(s): Tookey P, Molyneaux P, Helms P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 23; 321(7263): 766-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041637

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Ultrastructural alterations of the amniocytes in 2 patients with rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Straussberg R, Amir J, Harel L, Djaldetti M. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 January-February; 10(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7710681

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Unseen blindness, unheard deafness, and unrecorded death and disability: congenital rubella in Kumasi, Ghana. Author(s): Lawn JE, Reef S, Baffoe-Bonnie B, Adadevoh S, Caul EO, Griffin GE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 October; 90(10): 1555-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11029988

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Unusual EEG pattern in rubella encephalitis. Author(s): Hemachudha NS, Kocen RS. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1986 April; 49(4): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701359

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Update on immunisation for measles, mumps, rubella and pertussis. Author(s): Burgess MA. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1986 April; 15(4): 449-50, 452-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3718358

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Uptake of measles containing vaccines in the measles, mumps, and rubella second dose catch-up programme in Wales. Author(s): Thomas DR, King J, Evans MR, Salmon RL. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1998 March; 1(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9718839

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Use of a microquantity enzyme immunoassay in a large-scale study of measles, mumps and rubella immunity in Italy. Author(s): Condorelli F, Stivala A, Gallo R, Marino A, Battaglini CM, Messina A, Russo G, Castro A, Scalia G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 January; 17(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9512184

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Use of PCR for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. Author(s): Bosma TJ, Corbett KM, Eckstein MB, O'Shea S, Vijayalakshmi P, Banatvala JE, Morton K, Best JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 November; 33(11): 2881-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576339

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Use of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of rubella virus RNA in cell cultures inoculated with clinical samples. Author(s): Revello MG, Sarasini A, Baldanti F, Percivalle E, Zella D, Gerna G. Source: New Microbiol. 1997 July; 20(3): 197-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258938

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Use of rubella virus E1 fusion proteins for detection of rubella virus antibodies. Author(s): Starkey WG, Newcombe J, Corbett KM, Liu KM, Sanders PG, Best JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 February; 33(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714176

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Vaccination against rubella: analysis of the temporal evolution of the age-dependent force of infection and the effects of different contact patterns. Author(s): Amaku M, Coutinho FA, Azevedo RS, Burattini MN, Lopez LF, Massad E. Source: Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. 2003 May; 67(5 Pt 1): 051907. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786178

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Vaccination update. Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, mumps, rubella, measles. Author(s): Vetter RT, Johnson GM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 October; 98(4): 133-7, 141-2, 144-5 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567714

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Vaccination with a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella aiming at elimination of the three diseases. Author(s): Bottiger M, Christenson B, Strandell A, Romanus V. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556776

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Vaccination with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and varicella vaccine: safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, persistence of antibody and duration of protection against varicella in healthy children. Author(s): Shinefield HR, Black SB, Staehle BO, Matthews H, Adelman T, Ensor K, Li S, Chan I, Heyse J, Waters M, Chan CY, Vessey SJ, Kaplan KM, Kuter BJ; Kaiser Permanente Medical Team for Varivax. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 June; 21(6): 555-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182381

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Vaccine-induced measles virus antibodies after two doses of combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: a 12-year follow-up in two cohorts. Author(s): Davidkin I, Valle M. Source: Vaccine. 1998 December; 16(20): 2052-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796064

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Validation of a modified commercial assay for the detection of rubella-specific IgG in oral fluid for use in population studies. Author(s): Ben Salah A, Zaatour A, Pomery L, Cohen BJ, Brown DW, Andrews N. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 December; 114(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625050

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Virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome caused by rubella in an adult. Author(s): Takenaka H, Kishimoto S, Ichikawa R, Shibagaki R, Kubota Y, Yamagata N, Gotoh H, Fujita N, Yasuno H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 139(5): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9892958

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Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome due to rubella virus and varicella-zoster virus dual infection in patient with adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Takeoka Y, Hino M, Oiso N, Nishi S, Koh KR, Yamane T, Ohta K, Nakamae H, Aoyama Y, Hirose A, Fujino H, Takubo T, Inoue T, Tatsumi N. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2001 June; 80(6): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11475151

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Virus-specific antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus and rubella virus in renal transplant patients with cytomegalovirus infections. Author(s): O'Neill HJ, Shirodaria PV. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 May; 24(3): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1318341

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Visual outcome of cataract surgery in children with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Vijayalakshmi P, Srivastava KK, Poornima B, Nirmalan P. Source: J Aapos. 2003 April; 7(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736620

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What is the cause of a rash after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination? Author(s): Jenkin GA, Chibo D, Kelly HA, Lynch PA, Catton MG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 August 16; 171(4): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10494235

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Where rubella is still a problem. Author(s): Plotkin SA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 July; 18(7): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440430

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White matter MR hyperintensities in adult patients with congenital rubella. Author(s): Lane B, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Beal DM, Harvey RL Jr, Meyers T, Faustman WO, Pfefferbaum A. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1996 January; 17(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8770257

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RUBELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and rubella.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Rubella The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “rubella” (or a synonym): •

A hydroxytetradecatrienoic acid from Mycosphaerella rubella. Author(s): Dipartimento di Chimica, CNR sulle Sostanze Organiche Naturali, Milano, Italy. Source: Arnone, A Nasini, G Vajna de Pava, O Phytochemistry. 1998 June; 48(3): 507-10 0031-9422

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A reinvestigation of the structure of biruloquinone, a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone isolated from Mycosphaerella rubella. Source: Arnone, A. Nasini, G. Vajna De Pava, O. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1991. volume 30 (8) page 2729-2731. 0031-9422

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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after live rubella vaccination. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan. [email protected] Source: Tsuru, T Mizuguchi, M Ohkubo, Y Itonaga, N Momoi, M Y Brain-Devolume 2000 June; 22(4): 259-61 0387-7604

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Antiviral activity of natural and semisynthetic polysaccharides on the early steps of rubella virus infection. Author(s): Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. [email protected] Source: Mastromarino, P Petruzziello, R Macchia, S Rieti, S Nicoletti, R Orsi, N JAntimicrob-Chemother. 1997 Mar; 39(3): 339-45 0305-7453

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Baculovirus-mediated large-scale expression and purification of a polyhistidinetagged rubella virus capsid protein. Author(s): VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Espoo, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. Source: Schmidt, M Tuominen, N Johansson, T Weiss, S A Keinanen, K Oker Blom, C Protein-Expr-Purif. 1998 April; 12(3): 323-30 1046-5928

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Effect of honey versus thyme on Rubella virus survival in vitro. Author(s): Teshreen Hospital, Damascus, Syria. Source: Zeina, B Othman, O al Assad, S J-Altern-Complement-Med. 1996 Fall; 2(3): 345-8 1075-5535

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Effect of site-directed asparagine to isoleucine substitutions at the N-linked E1 glycosylation sites on rubella virus viability. Author(s): Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Source: Ramanujam, M Hofmann, J Nakhasi, H L Atreya, C D Virus-Res. 2001 December 4; 81(1-2): 151-6 0168-1702

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Infection of cultured human fetal pancreatic islet cells by rubella virus. Author(s): McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada. Source: Numazaki, K Goldman, H Wong, I Wainberg, M A Am-J-Clin-Pathol. 1989 April; 91(4): 446-51 0002-9173

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Inhibition of herpes simplex, rabies and rubella viruses by lectins with different specificities. Author(s): Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita La Sapienza, Rome. Source: Marchetti, M Mastromarino, P Rieti, S Seganti, L Orsi, N Res-Virol. 1995 MayJune; 146(3): 211-5 0923-2516

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•

Lipid content and fatty acid composition of seeds of Capsella species from different geographical locations [Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella rubella, Capsella grandiflora, Eurasia]. Source: Mukherjee, K.D. Kiewitt, I. Hurka, H. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1984. volume 23 (1) page 117-119. 0031-9422

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Multiple aneurysms associated with congenital rubella. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, UK. Source: Rocker, M D Bond, S E McGuinness, C L Taylor, P R Int-J-Clin-Pract. 2001 March; 55(2): 147-8 1368-5031

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Pre-pregnancy counselling for the primary prevention of birth defects: rubella vaccination and folate intake. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Perth. Source: Marsack, C R Alsop, C L Kurinczuk, J J Bower, C Med-J-Aust. 1995 April 17; 162(8): 403-6 0025-729X

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Rubella virus nonstructural protein protease domains involved in trans- and ciscleavage activities. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4. Source: Liang, Y Yao, J Gillam, S J-Virol. 2000 June; 74(12): 5412-23 0022-538X

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Serological survey of measles and rubella immunity in Sydney preschool children. Author(s): Division of General Practice, Central Sydney Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Causer, J Mira, M Karr, M Hueston, L Burgess, M Alperstein, G Fett, M Cunningham, A J-Paediatr-Child-Health. 2000 October; 36(5): 418-21 1034-4810

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Syndromes with salivary dysfunction predispose to tooth wear: Case reports of congenital dysfunction of major salivary glands, Prader-Willi, congenital rubella, and Sjogren's syndromes. Author(s): Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Australia. [email protected] Source: Young, W Khan, F Brandt, R Savage, N Razek, A A Huang, Q Oral-Surg-OralMed-Oral-Pathol-Oral-Radiol-Endod. 2001 July; 92(1): 38-48 1079-2104

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Triterpenoid glycosides from Adina rubella. Author(s): Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. Source: Fang, S Y He, Z S Gao, J H Wang, P Phytochemistry. 1995 July; 39(5): 1241-3 0031-9422

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Triterpenoids from Adina rubella. Source: Fang, S. He, Z. Fan, G. Wu, H. Xu, J. J-nat-prod. Downers Grove, Ill. : American Society of Pharmacognosy. March 1996. volume 59 (3) page 304-307. 0163-3864

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON RUBELLA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to rubella. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “rubella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rubella, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Rubella ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to rubella. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Demonstration of the Prescriptive Teaching System with Teachers of Deaf-Blind Rubella Children by Bailey, Marilynn Jane Lee, EdD from University of Southern California, 1973, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7307241

•

A Study of the Relationships among Rubella Syndrome, Academic Achievement and Cognitive Performance of Deaf Students by Fillman, Robyn Denise; PhD from The Ohio State University, 1999, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9941323

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Determining the Most Appropriate Environment for Rubella Deaf-Blind Persons by Baker, Dixie Branner, PhD from University of Southern California, 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1644854

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•

Health, Stress, and Coping of Families with Deaf-Blind (rubella) Children (handicapped) by LAPHAM, E. VIRGINIA SHEPPARD, PHD from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1984, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8503392

•

Implications of Autistic Symptomatology for Congenital Rubella Children: an Investigation of Selected Variables. by WIEBE, MICHAEL JOHN, PHD from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1973, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7332653

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Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes and Developmental Growth of Rubella Deaf-Blind Children. by ORTIZ, KENNETH KURT, PHD from University of Southern California, 1973, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7400936

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Stereotypic Behaviors in Blind Children: Relationships to Motility Behaviors of Autism (Rubella, Retrolental Fibroplasia, Self-Stimulation) by IVERSON, LANDA J., PHD from The University of North Dakota, 1984, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8418087

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON RUBELLA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “rubella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rubella, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Rubella By performing a patent search focusing on rubella, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on rubella: •

Agglutination assay and product for rubella antibody Inventor(s): Dorsett; Preston H. (Memphis, TN) Assignee(s): The University of Tennessee Research Corporation (knoxville, Tn) Patent Number: 4,590,156 Date filed: May 21, 1982 Abstract: A solid support is sensitized with soluble rubella virus antigen which is obtained by disruption and solubilization of whole (intact) rubella virus. The sensitized support is useful in an assay for rubella virus antibody. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to viruses, and more particularly to the purification of virus, production of virus antigens, the use of virus antigens for the production of sensitized solids, and the use of virus antigen sensitized solids for testing for virus antibodies. Most particularly, the invention relates to rubella virus, rubella virus antigen and a test for rubella virus antibody. U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,074 discloses a process for producing soluble rubella virus antigen, and the use thereof in an agglutination test for rubella virus antibody. In accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,074, the tissue culture from rubella virus infected cells is subjected to immunosorbent separation through a column containing IgG derived from human serum known to contain antibodies reactive with rubella antigen followed by elution of the rubella antigen material from the column and selection of the soluble antigen by gel permeation chromatography. The antigen may then be employed for sensitizing erythrocytes, and the sensitized erythrocytes are used to determine antibody in human serum samples by direct agglutination. In accordance with the aforesaid patent, the so-called rubella antigen is not recovered from the virus, per se, and, therefore, it is believed that such material does not include structural proteins of the virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04590156__

•

Diluents for rubella virus hemagglutination-inhibition test Inventor(s): Iwasa; Susumu (Kyoto, JA), Yoshida; Isamu (Takatsuki, JA) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (osaka, Ja) Patent Number: 4,059,491 Date filed: January 31, 1977 Abstract: In the rubella virus hemagglutination-inhibition test, the hemagglutinationinhibition antibody titers of the test sera can be determined with accuracy and high sensitivity by employing a novel diluent, which contains N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazineN'-2'-ethanesulfonic acid in a low concentration and which is free from calcium ion, for the dilution of the rubella virus hemagglutinating antigen and of the test sera. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to diluents for rubella virus hemagglutinationinhibition test. The hemagglutination-inhibition (hereinafter briefly referred to as HI) test for rubella virus is an important tool in serological diagnosis because of its comparatively high sensitivity, expedience and convenience in use as compared to other diagnostic procedures for rubella virus, such as neutralization, complement fixation,

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fluorescent antibody and other tests. Heretofore, in such rubella virus HI tests, the three reactants, rubella virus hemagglutinating antigen (hereinafter briefly referred to as rubella virus HA antigen), test serum and erythrocytes have been used as previously diluted with the same type of diluent, and various diluents for this purpose are known. Each of the known diluents, however, has its own disadvantages. Currently the veronal buffer solution is most commonly employed. However, the sensitivity of the rubella virus HI test is about 10 times higher in the pH range of about 6.0 to 6.5 than at pH 7.2, the pH level established by veronal buffer [Journal of Immunology 104, 818(1970)]. Thus, use has often been made of diluents buffered by N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'2'-ethanesulfonic acid (hereinafter referred to briefly as HEPES) which has a high buffer capacity in the pH range of 6.0 to 6.5 and which helps produce a stable, well-defined erythrocyte agglutination pattern. This diluent contains not only HEPES in a molar concentration of 0.025 but also NaCl in a molar concentration of 0.14, 1% (weight/volume; also hereinafter) of bovine serum albumin, 0.00025% of gelatin and 0.001 molar concentration of CaCl.sub.2, and each of these ingredients have been considered to be essential because of their invariable major influences upon the sensitivity of the HI reaction, the stability of the resultant erythrocyte agglutination pattern and the distinctness of the end-point of the reaction. Generally the rubella virus HA antigen is rapidly inactivated on dilution with a diluent, and in the employment of said HEPES buffer, as it is the case with other buffers, one is not in the position to use a stored previously diluted rubella virus HA antigen fluid but must dilute the antigen to the prescribed concentration of 4 hemagglutinating (HA) units just before conducting the reaction with a test serum. Moreover, the inactivation of the HA antigen takes place even on such an occasion, thus interfering with an accurate assessment of the end-point of the HI reaction of rubella HI antibody in the test serum, with the result that the HI antibody titer thus determined is neither accurate nor reproducible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04059491__ •

Enzymatic immunological method for the determination of antigens and antibodies Inventor(s): Schuurs; Antonius H. W. M. (Oss, NL), Van Weemen; Bauke K. (Oss, NL), Wolters; Gerrit (Oss, NL) Assignee(s): Akzona Incorporated (asheville, Nc) Patent Number: 4,016,043 Date filed: September 4, 1975 Abstract: The present invention relates to improvements in the sandwich technique for the determination of a component of an antigen-antibody reaction in a liquid sample to be tested, utilizing as reagents (a) one component of said reaction bound to the surface of a water-insoluble, water-insuspensible, solid carrier, and (b) a component having the same immunological properties covalently linked to an enzyme. The liquid sample is contacted and incubated with the reagent(s) to form a reaction mixture, the enzyme activity of either the liquid or solid phase of which is a measure of the presence and quantity of the component to be determined. The method is especially useful for diagnostic testing for hepatitis or rubella antibodies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a diagnostic method for the direction and determination of antigens and antibodies. More particularly, this invention relates to diagnostic methods for the detection and determination of pathogenic disease antigens and antibodies, such as hepatitis and rubella antigens and their associated antibodies. A number of immunological methods have been developed for the determination of

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antigens and antibodies, including methods for the determination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB.sub.s Ag), a component of hepatitis B virus and its associated antibodies. In this field it is important that whatever methods are used are as sensitive and reliable as possible since an incorrect diagnosis can have serious consequences. This is especially true of the determination of hepatitis antigens and their associated antibodies since the transmission of the hepatitis virus via blood donors constitutes a significant public health risk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04016043__ •

Functionaized hydrophilic acridinium esters Inventor(s): Connolly; Peter B. (Walpole, MA), Jiang; Qingping (Northborough, MA), Kilroy; John P. (Boston, MA), Law; Say-Jong (Westwood, MA), McCudden; Constance R. (Brookline, MA), Natrajan; Anand (Manchester, NH), Sotiriou-Leventis; Chariklia (Rolla, MO), Tirrell; Stephen M. (Franklin, MA) Assignee(s): Chiron Diagnostics Corporation (medfield, Ma) Patent Number: 5,656,426 Date filed: April 8, 1994 Abstract: Novel acridinium esters that are useful, either alone or when incorporated into liposomes, as chemiluminescent agents in binding assays (e.g., immunoassays and gene probe assays) with improved-sensitivity are disclosed. In addition, the synthesis of these esters and their use in assays for detecting an analyte is described. In particular, assays for testosterone and the Rubella virus are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel method for detection of an analyte. The present invention relates to the detection of an analyte using acridinium esters as chemiluminescent markers which can be encapsulated within liposome vesicles without significant leakage of the esters from the vesicles. The present invention also relates to the synthesis and use of novel functionalized hydrophilic acridinium esters which are useful as chemiluminescent labels, and suprisingly give a much higher quantum yield than prior acridinium ester compounds. The present invention also relates to novel hydrophilic acridinium esters which may be used to form direct and indirect conjugates. The present invention also relates to novel conjugates formed from such functionalized hydrophilic acridinium ester compounds. The present invention further relates to assays utilizing these novel functionalized hydrophilic acridinium esters and conjugates thereof. The instant invention relates to immunoassay using the compounds of the instant invention. The use of acridinium esters as chemiluminescent labels in clinical assays is known. For example, European Patent Application No. 82 306 557.8 describes the use of an aryl acridinium ester activated with an N-hydroxy-succinimidyl moiety as a chemiluminescent label in immunoassays. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,181; 4,918,192; 5,241,070, and Copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/032,947 filed Jan. 26, 1994, and 08/032,085 filed Mar. 17, 1993, describe polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters (PAAE) which are useful in immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridization assays. U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,489 and Copending divisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/032,231 filed Mar. 17, 1993 which is the parent to the instant application, describe hydrophilic polysubstituted aryl acridinium esters and lumisome conjugates thereof useful in clinical assays, particularly those assays involving liposomes. Previous methods for the synthesis of 2',6'-Dimethyl-4'-(N-succinimidyloxycarbonyl)phenyl-10-Methyl-9acridineca rboxylate Methylsulfate (DMAE-NHS) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,181, require the use of a phenoxy group substituted with a benzyloxycarbonyl group as an

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intermediate to form the acridine ester via a long synthetic pathway. It is desirable to develop new and efficient methods of synthesizing the useful acridinium ester labels of the instant invention. The unexpected ability to form 2'6'-dimethyl-4'-(Nsuccinimidyloxycarbonyl)phenyl 9-acridinecarboxylate (DMAeE-NHS) by the simplified procedure of combining a solution of succinimidyl 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-dimethylaminopyridine with 9-acridinecarbonyl chloride hydrochloride, was not readily predictable in view of the coexistence of two reactive leaving groups in the same reaction, an acid chloride from 9-acridinecarbonyl chloride and a succinimidyl ester from succinimidyl 3,5-dimethyl-4hydroxybenzoate. For example, in the case where Nsuccinimidyl 3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate is reacted with the 9-acridinecarbonyl chloride referred to above, the condensation can be carried out under mild conditions (approximately room temperature) due to the absence of the two methyl groups in the ortho positions. (See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,958, cols. 4-5, where the reactant does not contain the ortho-substituted methyl groups.) On the other hand, when the two methyl groups are present, much more drastic conditions (100 degrees C. for 2 hours) are required for the condensation reaction to take place, due to the steric hindrance caused by the methyl groups. It should be noted, though, that there is a benefit provided by the presence of the methyl groups, namely the added stability of the resulting acridinium ester, as discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,181. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05656426__ •

Hemagglutination-inhibition test for togaviruses Inventor(s): Iwasa; Susumu (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,140,754 Date filed: November 8, 1976 Abstract: The non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination in a subject serum for hemagglutination-inhibition test for a togavirus such as rubella virus can be inactivated by subjecting the subject serum to the action of phospholipase C. By subjecting thustreated serum to the hemagglutination-inhibition test employing fixed erythrocytes the togavirus hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer of the serum can be determined accurately and with high sensitivity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement in hemagglutination inhibition tests for togaviruses. The hemagglutination-inhibition test (hereinafter briefly referred to as HI test) of a torgavirus such as rubella virus is more sensitive and more expedient to perform than neutralization and complement-fixation tests, and has been a useful means of serological diagnosis. However, strongly false-positive reactions are encountered with the sera of human and other animals which are normally subjected to such HI tests because these subject sera contain hemagglutination inhibitors nonspecific to the togavirus-specific hemagglutinating antigens. For the purpose of removing those hemagglutination inhibitors, such techniques as kaolin, adsorption and acetoneextraction are commonly employed. In the case of HI tests for rubella virus, precipitation with heparin-MnCl.sub.2 or dextran sulfate-CaCl.sub.2 has been employed with advantage because of its high reproducibity. However, kaolin is a non-specific adsorbent which adsorbs not only the non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination but also the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody (hereinafter briefly referred to as HI antibody) itself, thus giving rise to false-negative reactions. Acetone, on the other hand, denatures and inactivates the antibody molecules, thus similarly causing false-negative

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reactions. In the case of the heparin-MnCl.sub.2 or dextran sulfate-CaCl.sub.2 method, the reagents must be used in high concentrations to completely remove the non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination but the practice leads to a poor pattern of hemagglutination and, therefore, to a frequent failure to obtain an accurate readout of the test result. Furthermore, because these techniques invariably require a centrifugation procedure for separating the non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination from the HI antibody, HI tests on a large scale had to be time-consuming and cumbersome to perform. With the foregoing as a technical background, the present inventor has unexpectedly found that the non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination occurring in a subject serum for the HI test for a togavirus can be substantially completely inactivated by allowing phospholipase C to act upon the subject serum without affecting the activity of the togavirus-specfic HI antibody in the serum, and that by subjecting the thustreated subject serum to the HI test employing fixed erythrocytes the togavirus-specific antibody titer of the subject serum can be determined accurately and with high sensitivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04140754__ •

Immunoassay method Inventor(s): Gomez; Magdalena U. (Wayne, NJ), Mondabaugh; Susan M. (North Caldwell, NJ) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-la Roche Inc. (nutley, Nj) Patent Number: 4,178,359 Date filed: March 15, 1978 Abstract: An improved method for immunoassay for antibodies to microbial organisms is disclosed. The improvement involves the use of diluted anti-human IgG to produce a non-visible agglutinate of the microbial antigen-serum antibody cojugate. Such method provides for maximum label binding and thus maximum assay sensitivity compared to the previously employed conjugate precipitation method. The present improvement is particularly useful in a radioimmunoassay for detecting antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N.g.) or rubella virus in sera. Excerpt(s): One of the techniques for assaying for antibodies to microbial organisms involves forming a conjugate between the antibody and an antigen derived from the microbe such as, for example, from the cell wall thereof. The conjugate is precipitated from the test solution by the presence of an anti-antibody derived from a different mammalian species. By introducing a suitable label into the conjugate utilizing either a labelled antigen or a labelled anti-antibody, it is possible to determine the concentration of the antibody in the sample using a previously generated standard curve. Thus, for example, detection of gonorrhea antibodies in human serum is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,269. The method is based on the use of an antigen produced by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae organism whose isolation is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 385,863 filed Aug. 6, 1973. D. Determining the level of radioactivity as a measure of the presence of the antigen-antibody conjugate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04178359__

Patents 93

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Immunoassay method for detecting viral antibodies in whole blood samples Inventor(s): Fridlender; Bertold R. (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Ames-yissum Ltd. (jerusalem, Il) Patent Number: 4,313,927 Date filed: October 19, 1979 Abstract: An immunoassay method for the detection of an antibody (Ab.sub.1) to a viral antigen (Ag) wherein a whole human blood sample diluted with an isotonic aqueous solution is incubated with a solid-phase form of Ag whereby any Ab.sub.1 present in the sample becomes bound to solid-phase Ag, the resulting solid-phase Ag-Ab.sub.1 complexes are separated from the sample, a label-incorporated form of an antibody to Ab.sub.1 (Ab.sub.2 *) is contacted with the separated, solid-phase Ag-Ab.sub.1 complexes, the resulting solid-phase Ag-Ab.sub.1 -Ab.sub.2 * complexes are separated from excess Ab.sub.2 *, and the amount of the label in the separated, solid-phase AgAb.sub.1 Ab.sub.2 * complexes is measured as a function of the presence of Ab.sub.1 in the sample. Preferably the whole blood sample is diluted 1:20 by volume with an isotonic aqueous buffer solution. The method is particularly useful for the detection of cytomegalovirus antibody or Rubella antibody. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to immunoassay methods for detecting the presence of antibodies to viral antigens in test samples derived from human blood. The detection of viral antibodies in a patient's blood is indicative of past or current viral infection. Such information can be of great clinical value, particularly in prenatal screens to determine risks from infections due to such viral agents as cytomegalovirus, Rubella virus, herpesvirus, and the like or to determine success obtained with vaccinations against viral diseases such as measles, Rubella, mumps, polio and the like. It is evident that a most desirable feature of any clinical assay is the ability to perform the assay on an easily obtainable sample with a minimum of sample pretreatment. Where the object of an assay is a component of blood, obviously the most desirable assay sample would be whole (or untreated) blood. However, as demonstrated below, the previously known immunoassays for viral antibodies have consistently been limited to assaying treated blood samples, primarily serum. Procedures for obtaining serum samples from whole blood samples require the use of apparatus and the skills of a technician, both of which add to assay time and cost. It has been discovered that, contrary to the prejudices raised by the prior art, the present immunoassay method can be used to assay whole human blood samples. Over the years, several different techniques have evolved for the determination of viral antibodies including complement fixation, hemagglutination, and, more recently, various immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay. Under the current state of the art, the method of choice is an immunoassay technique referred to as the indirect, solid-phase immunoassay. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04313927__

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Interrupted-flow assay device Inventor(s): Chandler; Howard M. (Yarmouth, ME) Assignee(s): Smithkline Diagnostics, Inc. (san Jose, Ca) Patent Number: 5,468,648 Date filed: December 7, 1993

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Abstract: The present invention provides chromatographic assay devices that can perform multiple assays simultaneously in the same test strip, as well as methods for their use. One of the assays can be an immunological assay to detect an antigen, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, while another assay can be a serological assay to detect an antibody, such as anti-rubella antibody. An assay device according to the present invention can comprise: (1) a first opposable component including at least one chromatographic medium having a specific binding partner to the first analyte and a specific binding partner to the second analyte immobilized thereto in separate, discrete, non-overlapping zones; and (2) a second opposable component including an absorber. The first and second opposable components are configured such that bringing the first and second opposable components into opposition causes the absorber to come into operable contact with at least one chromatographic medium so that the zone containing the specific binding partner to the first analyte is functionally divided from the zone containing the specific binding partner to the second analyte so that both analytes can be detected. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to test devices for determination of characteristics of samples, unitized housings, and kits incorporating the test strips and housings, and methods of determining the characteristics of samples using the test strips and housings. Among the many analytical systems used for detection and/or determination of analytes, particularly analytes of biological interest, are chromatographic assay systems. Among the analytes frequently assayed with such systems are: (1) hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), frequently assayed as a marker of human pregnancy: (2) antigens, particularly antigens specific to bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, such as Streptococcus, hepatitis virus, Giardia, and feline leukemia virus (FeLV); (3) antibodies, particularly antibodies induced as a result of infection with pathogens, such as antibody to the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV); (4) other proteins, such as hemoglobin, frequently assayed in determinations of fecal occult blood, an early indicator of gastrointestinal disorders such as colon cancer; (5) enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamate dehydrogenase, frequently assayed as indicators of physiological function and tissue damage; (6) drugs, both therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics, tranquilizers, and anticonvulsants, and illegal drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana; (7) environmental pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic hydrocarbons; and (8) vitamins. Such chromatographic systems are frequently used by physicians, veterinarians, and medical technicians for rapid in-office diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of a variety of conditions and disorders. They are also increasingly used by patients and animal owners themselves for at-home monitoring of such conditions and disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05468648__ •

Method for performing Rubella assay Inventor(s): Adamczyk; Janina (Gurnee, IL), Jou; Yi-Her (Libertyville, IL), Safford; John (Libertyville, IL), Stroupe; Stephen D. (Libertyville, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 5,866,322 Date filed: October 11, 1991

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Abstract: The present invention includes novel rubella assays employing a Rubella virus capture reagent and a solid phase material containing a reaction site comprising a polymeric cation substance. A test sample suspected of containing Rubella antibody may be contacted with the capture reagent to form a capture reagent/analyte complex. The complex is then contacted to the positively charged solid phase to attract, attach, and immobilize the capture reagent/analyte complex. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of binding assay devices and methods. In particular, the present invention relates to novel methods and products useful in the performance of a rubella immunoassay. Various analytical procedures and devices are commonly employed in assays to determine the presence and/or concentration of substances of interest or clinical significance which may be present in biological liquids or other materials. Such substances are commonly termed "analytes" and can include antibodies, antigens, drugs, hormones, etc. Immunoassay techniques take advantage of the mechanisms of the immune systems of higher organisms, wherein antibodies are produced in response to the presence of antigens which are pathogenic or foreign to the organisms. These antibodies and antigens, i.e., immunoreactants, are capable of binding with one another, thereby creating a highly specific reaction mechanism which can be used in vitro to determine the presence or concentration of that particular antigen in a biological sample. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866322__ •

Method for stabilizing rubella HA antigen Inventor(s): Morita; Fumiaki (Osaka, JP), Nakajima; Kunihiro (Nara, JP), Noto; Akira (Osaka, JP), Sato; Akihiko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,690,819 Date filed: October 28, 1985 Abstract: A method for stabilizing rubella HA antigen which comprises adjusting a rubella HA antigen suspension at pH 9.6 or higher, and more preferably, concurrently adding sodium azide thereto, or adding sodium azide alone at a concentration of 1 to 10% (w/v) thereto without the above adjustment of pH. Excerpt(s): A certain kind of virus carries a component called HA antigen (Hemagglutination Antigen), which has a property agglutinating the animal erythrocytes, on their particle surface. Anti-virus antibodies inhibit the agglutination between the HA antigens and the animal erythrocytes. An anti-virus antibody titer can be determined by the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test utilizing such a property of HA antigen. Of the clinical tests for various viruses, the most general one is determination of antibody titer against rubella virus; and the HI test is generally used as serological method for diagnosing an infection or anamnetic infection with rubella virus. Particularly, rubella infection in the first pregnant stage is a matter of primary concern for pregnant women in a delivery stage as it causes a birth of congenital rubella child, so that the rubella HI antibody titer test has widely been applied as one of screening tests for pregnant women. This invention relates to a method for stabilizing rubella HA antigen which is used in the rubella HI test based on the hemagglutination inhibition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04690819__

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Method of fluoro immunoassay Inventor(s): Burgett; Michael W. (El Granada, CA), Harte; Richard A. (Redwood City, CA) Assignee(s): International Diagnostic Technology, Inc. (santa Clara, Ca) Patent Number: 4,294,817 Date filed: September 18, 1978 Abstract: A new surface immunoassay method is performed with two test surfaces. The method is used where serum samples may contain both an antibody for which it is desirable to test, and also competing sera constituents which may be present in indeterminate amounts. In accordance with the method, two different test surfaces are contacted with the same serum sample, and preferably the same aliquot of the serum. The first surface is treated to bind a broad spectrum of serum components including both the component to be tested for and also the competing components. The second surface is designed to bind the competing components but no substantial amount of the serum component to be tested for. The immunoassay is conducted with a labeled antibody, and quantitative measurement of the immunoassay is obtained by detecting the quantitative difference in the amount of labeled antibody on the two surfaces which have been subjected to the same serum sample.The method has utility in detecting a wide variety of antibodies of both the immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M classes, including antibodies for rubella, treponema, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma.Preferably the two surfaces used in the test are mounted on a single sampler which is analyzed in the FIAX.RTM. Fluorometer. Excerpt(s): Rubella is usually a mild childhood disease of short duration. It would be of little importance were it not for the severe birth defects which result from congenital rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy. Thus, the determination of the immune status of individuals is important as a means of preventing these birth defects. Serological determinations of rubella are used to determine the immune status of individuals in a given population (particularly women of child bearing age) so that those unprotected can be vaccinated. The determinations also are used to evaluate the status of pregnant women who have been exposed to rubella so that they can be counseled as to the possibility of congenital infections. Finally, the serological determination of rubella serves as a diagnostic tool for the identification of the cause of exanthematous (rash causing) diseases. A number of methods are currently available for the detection of antibodies to rubella virus. The most common are the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), the serum neutralization assay, the complement fixation assay (CF), and the indirect immunofluorescent assay (IF). Certain viruses, including rubella, having the ability to combine with and agglutinate red blood cells (hemagglutination). When antibodies to rubella combine with the virus, they prevent the agglutination of the red blood cells. Stewart, et al. New Eng. J. Med. 276:554 (1967), used these properties of the rubella virus to develop the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Since the HI assay was first described, many variations in the procedure have been presented. This has prompted the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to offer a standardized method, Standardized Rubella Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test. Immunology Series No. 3, U.S.D. H.E.W., CDC, Atlanta, Ga. 30333, Oct. 1970. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04294817__

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Mixing device for medical laboratory tests Inventor(s): Price; William F. (705 S. Fourth St., Folkston, GA 31537) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,264,559 Date filed: September 7, 1979 Abstract: A device which can be used in certain chemical and medical laboratory tests wherein very small quantities of fluids (such as micro-liters) are used (as in such as the Rubacell test for immunity to Rubella). In performing such tests the small quantities are contained in a container called a "V" plate, or like container, which container has small wells to contain the fluids and small upward depressions on its bottom aspect. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates to a device which can be used in certain chemical and laboratory tests wherein very small quantities of fluids (such as microliters) are used and these very small quantities are measured into small containing holes of multiple container devices or like and need agitation or a method of positive dispersement one fluid and/or emulsification with another. Using this new invention the container or multiple container holder device into which ingredients have been placed and are mixed together to react is placed upon this mixer so that one of the upward depressions in its bottom (the bottom of the multiple container) or whatever holder contains the fluid to be mixed fitting over an upward rising prong 18 upon a length of a spring-like metal length 1A, one end of which is tightly unmoveably fixed on an upright mounting means 3 fixed tightly unmoveably at one end of the mixed base 9 and the multiple container or other holder overlaps the second or more springlike metal lengths 1B for further support and balance upon the mixer and the free ends of one or the other of springlike lengths 1A or 1B which are coupled at their free swingling ends by coupling means 16 is plucked (as a banjo string) so that both springlike metal lengths 1A and 1B bound together at the coupled moveable ends repeatedly vibrate back-andforth oscillatingly for a short period of time, that amount of rapid vibrational movement controllable and variable because of the movable location of the clamped prong 16 upon springlike metal length 1A (or 1B) in a manner to properly mix the contents of whatever container has been placed upon the device. With this invention no electrical energy or involved tapping is involved, only a plucking by the finger of the operator. The very limited back-and-forth movement of the container or tray causes greatest possible turbulence while its confined movements are so short they cause no sloshing of the contents of the containers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04264559__

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Peptides, analogues and mixtures thereof for detecting and eliciting antibodies to the E1 and E2 protein of rubella virus Inventor(s): Lacroix; Martial (Brossard, CA), Zrein; Maan (Laval, CA) Assignee(s): Biochem Immunosystems, Inc. (montreal, Ca) Patent Number: 5,427,792 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: This invention discloses linear and cyclic peptides of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of the rubella virus. These peptides and analogues, mixtures and combinations of them are useful in detecting and quantifying antibodies raised against

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the rubella virus. They are also useful in raising antibodies to the rubella virus for use in the diagnosis of and protection against rubella viral infections. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel linear and cyclic peptides and mixtures and combinations thereof useful for detecting and quantifying rubella infections and for eliciting antibodies specific to the rubella virus. These peptides are also useful in the manufacture of vaccines against rubella viral infections. The peptides described in this invention may be useful for distinguishing between various types of immune status to rubella. At least one of the described peptides has the ability to recognize specifically rubella neutralizing antibodies. Rubella was first described in Germany in the 18th century and is, therefore, often referred to as German measles. It is a highly contagious disease characterized by a general rash and a mild fever. Its clinical aspects were, for a long time, confused with other infections, including measles. The major risk associated with rubella infection occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy when severe damage to the fetus can result in deafness, cataracts, cardiac abnormalities and microencephaly. The rubella virus, the etiologic agent of rubella, belongs to the Togaviridae family. It is a roughly spherical enveloped virus about 60 nm in diameter. Its genome consists of a single positive stranded RNA (10 Kb). The structural polyprotein encoded by this genome consists of two envelope glycoproteins--E1 (58K) and E2(42-47K)--and a nucleocapsid protein--C(33K)--. The viral envelope includes components from the host infected cell membrane, and the two viral glycoproteins E1 and E2. These envelope glycoproteins are responsible for the hemagglutination activity of the rubella virus. E1 and E2 glycoproteins are linked by disulfide bonds to form homo- and heterodimers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05427792__ •

Process for producing a soluble rubella antigen Inventor(s): Safford, Jr.; John W. (Wauconda, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (north Chicago, Il) Patent Number: 4,195,074 Date filed: January 31, 1978 Abstract: Purified soluble antigen, specific for rubella virus, is isolated from growth media of rubella-infected cell cultures by affinity and gel permeation chromatography and characterized, inter alia, by its specific activity. Antigen-sensitized particles are employed as immunoassay reagents in, for example, agglutination assays for detection and quantification of rubella antibodies in body fluids such as serum, spinal fluid and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to materials and methods useful in the detection of antibodies and particularly relates to a novel, soluble, rubella virus antigen. The antigen of the invention is employed to develop specific immunoassay reagents useful for rapid detection and quantification of rubella antibodies in test fluids. Materials and methods of the present invention are useful in establishing the immunological status of a patient, (e.g., a woman of child-bearing age) and are also of value in diagnostic programs. Procedures commonly employed for determination of anti-rubella antibodies in test fluids are based upon antibody inhibition of baby chick erythrocyte hemagglutination by an insoluble rubella virus particle. Among the essential steps of such procedures is the absorption of test fluids with kaolin to effect removal of non-specific lipoprotein inhibitors and absorption of the sera with baby chick

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erythrocytes to remove cross-reacting antibodies present in the fluid all prior to testing agglutination inhibition. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays of this type are relatively reliable but are time consuming because of the above-mentioned serum pretreatment steps. Final test results are ordinarily not available for at least about 5-7 hours after test fluid collection. Other techniques for detection of antibody to rubella are summarized, e.g., in Meyer, H. M., et al., Am. J. Chin. Pathol., 57: 803-813 (1972). Prior attempts have been made to secure a soluble rubella virus antigen, apart from the insoluble hemagglutinins used in HAI tests. The art describes identification of two major "soluble" antigens (designated theta and iota) but attempts to definitively isolate and characterize these antigens from rubella-infected cell cultures have met with limited success and no soluble antigen heretofore isolated has been useful in developing an antigen-sensitized particle effective in detection and quantification of antibodies to rubella. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04195074__ •

Radiolabelled rubella virus and method Inventor(s): Cleeland; Roy (Short Hills, NJ), Durkin; Joanne (Staten Island, NY), Kramer; Michael J. (Glen Ridge, NJ) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-la Roche Inc. (nutley, Nj) Patent Number: 4,178,360 Date filed: March 15, 1978 Abstract: A novel labelled antigen consisting of.sup.125 I-rubella virus and its use in a radioimmunoassay for rubella virus specific antibodies in human serum is disclosed. Excerpt(s): A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for rubella virus specific antibodies in human serum utilizing rubella virus antigen absorbed on polystyrene balls and.sup.125 labelled second antibody (sheep antihuman IgG and IgM) was described by Kalimo et al., J. Clin. Microbiol 4, No. 2. 117 (1976). Another procedure utilized in the art for detection of rubella is the virus hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A description of such procedure is presented in detail in Immunology series No. 5, Procedural guide, Public Health Service, Atlanta, pp. 57-88 (1974). Iwatha et al., Can. Med. Assoc. J., 106, 327 (1972). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04178360__

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Stabilized live attenuated vaccine and its production Inventor(s): Makino; Satoshi (Kanagawa, JP), Nakagawa; Masaharu (Tokyo, JP), Sasaki; Keiko (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): The Kitasato Institute (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 4,985,244 Date filed: June 8, 1988 Abstract: A stabilized live attenuated vaccine with improved thermal stability, which comprises a live attenuated plain vaccine consisting of measles, mumps or rubella virus grown in a medium-199 for cell culture, or a combined live attenuated vaccine thereof, containing a stabilizing agent at a final concentration of lactose 2.5-5 W/V %, saccharose

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2.5-5 W/V %, D-sorbitol 1.8-2 W/V %, sodium glutamate about 0.1 W/V % and gelatin hydrolyzate, M.W. approx. 35,000, 2-3 W/V %. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a stabilized live attenuated vaccine and its production. Titers of live attenuated vaccines are usually thermally unstable. Vaccine preparations are therefore supplied as low-temperature frozen products or lyophilized products. To stabilize them, a chemical stabilizing agent is added to the vaccine solution. Examples of chemical stabilizing agents hitherto known are human albumin, gelatin hydrolyzate, sugar alcohols, amino acids and other non-toxic substances. For example, for this purpose it is known to use a preparation consisting of a basic amino acid such as arginine, lysine or histidine, each 5 W/V% or adding thereto various sugar alcohols such as saccharose, inositol or sorbitol, each 5 W/V% (Jap. Patent Appln. No. 45-1887), a preparation obtained by mixing peptone 5-10 W/V%, arginine or lysine 3 W/V% and saccharose 5 W/V% (Jap. Patent Unexam. Publ. No. 50.2225), a preparation obtained by adding lactose 4 W/V% and sorbitol 2 W/V% to a phosphate buffer solution containing Ca.sup.++ and Mg.sup.++, or adding at least one amino acid 0.005M-0.05M thereto (Jap. Patent Appln. No. 57-81338), a preparation consisting of lactose 5 W/V%, D-sorbitol 1.5 W/V%, dextran 70 0.3W/V%, potassium glutamate 0.048%, disodium phosphate 0.0625 W/V%, potassium phosphate 0.026 W/V%, gelatin 0.3 W/V% and human albumin 0.25 W/V% (Jap. Patent Appln. No. 55-80465), and a preparation wherein a vaccine solution is acidified to pH 6.0-6.5 prior to lyophilization by adding a phosphate buffer solution containing a stabilizing agent comprising a gelatin partial hydrolyzate, M.W. approx. 3,000, sorbitol, saccharose, lactose, maltose, L-glutamate and L-arginine (Jap. Patent Unexam. Publ. No. 57-114527). Nowadays, vaccines are distributed to tropical countries where there are no refrigerated distribution sytems. In these areas, the vaccine preparations supplied must have heat stability at high temperature. The above known stabilizing agents were not suitable in this regard. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04985244__ •

Steric hindrance enzyme immunoassay Inventor(s): Castro; Albert (Miami, FL), Monji; Nobuo (Miami Springs, FL) Assignee(s): University of Miami (coral Gables, Fl) Patent Number: 4,323,647 Date filed: October 15, 1980 Abstract: A novel separation technique is described that is particularly useful for effecting separations in enzyme immunoassay procedures. A mixture, in an aqueous liquid vehicle, of (1), ligand-enzyme conjugate, and of (2), the conjugate bound through its ligand moiety to a receptor, is brought into contact with an insoluble, immobilized pseudo-substrate material, to which the enzyme normally binds. Free conjugate binds and becomes insoluble. Bound conjugate remains in the liquid phase. The ligand may be an antigen and the receptor, the antibody to the antigen.This separation technique makes feasible several sensitive immunoassay procedures. The material to be assayed may be, for example, rubella virus; hepatitis B surface antigen; gonorrhea antigen; the antibody to any of the foregoing; a general antibody, i.e., an immunoglobulin; a hormone such as choriomammotropin; a steroid, hapten, or the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates specifically to a new assay procedure for the detection and measurement of certain biologically active substances, particularly immunochemical substances. This new assay procedure permits rapid qualitative and

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quantitative determinations to be made in an advantageous manner. The invention also relates to a novel separation technique that is of general utility, and more particularly, to kits useful for assay procedures. There is a continuing need for rapid, accurate qualitative and quantitative determinations of many kinds of biologically active substances at extremely low concentrations, i.e., at physiological concentrations. Today, there is for example a need for determining the presence of drugs or narcotics in body fluids, such as saliva, blood or urine. In addition, in medical diagnosis, it is frequently important to be able to detect and quantify the presence of various substances which are synthesized naturally by the body or ingested. These include hormones, both steroidal and polypeptides, prostaglandins, and toxins, as well as other materials which may be involved in body functions. Frequently, there is concern with extremely small amounts and occasionally, with very small differences in concentrations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04323647__ •

Synthetic peptides for a rubella vaccine Inventor(s): Chong; Pele (Richmond Hill, CA), Gillam; Shirley (Vancouver, CA), Ou; Dawei (Vancouver, CA), Tingle; Aubrey (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): Connaught Laboratories Limited (north York, Ca) Patent Number: 6,037,448 Date filed: October 6, 1994 Abstract: Synthetic peptides have an amino acids sequence corresponding to at least one antigenic determinant of at least one protein, usually a structural protein, particularly the E1, E2 or C proteins, of rubella virus (RV), are used as is, in hybrid or chimeric tandem T-B form, in lipidated form, linked to a carrier molecule and/or polymerized to form molecular aggregates, in vaccines against rubella. Analogs of peptides which are human T-cell determinants are used to treat rubella-associated autoimmune disorders. Excerpt(s): This application is a Rule 371 filing of PCT/CA93/00014, filed Jan. 20, 1993. The present invention relates to the development of synthetic vaccines against rubella viral infection. Particularly, the invention is related to the use of human T-helper determinants (THDs) and B-cell viral neutralization epitopes (BEs) from the rubella virus structural proteins E1, E2 and C, and their combination with other synthetic lipopeptides containing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes to produce novel synthetic vaccine candidates, which can elicit neutralizing antibodies and a cellmediated immune response against rubella virus. Rubella (German measles) is usually a benign childhood infection, but rubella virus (RV) can cause a persistent infection of the brain called progressive rubella panencephalitis (ref. 40,51--the literature references are listed at the end of the specification). RV has been isolated from synovial cells of some patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (ref. 8,13). Several live attenuated rubella vaccines have been introduced since 1969 (ref. 2,41). Immunization of infants and susceptible women of child-bearing age against rubella virus is now a standard public health measure. However, there are serious medical concerns with the use of live attenuated rubella virus vaccine for routine immunization. These concerns include the risk of congenital infection of the fetus resulting in diabetis-related diseases (ref. 44) and rubella-associated arthritis following rubella vaccination (ref. 8,47), as well as the possibility of re-infection of vaccinees by wild-type RV due to antigenic differences between wild-type and vaccine virus strains (ref. 11,21). In addition to these problems, rubella virus grows to a relatively low titer in tissue cultures and its structural proteins are difficult to purify (ref. 27). Therefore, there is a clear requirement for preparing a

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non-infectious rubella vaccine by alternative means, such as recombinant DNA technology and peptides synthesis. Research efforts have recently focused on characterizing both the viral genome and the host immune responses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06037448__ •

Transient state luminescene assay apparatus Inventor(s): Dandliker; June K. (La Jolla, CA), Dandliker; Walter Beach (La Jolla, CA), Levin; Jacques Claude (Fort Lauderdale, FL) Assignee(s): Diatron Diagnostics Corporation (san Deigo, Ca) Patent Number: 5,876,672 Date filed: May 31, 1996 Abstract: Light, pulsed or continuous at a wavelength (e.g. 780 nm), fluoresceces a specimen. The specimens may be combinations of a dye (preferably labelled), an antigen (e.g. rubella) and an antibody reactive with the antigen, with properties of polarizing the light when fluoresced. The light polarized in a first direction (e.g. z-axis) parallel to the incident light and in a second direction (e.g. x-axis) perpendicular to the incident light are measured. A second specimen is then provided with the antigen and the antibody but without the dye. The same light as discussed above fluoresces the second specimen and polarizes the light when fluoresced. The light polarized in the first (z-axis) and second (x-axis) directions in the second specimen is measured. These measurements are processed in a microprocessor with the measurements in the z and x directions in the first specimen to identify the antigen or, when the antigen is known, to identify the concentration of the antigen in the first specimen. When the light is pulsed, the measurements are made in a time window beginning after the initiation, and terminating before the end, of the fluorescence of the combination of the dye, the antibody and the antigen. When the light is continuous, it is modulated. Measurements are made of the phase shifts in the polarized light in the z and x directions as a result of the light modulations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fluorometers for detecting a particular specimen in a solution. More particularly, the invention relates to a fluorometer for obtaining sensitive and reliable measurements of a particular fluorescence from a specimen by providing a polarization of the fluorescence and measuring such polarization. The invention also includes apparatus for eliminating the effects of noise from such measurements. The invention also relates to methods of obtaining sensitive and reliable measurements of a particular fluorescence from a specimen by such polarization techniques. In general, prior art fluorometers suffer from a common problem of being unable to discriminate between the generated fluorescent signal and the background noise. Certain types of conventional fluorometers discriminate between the fluorescent signal and the background noise on the basis of wavelength. This type of discrimination is generally not sufficient for many types of fluorescent signals. Another type of discrimination can be accomplished using a time-gaged technique. In particular, these instruments are based on the principle of permitting the observation of the fluorescence or luminescence a short, and if desired a variable, time after the excitation period. Time gaged fluorometers therefore add an additional level of discrimination by viewing the signal fluorescence during an optimal time window. In the past, this technique generally employed a fluorophore of long decay time in order to allow the background fluorescence to delay. The long delay times produced relatively slow measurements and

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lost information afforded by the polarization. Furthermore, the measurements were clouded because they contained a considerable amount of background noise. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05876672__ •

Vaccine preparation comprising a bacterial toxin adjuvant Inventor(s): Aizawa; Chikara (Kanagawa, JP), Kurata; Takeshi (Tokyo, JP), Nagamine; Takashi (Kanagawa, JP), Tamura; Shinichi (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): National Institute of Health (tokyo, Jp), The Kitasato Institute (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,182,109 Date filed: April 10, 1989 Abstract: A vaccine preparation comprising in combination a vaccine and a toxin or subunit thereof as an effective component. The toxin is preferably a bacterial toxin, e.g. cholera toxin, staphylococcal.alpha.-hemolysin, staphylococcal.delta.-hemolysin, vibrio thermostable direct hemolysin, pertussis toxin or E. coli heat-labile toxin. The toxin can be a B subunit or a part of a B subunit of a toxin. The vaccine can be influenza vaccine, pertussis vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, mixed vaccine of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B vaccine, rota vaccine, measles vaccine, rubella vaccine, mumps vaccine, combined vaccine of measles, rubella and mumps, or mycoplasma vaccine. The ratio of vaccine to toxin or subunit thereof is 1:0.0001-1:10,000 (w/v). The vaccine can be intranasal vaccine, or can be in injectable form, spray form or oral administration form. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine preparation. More particularly the present invention relates to a vaccine preparation comprising a toxin or subunit thereof as an effective ingredient. Vaccines have been used for protection against various kinds of diseases and have provided good results. However, side reactions or insufficient effectiveness of vaccines have sometimes been observed and hence there has been a strong demand for their improvement. To reduce the side reactions of vaccines, it has been attempted to prepare more highly purified vaccines or to administer smaller amounts of vaccine. However, these efforts have only resulted in less effectiveness of the vaccine. At present, various vaccines for human therapy have been prepared from pathogens or components thereof. Therefore the contamination of components which comprise pathogens, or the medium which is used for culturing the pathogens, in a vaccine cannot be avoided; and this induces side effects of vaccine inoculation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05182109__

Patent Applications on Rubella As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to rubella:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Highly infectious rubella virus clones and methods of production Inventor(s): Abernathy, Emily S.; (Atlanta, GA), Frey, Teryl K.; (Atlanta, GA), Pougatchev, Konstantin; (Chamblee, GA) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030040099 Date filed: April 24, 2000 Abstract: Highly infectious rubella virus cDNA clones that are chimeric constructs of an infectious cDNA clone having a low specific infectivity and nucleic acid molecule fragments from a second rubella virus genome, wherein portions of the nucleotide sequence of the infectious cDNA clone having low specific infectivity have been replaced with the corresponding cDNA fragments derived from the second rubella virus genome. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/459,041 filed Jun. 2, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/093,453, filed Jul. 19, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,065, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/722,334, filed on Jun. 28, 1991, now abandoned. The present invention relates to the field of molecular virology and more particularly to construction of highly infectious rubella virus cDNA clones. Rubella virus is a major human pathogen. Infection with rubella virus can cause serious birth defects and chronic disease. There was a mini-epidemic of both rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States between 1989 and 1991. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Specificity in the detection of anti-rubella IgM antibodies Inventor(s): Byrd, Frances I.; (Memphis, TN), Devlin, Robert F.; (Cordova, TN), Dorsett, Preston H.; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Patricia A. Kammerer; Howrey Simon Arnold & White, Llp; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20010055757 Date filed: May 7, 2001 Abstract: This invention particularly discloses an improved immunoassay method for the specific detection of anti-rubella IgM antibodies. This method employs rubella antigens comprising rubella E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins substantially free of capsid protein. Use of this antigen composition reduces or eliminates nonspecific protein-protein interactions leading to false positive results. A sample diluent comprising urea can also be used in the process to further reduce the occurrence of nonspecific protein-protein interactions. A diagnostic kit to aid in the detection of antirubella IgM antibodies is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Improved methods for the specific detection of anti-rubella IgM antibodies in biological samples are disclosed. The rubella virion is a member of the Togavirus family, and is a spherical, enveloped virus approximately 60 nm in diameter. The virion consists of a 10 kb single-stranded RNA molecule encapsidated in an icosahedral nucleocapsid and surrounded by a lipid envelope. Multiple copies of a capsid (C) protein make up the nucleocapsid. The envelope consists of lipoproteins derived from

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the infected host cell and two viral glycoproteins, designated E1 (53-58 kDa) and E2 (4248 kDa) (Waxham and Wolinsky, Virology 143:153-165, 1985). Primary rubella infection is characterized in most individuals by the presence of a macropapular rash, fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy. Rubella is typically a mild and self-limited disease, and is most often contracted during childhood. Primary infection in adults is less common, and may have very serious consequences in pregnant women. Infection of a fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion or severe fetal abnormalities. A congenitally infected infant may exhibit one or more of a variety of birth defects collectively known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Common birth defects associated with CRS include cataracts, central nervous system deficits, microcephaly, motor deficits, deafness, congenital heart disease, and mental retardation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with rubella, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on rubella. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning rubella. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON RUBELLA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to rubella. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on rubella include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on rubella: •

Immunization safety review: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001. 86 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002. Telephone: (202) 334-3313 or (888) 624-8422 / fax: (202) 334-2451 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $25.00, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This report presents an assessment of the evidence regarding a hypothesized causal association between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism; an assessment of the broader significance for society; and conclusions and recommendations based on those assessments. The report contents include an overview of the immunization safety review, the study process, assessing causality, a study of the MMR-autism hypothesis, assessments, arguments, recommendations, and references. The appendices include the January 11, 2001 organizational meeting agenda of the

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Immunization Safety Review Committee; the March 8, 2001 autism meeting agenda; the Immunization Safety Review Committee biosketches, and a review of additional research needs and opportunities.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “rubella” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “rubella” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “rubella” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines by Christopher P. Howson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0309044995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309044995/icongroupinterna

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Everything You Need to Know About Measles and Rubella (Need to Know Library) by Trisha Hawkins; ISBN: 0823933229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823933229/icongroupinterna

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Hands Up for Rubella Immunisation; ISBN: 1854489895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854489895/icongroupinterna

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Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism by Kathleen Stratton, et al; ISBN: 0309074479; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309074479/icongroupinterna

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Laboratory investigation of rubella; ISBN: 0118871072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118871072/icongroupinterna

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Measles and Rubella by Alvin Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 089490714X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089490714X/icongroupinterna

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Persons Handicapped by Rubella: Victors and Victims, a Follow-Up Study by Jan Van Dijk, Jan Van Dijk; ISBN: 9026511280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026511280/icongroupinterna

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Psychiatric disorders of children with congenital rubella by Stella Chess; ISBN: 0876300468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876300468/icongroupinterna

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Ribonucleic acid of rubella virus by Tapani Hovi; ISBN: 9516530141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9516530141/icongroupinterna

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Rubella: First Annual Symposium of the Eastern Pennsylvania Branch, American Society for Microbiology by Herman Friedman; ISBN: 0398026505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398026505/icongroupinterna

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Rubella: Questions and Answers; ISBN: 1854488678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854488678/icongroupinterna

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Vaccinating Against Brain Syndromes: The Campaign Against Measles and Rubella (Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vol 9) by Ernest M. Gruenberg

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(Editor), et al; ISBN: 019503631X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019503631X/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Rubella In order to find chapters that specifically relate to rubella, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and rubella using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on rubella: •

Viral Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 88-123. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: Many viral diseases present with oral lesions. This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of viral diseases. Diseases covered include herpes simplex, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, recurrent herpes simplex, eczema herpeticum, varicella, herpes zoster, herpangina, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hoof-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, smallpox, vaccinia, orf, measles, rubella, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, human papillomavirus, oral squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease), molluscum contagiosum, Kawasaki's disease, HIV infections, and AIDS. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 56 figures. 189 references. (AA-M).

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Hearing Loss Associated With Perinatal Infections Source: in Pappas, D.G. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Impairment in Children. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 97-114. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545. Fax (800) 774-8398. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565938658. Summary: Of all known causes of hearing loss in neonates and children, perhaps the most difficult to confirm are those resulting from infectious agents. This chapter on hearing loss associated with perinatal infections is from a text that discusses the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing impairment in children. The chapter covers the classifications of infections, screening for causes of hearing loss, cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, and syphilis. For each of the infections, the authors

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describe incidence, the impact of the infection on sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. The authors also note that although congenital hearing loss induced by viral infection has been proved, a viral cause is difficult to ascertain in cases of acquired hearing impairment. 1 figure. 2 tables. 56 references. •

Viral Arthritis Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 552-560. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals focuses on viral causes of arthritis. Virus-host interactions are examined. The viral pathogenesis of arthritis is explained. The structure, epidemiology, clinical and rheumatic manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of various viruses or virus vaccines are discussed. These viruses or vaccines include rubella and the rubella vaccine, human parvovirus B19, hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccine, mumps, and arboviruses. In addition, enteroviruses, variola and vaccinia viruses, adenovirus, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus are described. 45 references.

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Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures Source: in McDonald, R.E. and Avery, D.A., eds. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2000. p. 105-150. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $72.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815190174. Summary: This chapter on acquired and developmental disturbances of the teeth and associated oral structures is from a textbook on dentistry for the child and adolescent that is designed to help undergraduate dental students and postdoctoral pediatric dentistry students provide comprehensive oral health care for infants, children, teenagers, and individuals with various disabilities. This chapter covers alveolar abscess; cellulitis (a diffuse infection of the soft tissues); developmental anomalies of the teeth, including odontoma (a tumor arising from a tooth germ), fusion of the teeth, germination, and dens in dente (dens invaginatus, tooth within a tooth); early exfoliation (shedding) of primary teeth, including that due to hypophosphatasia, familial fibrous dysplasia (cherubism), acrodynia, hypophosphatemia (rickets), cyclic neutropenia, and other disorders; enamel hypoplasia (less than normal growth of the enamel), including that due to nutritional deficiencies, to brain injury and neurologic defects, nephrotic syndrome, allergies, chronic pediatric lead poisoning, local infection and trauma, repaired cleft lip and palate, X radiation, rubella embryopathy, and fluoride (fluorosis); the use of enamel microabrasion to remove superficial enamel discolorations; preeruptive 'caries' (defects of the developing permanent teeth); inherited dentin defects, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia; amelogenesis imperfecta; enamel and dentin aplasia (lack of enamel and dentin); taurodontism; agenesis of teeth, including adontia (complete failure of the teeth to develop), hypodontia (oligodontia, a condition where only a few teeth develop), and ectodermal dysplasias; intrinsic discoloration of teeth, in erythroblastosois fetalis, porphyria, cystic fibrosis, tetracycline therapy, and their treatment with bleaching; micrognathia (small jaw); anomalies of the tongue, including macroglossia (large

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tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue tie), fissured tongue, geographic tongue, coated tongue, white strawberry tongue, black hairy tongue, indentation of the tongue margin (crenation), median rhomboid glossitis, and trauma to the tongue; and abnormal labial frenum and frenectomy. For each condition, the authors describe etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. 51 figures. 100 references. •

Congenital Hearing Impairment Source: in Mencher, G.T.; Gerber, S.E.; McCombe, A. Audiology and Auditory Dysfunction. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1997. p. 117-142. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194-2310. (800) 278-3525; Fax (617) 455-7024; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.abacon.com. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0205161014. Summary: This chapter on congenital hearing impairment is from an audiology textbook on auditory dysfunction. After a brief discussion delineating the differences between congenital and genetic, the author discusses the etiology and pathology of congenital genetic deafness, forms of pathology, and associated anomalies, including integumentary, skeletal, ocular, and other anomalies. The second section of the chapter addresses congenital nongenetic deafness, including viral deafness due to rubella or cytomegalovirus, protozoal infections, and the remaining causes of the TORCHS (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes, and Syphilis) syndrome, i.e., congenital syphilis and herpes simplex virus. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the medical and audiological considerations for patients with congenital hearing impairment. The author notes that audiometric data should not lead to the assumption that a profoundly hearing impaired patient should not be provided with amplification. When examining and when providing rehabilitative programming, the audiologist must consider all the special problems of someone who has never had any hearing or never had sufficient hearing to communicate aurally. 2 tables. 11 figures.

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Infections, Intoxication, and Iatrogens Source: in Gerber, S.E. Etiology and Prevention of Communicative Disorders. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 83-127. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939476. Summary: This chapter on infection, intoxication, and iatrogens is from a textbook that focuses on the primary and secondary prevention of communicative disorders. In this chapter, the author focuses on exogenous factors for communication disorders, that is, factors that come from outside the organism. The author discusses viral diseases, including rubella, cytomegalovirus, and AIDS; protozoal diseases, including syphilis, and toxoplasmosis; bacterial diseases; maternal diseases, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hyperbilirubinemia; acquired diseases; intoxication, including environmental toxins, lead and other metals, radiation, petroleum and petroleum products, pesticides and other chemicals, foods and food additives, social toxins, fetal alcohol syndrome, drugs, and smoking; and iatrogens, including teratogens, neurotoxins, ototoxicity, antibiotics, loop diuretics, antimalarial agents, and antineoplastic or chemotherapeutic agents. The author concludes with a brief discussion of the preventive efforts appropriate in these areas. The chapter concludes with a glossary of terms and a reference list. 13 figures. 6 tables. 183 references.

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Auditory System and Related Disorders Source: in Gelfand, S.A. Essentials of Audiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 2001. p. 173-218. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1588900177. Summary: This chapter on the auditory (hearing) system and related disorders is from an undergraduate textbook that deals with audiology and related topics in speech language pathology. The author addresses the nature of various pathologies (problems or diseases), where and when they occur, their major signs and symptoms, how hearing is affected, and the ways they are treated. The author first explains the importance of the case history in diagnosis and patient care. The chapter then covers conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing impairments; tinnitus (ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears); congenital and hereditary disorders; maternal infections, including syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV); other influences in the maternal environment; congenital anomalies of the ear, including dysplasia (abnormal development in the anatomical structure); syndromes involving the ear and hearing; acquired disorders, including head trauma; outer ear disorders, including impacted cerumen (earwax), foreign bodies, growths and tumors, and infections; middle ear disorders, including bullus myringitis, tympanosclerosis, perforations of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), otitis media (middle ear infection), and otosclerosis (bone disease); surgery to improve or restore hearing, including otosclerosis surgery, tympanoplasy (repair and reconstruction of the eardrum), and surgery for growths and tumors; cochlear disorders, including noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), Meniere's disease, ototoxicity (chemical damage to the ear), infections, perilymphatic fistulas; retrocochlear disorders; auditory neuropathy; central disorders; sudden hearing loss; presbycusis (hearing loss related to aging); Paget's disease (osteitis deformans, a progressive bone disease); obscure auditory dysfunction; and nonorganic hearing loss. 19 figures. 2 tables. 138 references.

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children: Etiology and Pathology Source: in Martin, F.N.; Greer Clark, J., eds. Hearing Care for Children. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1996. p. 73-91. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194-2310. (800) 278-3525; Fax (617) 455-7024; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.abacon.com. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0131247026. Summary: This chapter on the etiology and pathology of sensorineural hearing loss is from a textbook that focuses on the provision of hearing care for children with hearing loss. Topics covered include the etiologies of congenital hearing loss, including ototoxic drugs, teratogenic drugs, viral infections (maternal rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, HIV), toxoplasmosis, erythroblastosis fetalis, and prematurity and birth trauma; the etiologies of acquired hearing loss, including bacterial infections, syphilis, viral diseases, neoplastic disorders (cancer), traumatic injury, acoustic trauma, metabolic disorders, and sudden deafness; monitoring dynamic sensorineural hearing loss in children; and medical diagnosis and treatment strategies. The authors emphasize that health care cost containment and the medical and legal implications of missed or delayed diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss in children are critical issues for the pediatric otolaryngologist. 3 tables. 134 references. (AA-M).

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Medical and Surgical Treatment of Cochlear Hearing Loss Source: in Valente, M.; Hosford-Dunn, H.; Roeser, R.J., eds. Audiology: Treatment. New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. p. 377-396. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $69.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778590. Summary: This chapter on the medical and surgical management of cochlear hearing loss is from a textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the numerous treatment options available to help patients relieve the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. Cochlear hearing loss may be caused by a wide variety of medical problems; it is the responsibility of the practitioner to identify the cause of hearing loss and to evaluate the other potential associated medical ramifications to treat the patient as a whole. Topics covered include metabolic disorders, including Meniere's disease, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, hypothyroidism, and cochlear otosclerosis; immunologic disorders, including autoimmune inner ear disease, Cogan's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, Vogt Koyanagi Harada syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, and postapedectomy granuloma; ototoxicity, including that from aminoglycoside antibiotics, erythromycin, vancomycin, other antibiotics, loop diuretics, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) agents, antiinflammatory agents, and antimalarials; trauma, including temporal bone fractures, noise trauma, and barotrauma (from barometric pressure changes); infections, including cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella, mumps, measles, Varicella Zoster virus, HIV, other viruses and Mycoplasma, meningitis, labyrinthitis, fungal infections, and syphilis; malignancy; presbycusis; sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss; and hereditary or development causes. The authors stress that complete audiological assessments are crucial in the initial evaluation and subsequent therapeutic monitoring of sensorineural hearing losses. The chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, a list of references, a summary outline of the related preferred practice guidelines, and various 'pearls and pitfalls' offering practical advice to the reader. 11 figures. 1 table. 67 references.

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Viral Infections Source: in Eisen, D. and Lynch, D.P. Mouth: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1998. p. 108-127. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9988. Website: www.mosby.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815131054. Summary: This chapter on viral infections is from a textbook on the mouth that offers information to primary care physicians and to many specialists in medicine and dentistry. Topics include human herpes viruses, enteroviruses, rubeola (measles), rubella (German measles), and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV infections covered are squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris (common wart), condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart), and multifocal papillomavirus epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease). For each condition, the authors describe symptoms, identification, complications, and treatment. The chapter is illustrated with numerous full color photographs of the conditions under discussion. 23 figures. 1 table. 82 references.

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Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Source: in LeRoith, D.; Taylor, S.I.; Olefsky, J.M., eds. Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 1996. p. 339-349. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740-5184. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. PRICE: $199.00. ISBN: 0397514565. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on diabetes, considers the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or Type 1). The author briefly reviews viruses as one environmental factor, as well as the various pathogenic mechanisms by which viruses may act either to induce or to prevent diabetes. The first section describes virus-induced diabetes in animals, including encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes in mice, Coxsackie B virus-induced diabetes in mice, Coxsackie B4-induced diabetes in nonhuman primates, retrovirus and autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice, Kilham's rat virus-induced diabetes in diabetes-resistant BB rats, bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease virus and diabetes in cattle, and rubella virus and diabetes in rabbits and hamsters. The next section considers virus-induced diabetes in humans, including the role of Coxsackie B viruses, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and retrovirus. A final section describes the prevention of IDDM by viruses. The author concludes that, although a genetic predisposition appears to be necessary for the development of IDDM, nongenetic environmental factors play a critical role in the expression of the disease. Viruses, as one environmental factor, may directly infect and destroy pancreatic beta cells or trigger beta cell specific autoimmunity. 6 figures. 95 references.

•

Infections Source: in Grundy, M.C.; Shaw, L.; and Hamilton, D.V. Illustrated Guide to Dental Care for the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 105-110. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815140223. Summary: This chapter, from an illustrated guide to dental care for medically compromised patients, discusses infections. Topics covered include rubella (German measles), encephalitis, meningitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and infectious mononucleosis. For each condition, the authors provide a brief description, the components of medical management, and suggestions for dental care. Illustrations, including photographs, are included. 3 figures.

•

Common Ocular Disorders Found Among Deaf NTID Students Source: in Johnson, D.D. Deafness and Vision Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology, Assessment Procedures, Ocular Anomalies, and Educational Implications. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 1999. p. 95-223. Contact: Available from Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $74.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 039806945X.

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Summary: This lengthy chapter is from a textbook written to help students preparing for work in the field of deafness to understand and incorporate an awareness of vision disorders in the deaf population. This chapter discusses common ocular disorders. Information within the book concerning the congenital anomalies, functional defects, and pathologic ocular conditions most often found within a deaf student population was obtained from eleven years of research unobtrusively conducted within the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic between August 1984 and May 1995 (at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, one of the eight colleges of the Rochester Institute of Technology). This chapter deals specifically with those eleven common visual pathologies and aberrant visual conditions most often encountered among the young and more chronologically mature deaf adult students within the NTID college population. The author also hopes to promote an awareness of those vision problems which are also likely to be found in greater numbers within the deaf population in general. Failure to identify and attend to these problems may not only impact on the learning process, but on communication, mobility, recreation, social interaction, and vocational pursuits as well. The conditions covered are rubella oculopathy, strabismus, amblyopia, inherited color vision deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa (Usher syndrome), cataracts or aphakia, nystagmus, microphthalmos, glaucoma, ocular albinism, and ptosis (blepharoptosis). The chapter demonstrates that a large number of deaf people have concomitant visual problems, many of which are noncorrectable or progressive in nature. 43 tables. 130 references. •

Chapter 12-B: Infectious Disorders: Viral Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 265-269. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This section of a chapter on infectious disorders provides health professionals with information on the viruses causing arthralgia or arthritis. Infection with human parvovirus, designated B19, may be responsible for up to 12 percent of the cases of recent onset polyarthralgia or polyarthritis. Although only a small percentage of children with B19 infection may experience arthralgias or arthritis, as many as 78 percent of infected, symptomatic adults develop joint symptoms. Serologic diagnosis is possible only during a brief period because anti-B19 immunoglobulin M antibodies may be elevated for just 2 months following an acute infection. Hepatitis B virus infection may cause an immune complex mediated arthritis that occurs suddenly and is often severe. The joints of the hand and knee are most often affected. Rubella infection causes more joint complaints in adults, particularly women. Arthralgias are more common than frank arthritis. The joints of the hands, knees, wrists, ankles, and elbows are most frequently involved. Postvaccine arthralgia, myalgia, arthritis, and paresthesia have been associated with all rubella vaccine preparations. Several musculoskeletal syndromes, including Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, have been detected in people infected with HIV. The alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family includes various arthritogenic viruses that are mosquito borne. The known major viral pathogens of this genus include Sindbis virus, Chikungunya fever virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Mayaro virus. Joint involvement is occasionally found in various commonly encountered viral syndromes, including varicella, mumps, adenovirus, and coxsackievirus A9, B2, B3, B4, and B6 infection. 1 figure and 18 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON RUBELLA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on rubella. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on rubella: •

What's New in Perinatal HIV and TORCH Conventions; 1991 Fetus and Newborn Conference; October 2 - 4, 1991; San Diego, CA Contact: Convention Recorders, 2645 Financial Ct Ste P, Ste C, San Diego, CA, 92117, (619) 274-7100. Summary: This seminar summarizes research on the status of HIV infection in women and the perinatal transmission of HIV to the fetus or newborn. The transmission rate from mother to fetus is explored; and tests, including HLA typing, IgG screening, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detection of the virus in the newborn are discussed. The types of treatments available for both the prospective mother during pregnancy and for the infant are presented. TORCH conventions, perinatal virus infections, are briefly summarized: this includes toxoplasmosis, rubella, and herpes.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RUBELLA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover rubella.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on rubella is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to rubella. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “rubella” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for rubella: •

Mexican-born persons in US more susceptible to rubella Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2003

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Rubella vaccine okay 1 month before pregnancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 03, 2002

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US close to eradicating rubella Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 25, 2002

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CDC report: US close to eradicating rubella Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 23, 2002

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German measles a risk in Hispanic US immigrants Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 21, 2001

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Rubella risk high among foreign-born Hispanics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 2001

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Prepregnancy waiting time after Rubella vaccine shortened Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 13, 2001

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Pregnancy wait time after rubella shot reduced Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 13, 2001

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Rubella diagnostic test developed in Russia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 27, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “rubella” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to rubella, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “rubella” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on rubella: •

Introduction to the International Organizations and Literature Related to Deafblindness Source: Deaf-Blind Perspectives. 3(1): 12-14. Fall 1995. Contact: Available from Deaf-Blind Perspectives. Teaching Research Division, 345 North Monmouth Avenue, Monmouth, OR 97361. Voice (503) 838-8403; TTY (503) 838-8821; Fax (503) 838-8150. Summary: In this article, the author provides readers with an introduction to the international organizations and literature related to deaf-blindness. She notes that the perspectives represented in the international literature are sometimes very different from those of the U.S. She provides an overview of the international, primarily European, sources of information related to deaf-blindness that are available in English. Discussed are materials from the International Association for the Education of Deafblind People (IAEDB); materials and activities from Sense, the National Deafblind and Rubella Association (United Kingdom resource organization); the British Deaf Association; the World Blind Union's Standing Committee on the Activities of Deafblind People; the Nordic Staff Training Centre (NUD, in Denmark); the Canadian Deafblind and Rubella Association; and ONCE, the Spanish National Organization for the Blind.

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The article concludes with the contact information for the organizations mentioned. 9 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Rubella Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to rubella. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering rubella that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for rubella. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with rubella. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to rubella: Measles Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Attenuvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202338.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 11447 173 124 See Details 13 11757

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “rubella” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on rubella can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to rubella. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to rubella. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “rubella”:

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Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Measles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/measles.html Mumps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mumps.html Rubella http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rubella.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to rubella, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews JAMA Patient Page: Rubella Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZV5AZLMW C&sub_cat=286 Rubella Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00332 Rubella - In Short Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/rubella/vac-chart.htm Rubella (German Measles) Source: Every Child By Two http://www.ecbt.org/rubella.htm

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Neck Swelling Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/514.xml

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Specific Conditions/Aspects FAQs about MMR Vaccine & Autism Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/autism-mmr.htm Rubella: Health Information for International Travel, 2001-2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/rubella.htm

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Children Immunizations for Babies: A Guide for Parents Source: Immunization Action Coalition http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4010.htm Rubella (German Measles) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/german_measles.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Rubella (German Measles) Source: Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/genpub/topics/rubella-ccae.html

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Organizations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ National Foundation for Infectious Diseases http://www.nfid.org/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Facts About Rubella For Adults Source: National Foundation for Infectious Diseases http://www.nfid.org/factsheets/rubellaadult.html Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine (MMR): What You Need to Know http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-mmr.pdf Rubella Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rubella/test.html

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Statistics Rubella Near Elimination in the United States, Measles no Longer Endemic in the United States Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020429.htm

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Teenagers Are You 11-19 Years Old? Then You Need to Be Vaccinated Against These Serious Diseases! Source: Immunization Action Coalition http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4020.htm

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Women Pregnancy Complications: Rubella Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_673.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on rubella. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Get Your Hepatitis B Vaccine: It Takes 3 Shots Source: Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. 1998. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Immunization Program. P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625-0369. (609) 588-7512. Fax (609) 588-7431. PRICE: Single copy free; limited quantities available. Summary: Hepatitis B is a serious disease that affects the liver. Some people who become infected with the virus later develop serious liver disease, such as liver cancer. This brochure familiarizes teenagers with hepatitis B and the vaccine available to prevent the disease. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in blood and body fluids such as sexual secretions. It is spread from one person to another after coming in contact with even the smallest amount of infected blood or body fluids. HBV can cause many different symptoms of sickness (including flu like symptoms, jaundice, loss of appetite) or no symptoms at all. Many infected persons do not feel sick and may not know they have the disease unless they get a blood test for hepatitis B. Since they have no idea they are infected with the virus, they can unknowingly infect others. Hepatitis B is also considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The hepatitis B vaccine, given in a series of 3 shots over a period of 6 months, can protect against infection. The brochure concludes by recommending other immunizations that teenagers should have, including MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), Td (tetanus, diphtheria), and varicella (chickenpox).

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Neonatal Hepatitis Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: American Liver Foundation. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Liver Foundation. Information and Distribution Center, 1425 Pompton Avenue, Suite 3, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009-1000. (800) GO-LIVER, ext. 234 or (888) HEP-ABC. Fax (973) 256-3214. E-mail: [email protected].

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Website: www.liverfoundation.org. PRICE: $0.50 for single copy; bulk orders available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Neonatal hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that occurs only in early infancy, usually between one and two months after birth. This fact sheet from the American Liver Foundation (ALF) offers a brief overview of neonatal hepatitis. About 20 percent of infants with neonatal hepatitis were infected by their mother with a virus that caused the inflammation before birth or shortly after birth. These viruses include cytomegalovirus, rubella (measles), and hepatitis A, B, or C viruses. In the remaining 80 percent of the cases, no specific virus can be identified as the cause. Neonatal hepatitis presents with jaundice (yellow eyes and skin) that appears at one to two months of age, lack of weight gain and development, and enlarged liver and spleen. The infant cannot absorb vitamins for proper growth. Liver biopsy is often used for diagnosis, in part to differentiate neonatal hepatitis from biliary atresia. Patients with neonatal hepatitis caused by rubella or cytomegalovirus are at risk of developing an infection of the brain that could lead to mental retardation or cerebral palsy. Many of these infants will also have permanent liver disease from the destruction of liver cells and the resulting scarring (cirrhosis). Infants who develop cirrhosis ultimately will need a liver transplant. Chronic neonatal hepatitis will lead to the inability of the liver to eliminate toxins in the bile. This can cause itching, skin eruptions, and irritability. There is no specific treatment for neonatal hepatitis. Vitamin supplements are usually prescribed and many infants are given phenobarbital, a drug used to control seizures, but which also stimulates the liver to excrete additional bile. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for ALF (800-GO-LIVER, www.liverfoundation.org). •

Why Older Children Need Shots Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 1996. 8 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. PRICE: $1.25 each for 1-24 copies; discounts available for larger orders. Summary: This booklet encourages parents of young adolescents and teenagers to make sure their children receive the recommended immunizations. After an introductory section explaining why 'shots are not just for babies,' the booklet describes immunization for hepatitis B, chicken pox, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and Td (tetanus, diphtheria). Other topics include the importance of keeping good records, protection against polio, and the need for regular health care. The back cover of the booklet can be personalized by the printer. The booklet is illustrated with simple line drawings.

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FAN Flashbacks: Egg Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1992. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy Network. This brochure focuses on egg. Included is a brief article on eggs in pasta products. Another article provides practical advice for consumers seeking egg-free pasta products. A third article provides information about using the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine to

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immunize children with egg allergies. The author notes that the MMR vaccine is considered a possible source of exposure to egg protein. The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends that children with a history of life-threatening egg allergy not receive the MMR vaccine until they have been seen by an allergist and had specialized skin testing to the vaccine. If skin testing is positive, it is recommended that the vaccine be given using a desensitization procedure under controlled conditions. Also reprinted are the questions and answers to diet dilemmas posed by readers; this column focuses on traditional and new uses of eggs that may crop up during holiday seasons. Brief informative tips and suggestions complete the brochure. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). (AA-M). •

Summary of Recommendations for Adult Immunization Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104-6328. (612) 647-9009. Fax (651) 647-9131. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.immunize.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; $1.00 for single copy. Item number: P2011. Summary: This chart summarizes recommendations for adult immunization. The chart notes the vaccine name and storage temperature, for whom it is recommended, the usual schedule, the schedule for those who have fallen behind, contraindications and precautions, rules of simultaneous administration, and route (intramuscular, subcutaneous). Recommendations are provided for influenza, pneumococcal, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, TD (tetanus, diphtheria), MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), varicella (chicken pox), and polio vaccines. The chart lists information adapted from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The chart was developed to combine the recommendations of adult immunization onto one page. It was devised especially to assist health care workers in determining appropriate use and scheduling of vaccines. The chart can be posted in immunization clinics or clinicians' offices. (AA-M).

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Immunizations for Babies: A Guide for Parents Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1995. 1 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet displays the immunizations needed for babies. The information is provided in graphic form: at the left side of the page are the ages for immunization (birth, 1 to 2 months, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 15 months). Across from each age notation is a line drawing of a syringe, with the abbreviated name of the shot that is to be given at that age. Vaccines included are HepB (hepatitis B), DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis), Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and Var (varicella zoster, or chicken pox). The fact sheet encourages parents to check with the clinic to make sure the baby is getting immunized on time and to ask for a record card with the dates of the baby's shots.

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Are You 11-19 Years Old? Then You Need to Be Vaccinated Against These Serious Diseases! Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1996. 1 p.

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Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet reviews the immunizations needed for adolescents (ages 11 to 19 years). The fact sheet reminds readers that getting immunized is a lifelong, lifeprotecting job. The fact sheet lists the vaccines and the recommendations for each. Included are: hepatitis B, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), Td (tetanus, diphtheria), varicella (chicken pox), hepatitis A, influenza vaccine (flu shot), and pneumococcal vaccine. The fact sheet also notes recommendations for people who travel outside the U.S. The fact sheet is illustrated with line drawings of young adults. •

Vaccinations for Adults With Hepatitis C Virus Infection Contact: Immunization Action Coalition, 1573 Selby Ave Ste 234, St Paul, MN, 55104, (651) 647-9009, http://www.immunize.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals the hepatitis C virus (HCV), makes recommendations regarding vaccinations for persons with compromised immune systems. The fact sheet lists several diseases that can be prevented with periodic vaccinations. It provides a recommended schedule of shots for HCV-positive individuals, their caregivers, and roommates regarding the following diseases: pneumococcal, influenza, hepatitis A and B, tetanus/diptheria, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.

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Vaccinations and HIV Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with guidance on receiving vaccinations. Vaccinations, also known as immunizations, are treatments that build up the body's defenses against certain infections. If HIV has damaged the immune system, a person may not respond as well to a vaccine. In addition, vaccines might cause more side effects in people with HIV. The information sheet provides key vaccination guidelines for people with HIV. It identifies the vaccinations recommended for people with HIV, including pneumonia; hepatitis A and B; influenza; tetanus and diphtheria; and measles, mumps, and rubella. In addition, the information sheet discusses vaccinations for HIV-positive travellers.

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Put prevention into practice: Education and action kit Source: Washington, DC: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 2 health guides; 1 clinician's handbook, 3 flow charts, 16 chart stickers, 2 posters. Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Telephone: (202) 512-1991 for public information (D.C. office) or (202) 512-1800 for ordering and publication information (D.C. office) / fax: (202) 512-1293 (public information); (202) 512-2250 (ordering) / Web site: http://www.access.gpo.gov. $57.00. Summary: This kit, produced through the 'Put Prevention into Practice' initiative of the Public Health Service, contains materials to facilitate and enhance the practice of preventive medicine for both clinicians and the public. The 'Clinician's Handbook of

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Preventive Services' is the core element of the kit. After an overview of preventive care implementation, this manual provides guidelines for screening, immunization/prophylaxis, and counseling divided into two major sections, one for children and adolescents and one for adults and older adults. The screening section for children and adolescents focuses on anemia, blood pressure, body measurement, cholesterol, depression and suicide, hearing, lead, newborn screening, tuberculosis, urinalysis, and vision. The immunization/prophylaxis section covers DPT, Hepatitis B, MMR, Polio myelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae Type b inoculations. The counseling section focuses on alcohol and drug use, dental and oral health, nutrition, physical activity, safety, STDs and HIV infection, tobacco use, unintended pregnancy, and firearms and violent behavior. Screening guidelines for adults cover the same areas as previously mentioned along with cancer detection, cognitive and functional impairment, fecal occult blood, sigmoidoscopy, and thyroid function. The adult immunization/prophylaxis section contains guidelines on aspirin, hormone replacement therapy, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcus, rubella, and tetanus and diphtheria. Counseling guidelines for adults cover the same areas as mentioned above with the addition of polypharmacy. Appendices include risk factor summary tables, a bibliography of references, a varicella (chicken pox) vaccination statement, and a copyright disclaimer. Each section contains implementation tools such as questionnaires, charts, and protocols. The pocket-sized guides for children and adults measure 6 inches high and are designed for patients to take with them on visits to their physician. Each provides space for patients and physicians to enter health information such as blood pressure, weight, cholesterol levels, and immunizations. The guides also provide basic information on how often to monitor certain aspects of health such as breast exams, pap smears, and how often and what types of vaccines children should receive. •

Be Wise, Immunize!: Vaccinate on Time Source: Cleveland, OH: Learning Curve of Weingart Design. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Learning Curve of Weingart Design. 4614 Prospect Avenue, Number 421, Cleveland, OH 44103-4314. (800) 795-9295. Fax (216) 881-7177. Website: www.learningcurve1.com. PRICE: $10.00 for a pack of 100; single copies are not available. Summary: This oversized bookmark lists the latest recommendations for pediatric immunizations from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The bookmark reminds parents that getting the shots (vaccinations) and getting all of them, is one of the most important things they can do for their babies. The front of the bookmark lists the age and recommended immunizations. The reverse side lists each of the immunizations and briefly notes what each one covers. Included are vaccines against hepatitis B, which causes liver damage; Hib (haemophilus influenzae b), which causes brain infection and brain damage; DTP or DTaP, which protects against diphtheria (serious breathing problems that can lead to paralysis and heart failure), pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (causes painful muscle spasms leading to lockjaw); polio (OPV), a disease that can paralyze arms and legs; MMR, measles, mumps, and rubella (rubella is German measles, a more serious form of measles that can lead to birth defects in babies); and varicella, or chicken pox. The schedule printed on the front of the bookmark is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians.

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Immunization dose counter. (2nd ed.) Source: Bryn Mawr, PA: Pennsylvania Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994. 2 pp. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania Chapter, Dayton Building, Suite 220, 610 Old Lancaster Road, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010-3809. Telephone: (800) 243-2357 in Pennsylvania or (215) 520- 9125. $0.50. Summary: This pamphlet provides health care professionals or parents with guidelines on the schedule and types of vaccines which children should receive. These include diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP); polio; Haemophilus b conjugate (Hib); measles, mumps and rubella (MMR); and hepatitis B. Two recommended regimens of vaccines are given: for children whose first vaccination was given on time, and for those whose first vaccinations occurred late, i.e., later than one year of age. The content of this folder was reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Pediatrics.

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Su dada de alta = Your discharge from care: Press release Source: Nampa, ID: Terry Reilly Health Services. [1993?]. 1 p. Contact: Available from Anne Sandven, Terry Reilly Health Services, 211 16th Avenue North, Nampa, ID 83687. Telephone: (208) 467-7654. $29.95. Summary: This press release describes a 20 minute videotape for postpartum Spanishspeaking women. It follows a new mother who is dealing with issues such as birth certificate information, hospital bills, rubella vaccinations, newborn care, and well child appointments and immunizations. The video is accompanied by an English/Spanish script.

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Immunizations: Not Just Kids' Stuff Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This reproducible brochure reviews some communicable diseases and the immunizations available to prevent them. The brochure reminds adult readers that getting immunized is a lifelong, life-protecting job. The brochure briefly describes each disease and then notes the vaccines and the recommendations for each. Included are: hepatitis B, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), polio, Td (tetanus, diphtheria), varicella (chicken pox), hepatitis A, influenza vaccine (flu shot), and pneumococcal vaccine. The last page of the brochure features a blank immunization record and encourages readers to keep tract of their own immunization history. The brochure is illustrated with humorous line drawings.

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Infection Control for the Dental Health Team Contact: Medcom Incorporated, PO Box 6003, Cypress, CA, (800) 541-0253. Summary: This teaching aid, consisting of a videorecording and an accompanying study guide, teaches users about infection-control in the dental practice. It consists of a course introduction, five lessons which include material from the study guide and an accompanying video segment, and a post-test. The lessons address the prevention of various diseases -- including the common cold, influenza, hepatitis B, syphilis,

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gonorrhea, rubella, mononucleosis, mumps, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), herpes simplex, tuberculosis, and tetanus -- during dental procedures. The lessons look at handwashing, personal hygiene, the use of personal protective barriers, preventing cross-contamination, and disinfection and sterilization. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “rubella” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

(1) Measles, mumps, and rubella: vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1998 May 22; 45 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2378&nbr=1604&a mp;string=German+AND+measles

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Control and prevention of rubella: evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks, rubella in pregnant women, and surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 July; 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2874&nbr=2100&a mp;string=German+AND+measles Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Vaccines Summary: This article from the National Immunization Program was written in response to a news item that raised concerns about the measles, mumps rubella vaccine (MMR) being a cause of chronic inflammatory Source: National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5038

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Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Source: Immunization Action Coalition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7370

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Vaccine Information Statements - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary: This web site provides links to general information on a variety of vaccines for the general public including chickenpox, diphtheria, HIB, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, rubella, hepatitis and Source: National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=366 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to rubella. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on rubella can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to rubella. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with rubella. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about rubella. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “rubella” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “rubella”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “rubella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “rubella” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on rubella: •

Basic Guidelines for Rubella Congenital rubella syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001658.htm Rubella Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001574.htm Rubella syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001658.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Rubella Bloodshot eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Cloudy cornea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003317.htm

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Deafness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Earache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hearing loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Hepatomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Irritability Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003214.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Microcephaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003272.htm Motormental retardation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003313.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Petechiae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Runny nose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003051.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm

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Simian crease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003290.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Splenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm Stiff neck Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Visual disturbances Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Rubella ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm Caloric stimulation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003429.htm Electronystagmography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003448.htm IgM Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003544.htm IgM levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003544.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm TORCH screen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003350.htm

•

Background Topics for Rubella Immunity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm MMR immunization (vaccine) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026.htm

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Stillbirth Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002304.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

157

RUBELLA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrodynia: A condition occurring in infants, marked by swollen, bluish red hands and feet and disordered digestion, followed by multiple arthritis and muscular weakness. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated

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carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Albinism: General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem

Dictionary 159

cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alphavirus: A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the sindbis virus. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amelogenesis Imperfecta: Either hereditary enamel hypoplasia or hypocalcification. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU]

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Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH]

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Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to

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mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiologist: Study of hearing including treatment of persons with hearing defects. [NIH] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avian Leukosis: A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Azotemia: An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]

Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving

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chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharoptosis: Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious

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tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. Encephalomyocarditis virus is the type species. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are

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made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerumen: The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cherubism: A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic

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examination. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroidal Neovascularization: A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the choroid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH]

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Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic

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substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU]

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Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Coxsackie virus: Group of viruses that is a common source of infection in kids. It is transmitted primarily by touch. The most common symptoms children experience are simply fever, feeling rundown, and a rash. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)

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end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH]

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Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dens in Dente: Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentin Dysplasia: Abnormal tissue development or growth occurring subsequent to the appearance of the primordial cells. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They

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are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Enamel Microabrasion: Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. A common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae

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infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomalacia: Literally, "softening of the brain", but the term is used to include degenerative diseases of the brain generally, due to a variety of causes. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalomyocarditis Virus: The type species of cardiovirus causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]

for

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an

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antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates

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the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]

Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]

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Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye or an indirect method by formation of antigenantibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoroimmunoassay: The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the fluorescent antibody technique. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups

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within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Order: The sequential location of genes on a chromosome. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glandular fever: A highly contagious disease of rodents caused by Pasteurella (Francisella) tularensis which may infect farm animals. It is spread mechanically either by flies or ticks, or

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by direct inoculation. It is characterized by fever and tubercle-like nodule formations. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU]

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Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Group Practice: Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Haemophilus influenzae: A species of Haemophilus found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII. [NIH]

Haemophilus influenzae type b: A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Planning: Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is

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expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis Antigens: Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: An inflammatory disease of the skin or mucous membrane characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. [NIH] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Hospitals, Public: Hospitals controlled by various types of government, i.e., city, county, district, state or federal. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or

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bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are

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intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunization Programs: Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response. [NIH]

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Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally

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hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integumentary: Pertaining to or composed of skin. [EU] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural

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response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH]

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Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden

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of lead. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lockjaw: Inability to open the mouth due to tonic contracture of the muscles of the jaw. [NIH]

Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

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Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: A combined vaccine used to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]

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Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microphthalmos: Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

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Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]

Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH]

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Mumps Virus: The type species of rubulavirus that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal Hepatitis: Irritation of the liver with no known cause. Occurs in newborn babies. Symptoms include jaundice and liver cell changes. [NIH] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with

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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleocapsid Proteins: Viral proteins found in either the nucleocapsid or the viral core (viral core proteins). [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the

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mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteitis Deformans: A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patent ductus arteriosus: Abnormal persistence of the opening in the arterial duct that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta; this opening normally closes within 24 hours of birth. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH]

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Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Picornavirus: Any of a group of tiny RNA-containing viruses including the enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of

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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic,

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hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH]

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Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to

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macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal

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outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Standards: A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of

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treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrocochlear: Hearing loss in which the air conduction threshold and the bone conduction threshold have risen almost equally with no gap between them. In such cases the defect is usually either in the cochlea of the inner ear or in the central pathways. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the

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cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Rubella Virus: The type (and only) species of Rubivirus causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis. [NIH] Rubulavirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. Mumps virus is the type species. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH]

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Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sindbis Virus: The type species of alphavirus normally transmitted to birds by Culex mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Glutamate: L-Glutamic acid, sodium salt. An additive used to impart meat flavor to foods, and to enhance other natural food flavors. Medically it has been used to reduce blood

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ammonia levels in ammoniacal azotemia, therapy of hepatic coma, in psychosis, and mental retardation. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH]

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Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]

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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Syphilis, Congenital: Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]

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Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH]

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Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Toxoplasma: A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is

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analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treponema: A genus of microorganisms of the order Spirochaetales, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

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Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH]

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Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid. [NIH] Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation

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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voluntary Health Agencies: Non-profit organizations concerned with various aspects of health, e.g., education, promotion, treatment, services, etc. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 15, 157 A Abdomen, 157, 164, 188, 190, 211, 212 Abdominal, 157, 179, 199, 216 Abdominal Pain, 157, 179, 216 Aberrant, 36, 115, 157 Abscess, 110, 157 Acetone, 91, 157, 189 Acoustic, 112, 157, 218 Acrodynia, 110, 157 Actin, 20, 29, 157 Acute leukemia, 44, 157 Adaptation, 11, 157, 196 Adenovirus, 8, 9, 110, 115, 157 Adenylate Cyclase, 157, 167 Adjustment, 95, 157 Adjuvant, 103, 157, 179 Adsorption, 91, 157 Adsorptive, 157 Adverse Effect, 108, 158, 159, 210 Affinity, 64, 98, 158, 210 Agar, 8, 158, 171, 185 Agenesis, 110, 158 Agglutinins, 158, 182 Albinism, 115, 158 Albumin, 89, 100, 158, 202, 213 Algorithms, 158, 164 Alkaline, 94, 158, 159, 165 Alkaline Phosphatase, 94, 158 Alkaloid, 158, 168 Alleles, 14, 158 Allergen, 158, 172 Allogeneic, 64, 158 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 64, 158 Allografts, 159, 183 Alpha Particles, 159, 206 Alphavirus, 11, 15, 18, 115, 159, 210 Alternative medicine, 120, 159 Alveoli, 159, 217 Amblyopia, 115, 159 Amelogenesis Imperfecta, 110, 159 Amino acid, 100, 101 Amino Acid Sequence, 159, 160, 179 Ammonia, 159, 211, 213, 216 Amphetamines, 159, 168 Amplification, 23, 45, 111, 159

Anaerobic, 159, 181, 195 Anaesthesia, 160, 186 Anal, 160, 177, 190 Analytes, 94, 95, 135, 160 Anaphylatoxins, 160, 169 Anaphylaxis, 71, 137, 138, 160 Anatomical, 112, 160, 167, 174, 186, 209 Anemia, 56, 140, 160, 178 Angiitis, 58, 160 Animal model, 16, 160 Anions, 158, 160, 188, 209 Annealing, 160, 202 Anomalies, 7, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 160, 214 Anoxia, 7, 160 Antibacterial, 160, 173, 211, 217 Antibiotic, 160, 176, 208, 211, 214 Antibodies, 4, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 115 Anticoagulant, 160, 172, 204 Anticonvulsants, 94, 161 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 161, 169, 178 Antigen-presenting cell, 13, 161, 172 Anti-infective, 161, 178 Anti-Infective Agents, 161, 178 Anti-inflammatory, 161, 162 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 161, 162 Antineoplastic, 111, 113, 161 Antioxidants, 161, 178, 201 Antiseptic, 157, 161 Antiserum, 161, 162 Antiviral, 10, 24, 82, 161, 172, 188 Anus, 160, 161, 162, 169, 200 Aorta, 161, 173, 199 Aphakia, 115, 161 Aplasia, 110, 161, 174 Apolipoproteins, 161, 190 Apoptosis, 76, 161 Aqueous, 13, 70, 93, 100, 162, 163, 168, 171, 174, 190 Aqueous humor, 70, 162, 168 Arachidonic Acid, 162, 204 Arginine, 100, 160, 162 Aromatic, 94, 162 Arterial, 162, 167, 184, 199, 204, 213 Arteries, 161, 162, 164, 170, 191, 193, 202, 205

222

Rubella

Arthralgia, 18, 115, 162 Arthropathy, 62, 162 Aseptic, 69, 76, 162, 198 Aspartate, 94, 162 Aspirin, 140, 162 Assay, 21, 24, 25, 29, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 102 Asymptomatic, 162, 182 Atresia, 137, 162, 163 Attenuated, 14, 41, 51, 59, 76, 99, 100, 101, 162, 172, 208, 218 Atypical, 9, 162, 186 Audiologist, 111, 162 Audiology, 3, 4, 111, 112, 113, 162 Auditory, 4, 111, 112, 162, 173, 181, 192, 216 Autoimmune disease, 9, 17, 27, 162, 194, 195 Autoimmunity, 36, 57, 114, 162 Autonomic, 162, 195, 200 Avian, 63, 162 Avian Leukosis, 63, 162 Avidity, 23, 44, 46, 162 Azotemia, 162, 211 B Bacterial Infections, 4, 9, 112, 163, 166 Bacterial Physiology, 157, 163 Bacterial toxin, 103, 163 Bacteriostatic, 163, 176 Bacterium, 94, 163, 215 Bacteriuria, 163, 217 Barbiturate, 163, 214 Barotrauma, 113, 163 Basal Ganglia, 52, 163, 179 Base, 9, 20, 21, 23, 97, 163, 172, 176, 179, 189, 213 Benign, 101, 163, 179, 181, 195, 199, 208 Bilateral, 39, 163, 199, 203, 207 Bile, 137, 163, 178, 184, 189, 190, 212 Bile Acids, 163, 212 Bile Acids and Salts, 163 Bile Ducts, 163 Bile Pigments, 163, 189 Biliary, 137, 163 Biliary Atresia, 137, 163 Biliary Tract, 163 Bilirubin, 158, 163, 184 Biochemical, 10, 15, 158, 163, 180, 190, 194 Biological response modifier, 164, 187 Bioluminescence, 164, 191 Biopsy, 137, 164, 200 Biotechnology, 18, 35, 82, 120, 129, 164

Biotype, 164, 181 Bladder, 164, 186, 194, 216, 217 Blepharoptosis, 115, 164 Blood Coagulation, 164, 165, 208, 214 Blood Glucose, 164, 182, 187 Blood pressure, 140, 164, 184, 194, 205, 210 Blood vessel, 164, 167, 173, 188, 191, 200, 211, 217 Body Burden, 164, 189 Body Fluids, 98, 101, 136, 164, 173, 210 Bone Conduction, 164, 207 Bone Marrow, 157, 164, 185, 191, 194 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 164 Bone Resorption, 164, 198 Bowel, 6, 28, 142, 160, 164, 187, 188, 189, 212, 216 Branch, 108, 151, 164, 179, 185, 191, 192, 200, 205, 211, 214 Bronchiseptica, 164, 200 Buccal, 165, 212 Buffers, 89, 165 C Calcification, 60, 165 Calcium, 88, 165, 169, 193, 199, 210 Capsid, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 82, 104, 165, 197, 218 Capsules, 165, 179 Carbohydrate, 17, 165, 180, 197, 202, 209 Carbon Dioxide, 165, 177, 179, 201, 207 Carcinogenic, 12, 165, 187, 212 Carcinoma, 165 Cardiac, 98, 165, 177, 195, 212 Cardiovirus, 165, 175 Carrier Proteins, 165, 202, 206 Cataract, 79, 161, 165 Causal, 107, 165, 182, 214 Causality, 107, 165 Cell Death, 161, 166, 179, 195 Cell Division, 162, 166, 193, 201 Cell membrane, 98, 165, 166, 189, 201 Cellulitis, 110, 166 Cellulose, 166, 201 Central Nervous System, 41, 105, 159, 166, 168, 178, 181, 194, 197, 201 Central Nervous System Infections, 166, 181 Centrifugation, 24, 34, 92, 166 Cerebral, 4, 137, 163, 166, 213 Cerebral Palsy, 4, 137, 166 Cerebrospinal, 61, 166 Cerebrospinal fluid, 61, 166 Cerebrum, 166, 213

223

Cerumen, 112, 166 Cervical, 166, 208 Chemotactic Factors, 166, 169 Chemotherapeutic agent, 111, 166 Chemotherapy, 113, 166 Cherubism, 110, 166 Chickenpox, 9, 12, 136, 143, 167 Child Care, 5, 167 Chin, 19, 99, 167, 192 Chloroquine, 4, 167 Cholera, 6, 103, 167, 218 Cholera Toxin, 103, 167 Cholesterol, 140, 163, 167, 190, 191, 212 Cholesterol Esters, 167, 190 Chorioretinitis, 167, 207 Choroid, 167, 207 Choroidal Neovascularization, 70, 167 Chromatin, 161, 167, 196 Chromosomal, 159, 167, 207 Chromosome, 167, 179, 181, 190 Chronic, 5, 9, 32, 104, 110, 137, 142 Chronic Disease, 104, 167 Chronic renal, 5, 167 Chylomicrons, 167, 190 Ciliary, 162, 167, 168 Ciliary processes, 162, 168 Cirrhosis, 137, 168 CIS, 20, 29, 32, 83, 168 Cleft Lip, 110, 168 Clinical Medicine, 168, 203 Clinical trial, 10, 59, 129, 168, 204, 206 Clone, 18, 27, 29, 104, 168 Cloning, 164, 168 Coca, 168 Cocaine, 94, 168 Cochlea, 168, 187, 207 Cochlear, 112, 113, 168, 215, 218 Cochlear Diseases, 168, 215 Codons, 18, 168, 179 Coenzyme, 168, 189 Cognition, 168, 189 Colitis, 6, 168 Collagen, 159, 168, 179 Collapse, 160, 169 Colloidal, 158, 169, 209 Colon, 94, 168, 169, 187, 189, 210, 216 Communicable disease, 141, 169 Communication Disorders, 111, 128, 169 Complement, 82, 88, 91, 93, 96, 160, 169, 191, 202 Complementation, 14, 22, 169 Computational Biology, 129, 169

Conception, 169, 177 Concomitant, 42, 115, 169 Conduction, 169, 207 Condyloma, 109, 113, 170 Congenita, 170, 174 Conjunctiva, 170, 187 Connective Tissue, 164, 166, 168, 170, 177, 178, 179, 191, 207, 209, 213 Constitutional, 170, 207 Contamination, 103, 142, 170, 182, 208 Contracture, 170, 190 Contraindications, ii, 138, 170 Convalescence, 12, 170 Coordination, 170, 194 Cornea, 153, 162, 170, 219 Coronary, 170, 193 Coronary Thrombosis, 170, 193 Corpuscle, 170, 176 Cortex, 159, 170, 176, 204 Cortical, 159, 170, 209 Cortisol, 158, 170 Cowpox, 170, 217 Cowpox Virus, 170, 217 Coxsackie virus, 8, 170 Cranial, 8, 170, 171, 181, 188, 196, 197, 200, 218 Craniocerebral Trauma, 171, 181, 215 Crystallization, 17, 171 Culture Media, 158, 171 Curative, 171, 208, 214 Cutaneous, 171, 184, 199, 217 Cyclic, 97, 98, 110, 157, 171, 203 Cytokine, 171, 214 Cytomegalovirus, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 19, 38, 79, 93, 96, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 137, 171 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 79, 171 Cytoplasm, 161, 166, 167, 171, 175, 194, 196, 208 Cytotoxic, 32, 63, 101, 171, 210 D Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 171 Deamination, 171, 216 Degenerative, 171, 175, 182, 207 Dehydration, 167, 171 Deletion, 22, 161, 171 Delusions, 171, 205 Denaturation, 171, 202 Dendrites, 171, 172, 196 Dendritic, 13, 16, 172 Dendritic cell, 13, 16, 172 Dens in Dente, 110, 172

224

Rubella

Density, 24, 34, 166, 172, 190, 197 Dental Care, 114, 172, 200 Dentin Dysplasia, 110, 172 Dentists, 8, 172 Deprivation, 159, 172 Dermal, 172, 174 Dermatitis, 39, 172, 174 Desensitization, 138, 172 Developed Countries, 172, 178 Dextran Sulfate, 91, 172 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 6, 113, 114, 172, 180, 182 Diagnostic procedure, 87, 88, 121, 172 Diarrhea, 114, 172 Diastolic, 172, 184 Diffusion, 172, 185, 187 Digestion, 157, 163, 164, 172, 188, 190, 212 Dilatation, 172, 204 Dilution, 88, 89, 172 Dimethyl, 90, 172 Diphtheria, 5, 6, 7, 49, 77, 103, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 172 Diploid, 169, 172, 202 Direct, iii, 23, 30, 88, 90, 103, 123, 168, 172, 173, 178, 180, 206 Discrete, 94, 173, 219 Discrimination, 102, 173 Disease Progression, 4, 173 Disinfection, 142, 173 Dislocation, 161, 173 Disposition, 53, 173 Dissociation, 158, 173 Diuretic, 173, 211 Dopamine, 168, 173 Drug Interactions, 124, 173 Duct, 173, 199, 208, 213 Ductus Arteriosus, 173 Duodenum, 163, 173, 212 Dura mater, 173, 192, 198 Dysplasia, 110, 112, 173 E Eardrum, 112, 173 Ectoderm, 173 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 110, 173 Eczema, 109, 174 Edema, 174, 188, 195 Effector, 63, 169, 174 Effector cell, 63, 174 Efficacy, 16, 58, 174 Elective, 33, 174 Electrolyte, 174, 203, 210 Electrons, 163, 174, 188, 206

Embryo, 173, 174, 186, 193, 203, 211 Emulsion, 174, 177 Enamel, 110, 159, 172, 174, 178 Enamel Microabrasion, 110, 174 Encapsulated, 90, 174 Encephalitis, 7, 17, 18, 76, 103, 114, 165, 174, 175 Encephalitis, Viral, 174 Encephalomalacia, 58, 175 Encephalomyelitis, 16, 82, 175 Encephalomyocarditis Virus, 114, 175 Endemic, 72, 135, 167, 175, 211 Endotoxins, 169, 175 End-stage renal, 167, 175 Environmental Health, 128, 130, 175 Environmental Pollutants, 94, 175 Enzymatic, 23, 89, 159, 165, 169, 175, 183, 202 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 45, 175 Epidemic, 3, 28, 56, 70, 104, 175, 211 Epidemiological, 4, 38, 48, 49, 175, 177 Epidermal, 175, 217 Epidermis, 173, 175, 205 Epithelial, 13, 109, 113, 167, 175, 182, 194, 199 Epithelial Cells, 13, 167, 175, 182, 194 Epithelium, 170, 175, 188, 199, 219 Epitope, 28, 175 ERV, 99, 130, 139, 176 Erythrocyte Membrane, 39, 176 Erythrocytes, 29, 31, 32, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 99, 160, 164, 176, 182, 206 Erythromycin, 113, 176 Esophagus, 162, 176, 201, 212 Esotropia, 176, 212 Estradiol, 25, 176 Estrogen, 25, 176 Eustachian tube, 163, 176 Excipients, 176, 178, 201 Excitation, 102, 159, 176 Excrete, 137, 176 Exfoliation, 110, 176 Exogenous, 111, 157, 174, 176 Exotropia, 176, 212 Expiratory, 176 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 176 Extracellular, 170, 176, 210 Extracorporeal, 4, 176 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 4, 176 Extraction, 91, 161, 177

225

Eye Infections, 157, 177 F Facial, 8, 177, 192, 199 Family Planning, 5, 129, 177 Fat, 162, 163, 164, 177, 189, 190, 194, 197, 207, 211, 213 Fatal Outcome, 177, 206 Fatigue, 177, 181 Fatty acids, 158, 177, 204 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 4, 111, 177 Fetus, 14, 17, 98, 101, 105, 117, 177, 201, 203, 211 Fibrosis, 110, 170, 177, 208, 209 Firearms, 140, 177 Fistula, 7, 177 Fixation, 88, 91, 93, 96, 177 Flavoring Agents, 178, 201 Fluorescence, 21, 26, 102, 178 Fluorescent Antibody Technique, 178 Fluorine, 178 Fluoroimmunoassay, 26, 35, 51, 178 Fluorosis, 110, 178 Folate, 83, 178 Folic Acid, 178 Food Additives, 6, 111, 178 Food Coloring Agents, 178 Food Preservatives, 178 Foramen, 167, 178, 192 Forearm, 164, 178 Fovea, 177, 178 Fungi, 11, 164, 177, 178, 193, 219 G Gallbladder, 157, 163, 178 Ganglia, 178, 196, 200 Ganglion, 178, 197, 218, 219 Gas, 159, 165, 172, 176, 178, 179, 184, 196, 207, 217 Gas exchange, 179, 207, 217 Gastrin, 179, 183 Gastroenteritis, 179, 208 Gastrointestinal, 94, 179, 213, 218 Gelatin, 53, 71, 89, 100, 171, 179, 180, 213 Gene, 11, 14, 18, 23, 34, 90, 157, 158, 164, 179, 188 Gene Order, 34, 179 General practitioner, 29, 179 Genetic Code, 179, 197 Genetic testing, 179, 202 Genetics, 7, 10, 15, 179, 185 Genital, 16, 179, 217 Genotype, 159, 164, 179, 201 Gestation, 179, 200, 201, 211

Giant Cells, 179, 208 Gland, 179, 191, 199, 209, 212, 213, 214 Glandular fever, 50, 179 Glossitis, 111, 180 Glottis, 180, 200 Glucose, 164, 166, 172, 180, 182, 187, 208, 211 Glucose Intolerance, 172, 180 Glucuronic Acid, 180, 182 Glutamate, 94, 100, 180, 201 Glutamate Dehydrogenase, 94, 180 Glycine, 159, 163, 180 Glycoprotein, 10, 15, 19, 20, 25, 27, 31, 34, 35, 44, 57, 68, 179, 180, 190, 214, 216 Glycosidic, 180, 197 Glycosylation, 17, 82, 180 Goats, 180, 198 Gonadal, 180, 212 Gonadotropin, 94, 180 Gonorrhea, 92, 100, 142, 180 Governing Board, 180, 203 Graft, 159, 180, 183, 186 Gram-negative, 164, 180, 181, 195, 218 Gram-positive, 180, 212 Granule, 181, 207 Granuloma, 113, 181 Group Practice, 63, 181 H Haemophilus, 49, 138, 140, 141, 181 Haemophilus influenzae, 49, 138, 140, 181 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 49, 138, 181 Hair follicles, 181, 219 Handwashing, 142, 181 Haploid, 181, 202 Haptens, 158, 181, 206 Headache, 154, 181, 187 Headache Disorders, 181 Health Education, 73, 181 Health Planning, 6, 181 Hearing Disorders, 169, 181 Heart failure, 140, 181 Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, 91, 181 Hemagglutinins, 99, 182 Heme, 163, 182, 202, 203 Hemoglobin, 94, 160, 176, 182, 189, 203 Hemolysis, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 33, 176, 182 Hemorrhage, 171, 181, 182, 205 Heparin, 91, 182 Hepatic, 158, 182, 203, 211 Hepatitis A, 89, 143, 182

226

Rubella

Hepatitis Antigens, 90, 182 Hepatitis C, 12, 14, 17, 137, 139, 182 Hepatitis Viruses, 182 Hepatocytes, 182 Hepatomegaly, 154, 182, 187 Hepatovirus, 182 Hereditary, 7, 112, 113, 159, 166, 173, 182, 207 Heredity, 179, 182 Herpes, 4, 7, 8, 19, 21, 35, 38, 82, 96, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 142, 183 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis, 7, 183 Herpes virus, 8, 113, 183 Herpes Zoster, 35, 109, 183 Heterodimers, 98, 183 Heterogeneity, 158, 183 Heterotrophic, 178, 183 Heterotropia, 183, 212 Histamine, 160, 183 Histidine, 100, 183 Histocompatibility, 32, 183 Homogeneous, 17, 183 Homologous, 158, 183, 194 Hormonal, 16, 183 Hormone, 17, 100, 140, 170, 176, 179, 183, 187, 199, 204, 207, 210, 214 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 140, 183 Horseradish Peroxidase, 175, 183 Hospitals, Public, 183, 185 Host, 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 32, 34, 98, 102, 105, 110, 159, 183, 185, 186, 207, 208, 217, 218 Human papillomavirus, 109, 113, 183 Humoral, 15, 20, 53, 57, 62, 183 Humour, 183 Hybrid, 101, 168, 184 Hybridization, 90, 184 Hybridomas, 53, 184 Hydrochloric Acid, 174, 184 Hydrogen, 163, 165, 171, 184, 194, 196, 197, 204 Hydrogen Bonding, 184, 197 Hydrophilic, 90, 184 Hydrophobic, 29, 184, 190 Hydroxyproline, 159, 169, 184 Hyperbilirubinemia, 4, 7, 111, 184, 189 Hyperplasia, 109, 113, 184 Hypersensitivity, 58, 158, 160, 172, 184, 207 Hypertension, 4, 184, 188 Hypertrophy, 184 Hypesthesia, 184, 196 Hypnotic, 163, 184, 214

Hypoplasia, 110, 159, 174, 184 Hypothyroidism, 5, 113, 184 Hypoxia, 4, 7, 185 I Id, 84, 134, 142, 143, 150, 152, 185 Idiopathic, 78, 113, 185, 208 Immune response, 13, 20, 53, 74, 75, 101, 157, 161, 162, 181, 185, 186, 191, 210, 213, 217, 218 Immune Sera, 185 Immune system, 16, 95, 139, 161, 162, 174, 185, 186, 191, 194, 217, 219 Immunity, 19, 25, 26, 33, 83, 97, 155 Immunization Programs, 69, 185 Immunoassay, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 104 Immunocompromised, 8, 185 Immunodeficiency, 94, 114, 139, 142, 185 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 142, 185 Immunodiffusion, 158, 185 Immunoelectrophoresis, 158, 185 Immunofluorescence, 21, 185 Immunogenetics, 14, 185 Immunogenic, 186, 206 Immunologic, 17, 113, 166, 185, 186 Immunology, 17, 44, 45, 47, 48, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 89, 96, 99, 157, 158, 183, 186 Immunotherapy, 172, 186 Impairment, 3, 7, 8, 42, 109, 111, 140, 162, 177, 186, 192, 193, 205 In vitro, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 34, 82, 95, 186, 202, 208, 209, 215 In vivo, 18, 182, 186 Incontinence, 186, 195 Incubated, 89, 93, 186 Incubation, 13, 186, 200 Incubation period, 13, 186, 200 Indicative, 93, 108, 186, 200, 217 Induction, 27, 76, 186, 206 Infancy, 137, 186, 208 Infarction, 170, 186, 193, 202 Infection Control, 42, 67, 141, 186 Infectious Mononucleosis, 9, 109, 114, 186, 194 Infiltration, 187, 219 Inflammatory bowel disease, 6, 46, 65, 68, 187 Influenza, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 28, 103, 138, 139, 140, 141, 187 Ingestion, 187, 202 Inhalation, 187, 202 Initiation, 102, 187

227

Inner ear, 113, 164, 168, 187, 189, 207, 217 Innervation, 187, 205 Inorganic, 187, 191, 194, 196 Inositol, 100, 187 Insecticides, 187, 200 Insight, 10, 187 Insulator, 187, 194 Insulin, 4, 6, 114, 187, 188, 189 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 6, 114, 187 Integumentary, 111, 187 Intensive Care, 4, 7, 8, 187 Intensive Care Units, 4, 187 Interferon, 19, 28, 30, 187, 188 Interferon-alpha, 188 Interleukin-1, 47, 188 Interleukin-10, 47, 188 Interleukin-2, 188 Interstitial, 42, 188 Intestinal, 13, 167, 188, 194 Intestine, 47, 163, 164, 188, 189, 212 Intoxication, 111, 188 Intracellular, 28, 31, 186, 188, 203, 210 Intracranial Hypertension, 181, 188, 215 Intramuscular, 138, 188 Intravenous, 16, 188 Intrinsic, 110, 158, 188 Invasive, 185, 188 Invertebrates, 188, 191 Involuntary, 188, 195, 197, 210 Ions, 163, 165, 173, 174, 184, 188 Iris, 170, 188, 205 Ischemia, 188, 195 Islet, 82, 188 Isoleucine, 82, 189 Isotonic, 93, 189 J Jaundice, 136, 137, 184, 189, 195 Joint, 18, 28, 32, 56, 61, 73, 115, 162, 189, 213 K Kb, 98, 104, 128, 189 Ketone Bodies, 157, 189 Kinetics, 13, 62, 65, 189 L Labile, 30, 103, 169, 189 Labyrinth, 168, 187, 189, 198, 200, 209, 218 Labyrinthitis, 113, 189 Laceration, 189, 214 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 94, 189 Language Development, 8, 189 Language Disorders, 169, 189

Large Intestine, 188, 189, 206, 210 Latent, 189, 203 Laxative, 158, 189, 211 Lead Poisoning, 110, 189 Lectins, 82, 182, 190 Lens, 161, 162, 165, 170, 190 Lesion, 181, 190, 209, 216 Lethargy, 154, 184, 190 Leukemia, 94, 190 Library Services, 150, 190 Life cycle, 10, 11, 178, 190 Linkage, 13, 190 Lip, 65, 110, 168, 190 Lipid, 15, 83, 104, 161, 187, 190, 194 Lipoprotein, 98, 180, 190, 191, 218 Liposome, 90, 190 Liver cancer, 136, 190 Localization, 32, 36, 190 Localized, 34, 157, 172, 174, 177, 186, 190, 195, 201, 214, 216, 217 Lockjaw, 140, 190 Locomotion, 190, 202 Longitudinal study, 75, 190 Loop, 34, 111, 113, 190 Low-density lipoprotein, 190, 191 Lubricants, 191, 200 Luminescence, 102, 191 Lymph, 105, 160, 166, 170, 183, 186, 191, 208 Lymph node, 166, 191, 208 Lymphadenopathy, 105, 186, 191 Lymphatic, 186, 191, 208, 211, 214 Lymphatic system, 191, 208, 211, 214 Lymphocyte, 32, 161, 191 Lymphocytic, 27, 191 Lymphoid, 160, 191, 215 Lymphoproliferative, 13, 191 Lysine, 100, 191 Lytic, 191, 209 M Macrophage, 188, 191 Maculopapular, 9, 191 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 32, 191 Malaise, 105, 154, 191 Malignancy, 113, 191, 199 Malignant, 161, 190, 192, 195, 209 Malnutrition, 158, 192 Mammogram, 165, 192, 193 Mandible, 167, 192 Manic, 192, 205 Manic-depressive psychosis, 192, 205

228

Rubella

Manifest, 192, 212 Maxillary, 168, 192 Measles Virus, 8, 24, 33, 45, 46, 78, 124, 192 Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, 52, 53, 59, 64, 67, 69, 76, 108, 192 Meat, 192, 210 Meatus, 173, 192, 198, 216 Medial, 168, 176, 192 Medical Records, 17, 192 MEDLINE, 129, 192 Membrane Glycoproteins, 40, 192 Memory, 13, 16, 192 Meninges, 166, 171, 173, 192 Meningitis, 4, 7, 69, 76, 113, 114, 181, 192 Mental, iv, 3, 9, 105, 128, 130, 137 Mental deficiency, 177, 192 Mental Disorders, 192, 203, 205 Mental Health, iv, 9, 128, 130, 192, 203, 205 Mental Retardation, 3, 105, 137, 169, 193, 211 Mesoderm, 168, 193 Metabolic disorder, 112, 113, 193 Metabolite, 172, 193 Methionine, 172, 193, 213 Methyltransferase, 14, 193 MI, 156, 193 Mice Minute Virus, 193, 199 Microbe, 92, 193, 215 Microbiology, 17, 38, 44, 45, 46, 51, 61, 63, 74, 77, 82, 108, 157, 162, 163, 193 Microcalcifications, 165, 193 Microgram, 178, 193 Microorganism, 193, 199, 219 Microphthalmos, 115, 193 Microscopy, 10, 11, 17, 178, 183, 193, 197 Migration, 168, 193 Milliliter, 25, 29, 193 Millimeter, 174, 193 Mitosis, 162, 190, 193 Mobility, 115, 193 Modification, 159, 193 Molecular, 7, 10, 14, 15, 18, 101, 104, 129, 131, 159, 164, 169, 182, 193, 215, 216 Molecule, 101, 104, 161, 163, 168, 169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180, 194, 197, 206, 210, 215, 217 Monensin, 40, 194 Monitor, 5, 140, 194, 196 Monoclonal, 23, 24, 28, 32, 35, 45, 53, 73, 184, 194, 206

Monoclonal antibodies, 24, 32, 35, 53, 194 Monocytes, 188, 194, 214 Mononuclear, 16, 28, 181, 186, 194, 216 Mononucleosis, 9, 109, 114, 142, 194 Morbillivirus, 192, 194 Morphogenesis, 177, 194 Morphology, 165, 194 Mucins, 194, 208 Mucocutaneous, 194, 213 Mucosa, 109, 194, 212 Mucus, 194, 216 Multiple sclerosis, 16, 194 Multivalent, 162, 194 Mumps Virus, 24, 46, 114, 195 Mutagenesis, 15, 17, 195 Mutagens, 195 Myalgia, 115, 187, 195 Mycoplasma, 103, 113, 166, 195 Myelin, 194, 195, 209 Myelitis, 140, 195 Myocarditis, 165, 172, 175, 195 Myocardium, 193, 195 N Nasal Mucosa, 187, 195 NCI, 1, 127, 168, 195 Necrosis, 161, 186, 193, 195, 208 Need, 3, 7, 97, 101, 107, 108, 109, 121, 135, 137, 138, 144, 167, 195 Neonatal, 4, 7, 8, 28, 67, 136, 137, 195 Neonatal Hepatitis, 136, 137, 195 Neonatal period, 8, 195 Neoplasia, 195 Neoplasm, 195, 199, 209 Neoplastic, 112, 184, 195 Nephrosis, 195 Nephrotic, 110, 195 Nephrotic Syndrome, 110, 195 Nerve, 167, 170, 171, 178, 187, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 205, 209, 212, 218, 219 Nervous System, 105, 166, 195, 196, 200, 205 Neural, 183, 196 Neuritis, 69, 196, 218 Neurologic, 68, 110, 196, 213 Neurologist, 17, 196 Neurons, 168, 171, 178, 196, 218 Neuropathy, 112, 196 Neuroretinitis, 196, 207 Neurotoxic, 196 Neurotoxins, 111, 196 Neutralization, 15, 19, 22, 32, 33, 88, 91, 96, 101, 196

229

Neutrons, 159, 196, 206 Neutropenia, 110, 196 Neutrophils, 196 Night Blindness, 196, 207 Nitrates, 6, 196 Nitric acid, 196 Nitrogen, 158, 177, 196 Nonverbal Communication, 169, 196 Nuclear, 163, 174, 178, 195, 196, 206 Nuclei, 159, 174, 193, 196, 197, 204, 208, 218 Nucleic acid, 10, 17, 90, 104, 165, 179, 184, 195, 196, 197, 218 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 90, 184, 197 Nucleocapsid, 10, 15, 98, 104, 197, 218 Nucleocapsid Proteins, 10, 197 Nucleolus, 197, 207 Nucleus, 161, 167, 171, 194, 196, 197, 204, 212, 218 Nutritive Value, 178, 197 Nystagmus, 115, 197 O Occult, 94, 140, 197 Occult Blood, 94, 140, 197 Ocular, 69, 111, 114, 115, 176, 197, 213 Odour, 162, 197 Office Visits, 5, 197 Oligosaccharides, 31, 197 Opacity, 165, 172, 197 Ophthalmology, 54, 69, 70, 177, 197 Optic Nerve, 159, 196, 197, 198, 207 Oral Health, 110, 140, 197 Orf, 109, 198 Organ Culture, 198, 215 Organelles, 166, 171, 194, 198 Osmotic, 158, 198, 209 Ossicles, 198 Ossification, 198, 208 Osteitis Deformans, 112, 198 Otitis, 4, 5, 7, 112, 198 Otitis Media, 4, 5, 7, 112, 198 Otolaryngologist, 112, 198 Otosclerosis, 112, 113, 198 Ototoxic, 4, 7, 112, 198 Outer ear, 112, 198 Ovary, 176, 198 Ovum, 179, 190, 198, 204 Oxygenation, 4, 198 Oxygenator, 177, 198 P Pachymeningitis, 192, 198 Palate, 110, 198, 212

Palliative, 198, 214 Palsy, 4, 137, 198 Pancreas, 157, 187, 188, 199 Pancreatic, 82, 114, 199 Papilloma, 8, 12, 109, 113, 170, 199 Papillomavirus, 109, 113, 199 Papule, 191, 199 Paralysis, 140, 164, 176, 199, 205 Parasite, 199 Parasitic, 9, 182, 199, 201, 215, 216 Parathyroid, 199, 208 Parathyroid Glands, 199, 208 Paresis, 196, 199 Paresthesia, 115, 199 Parotid, 199, 208 Paroxysmal, 181, 199, 200, 219 Particle, 95, 98, 190, 199 Parvovirus, 9, 33, 57, 110, 115, 193, 199 Patch, 64, 199 Patent ductus arteriosus, 74, 199 Pathogen, 12, 14, 104, 186, 199 Pathogenesis, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 110, 114, 199 Pathologic, 115, 162, 164, 170, 184, 200 Pathologic Processes, 162, 200 Pathologies, 18, 112, 115, 200 Pathophysiology, 9, 110, 200 Patient Education, 136, 148, 150, 156, 200 Pediatric Dentistry, 110, 200 Peptide, 19, 20, 21, 32, 159, 167, 200, 202, 204, 214 Percutaneous, 74, 200 Perfusion, 185, 200 Perianal, 170, 200 Perilymph, 7, 200 Perinatal, 109, 117, 200 Peripheral blood, 16, 28, 45, 188, 200 Peripheral Nervous System, 198, 200, 213 Pertussis, 5, 6, 12, 51, 57, 76, 77, 103, 108, 138, 140, 141, 143, 200, 219 Pesticides, 94, 111, 187, 200 Petroleum, 111, 200 Phallic, 177, 201 Pharmaceutic Aids, 178, 201 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 166, 179, 201 Pharmacologic, 201, 215 Pharyngitis, 109, 201, 209 Pharynx, 187, 201 Phenobarbital, 137, 201 Phenotype, 18, 169, 201 Phenyl, 90, 201

230

Rubella

Phospholipids, 177, 187, 190, 201 Phosphorus, 165, 199, 201 Physiologic, 189, 201, 206 Physiology, 15, 114, 190, 201 Picornavirus, 24, 45, 201 Pigment, 158, 163, 201 Pilot study, 36, 201 Placenta, 176, 201, 204 Plant Viruses, 12, 201 Plants, 11, 158, 165, 168, 180, 194, 196, 201, 208, 215, 216 Plasma, 158, 160, 166, 167, 179, 180, 182, 195, 202, 209 Plasma cells, 160, 202 Plasma protein, 158, 202, 209 Platinum, 190, 202 Pneumonia, 7, 50, 139, 170, 202 Pneumonitis, 42, 202 Poisoning, 110, 179, 188, 202 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 113, 202 Polyarthritis, 115, 202 Polymerase, 77, 117, 202 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 77, 117, 202 Polymers, 13, 202, 204 Polymorphism, 12, 202 Polypeptide, 159, 168, 184, 202, 219 Polysaccharide, 161, 166, 202 Porphyria, 110, 202 Porphyrins, 202, 203 Posterior, 160, 167, 188, 198, 199, 203 Postnatal, 30, 35, 52, 62, 77, 177, 203, 211 Potassium, 100, 203 Potentiates, 188, 203 Practice Guidelines, 113, 130, 142, 203 Precipitating Factors, 165, 181, 203 Precipitation, 91, 92, 203 Precursor, 14, 32, 162, 173, 174, 175, 203 Predisposition, 114, 203 Prenatal, 4, 30, 35, 51, 52, 68, 71, 77, 93, 174, 177, 203 Prenatal Diagnosis, 51, 71, 203 Presbycusis, 112, 113, 203 Prevalence, 53, 60, 71, 203 Preventive Medicine, 139, 149, 203 Primary Prevention, 6, 83, 203 Private Sector, 75, 204 Probe, 10, 90, 204 Progeny, 11, 204 Progesterone, 204, 212 Progression, 4, 160, 204 Progressive, 101, 112, 115, 167, 168, 181, 195, 203, 204, 207

Prophylaxis, 140, 204, 208, 217 Proportional, 175, 204 Prospective study, 68, 190, 204 Prostaglandins, 101, 162, 204 Protease, 14, 20, 32, 34, 83, 204 Protein C, 15, 34, 158, 159, 161, 190, 204, 216, 218 Protein S, 164, 176, 179, 204, 208, 214 Proteinuria, 195, 204 Proteolytic, 169, 204 Protocol, 7, 26, 48, 204 Protons, 159, 184, 204, 206 Protozoa, 164, 193, 204, 205, 215 Protozoal, 111, 205 Protozoan, 94, 166, 205 Pruritic, 174, 205 Pruritus, 9, 205 Psychiatric, 108, 169, 192, 205 Psychiatry, 40, 68, 76, 177, 205, 212, 217 Psychic, 192, 205, 209 Psychosis, 68, 205, 211 Ptosis, 115, 205 Public Health, 5, 6, 12, 37, 38, 39, 42, 58, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 90, 99, 101, 130, 139, 205 Public Policy, 129, 205 Publishing, 6, 18, 109, 111, 143, 205 Pulmonary, 4, 164, 173, 199, 205, 210, 217 Pulmonary Artery, 164, 173, 199, 205 Pulmonary hypertension, 4, 205 Pulse, 194, 205 Pupil, 170, 205 Purpura, 78, 154, 205 R Rabies, 82, 205 Radiation, 110, 111, 157, 178, 206 Radiation therapy, 157, 206 Radioactive, 164, 184, 194, 196, 206 Radioactivity, 92, 206 Radioimmunoassay, 21, 30, 33, 34, 92, 93, 99, 178, 206 Radiological, 200, 206 Randomized, 36, 37, 174, 206 Reagent, 89, 95, 172, 184, 206 Reality Testing, 205, 206 Receptor, 100, 157, 161, 173, 201, 206, 210 Recombinant, 25, 26, 27, 102, 206, 217 Rectum, 161, 169, 179, 186, 187, 189, 206, 213 Red blood cells, 96, 176, 182, 206, 208 Refer, 1, 165, 169, 177, 178, 183, 190, 194, 196, 205, 206, 215

231

Reference Standards, 19, 206 Refraction, 206, 211 Refractive Errors, 159, 206 Regimen, 174, 206, 207 Rehabilitative, 111, 207 Respiration, 165, 194, 207 Respiratory failure, 177, 207 Respiratory Physiology, 207, 217 Respiratory syncytial virus, 13, 207 Reticular, 9, 207 Retina, 167, 190, 196, 197, 207, 208 Retinitis, 115, 207 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 115, 207 Retinopathy, 70, 207 Retreatment, 23, 207 Retrocochlear, 112, 207 Retrospective, 27, 36, 75, 207 Retrovirus, 15, 63, 114, 207 Rheumatism, 207 Rheumatoid, 45, 101, 167, 207 Rheumatoid arthritis, 45, 101, 167, 207 Ribosome, 24, 45, 207, 216 Rickets, 110, 208 Rigidity, 201, 208 Risk factor, 6, 8, 9, 11, 58, 140, 165, 204, 208 Ristocetin, 208, 217 Rod, 163, 181, 208 Rodenticides, 200, 208 Rotavirus, 13, 208 Rubulavirus, 195, 208 S Saliva, 23, 45, 46, 101, 208 Salivary, 83, 171, 208 Salivary glands, 83, 171, 208 Saponins, 208, 212 Sarcoidosis, 113, 208 Sarcoma, 15, 209 Scarlet Fever, 9, 209 Sclerosis, 16, 194, 209 Screening, 7, 8, 18, 19, 26, 38, 52, 95, 109, 117, 135, 140, 168, 209, 217 Sebaceous, 209, 219 Secretion, 183, 184, 185, 187, 194, 209 Sediment, 209, 217 Seizures, 137, 154, 161, 199, 209 Semicircular canal, 187, 209 Semisynthetic, 82, 209 Senile, 203, 209 Sensory loss, 195, 209 Septic, 162, 209 Sequence Analysis, 68, 209

Sequencing, 23, 202, 209 Serologic, 60, 115, 181, 185, 209 Serology, 28, 60, 72, 155, 209 Serum, 16, 23, 25, 33, 35, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99 Serum Albumin, 89, 206, 209 Sex Characteristics, 209, 214 Shedding, 110, 209 Shock, 160, 209, 216 Side effect, 103, 123, 139, 158, 210, 215 Sigmoid, 210 Sigmoidoscopy, 140, 210 Signal Transduction, 187, 210 Signs and Symptoms, 112, 202, 210 Sindbis Virus, 159, 210 Skeletal, 111, 210 Skeleton, 157, 189, 210 Skin test, 138, 210 Skull, 164, 171, 210, 213 Small intestine, 163, 167, 173, 183, 188, 210 Smallpox, 109, 210, 217 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 177, 210 Sneezing, 200, 209, 210 Sodium, 35, 95, 100, 194, 210, 213 Sodium Glutamate, 100, 210 Soft tissue, 110, 164, 210, 211 Solvent, 157, 198, 211 Somatic, 183, 193, 200, 211 Sorbitol, 100, 211 Spasmodic, 200, 211 Specialist, 144, 211 Species, 83, 92 Specificity, 14, 19, 20, 34, 104, 158, 211 Spectrum, 38, 96, 211 Spinal cord, 166, 167, 173, 175, 179, 192, 195, 196, 198, 200, 211 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 195, 211 Spirochete, 211, 213 Spleen, 137, 171, 191, 208, 211 Splenomegaly, 155, 186, 211 Spontaneous Abortion, 105, 211 Sporadic, 8, 75, 211 Squamous, 109, 113, 211 Stabilization, 15, 211 Stem Cells, 159, 211 Sterile, 162, 199, 212 Sterilization, 142, 212 Steroid, 36, 100, 163, 170, 208, 212 Stimulus, 159, 174, 176, 187, 212, 214 Stomach, 157, 163, 176, 179, 183, 201, 210, 211, 212 Stomatitis, 109, 212

232

Rubella

Stool, 169, 186, 189, 212 Strabismus, 70, 115, 159, 212 Strand, 10, 14, 15, 34, 202, 212 Streptococcal, 23, 45, 212 Streptococci, 209, 212 Streptococcus, 94, 212 Stress, 5, 86, 113, 170, 179, 203, 207, 212, 217 Stupor, 190, 212 Subacute, 186, 212 Subarachnoid, 181, 212 Subclinical, 8, 186, 209, 212 Subcutaneous, 64, 138, 166, 174, 212 Subspecies, 211, 212, 217 Substance P, 164, 176, 193, 208, 209, 213 Substrate, 100, 175, 213 Sulfur, 172, 193, 213 Suppositories, 179, 213 Suppurative, 166, 213 Sweat, 166, 213 Sweat Glands, 166, 213 Symphysis, 167, 213 Symptomatic, 9, 74, 115, 213 Synergistic, 16, 213 Synovial, 45, 67, 101, 213 Synovial Fluid, 45, 67, 213 Synovial Membrane, 213 Syphilis, 4, 7, 8, 109, 111, 112, 113, 141, 213 Syphilis, Congenital, 4, 213 Systemic, 13, 15, 124, 160, 161, 164, 167, 172, 186, 188, 206, 208, 212, 213, 216, 217 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 167, 213 Systemic therapy, 167, 213 Systolic, 184, 213 T Telencephalon, 163, 213 Temporal, 7, 12, 35, 77, 113, 181, 192, 213 Teratogen, 14, 214 Teratogenesis, 4, 214 Teratogenic, 4, 112, 214 Testis, 176, 214 Testosterone, 90, 214 Tetani, 214 Tetanic, 214 Tetanus, 5, 6, 7, 49, 77, 103, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 214 Tetracycline, 110, 214 Thalidomide, 4, 214 Therapeutics, 124, 214 Thermal, 99, 173, 196, 202, 214 Threshold, 184, 207, 214 Thrombin, 204, 214

Thrombomodulin, 204, 214 Thymus, 185, 191, 214 Thyroid, 111, 140, 184, 199, 214 Thyrotropin, 185, 214 Thyroxine, 158, 214 Ticks, 179, 214 Tin, 199, 202, 215 Tinnitus, 112, 198, 215, 218 Tissue Culture, 88, 101, 215 Tonic, 190, 215 Tonicity, 182, 189, 215 Tonsillitis, 5, 209, 215 Tonsils, 215 Tooth Preparation, 157, 215 Toxic, iv, 4, 7, 100, 159, 163, 172, 175, 185, 196, 210, 215, 217 Toxicity, 173, 208, 215 Toxicology, 130, 215 Toxin, 103, 172, 214, 215 Toxoid, 103, 215 Toxoplasma, 19, 26, 96, 215 Toxoplasmosis, 4, 7, 8, 111, 112, 113, 117, 215 Trachea, 201, 214, 215 Transcriptase, 207, 215 Transfection, 164, 215 Transfer Factor, 185, 216 Transferases, 180, 216 Transfusion, 182, 216 Translation, 11, 18, 159, 176, 216 Translocation, 35, 176, 216 Transplantation, 5, 55, 167, 185, 191, 216 Trauma, 5, 7, 110, 112, 113, 195, 216 Treponema, 96, 213, 216 Trivalent, 59, 216 Tropism, 18, 216 Tubercle, 180, 216 Tuberculosis, 140, 142, 216 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 214, 216 Tympanic membrane, 112, 198, 216 U Ulcer, 166, 216 Ulceration, 198, 216 Ulcerative colitis, 6, 187, 216 Unconscious, 185, 216 Urea, 104, 162, 213, 216 Urethra, 216, 217 Urinalysis, 140, 217 Urinary, 163, 186, 216, 217 Urine, 22, 44, 101, 163, 164, 173, 186, 189, 204, 216, 217 Urogenital, 180, 217

233

Urticaria, 160, 217 V Vaccination, 5, 11, 14, 19, 21, 22, 26, 28, 32, 34, 82, 83, 101, 139, 140, 141 Vaccinia, 109, 110, 217 Vaccinia Virus, 110, 217 Vancomycin, 113, 217 Varicella, 5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 35, 109, 110, 113, 115, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141 Variola, 110, 217 Vascular, 160, 167, 181, 186, 201, 211, 217 Vasculitis, 160, 202, 217 Vector, 24, 45, 217, 219 Vein, 188, 196, 199, 217 Venereal, 113, 213, 217 Venoms, 196, 217 Ventilation, 5, 217 Ventricles, 166, 217 Verruca, 109, 113, 217 Vertigo, 198, 218 Vesicular, 109, 183, 210, 217, 218 Vestibule, 168, 187, 209, 218 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 215, 218 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 215, 218 Veterinarians, 94, 218 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 218 Vibrio, 103, 167, 218 Vibrio cholerae, 167, 218 Viral, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 30, 36, 67, 93, 94, 98, 101, 105, 109, 110, 111,

112, 113, 114, 115, 135, 162, 165, 174, 179, 182, 187, 197, 205, 207, 218 Viral Core Proteins, 197, 218 Viral Vaccines, 5, 13, 218 Virion, 10, 11, 104, 197, 218 Virulence, 12, 18, 162, 215, 218 Visual Cortex, 159, 218 Visual field, 207, 218 Vitamin A, 187, 218 Vitro, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 34, 82, 95, 182, 218 Vivo, 16, 18, 219 Voluntary Health Agencies, 185, 219 Vulgaris, 109, 113, 219 W Wart, 113, 219 Weight Gain, 137, 219 White blood cell, 160, 186, 191, 194, 196, 202, 219 Whooping Cough, 140, 200, 219 Windpipe, 201, 214, 219 X Xenograft, 160, 219 Y Yeasts, 178, 201, 219 Yellow Fever, 10, 12, 15, 17, 219 Yellow Fever Virus, 10, 12, 15, 219 Z Zoonoses, 205, 219 Zoster, 8, 35, 78, 79, 109, 110, 113, 138, 219 Zymogen, 204, 219

234

Rubella

235

236

Rubella

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