Salmonellosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SALMONELLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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SALMONELLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Salmonellosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84616-2 1. Salmonellosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on salmonellosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLOSIS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Salmonellosis................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLOSIS ............................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonellosis ............................................................................... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLOSIS ......................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Dissertations on Salmonellosis .................................................................................................... 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SALMONELLOSIS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Salmonellosis.............................................................................................................. 43 Patent Applications on Salmonellosis.......................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SALMONELLOSIS ....................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 56 Chapters on Salmonellosis ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SALMONELLOSIS .......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 59 Academic Periodicals covering Salmonellosis.............................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 63 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86

Contents

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SALMONELLOSIS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with salmonellosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about salmonellosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to salmonellosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on salmonellosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to salmonellosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on salmonellosis. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on salmonellosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and salmonellosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Home Environment and Salmonellosis in Children Source: Pediatrics. 103(1): E1. January 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. (847) 981-7903. Fax (847) 228-5088. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available online at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/103/1/e1. Summary: Contaminated food is often linked to infections of Salmonella, a germ that can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever. However, in many cases, particularly in children and infants, it is not always easy to pinpoint the source of the infection. This article reports on a study to explore the role of foods and the home environment in the development of Salmonella infections in infants and children. The researchers tested

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samples from just about every corner of the homes including food, tap water, countertops, can openers, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, pets, dust bunnies, and even the family members themselves. Home inspections were conducted in approximately 66 percent of eligible homes on an average of 3.4 days after the confirmation of the Salmonella isolate. A total of 526 cultures from 50 homes were obtained from foods (120), household members (73), refrigerators (52), water (47), countertops (46), soil (42), can openers (36), vacuum cleaners (34), animals, pets or insects (26), and others (50). Isolates with a serotype identical to those in the index patient were found in 16 homes, 3 of which included an isolate of a second serotype. The authors stress that these data illustrate the importance of the child's environment in the development of salmonellosis. Contaminated foods in the home play a less significant role in the infection of infants and children. Clinicians should concentrate on educating parents about the environmental spread of Salmonella. 2 figures. 5 tables. 20 references.

Federally Funded Research on Salmonellosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to salmonellosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to salmonellosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore salmonellosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for salmonellosis: •

Project Title: ACTIN-CYTOSKELETON REARRANGEMENTS BY SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Daoguo; Biological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Despite improvements in public hygiene, salmonellosis continues to cost the world economy billions of dollars each year and remains to be the number one cause of reported foodborne diseases. The Salmonella infection involves complex and highly orchestrated interactions between the bacterium and host cells. Salmonella injects proteins into host cells via a bacterial type III secretion system. Our working hypothesis is that these bacterial proteins engage host proteins for actin polymerization as well as depolymerization, two processes that are required for Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and invasion of non-phagocytic cells by the bacterium. The goal of this project is to identify and characterize bacterial and host proteins that play a role(s) in modulating actin dynamics both in vitro and in vivo by using microbiological,

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

biochemical and cellular approaches. This proposal focuses on the molecular mechanism of Salmonella-induced actin rearrangements involving SipA. We have shown that SipA binds actin and modulates actin dynamics by decreasing the critical concentration for actin polymerization and by inhibiting depolymerization of actin filaments. We also showed that SipA increases the bundling activity of T-plastin, which increases the stability of actin bundles. Preliminary results indicate that additional host proteins are present in the SipA-actin complex and SipA activities must be turned off by other bacterial or host factors. We propose to investigate how Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements are initiated, maintained and subsequently reversed. We have developed assays and reagents necessary to examine the actin architecture and investigate roles of SipA and host proteins in modulating Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Results from this study will help us understand how Salmonella intercepts normal cellular constituents to modulate host actin cytoskeleton. A better understanding of these processes will facilitate the development of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of salmonellosis. These experiments will also provide new insights into basic host cellular functions, including cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BOVINE SPECIFIC VIRULENCE FACTORS OF S TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumler, Andreas J.; Associate Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Salmonellosis is the most frequent food-borne illness in the US. The recent emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant S. typhimurium strains, such as definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has illustrated that the use of antibiotics will no longer combat salmonellosis effectively in the future. In order to devise alternatives to antibiotic therapy for the control or prevention of Salmonella infections, an understanding of the fundamental factors that Salmonella uses to cause infection and disease is needed. Little is known about genes allowing S. typhimurium to infect cattle, an important meat source in the US. The proposed research will characterize bovine virulence factors of S. typhimurium which will facilitate the development of improved strategies for prevention and treatment of infection. This research will also establish a new animal model for the study of human diarrheal disease caused by Salmonella. Overall project goals and supporting objectives: (1) Analysis of the adherence mechanisms which contribute to host adaptation. (2) Analysis of the role of the invasion associated type III secretion system in host-adaptation and diarrhea. Plans to accomplish project goals: The investigators have identified two virulence factors which contribute specifically to disease in cattle. One, a putative adhesin, will be characterized to determine its role in colonization of bovine intestine. The second factor is a secretion system which is specifically required to cause diarrhea in calves. They will determine the identity of the secreted proteins and study their role in causing diarrhea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CEFTIOFUR USE IN CATTLE: A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN? Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanchez, Susan; Med Microbiol & Parasitology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective, of this proposal, is to determine if there is a link between the use of antibiotics in food animals and the presence of resistant Salmonella in the human population. The hypothesis is that the therapeutic use of ceftiofur in food animals is selecting for resistance to cephalosporins in members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, our short-term goal is to determine if the use of ceftiofur in sick cattle has resulted in resistant zoonotic salmonellosis in people. Our intention is to investigate the source of ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant isolates cultured in our State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and determine if they are related to ceftriaxone resistant cases of salmonellosis in humans identified by the Public Health Service in Georgia and the Centers for Disease Control. Specific aim 1. Determine whether ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates identified by our diagnostic laboratory are genetically related to human isolates associated with outbreak or sporadic cases of salmonellosis. The working hypothesis will be tested by determining the genetic relatedness of ceftriaxoneresistant Salmonella from farms and human cases by PFGE and characterizing the cephalosporinase locus using molecular techniques. Specific aim 2. Determine the prevalence of ceftiofur resistance in the normal, gram negative flora of food production animals and potential transmission of ceftriaxone resistance from animal microflora to Salmonella Ceftiofur usage may amplify the gene reservoir by enriching for normal flora containing extended-spectrum cephalosporinases. The working hypothesis will be tested through molecular analysis of cephalosporinase(s) within animal microflora gathered from farms with or without a history of ceftiofur usage. We will also address the potential for plasmid transmission of ceftriaxone resistance to Salmonella from the animals' microflora in vitro as well as with a simulated animal production environment. By surveying the animals on the farm, we will discern whether antibiotic use on the farm influences the acquisition of drug resistance by Salmonella interacting with the resident microflora of cattle. This proposal seeks to involve undergraduate students in molecular epidemiology investigations to increase their exposure to biomedical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schapiro, Jeff M.; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Salmonellosis is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding this organism's mechanism of virulence is central to decreasing its ability to be a pathogen. Mechanisms used by Salmonella to permit infection are the capability to withstand environmental stresses that may damage its DNA and the ability to repair any ensuing damage to its genome. This makes the relationship between DNA repair and replication vital to the organism's survival. As an intracellular pathogen, Salmonella is subject to the host defenses of the macrophage- the respiratory burst and inducible nitric oxide system that produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. To characterize the mechanisms that Salmonella uses for repair of DNA damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, strains of Salmonella will be constructed that are deficient in components of DNA repair and replication. These mutants will be characterized by their resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress under laboratory conditions and in mice. These studies will produce insights into complex host-pathogen interactions for this important infection and

Studies

7

provide new information on the biochemical interactions that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have with DNA replication and repair. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION ON INFECTION DURING AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandes, Gabriel I.; Professor; Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well established that calorie restriction (3O-4O percent) prolongs the life span in rodents. Increased life span is accompanied by preventing the increase in body weight, maintaining cell-mediated immune function, and decreasing the incidence of malignancies and renal diseases. Although recent studies have revealed that CR alters the expression of various genes, particularly those involved in macromolecular damage, it remains unknown whether animals fed a lifelong CR diet are able to successfully ward off bacterial infection. Our recent studies showed that CR-fed young C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection than AL-fed mice. The differences in susceptibility to infection could be due to differences in strains of mice, energy uptake, supplementation of vitamins and minerals or delayed maturity of humoral immunity. We, therefore, propose to compare 3 different commonly used diets for CR studies in 2 strains of mice (C57LBL/6 and Balb/C) which differ in their response to Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine expression. We will compare 1) the AIN-93 diet with and without additional vitamin supplements, 2) the AIN-93 CR diet with reduced carbohydrates but increased protein, fat and vitamins to equal the AL diet, and 3) NIH-3 1, an undefined but commonly used rodent chow diet for CR studies. We will measure the mortality rate from polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and from salmonellosis in young and old mice. To establish the susceptibility and resistance to infection both in young (8 mo) and old (24 mo) mice, we will carry out detailed functional studies of macrophages, Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production, and cDNA superarray analysis for Th-1/Th-2 and inflammatory response cytokine genes. These studies will establish the role of CR in developing optimal immune function to ward off infection arising from common bacterial pathogens during aging. This new information may become very useful to prevent any sudden onset of infection during CR studies and/or studies of weight reduction either by diet or by drugs in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOST CELL RECOGNITION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pistole, Thomas G.; Microbiology; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major infectious disease in both the United States and elsewhere. The overall goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the early events that occur during Salmonella infections. The proposed studies focus on the initial interactions of salmonellae with host defense cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages. The first objective is to determine whether structures found on the outer surface of Salmonella, known as porins, are involved in the recognition of this pathogen by human neutrophils. Porin-deficient mutants will be compared with their corresponding wildtype counterparts in their ability to adhere to

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and be internalized and killed by these neutrophils. Microbial attachment will be measured using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and internalization and killing, by viability assays. The second objective is to determine whether neutrophils that have passed across a model intestinal epithelial cell layer are modified in their ability to recognize and to kill Salmonella. A model has been developed in which Salmonella initiate a series of events in the intestine that result in the migration of neutrophils into the lumen. The goal of this study is to determine whether these neutrophils exhibit an enhanced ability to detect and kill these bacterial pathogens. The third objective focuses on the ability of purified porins to block the attachment of Salmonella to host defense cells. Highly purified porins and porin-lipopolysaccharide complexes will be used in in vitro competition studies. Taken together, these studies are expected to provide a better understanding of the early cellular events in Salmonella infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS INDUCED BY SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Galan, Jorge E.; Professor and Chairman; Microbial Pathogenesis; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major worldwide health concern. Essential to the pathogenicity of these bacteria is a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) encoded within a pathogenicity island (SPI-1) located at centisome 63. This system directs the translocation into host cells of a battery of bacterial effector proteins that stimulate a variety of cellular responses. These responses are critical for pathogenicity as they allow the bacteria to gain access to host cells, avoid host defense mechanisms and reach deeper tissues. Work in our laboratory supported by this Grant has focused on the study of the cell biology of the complex functional interface between Salmonella enterica and host cells. The proposed research project is aimed at gaining a better understanding of the cell biology of the Salmonella host interactions and the function of several SPI-1 TTSS effector proteins whose role in the infection process is poorly understood. More specifically, we propose: 1) To elucidate cellular events that lead to Salmonella-induced actin polymerization and bacterial entry; 2) To investigate the role of the SP1-TTSS effector protein SopB in the formation of the Salmonella-containing macropinosomes; 3) To investigate the effector function of the SPI-1 TTSS secreted protein SipB; and 4) To investigate the potential role of the SPI-1 TTSS in the interaction of Salmonella with the innate immune system. These studies will advance the understanding of the cell biology of Salmonella enterica infections and that of other important pathogens that have evolved close associations with their hosts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LIMITED SALMONELLOSIS

IL-12B2

RECEPTOR

EXPRESSION

DURING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bost, Kenneth L.; Belk Distinguished Professor; Biology; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, Nc 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A critical driving force for optimal development of T helper type 1 (TH1) lymphocytes is signaling through the IL-12 receptor. The IL-12 receptor is composed of two subunits, with expression of the IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain

Studies

9

(IL-12RB2) dictating a high affinity IL-12 receptor complex. Signaling through this high affinity IL-12 receptor controls the development of TH1 lymphocytes and the maintenance of this phenotype, while limiting lineage commitment to the TH2 phenotype. Since TH1 lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity, while TH2 lymphocytes enhance humoral responses, early expression of the high affinity IL-12 receptor is critical for a commitment to cell mediated immune responses. Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages, epithelial cells and possibly dendritic cells, and requires cellmediated immunity for clearance. Based on recently published work, we demonstrated that Salmonella-infected macrophages can significantly limit IL-12RB2 expression on T lymphocytes early in the response. This finding has profound implications for the early development and commitment of T lymphocytes to the TH1 lineage during Salmonella infection. The overall goal of this proposal is to define the mechanisms for Salmonellainduced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression in vitro and in vivo. At present, it is not clear whether induced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression are solely mediated by soluble factors or require macrophage-T cell contact. IL-12RB2 expression will be quantified at the level of mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR, and at the protein level using Western blot, FACS and radioreceptor analyses. Furthermore, reductions in T lymphocyte function associated with the loss of IL-12RB2 will be assessed, and a functional assessment of developing TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes will be determined by following STAT-4 activation, and T-bet, GATA-3 and c-maf mRNA expression, respectively. Whether infected dendritic cells can induce such alterations in CD4+ T cells will also be determined. Taken together these studies represent the first to define mechanisms whereby an intracellular bacterial pathogen can adversely affect the early development of TH1 lymphocytes upon infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY

GENETIC

ANALYSIS

OF

SALMONELLA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Curtiss, Roy Iii.; Professor; Biology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Our long-term objective has been, and will continue to be, to better understand the mechanisms governing infection and disease by Salmonella when administered by the normal oral route of entry. We will study S. typhimurium infection of chicks to evaluate persistent intestinal colonization and mice as a model of typhoid fever in humans and will make extensive use of murine and human cells in culture. We will continue, in all our endeavors, to develop methods to identify and analyze mechanisms for regulated expression of genes that might contribute to pathogenicity. Specifically, we will: (1) evaluate expression of S. typhimurium genes at ambient temperatures in a simulated polluted water environment with the objective to identify genes enhancing survival and potentiating successful colonization of the warm-blooded animal host and, subsequently, to characterize their functions and means of regulation, (2) define roles of adhesins in targeting Salmonella to specific cell types and tissues in the murine host, in enabling long-term colonization of the intestine and cecum in chicks, and in contributing to surface colonization (biofilm formation) in the simulated polluted water medium at ambient temperatures, and (3) continue to define mechanisms for colonization of the GALT (Peyer's patches) by identification of expressed genes with subsequent generation of mutants for characterization and complementation and to establish the means of their regulation. In these studies, we will extensively employ newly developed molecular genetic tools, such as selective capture of transcribed

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sequences (SCOTS), an easy and efficient method to generate mutant strains with defined deletion mutations, and selective regimens to generate operon fusions in addition to more standard means of genetic and molecular genetic manipulation. Our studies will use a broad range of methods of microbial genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, cell biology, microscopy and animal science. All experiments will be conducted under conditions that preclude infections of workers and inadvertent release of infectious microorganisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NITRIC OXIDE CYTOTOXICITY IN SALMONELLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fang, Ferric C.; Associate Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The focus of research in my laboratory is on hostpathogen interactions. Toward that end, we are studying how phagocytes inhibit or kill intracellular microbes using reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) produced by the NADPH phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The specific antimicrobial effector molecules, their targets, and mechanisms of resistance remain incompletely understood. Both the NADPH oxidase and iNOS are required for innate murine resistance to Salmonella infection. Preliminary studies suggest the hypothesis that direct interactions with intracellular free iron determine the antimicrobial actions of ROS and RNS, and regulate relevant stress responses. We propose a novel model in which intracellular free iron potentiates the antimicrobial actions of nitric oxide (NO) and its synergistic interactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Nitrosative stress induces the expression of iron-repressed proteins such as superoxide dismutase and the Hmp flavohemoprotein via direct NO-iron interactions, which in turn enhance microbial resistance to both ROS and RNS. The specific aims of this proposal are to test predictions of our experimental model by: [1] Comparing Salmonella gene regulation by nitric oxide and iron deprivation; [2] Assessing free intracellular iron as a determinant of susceptibility to ROS and RNS; [3] Performing mutagenesis of the Salmonella Hmp flavohemoprotein to identify domains involved in detoxification of ROS and RNS; [4] Determining the relationship between host and microbial intracellular iron availability and RO S/RNS-dependent antimicrobial activity. These aims will be achieved by a combination of genetic, biochemical and in vivo analyses. The results will have important implications for a molecular understanding of microbial pathogenesis as well as of NO-iron interactions in a variety of fundamental biological processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PLASMID MEDIATED VIRULENCE IN SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Guiney, Donald G.; Professor; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to define the role of plasmid- mediated genes in the pathogenesis of systemic non-typhoid Salmonella infections. The entire 8.2 kb essential virulence region of the S. dublin plasmid pSDL2 has been sequenced, and mutation analysis has defined required loci within the sequence, now termed the spv genes, conserved in all virulence plasmids. The spv genes are induced in response to growth limitation in vitro, and expression is dependent on the chromosomal starvation

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regulatory locus katF (rpoS), leading to the hypothesis that the plasmid virulence locus is involved in the adaptation of the organism to growth limitation by the host, most likely in the intracellular environment of the macrophage. In this proposal, essential structural genes of the plasmid virulence locus will be defined by site-specific mutations. The molecular mechanism for the regulation of virulence gene expression will be elucidated by a combined biochemical and genetic approach. The site of action of the spv genes in vivo will be determined in the spleen of infected mice, and an in vitro cell culture system will be developed to reflect the activity of the spv locus in vivo. The importance and role of each spv gene will be identified. The following Specific Aims are proposed: l) to define the role of each spv gene in the virulence encoded by the wildtype plasmid in S. dublin. Non-polar spv mutations in the complete virulence plasmid will be constructed and tested in the mouse model of salmonellosis. 2) to define the molecular mechanism for transcriptional activation of the spv operon by the SpvR regulatory protein, using a combination of in vitro DNA binding studies and in vivo genetic analysis. 3) to determine the molecular mechanism for regulation of the spv genes by the chromosomal starvation-induced alternative sigma- factor KatF (RpoS). 4) to establish whether plasmid-mediated proliferation of S. dublin within the spleen takes place within macrophages. Infected spleens will be harvested, the cells dispersed and sorted by FACS into different populations, and the number of viable bacteria per cell will be determined. 5) to establish an in vitro cell culture system using splenic macrophages to examine the role of the spv genes on intracellular growth in resting and cytokine-activated macrophages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SALMONELLA ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunn, John S.; Associate Professor; Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUL-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellae are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals, including enteric (typhoid) fever and gastroenteritis. Typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The overall objectives of this work are to better understand the induction of pathogenic bacterial gene expression in response to eukaryotic cell environments, as well as how bacteria utilize regulatory networks induced within these environments to avoid host innate immune killing. Antimicrobial peptides (AP), found at mucosal surfaces and within phagocytes, are a key weapon in the host innate immune arsenal. Two-component regulatory systems enable bacteria to sense their external environment and to mount an adaptive response by altering gene expression. Two such systems in Salmonella that are induced within the host during infection (PhoP-PhoQ; PmrA-PmrB) interact to remodel the outer membrane, including the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is the primary surface molecule that interacts with AP. We have recently identified a third member of this two-component cascade, UblAUblB. PmrA-PmrB mediated modifications render the LPS less anionic, which leads to a reduced sensitivity to cationic AP, and these modifications have been shown to be necessary for oral virulence in mice. Further study of the in vivo induced PmrA-PmrB system and its role in LPS modification and virulence is necessary to better understand Salmonella pathogenesis and resistance to host innate immune killing. The aims of this grant are: (1) Characterization of novel PmrA-PmrB-regulated genes, (2) The role of PmrA-PmrB-mediated LPS modification in Salmonella virulence, and (3) The interaction

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of the UblA-UblB and PmrA-PmrB two-component regulatory systems. Understanding these regulated mechanisms by which salmonellae survive within the animal host could lead to novel therapeutic, preventative and diagnostic strategies, and are likely to be applicable to the studies of other bacterial pathogens of humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SALMONELLA EVASION OF NADPH OXIDASE-DEPENDENT KILLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Vazquez-Torres, Andres; Microbiology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The appearance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates and the HIV epidemic have contributed to the resurgence of salmonellosis, an infection that annually afflicts more than 1 billion people worldwide. Multiple clinical and experimental lines of evidence point to the NADPH oxidase as a critical host defense mechanism in resistance to acute Salmonella infections. Salmonella, an enteric pathogen adapted to the intracellular environment of phagocytes, resides in remodeled phagosomes that selectively block contact with lysosomes and endocytic vesicles harboring the NADPH oxidase. A recently discovered locus at centisome 30 of the Salmonella chromosome encodes a type III secretory system known as Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) that disrupts maturation of the Salmonella phagosome. The primary goal of my laboratory is to understand the mechanisms by which this intracellular pathogen remodels its phagosome and evades the antimicrobial armamentarium of professional phagocytes. In the present proposal, we plan to test the hypothesis that SPI2 effectors decrease TNFRp55-stimulated ganglioside synthesis, thus blocking the migration of NADPH oxidase-harboring vesicles to the vicinity of the Salmonella phagosome. We specifically plan: 1) To identify SPI2 effector proteins that block trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Attenuation of SPI2 mutants in macrophages and mice, coupled to techniques in molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and microscopy will be used to identify effector proteins that block NADPH oxidase trafficking. 2) To identify points in the TNFRp55-stimulated sphingomyelin pathway which are inhibited by SPI2 effector proteins. Lipid biochemistry, enzymology and bacterial genetics will be used to identify points in the sphingomyelin pathway inhibited by SPI2 effectors. And 3) To determine the kinetics of secretion and intracellular location of SPI2 effectors that inhibit the trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Cell biology, immunology and microbial genetics will be used to study the early intracellular expression of SPI2 effectors and their distribution relative to the NADPH oxidase, TNFRp55 and the Salmonella phagosome. These studies will not only shed light on the cell biology of the NADPH oxidase but will also identify potential molecular targets common to intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella, Mycobacterium, and Legionella that are capable of thwarting the normal maturation of the nascent phagosome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSES OF NEONATAL HOST RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Contag, Christopher H.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003

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Summary: Host defenses that protect the neonate from infection are varied, complex, and interactive, requiring that individual mechanisms be evaluated in the presence of the contextual influences of the intact living organism. Using noninvasive monitoring, innate host defenses in living animals will be assessed in a murine model of systemic infection. Salmonella typhimurium infections begin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and following penetration of the epithelial barrier, can lead to lethal systemic infections. Nramp1 (natural resistance associated macrophage protein) is critical for limiting infections by Salmonella spp., as well as other intracellular pathogens to the early stages of disease and preventing dissemination. Resistant and sensitive Nramp1 alleles, differing by a single amino acid substitution (G169D), have been identified in mice. Homozygous sensitive mice are more susceptible to systemic salmonellosis than their resistant counterparts. Using noninvasive imaging in live mice, we have demonstrated that Salmonella infections in resistant animals do not extend beyond the GI tract, while sensitive animals demonstrate a disease pattern consistent with systemic infection. Expression of the dominant resistant Nramp1 allele in monocytes/macrophages appears to be required for infection resistance, yet the precise requirement and/or mechanism of Nramp1 action remains enigmatic. Expression of Nramp1 is inducible by IFNgamma and the gene encodes a phosphoglycoprotein with features resembling an ion transporter. The Nramp1 protein localizes to phagosomes and the plasma membrane, appears to be involved in a pathway leading to macrophage activation and antigen presentation, and has been linked to nitric oxide production and apoptosis. To investigate the role of Nramp1 in resistance to infection and the effects of IFNgamma, we propose to assess levels of expression in monocytes obtained from transgenic mice, and cell lines in the presence and absence of bacterial pathogens. Then, the basal levels of expression at various tissue sites in living transgenic mice, at different ages, will be assessed and the location and tempo of activation following oral inoculation of Salmonella determined. This work will involve in vivo monitoring of existing bioluminescent strains of Salmonella in resistant and sensitive strains of mice, as well as engineering and monitoring host promoters fused to a spectrally distinct eukaryotic luciferase in transgenic mice. The different wavelengths of emission permit dual detection allowing the relationship between changes in host gene expression and infection to be evaluated. We will use a luciferase-GFP gene fusion as the reporter such that results from macroscopic detection in living animals can be supported by cell sorting and/or microscopic detection in postmortem tissues. Since homologues of Nramp1 have been found in humans, studying this mode of resistance to microbial infection is significant for understanding disease and minimizing human infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE SLY A REGULON IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Libby, Stephen J.; Associate Professor of Microbiology; Microbiology; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. Our studies have established an essential role for the slyA gene in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. The SlyA protein belongs to a novel family of low molecular weight transcriptional regulators. SlyA appears to be maximally expressed in stationary phase cultures and in the intracellular environment of phagocytes, slyA mutant Salmonella typhimurium is profoundly attenuated for virulence in a murine model of salmonellosis, unable to survive and replicate within

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phagocytes, and hypersusceptible to oxidative stress. By DNA microarray analysis, we have identified a number of candidate SlyA-regulated genes. To determine the mechanism by which the SlyA regulon defends S. typhimurium against oxidative stress and contributes to Salmonella pathogenesis, the following Specific Aims of this revised proposal are: (1) Identification and characterization of SlyA-dependent genes. Preliminary experiments have successfully identified a number of candidate SlyAdependent loci, which will be confirmed by several independent methods (mRNA, protein, reporter fusions). A SlyA-regulated gene in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-4 designated STM4261 that encodes a large protein with a serine protease motif will be biochemically characterized. STM4261 expression will be measured in wild type and slyA mutant backgrounds, and the virulence of non-polar mutants of STM4261 will be determined. (2) Definition of the role of SlyA-dependent genes in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. The contribution of individual SlyA-dependent loci to oxidative stress resistance, growth in phagocytes, and S. typhimurium virulence will be determined.(3) Molecular analysis of slyA regulation. Transcriptional and translational mechanisms governing slyA expression in S. typhimurium will be determined. Regulatory interactions between SlyA and PhoPQ will be explored. A novel twocomponent regulatory locus that appears to be essential for slyA expression will be characterized, slyA-dependent promoters will be analyzed, and a consensus binding sequence will be determined. The overall goal of this project is to understand mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon confers resistance to the oxidative stress encountered by Salmonella in host phagocytes. The slyA gene family is conserved among Gram-negative enteric pathogens, as well as several important plant pathogens. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon functions in Salmonella promises to reveal novel mechanisms for intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria as well as provide important general insights into the evolutionary adaptation of bacteria to oxygen-rich environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for salmonellosis in the PubMed Central database: •

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A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Azithromycin and Ofloxacin for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant or Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Enteric Fever. by Chinh NT, Parry CM, Ly NT, Ha HD, Thong MX, Diep TS, Wain J, White NJ, Farrar JJ.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89974 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Absence of All Components of the Flagellar Export and Synthesis Machinery Differentially Alters Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Models of Typhoid Fever, Survival in Macrophages, Tissue Culture Invasiveness, and Calf Enterocolitis. by Schmitt CK, Ikeda JS, Darnell SC, Watson PR, Bispham J, Wallis TS, Weinstein DL, Metcalf ES, O'Brien AD.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98677

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An outer membrane protein (porin) as an eliciting antigen for delayed-type hypersensitivity in murine salmonellosis. by Udhayakumar V, Muthukkaruppan VR.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260416

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Antigenic modification: its relation to protective host resistance in murine salmonellosis. by Bigley NJ, Smith RA, Warren P, Minahan WT, Kreps DP.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351452

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Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance. by Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, Sultan Y, Brown, Tribble D, Khakhria R.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89293

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Ceftriaxone therapy in bacteremic typhoid fever. by Ti TY, Monteiro EH, Lam S, Lee HS.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180301

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Cephamycin C treatment of induced swine salmonellosis. by Jacks TM, Welter CJ, Fitzgerald GR, Miller BM.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181477

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Chloramphenicol concentrations in sera of patients with typhoid fever being treated with oral or intravenous preparation. by Ti TI, Monteiro EH, Lam S, Lee HS.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171933

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Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children. by Dutta P, Rasaily R, Saha MR, Mitra U, Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Lahiri M.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187933

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Clinical Application of a Dot Blot Test for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Due to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Patients with Typhoid Fever from Colombia and Peru. by Cardona-Castro N, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez M, Guerra H.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95868

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Construction of a potential live oral bivalent vaccine for typhoid fever and choleraEscherichia coli-related diarrheas. by Clements JD, El-Morshidy S.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261572

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Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction. by Song JH, Cho H, Park MY, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265558

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Detection of urinary Vi antigen as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. by Taylor DN, Harris JR, Barrett TJ, Hargrett NT, Prentzel I, Valdivieso C, Palomino C, Levine MM, Blake PA.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270921

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Differential Regulation of Enteric and Systemic Salmonellosis by slyA. by Watson PR, Paulin SM, Bland AP, Libby SJ, Jones PW, Wallis TS.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96835

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Duodenal isolation of Salmonella typhi by string capsule in acute typhoid fever. by Gilman RH, Hornick RB.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274324

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Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Avian Salmonellosis. by Henderson SC, Bounous DI, Lee MD.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116547

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Effect of protein malnutrition on salmonellosis and fever. by Bradley SF, Kauffman CA.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259406

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Evaluation of Dipstick Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Brucellosis and Typhoid Fever in Egypt. by Ismail TF, Smits H, Wasfy MO, Malone JL, Fadeel MA, Mahoney F.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130816

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Eventual Management of Sprout-Transmitted Salmonellosis. by Struijk CB, Mossel DA.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120693

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Evolutionary genetic relationships of clones of Salmonella serovars that cause human typhoid and other enteric fevers. by Selander RK, Beltran P, Smith NH, Helmuth R, Rubin FA, Kopecko DJ, Ferris K, Tall BD, Cravioto A, Musser JM.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258807

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Extraintestinal Salmonellosis in a General Hospital (1991 to 1996): Relationships between Salmonella Genomic Groups and Clinical Presentations. by Rodriguez M, de Diego I, Mendoza MC.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105317

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Failure of Short-Course Ceftriaxone Chemotherapy for Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial in Pakistan. by Bhutta ZA, Khan IA, Shadmani M.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89704

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Fatal salmonellosis originating in a clinical microbiology laboratory. by Blaser MJ, Lofgren JP.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273903

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Histopathological study of protective immunity against murine salmonellosis induced by killed vaccine. by Nakoneczna I, Hsu HS.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347955

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Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets. by Woodward DL, Khakhria R, Johnson WM.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230062

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Identification of a carrier by using Vi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology in an outbreak of typhoid fever on an Indian reservation. by Engleberg NC, Barrett TJ, Fisher H, Porter B, Hurtado E, Hughes JM.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272900

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Immune response to the iron-deprivation-induced proteins of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. by Fernandez-Beros ME, Gonzalez C, McIntosh MA, Cabello FC.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313260

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Immunization against experimental murine salmonellosis with liposome-associated O-antigen. by Desiderio JV, Campbell SG.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261222

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Improved Serodiagnosis of Salmonella Enteric Fevers by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Beasley WJ, Joseph SW, Weiss E.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273732

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Induction and characterization of heat shock proteins of Salmonella typhi and their reactivity with sera from patients with typhoid fever. by Tang SW, Abubakar S, Devi S, Puthucheary S, Pang T.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175419

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Interleukin-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor receptors in typhoid fever related to outcome of antimicrobial therapy. by Butler T, Ho M, Acharya G, Tiwari M, Gallati H.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192401

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Intracellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Plays a Key Role in Acquired Immunity to Salmonellosis. by Clare S, Goldin R, Hale C, Aspinall R, Simmons C, Mastroeni P, Dougan G.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201057

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Lactose-fermenting, multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains isolated from a patient with postoperative typhoid fever. by Kohbata S, Takahashi M, Yabuuchi E.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270931

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Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis. by Fattal E, Rojas J, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245097

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Liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin in treatment of murine salmonellosis. by Magallanes M, Dijkstra J, Fierer J.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192381

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Lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in Panama. by Kourany M, Telford SR.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243897

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Mechanism of protective immunity induced by porin-lipopolysaccharide against murine salmonellosis. by Muthukkumar S, Muthukkaruppan VR.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280954

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Mechanism of Therapeutic Effectiveness of Cefixime against Typhoid Fever. by Matsumoto Y, Ikemoto A, Wakai Y, Ikeda F, Tawara S, Matsumoto K.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90676

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mig-14 Is a Horizontally Acquired, Host-Induced Gene Required for Salmonella enterica Lethal Infection in the Murine Model of Typhoid Fever. by Valdivia RH, Cirillo DM, Lee AK, Bouley DM, Falkow S.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97824

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Molecular Analysis of a Hospital Cafeteria-Associated Salmonellosis Outbreak Using Modified Repetitive Element PCR Fingerprinting. by Johnson JR, Clabots C, Azar M, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Thurn JR.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88371

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Molecular Analysis of incHI1 Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids from Salmonella Serovar Typhi Strains Associated with Typhoid Fever. by Wain J, Diem Nga LT, Kidgell C, James K, Fortune S, Song Diep T, Ali T, O Gaora P, Parry C, Parkhill J, Farrar J, White NJ, Dougan G.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182646

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Molecular analysis of isolates of Salmonella typhi from patients with fatal or nonfatal typhoid fever or aberrant clinical presentations. by Arya SC.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=229251

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Molecular analysis of isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from patients with fatal and nonfatal typhoid fever. by Thong KL, Passey M, Clegg A, Combs BG, Yassin RM, Pang T.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228948

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Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Vietnam: Application to Acute and Relapse Cases of Typhoid Fever. by Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, M. Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85257

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Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis. by Sippel JE, Mamay HK, Weiss E, Joseph SW, Beasley WJ.; 1978 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274970

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Persistence of Salmonellae in Blood and Bone Marrow: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol Treatments against Enteric Fever. by Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, van der Meer JW.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153327

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Pet Reptiles Associated with a Case of Salmonellosis in an Infant Were Carrying Multiple Strains of Salmonella. by Willis C, Wilson T, Greenwood M.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154656

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Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in patients with typhoid fever. by Acharya G, Crevoisier C, Butler T, Ho M, Tiwari M, Stoeckel K, Bradley CA.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284754

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Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ofloxacin in children with multidrugresistant typhoid fever. by Bethell DB, Day NP, Dung NM, McMullin C, Loan HT, Tam DT, Minh LT, Linh NT, Dung NQ, Vinh H, MacGowan AP, White LO, White NJ.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163492

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Plasmid profile analysis of a salmonellosis outbreak and identification of a restriction and modification system. by Whiley SJ, Lanser JA, Manning PA, Murray C, Steele TW.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202701

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Prospective Investigation of Cryptic Outbreaks of Salmonella agona Salmonellosis. by Taylor JP, Barnett BJ, del Rosario L, Williams K, Barth SS.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105077

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Quantitation of Bacteria in Blood of Typhoid Fever Patients and Relationship between Counts and Clinical Features, Transmissibility, and Antibiotic Resistance. by Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, Walsh AM, Hoa NT, Parry CM, White NJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104900

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Quantitation of Bacteria in Bone Marrow from Patients with Typhoid Fever: Relationship between Counts and Clinical Features. by Wain J, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duong NM, Diep TS, Walsh AL, Parry CM, Hasserjian RP, Ho VA, Hien TT, Farrar J, White NJ, Day NP.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87972

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Randomized comparison of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in treatment of typhoid fever. by Gotuzzo E, Echevarria J, Carrillo C, Sanchez J, Grados P, Maguina C, DuPont HL.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284497

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Rapid Protection of Gnotobiotic Pigs against Experimental Salmonellosis following Induction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Avirulent Salmonella enterica. by Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152035

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Rapid, economical diagnosis of enteric fever by a blood clot culture coagglutination procedure. by Mikhail IA, Sanborn WR, Sippel JE.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272688

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Restaurant-associated outbreak of typhoid fever in Maryland: identification of carrier facilitated by measurement of serum Vi antibodies. by Lin FY, Becke JM, Groves C, Lim BP, Israel E, Becker EF, Helfrich RM, Swetter DS, Cramton T, Robbins JB.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266560

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Role of gamma interferon in late stages of murine salmonellosis. by Muotiala A, Makela PH.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281151

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Role of Nitric Oxide in Host Defense in Murine Salmonellosis as a Function of Its Antibacterial and Antiapoptotic Activities. by Alam MS, Akaike T, Okamoto S, Kubota T, Yoshitake J, Sawa T, Miyamoto Y, Tamura F, Maeda H.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127959

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Safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi Ty21a)-cholera (Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR) vaccine in healthy adults. by Cryz SJ Jr, Que JU, Levine MM, Wiedermann G, Kollaritsch H.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173155

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Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Influences Both Systemic Salmonellosis and Salmonella-Induced Enteritis in Calves. by Bispham J, Tripathi BN, Watson PR, Wallis TS.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97892

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Salmonella typhi O:9,12 polysaccharide-protein conjugates: characterization and immunoreactivity with pooled and individual normal human sera, sera from patients with paratyphoid A and B and typhoid fever, and animal sera. by Aron L, Di Fabio J, Cabello FC.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263597

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Salmonellosis in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG I. Role of Endotoxin in Infection. by Senterfitt VC, Shands JW Jr.; 1968 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252295

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Secreted Effector Proteins of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Elicit HostSpecific Chemokine Profiles in Animal Models of Typhoid Fever and Enterocolitis. by Zhang S, Adams LG, Nunes J, Khare S, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166006

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Serology of Typhoid Fever in an Area of Endemicity and Its Relevance to Diagnosis. by House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duc M, Parry CM, Dougan G, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87864

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The Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid mediates systemic but not enteric phases of salmonellosis in cattle. by Wallis TS, Paulin SM, Plested JS, Watson PR, Jones PW.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173368

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Treatment of enteric fever with pefloxacin for 7 days versus 5 days: a randomized clinical trial. by Unal S, Hayran M, Tuncer S, Gur D, Uzun O, Akova M, Akalin HE.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163645

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Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with ampicillin-bound nanoparticles. by Fattal E, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172698

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Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with streptomycin entrapped in liposomes. by Tadakuma T, Ikewaki N, Yasuda T, Tsutsumi M, Saito S, Saito K.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176303

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Treatment of typhoid fever with ceftriaxone for 5 days or chloramphenicol for 14 days: a randomized clinical trial. by Islam A, Butler T, Kabir I, Alam NH.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188021

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Two or three days of ofloxacin treatment for uncomplicated multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children. by Vinh H, Wain J, Vo TN, Cao NN, Mai TC, Bethell D, Nguyen TT, Tu SD, Nguyen MD, White NJ.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163238

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Typhoid Fever Due to Salmonella Kapemba Infection in an Otherwise Healthy Middle-Aged Man. by Sarnighausen HE, Benz C, Eickenberg M, Bockemuhl J, Tschape H, Riemann JF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85176

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Typhoid fever. by Maskalyk J.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164981

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Use of a DNA probe to detect Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever. by Rubin FA, McWhirter PD, Punjabi NH, Lane E, Sudarmono P, Pulungsih SP, Lesmana M, Kumala S, Kopecko DJ, Hoffman SL.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267496

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Value of a Single-Tube Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Vietnam. by Parry CM, Hoa NT, Diep TS, Wain J, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Hien TT, White NJ, Farrar JJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85403

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Virulence of non-type 1-fimbriated and nonfimbriated nonflagellated Salmonella typhimurium mutants in murine typhoid fever. by Lockman HA, Curtiss R 3rd.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257654

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Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Turkey. by Willke A, Ergonul O, Bayar B.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120044

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with salmonellosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for salmonellosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A note on incidence of typhoid fever in diverse age groups in Kolkata, India. Author(s): Saha MR, Dutta P, Palit A, Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, Mitra U, Bhattacharya SK. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 56(3): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944681

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A randomized controlled comparison of azithromycin and ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug-resistant or nalidixic acid-resistant enteric fever. Author(s): Chinh NT, Parry CM, Ly NT, Ha HD, Thong MX, Diep TS, Wain J, White NJ, Farrar JJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 July; 44(7): 1855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858343

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A review of the Salmonellosis surveillance systems in Italy: evolution during the course of time within the international framework. Author(s): Scuderi G, Gabriella S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(9): 861-8. Erratum In: Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16(12): 1187. Gabriella S [corrected to Scuderi G]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297229

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A weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. Author(s): Latimer HK, Jaykus LA, Morales RA, Cowen P, Crawford-Brown D. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2001 April; 21(2): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414538

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Acute encephalopathy associated with nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Arii J, Tanabe Y, Miyake M, Noda M, Takahashi Y, Hishiki H, Kohno Y. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 July; 16(7): 539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453456

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An outbreak of domestically acquired typhoid fever in Queens, NY. Author(s): Yoon J, Segal-Maurer S, Rahal JJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004 March 8; 164(5): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006835

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An outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle. Author(s): O'Grady KA, Krause V. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 June; 30(2): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774704

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An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Author(s): Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 January; 117: 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866820

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Analysis of physical and laboratory findings in nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Kayaba H, Kodama K, Shirayama K, Kobayashi Y, Adachi T, Chihara J. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 8(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373486

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Animal sources of salmonellosis in humans. Author(s): Sanchez S, Hofacre CL, Lee MD, Maurer JJ, Doyle MP. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 August 15; 221(4): 492-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184697

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Antibacterial activity of black tea (Camelia sinensis) extract against Salmonella serotypes causing enteric fever. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Sulaim J, Mamatha B, Gopalkrishna BK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 July; 55(7): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883337

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Antibiotic therapy of enteric fever. Author(s): Nishioka S. Source: Intern Med. 2000 December; 39(12): 1001. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197778

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Antimicrobial drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella enterica from cases of salmonellosis in humans in Europe in 2000: results of international multi-centre surveillance. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Fisher IS, Berghold C, Gerner-Smidt P, Tschape H, Cormican M, Luzzi I, Schnieder F, Wannet W, Machado J, Edwards G. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 February; 8(2): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631974

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Asymptomatic salmonellosis among children in day-care centers in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Author(s): Oberhelman RA, Flores-Abuxapqui J, Suarez-Hoil G, Puc-Franco M, HerediaNavarrete M, Vivas-Rosel M, Mera R, Gutierrez-Cogco L. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 792-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734743

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Asymptomatic salmonellosis and drug susceptibility in the Buea District, Cameroon. Author(s): Nkuo-Akenji TK, Ntemgwa ML, Ndip RN. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 November-December; 47(11-12): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12808778

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Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda. Author(s): Nizeyi JB, Innocent RB, Erume J, Kalema GR, Cranfield MR, Graczyk TK. Source: J Wildl Dis. 2001 April; 37(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310873

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Ceftibuten in enteric fever. Author(s): Dubey AK, Vidyashankar C, Bhatia SS, Sharma RK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 February; 37(2): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10745426

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Cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli among summer camp attendees with salmonellosis. Author(s): Prats G, Mirelis B, Miro E, Navarro F, Llovet T, Johnson JR, Camps N, Dominguez A, Salleras L. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609463

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Changing antibiotic sensitivity in enteric fever. Author(s): Gupta A, Swarnkar NK, Choudhary SP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 December; 47(6): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827308

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Clinical application of a dot blot test for diagnosis of enteric fever due to Salmonella enterica serovar typhi in patients with typhoid fever from Colombia and Peru. Author(s): Cardona-Castro N, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez M, Guerra H. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 March; 7(2): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702512

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Common source outbreak of salmonellosis in a food factory. Author(s): Wilson D, Patterson WJ, Hollyoak V, Oldridge S. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 January; 2(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462892

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Comparative evaluation of microtitre and tube agglutination technique for serodiagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Banerjee U, Mukherjee A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 March; 16(1): 82-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055793

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Comparison of blood, bone marrow aspirate, stool and urine cultures in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Tanyigna KB, Bello CS, Okeke N, Onwukeme KE. Source: Niger J Med. 2001 January-March; 10(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705049

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Current trends in typhoid Fever. Author(s): Crum NF. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2003 August; 5(4): 279-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12864957

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Decreasing clinical response of quinolones in the treatment of enteric fever. Author(s): John M. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 April; 55(4): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11665388

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Detection of a nosocomial outbreak of salmonellosis may be delayed by application of a protocol for rejection of stool cultures. Author(s): Bruins MJ, Fernandes TM, Ruijs GJ, Wolfhagen MJ, van Rijn-van Berkel JM, Schenk BE, van Duynhoven YT. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 June; 54(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818580

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Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction: implications in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Author(s): Kumar A, Arora V, Bashamboo A, Ali S. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 2(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797986

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Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by the detection of salivary IgA. Author(s): Herath HM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 September; 56(9): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944555

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Early events in the pathogenesis of avian salmonellosis. Author(s): Henderson SC, Bounous DI, Lee MD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 July; 67(7): 3580-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10377142

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Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis in University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, between 1980 and 1997. Author(s): Ispahani P, Slack RC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 19(9): 679-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057501

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Enteric fever due to Salmonella Weltevreden in a four-year-old child. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 June; 56(6): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12649949

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Enteric fever in Mumbai, India: the good news and the bad news. Author(s): Rodrigues C, Shenai S, Mehta A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 February 15; 36(4): 535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567317

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Enteric fever treatment failures: a global concern. Author(s): Chandel DS, Chaudhry R. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 July-August; 7(4): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585550

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Epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. Author(s): Trevejo RT, Courtney JG, Starr M, Vugia DJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 January 1; 157(1): 48-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505890

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Escherichia coli in enteric fever. Author(s): Thiruvengdam KV, Sharmila K, Mohamed N. Source: Lancet. 1967 October 21; 2(7521): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389570

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Eventual management of sprout-transmitted salmonellosis. Author(s): Struijk CB, Mossel DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 3109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149395

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Fatal hemoptysis in dissecting aortic aneurysm and salmonellosis: a case report. Author(s): Chung SL, Ding YA. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1999 November; 62(11): 817-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575811

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Follow up in north west England of cases of enteric fever acquired abroad, April 1996 to March 1998. Author(s): Lighton LL. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 June; 2(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402753

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Growth of Salmonella during sprouting of alfalfa seeds associated with salmonellosis outbreaks. Author(s): Stewart DS, Reineke KF, Ulaszek JM, Tortorello ML. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 May; 64(5): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357873

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Human salmonellosis associated with young poultry from a contaminated hatchery in Michigan and the resulting public health interventions, 1999 and 2000. Author(s): Wilkins MJ, Bidol SA, Boulton ML, Stobierski MG, Massey JP, RobinsonDunn B. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 August; 129(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211587

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Intracerebral haemorrhage as a complication of enteric fever. Author(s): Maheshwari VD, Jain MK, Karant VN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1035. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848315

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Lipschutz genital ulceration: a rare manifestation of paratyphoid fever. Author(s): Pelletier F, Aubin F, Puzenat E, Deprez P, Blanc D, Estavoyer JM, Humbert P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804994

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Localization to chicken chromosome 5 of a novel locus determining salmonellosis resistance. Author(s): Mariani P, Barrow PA, Cheng HH, Groenen MM, Negrini R, Bumstead N. Source: Immunogenetics. 2001 December; 53(9): 786-91. Epub 2001 November 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862411

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Microbiological study of ready-to-eat salad vegetables from retail establishments uncovers a national outbreak of salmonellosis. Author(s): Sagoo SK, Little CL, Ward L, Gillespie IA, Mitchell RT. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 March; 66(3): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636292

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Minced beef and human salmonellosis: review of the investigation of three outbreaks in France. Author(s): Haeghebaert S, Duche L, Gilles C, Masini B, Dubreuil M, Minet JC, Bouvet P, Grimont F, Delarocque Astagneau E, Vaillant V. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 February; 6(2): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682708

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Molecular analysis of a hospital cafeteria-associated salmonellosis outbreak using modified repetitive element PCR fingerprinting. Author(s): Johnson JR, Clabots C, Azar M, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Thurn JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3452-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11574555

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Multidrug resistant salmonellosis: an escalating problem. Author(s): Chogle AR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 375-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922225

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Nephritis and cerebellar ataxia: rare presenting features of enteric fever. Author(s): Parmar RC, Bavdekar SB, Houilgol R, Muranjan MN. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 July-September; 46(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298467

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Non-thyphoidal salmonellosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of fifty patients and a review of the literature. Author(s): Lim E, Koh WH, Loh SF, Lam MS, Howe HS. Source: Lupus. 2001; 10(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11237131

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Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Hohmann EL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 January 15; 32(2): 263-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170916

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Non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems. Author(s): Rabsch W, Tschape H, Baumler AJ. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 March; 3(3): 237-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358718

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Nosocomial salmonellosis: implications for microbiologic processing of stools in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Matlow A, Streitenberger L. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 February; 29(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172321

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Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by ingestion of cuttlefish chips contaminated by both Salmonella Chester and Salmonella Oranienburg. Author(s): Tsuji H, Hamada K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 June; 52(3): 138-9. Erratum In: Jpn J Infect Dis 1999 August; 52(4): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10508002

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Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by ingestion of cuttlefish chips: epidemiological analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H, Masuda K, Uemura K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 April; 52(2): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816618

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Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health. The Investigation Team. Author(s): Hedberg CW, Angulo FJ, White KE, Langkop CW, Schell WL, Stobierski MG, Schuchat A, Besser JM, Dietrich S, Helsel L, Griffin PM, McFarland JW, Osterholm MT. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 June; 122(3): 385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459640

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Pancreatitis in enteric fever. Author(s): Kadappu KK, Rao PV, Srinivas N, Shastry BA. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 January-February; 21(1): 32-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871836

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Pattern of multiple drug resistance in enteric fever in Manipal, India. Author(s): Kadappu KK, Bhat R, Kurian B. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 July; 33(3): 189-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870619

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Perforation due to ileocaecal salmonellosis. Author(s): Bos WT, Willemsen PJ. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2002 October; 102(5): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471770

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Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Author(s): Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, Van Der Meer JW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 47(5): 1727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709347

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Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children. Author(s): Mai NL, Phan VB, Vo AH, Tran CT, Lin FY, Bryla DA, Chu C, Schiloach J, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 2; 349(14): 1390-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523155

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Pet reptiles associated with a case of salmonellosis in an infant were carrying multiple strains of Salmonella. Author(s): Willis C, Wilson T, Greenwood M, Ward L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454202

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Pharyngeal palsy in enteric fever. Author(s): Ghosh JB. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1995 September-October; 62(5): 627-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829935

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Postmarketing safety surveillance for typhoid fever vaccines from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, July 1990 through June 2002. Author(s): Begier EM, Burwen DR, Haber P, Ball R; Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Working Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 March 15; 38(6): 771-9. Epub 2004 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999618

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Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin. Author(s): Salzman NH, Ghosh D, Huttner KM, Paterson Y, Bevins CL. Source: Nature. 2003 April 3; 422(6931): 522-6. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660734

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Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment for human salmonellosis due to multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from consumption of Danish dry-cured pork sausages. Author(s): Alban L, Olsen AM, Nielsen B, Sorensen R, Jessen B. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2002 January 22; 52(3-4): 251-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849720

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Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis from the consumption of a turkey product in collective catering establishments. Author(s): Bemrah N, Bergis H, Colmin C, Beaufort A, Millemann Y, Dufour B, Benet JJ, Cerf O, Sanaa M. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 January 15; 80(1): 17-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430768

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Quinolone resistant enteric fever--problems and remedies. Author(s): Rodrigues C, Mehta A, Joshi VR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 751-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229301

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Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever by PCR assay using one pair of primers from flagellin gene of Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Massi MN, Shirakawa T, Gotoh A, Bishnu A, Hatta M, Kawabata M. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 9(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513391

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Rapid protection of gnotobiotic pigs against experimental salmonellosis following induction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by avirulent Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 April; 71(4): 2182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654840

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Re: “epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs”. Author(s): Mulla ZD, Cole SR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 1; 159(1): 104; Author Reply 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693666

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Relationship between home food-handling practices and sporadic salmonellosis in adults in Louisiana, United States. Author(s): Kohl KS, Rietberg K, Wilson S, Farley TA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 October; 129(2): 267-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403102

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Reptile-associated salmonellosis: a preventable pediatric infection. Author(s): Bandy U, McCarthy H, Hannafin C. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2003 January; 86(1): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633020

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Reptile-associated salmonellosis--selected states, 1998-2002. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 December 12; 52(49): 1206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14668712

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Reptile-related salmonellosis. Author(s): Warwick C, Lambiris AJ, Westwood D, Steedman C. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 March; 94(3): 124-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285792

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Risk factors for primary bacteremia and endovascular infection in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have nontyphoid salmonellosis. Author(s): Hsu RB, Tsay YG, Chen RJ, Chu SH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 829-34. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652381

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Role of modified Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Pai AP, Koppikar GV, Deshpande S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 January; 51: 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693446

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Role of neutrophils in murine salmonellosis. Author(s): Cheminay C, Chakravortty D, Hensel M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 January; 72(1): 468-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688128

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Salmonella serotype Virchow causing salmonellosis in a Spanish region. Characterization and survey of clones by DNA fingerprinting, phage typing and antimicrobial resistance. Author(s): Martin MC, Gonzalez-Hevia, Alvarez-Riesgo JA, Mendoza MC. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523573

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Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old. Author(s): Kidgell C, Reichard U, Wain J, Linz B, Torpdahl M, Dougan G, Achtman M. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 2(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797999

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Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations. Author(s): Graham SM. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 15(5): 507-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686884

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Salmonellosis in North Thames (East), UK: associated risk factors. Author(s): Banatvala N, Cramp A, Jones IR, Feldman RA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 April; 122(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10355783

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Salmonellosis in the Republic of Georgia: using molecular typing to identify the outbreak-causing strain. Author(s): Sulakvelidze A, Kekelidze M, Turabelidze D, Tsanava S, Tevsadze L, Devdariani L, Gautom R, Myers R, Morris JG Jr, Imnadze P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653574

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Secreted effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium elicit hostspecific chemokine profiles in animal models of typhoid fever and enterocolitis. Author(s): Zhang S, Adams LG, Nunes J, Khare S, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4795-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874363

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Serological survey of salmonellosis in grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) in Asejire, Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Author(s): Ogunsanmi AO, Taiwo VO, Iroeche PC, Sobaloju SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001 March-June; 30(1-2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510164

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Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in Malaysian children with enteric fever. Author(s): Choo KE, Davis TM, Henry RL, Chan LP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 August; 47(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523761

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Sexual transmission of typhoid fever: a multistate outbreak among men who have sex with men. Author(s): Reller ME, Olsen SJ, Kressel AB, Moon TD, Kubota KA, Adcock MP, Nowicki SF, Mintz ED. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 141-4. Epub 2003 June 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830419

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Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment for enteric fever: caveat emptor! Author(s): Thomas MG, Woodhouse AF, Shore KP, Ellis-Pegler RB. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 September-October; 33(9-10): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511204

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Subdural empyema with extension to vertebral canal secondary to salmonellosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Alvarez Sastre C, Villarejo F, Lopez Robledillo JC, Martin-Gamero AP, Perez Diaz C. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 528-31. Epub 2002 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382181

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Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. Author(s): Barker J, Bloomfield SF. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 July; 89(1): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945790

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The changing pattern of multi-drug resistant enteric fever--a physician's dilemma. Author(s): Hassan KM, Murthy D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1043. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848320

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The liver in enteric fever and leptospirosis. Author(s): Sorabjee JS. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001 March; 20 Suppl 1: C44-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293179

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The use of sequential studies in a salmonellosis outbreak linked to continental custard cakes. Author(s): Ward B, Andrews R, Gregory J, Lightfoot D. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 October; 129(2): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403104

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Turtle-associated human salmonellosis. Author(s): Stam F, Romkens TE, Hekker TA, Smulders YM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 1; 37(11): E167-9. Epub 2003 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614690

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Typhoid fever as cellular microbiological model. Author(s): de Andrade DR, de Andrade Junior DR. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 July-August; 45(4): 185-91. Epub 2003 September 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502344

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Typhoid fever. Author(s): Maskalyk J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874163

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Typhoid fever: clinical diagnosis versus laboratory confirmation. Author(s): Ngwu BA, Agbo JA. Source: Niger J Med. 2003 October-December; 12(4): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768191

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Typhoid vaccination after enteric fever. Author(s): Joshi SK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 July; 36(7): 724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10740315

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Use of vaccines for the prevention of typhoid fever. Author(s): Levine MM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 November; 40(11): 1029-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660833

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Usefulness of different techniques in the study of the epidemiology of salmonellosis. Author(s): Ruiz M, Rodriguez JC, Sirvent E, Escribano I, Cebrian L, Royo G. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 111(9): 848-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510642

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Validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in Thailand. Author(s): Sonjai K, Soisangwan R, Sakolvaree Y, Kurazono H, Chongsa-nguan M, Tapchaisri P, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Nair GB, Hayashi H, Chaicumpa W. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 June; 19(2): 115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699718

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and salmonellosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonellosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “salmonellosis” (or a synonym): •

Development of defined cultures of indigenous cecal bacteria to control salmonellosis in broiler chicks. Author(s): Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, College Station, Texas 77845. Source: Corrier, D E Nisbet, D J Hollister, A G Scanlan, C M Hargis, B M DeLoach, J R Poult-Sci. 1993 June; 72(6): 1164-8 0032-5791

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Experimental salmonellosis in guinea-pigs: haematological and biochemical studies. Source: Gupta, R.P. Verma, P.C. Chaturvedi, G.C. Vet-res-commun. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers. November 1999. volume 23 (7) page 415424. 0165-7380

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Foodborne salmonellosis: current international concerns. Source: D'Aoust, J.Y. Foodsaf-mag. Glendale, CA : Target Group, c2001-. Apr/May 2001. volume 7 (2) page 10, 13-14, 16-17, 51.

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Humoral responses and salmonellosis protection in chickens given a vitamindependent Salmonella typhimurium mutant. Author(s): Department of Applied Biology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia. Source: Alderton, M R Fahey, K J Coloe, P J Avian-Dis. 1991 Jul-September; 35(3): 435-42 0005-2086

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Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States. Author(s): Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Disease, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. Source: Mermin, J Hoar, B Angulo, F J Pediatrics. 1997 March; 99(3): 399-402 0031-4005

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Infant diet and salmonellosis. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Social Services, Agana, Guam 96910. Source: Haddock, R L Cousens, S N Guzman, C C Am-J-Public-Health. 1991 August; 81(8): 997-1000 0090-0036

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Interregional foodborne salmonellosis outbreak due to powdered infant formula contaminated with lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Carlos III Public Health Institute, Madrid, Spain. Source: Usera, M A Echeita, A Aladuena, A Blanco, M C Reymundo, R Prieto, M I Tello, O Cano, R Herrera, D Martinez Navarro, F Eur-J-Epidemiol. 1996 August; 12(4): 377-81 0393-2990

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Investigation of a food-borne outbreak of salmonellosis among hospital employees. Author(s): Brown University Program in Medicine, Providence 02912. Source: Opal, S M Mayer, K H Roland, F Brondum, J Heelan, J Lyhte, L Am-J-InfectControl. 1989 June; 17(3): 141-7 0196-6553

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Nationwide outbreak of human salmonellosis in Germany due to contaminated paprika and paprika-powdered potato chips. Author(s): Institute of Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Enteric Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany. Source: Lehmacher, A Bockemuhl, J Aleksic, S Epidemiol-Infect. 1995 December; 115(3): 501-11 0950-2688

Nutrition

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Non-specific resistance induced by a low-toxic lipid A analogue, DT-5461, in murine salmonellosis. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan. Source: Onozuka, K Shimada, S Yamasu, H Osada, Y Nakano, M Int-JImmunopharmacol. 1993 August; 15(6): 657-64 0192-0561

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Raw egg ingestion and salmonellosis in body builders. Author(s): Infection Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, UK. Source: Mackenzie, A R Laing, R B Cadwgan, A M Reid, T M Smith, C C Scott-Med-J. 1998 October; 43(5): 146-7 0036-9330

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Relationship of dietary carbohydrate and lactic acid to the resistance of yogurt-fed male weanling rats to gastrointestinal salmonellosis. Source: Hitchins, A.D. McDonough, F.E. Wells, P. Wong, N.P. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. April 1986. volume 33 (4) page 641-649. 0029-6635

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Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). Author(s): Lydenburg Veterinary Clinic, Republic of South Africa. Source: Huchzermeyer, K D J-S-Afr-Vet-Assoc. 1991 March; 62(1): 23-5 0301-0732

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to salmonellosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to salmonellosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Salmonellosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to salmonellosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Experimental Salmonellosis in Mice: Studies on the Nature of the Immunity by Rose, Esmie A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12513

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Salmonellosis By performing a patent search focusing on salmonellosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on salmonellosis: •

Determination of lymphocyte reactivity to specific Inventor(s): Levine; Robert A. (31 Pilgrim La., Guilford, CT 06437), Wardlaw; Stephen C. (191 N. Cove Rd., Old Saybrook, CT 06475) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,360,719 Date filed: September 30, 1992 Abstract: A patient's blood sample is incubated with an antigen and tested for lymphocyte response, i.e. an activation of lymphocytes and/or a conversion of lymphocytes to lymphoblasts, which indicates prior exposure of the patient to the antigen. A positive response indicates the presence of prior exposure to prior diseases or clinical conditions such as parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, gonorrhea, fungal infections, rickettsial infections, Lyme disease or allergens. Whole blood from the patient is incubated with the antigen of the disease or condition for which the patient is being tested. After a suitable time, a fluorescent dye or colorant which has an affinity for a discriminant characteristic of the activated lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, such as: intracellular calcium; surface activation antigens such as transferrin receptor; HLA-Dr; Leu-23; and the like. The incubated blood is then drawn into a transparent tube containing a float which concentrates the buffy coat constituent layers upon centrifugation of the blood sample. The concentrated lymphocyte layer is then examined for fluorescence or coloration which is indicative of the presence of the activated lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, and their concentration. The fluorescence or coloration can be qualified and/or quantified by a reader instrument. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a procedure for determining whether a patient has been previously exposed to certain antigens, and more particularly, to antigens indicative of diseases, infections, allergies or the like maladies. When diagnosing patients for possible illness or the like, the physician will typically perform blood tests to determine the presence or absence of agents in the blood which are indicative of prior exposure to various diseases or other maladies. Traditional tests to determine a patient's previous exposure to antigens, generally infectious agents, have usually relied upon tests for the presence or absence of a circulating humoral antibody directed against the proposed antigen. An example of such tests include blood tests to detect: immunity to Rubella (German measles); and a multitude of other viral and bacterial antigens. The means of detecting the antibody are many and include: latex agglutination in which the agglutination or lack of agglutination of antigen-coated latex particles is observed; enzyme linked immuno substrate assay (ELISA) in which the development of a color is observed either visually or spectrophotometrically; radioimmunoassay in which the measurement of radioactivity is measured; liposome technology in which the presence and intensity (or absence) of a color or fluorescent dye contained in the liposomes is detected; radio immuno sorbant assay (RAST) in which the measurement of radioactivity adherent to a solid substrate is measured; and indirect immunofluorescence in which the immobilized antigen to which the antibody to be detected is allowed to react with the specimen being tested, the antigen being washed to remove non-specifically adherent antibodies, and a fluorescently tagged antibody directed against the class of the antibody being tested for is applied, and the presence or absence of fluorescence is determined; as well as other methodologies. Antibodies, when

Patents 45

present, can be titered, and their immune globulin class (of most interest are: IgM, signifying acute exposure; IgG, signifying past exposure; and IgE, signifying an allergic state) can be determined thereby determining the subject's previous exposure to the given antigen. All of the above tests are measurements of the function of a group of lymphocytes called B-lymphocytes. In cases, or disease processes: where little or no antibody response is made, the above tests will fail to determine the subject's previous exposure. Many diseases and clinical states, however, may not result in detectable humoral antibodies, i.e., a B-lymphocyte response, but do in fact produce cellular immunity, i.e., a T-lymphocyte response. Examples of such diseases and clinical conditions where the T-lymphocyte response predominates include many parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, gonorrhea, fungal infections, rickettsial infections, and Lyme disease. As recently reported by Dattwyler et al (New England Journal; of Medicine, Vol. 319, at 1441, 1988) a significant proportion of patients, including some who have received some antibiotic therapy early in the course of the disease, do not produce detectable antibodies to the Lyme disease spirochete, but do have a measurable T-lymphocyte response There are two general ways for determining whether a Tlymphocyte response has taken place in the blood due to prior exposure to diseases, infectious agents, or the like. The first procedure relies on the presence of morphologic cell changes which arise from prior exposure. Previously exposed T-lymphocytes will assume blast-like characteristics when re-exposed to the particular antigens. For example, the T-lymphocytes will develop a larger than normal nucleus and an abundant basophilic cytoplasm. Biochemical changes indicative of activation will also occur, such as increased turnover of membrane phospholipids; increased synthesis of RNA and proteins; changes in intra-cellular Ca++ concentration; expression of surface receptor for T-cell growth factor interleukin-2; and increase in the incorporation 3H-thymidine, as well as other events summarized in a recent article by Chatila, T. et al (New England Medical Journal, Vol. 320, page 696, 1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05360719__ •

Heterophil-adapted poultry vaccine Inventor(s): Kramer; Theodore T. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 6,120,774 Date filed: February 14, 1997 Abstract: A method for vaccinating poultry to prevent salmonellosis and other microbial-related health problems in humans is described. The method involves isolation of a poultry heterophil-adapted strain of a microorganism that may be used in a vaccine. A vaccine comprising a preparation of the poultry heterophil-adapted strain is administered to poultry to reduce the transmission of microorganisms causing salmonellosis and other illnesses. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine for poultry to prevent salmonellosis and other microorganism-related health problems in humans. In particular, this invention relates to use of a heterophil-adapted strain of microorganism to vaccinate poultry. Salmonellosis is caused by a group of gram negative bacteria from the genus Salmonella, and is responsible for approximately 2 million cases of food poisoning annually in the United States. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in eggs has been the most important food-born public health Salmonella hazard. Most outbreaks have been traced to consumption of insufficiently cooked eggs. A number of

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phage types of SE exist but the majority of outbreaks have been traceable to a single or a few phage types of SE. Human SE food poisoning epidemics have also been reported from many other countries, but the phage types reported have not necessarily been those prevailing in the United States. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06120774__ •

Immune lymphokine-mediated control of Salmonellosis in swine Inventor(s): Genovese; Kenneth J. (College Station, TX), Kogut; Michael H. (College Station, TX), Stanker; Larry H. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): The Texas A&m University System (college Station, Tx), The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,221,348 Date filed: September 24, 1998 Abstract: A method and composition for treating swine to increase their resistance to pathogenic microorganisms are disclosed. Microbial infections may be prevented or reduced in swine populations by administration of immune lymphokines which have been produced by the splenic T cells of immunized swine. The process and compositions are particularly useful for the control of Salmonella in swine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of immune lymphokines and the use of those lymphokines to combat microbial infections. Despite the efforts of researchers and public health agencies, the incidence of human salmonellosis has increased over the past 20 years. The number of actual reported cases of human Salmonella infection exceeds 40,000 per year. However, the Communicable Disease Center estimates that the true incidence of human Salmonella infections in the U.S. each year may be as high as 2 to 4 million. Animal food products, including swine, remain a significant source of human infection. In addition to the impact of Salmonella on human health, Salmonella infections in swine cost the United States swine industry more than 100 million dollars annually (Schwartz, 1990, "Salmonellosis in Midwestern Swine", In: Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Assoc., pp. 443-449). In the U.S., salmonellosis caused by S. choleraesuis, the etiologic agent of swine paratyphoid, occurs most frequently. While pigs can be exposed to a broad host range of salmonellae, such as S. typhimurium, from a variety of sources, S. choleraesuis is a host adapted pathogen rarely isolated from nonswine sources (Schwartz, ibid). Thus, natural infection of new animals by S. cholerasuis occurs primarily via horizontal transmission from infected animals which shed the pathogens from their gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221348__

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•

Live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl, a process for making and applying the same Inventor(s): Guschin; Vyacheslav N. (Kubinka, 10, kv. 31, Moscow, SU), Kirzhaev; Fedor S. (ulitsa Pobedy, 23, kv. 9, Leningradskaya oblast, Lomonosov, SU), Kosikov; Anatoly M. (ulitsa Artema, 7a, kv. 14, Stavropol, SU), Likhoded; Vladimir G. (Smolenskaya ulitsa, 10, kv. 32, Moscow, SU), Malakhov; Jury A. (Veshnya kovskaya ulitsa, 27, korpus 2, kv. 57, Moscow, SU), Persov; Arkady S. (ulitsa Pobedy, 21a, kv. 58, Leningradskaya oblast, Lomonosov, SU), Sedov; Vladimir A. (Polimernaya ulitsa, 7, kv. 120, Moscow, SU), Shuster; Boris J. (Vostrya kovsky proezd, 3, korpus 1, kv. 13, Moscow, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,472,378 Date filed: November 29, 1982 Abstract: A novel live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl comprising essentially a suspension of living culture of the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi-murium No. 3, deposited at the All-Union State Research Control Institute for Veterinary Preparations, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture (No. 121), in a concentration of 2-4 billion microbe cells per 10 cm.sup.3 of drinking water. A process for making said vaccine, wherein the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi-murium No. 3 is cultivated in a culture medium containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, mineral salts, biologically active substances at a temperature of 37.degree.-38.degree. C. to produce the highest attainable accumulation of biomass during a period of 10-14 hours with subsequent drying and obtainment of the vaccine.A method of specific prophylaxis of salmonellosis in water fowl, wherein the live vaccine is administered to the poultry twice orally at a 2-3 days interval in a dose of 2 billion microbe cells at the first, and 4 billion microbe cells at the second, feeding, being combined with drinking water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of veterinary medicine, but more particularly to a novel live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl, a process for making the same and its prophylactic application in water fowl to combat salmonellosis caused by Salmonella typhi-murium. S. typhi-murium caused salmonellosis affecting water fowl is marked by high incidence, very contagious character and often fatal outcome. Furthermore, S. typhi-murium has been implicated as one of the principal agents causing food toxicoinfections in man while the water fowl is the major host of the microbe in natural conditions and the products obtained from slaughtering the infested poultry constitute the basic source of infections in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04472378__

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Method of identification of animals resistant or susceptible to disease such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis Inventor(s): Adams; L. Garry (College Station, TX), Davis; Donald S. (College Station, TX), Feng; Jianwei (College Station, TX), Gros; Philippe (Montreal, CA), Schurr; Erwin (Montreal, CA), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): Mcgill University (montreal, Ca), Texas A&m University System (college Station, Tx) Patent Number: 6,114,118 Date filed: July 30, 1997

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Abstract: The present invention relates to materials and methods for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, which is associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the method of identifying said sequences to identify animals who are susceptible or resistant to disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla, to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to bovine brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the use of the general sequence patterns to identify artiodactyl animals containing those sequences in situ, allowing therefore the identification of animals predicted to be either resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. Intracellular zoonotic bacterial diseases like brucellosis and tuberculosis cause significant losses in livestock industries despite widespread application of antimicrobials, vaccination, isolation and quarantine, test and slaughter, or a combination of these. The lack of success in eradicating infectious diseases of animals using these approaches indicates a need for a different strategy, such as the development of a means to identify genetic sequences associated with resistance and/or susceptibility, where such means could allow the identification of animals that are resistant or susceptible to disease. This could then allow the treatment, prophylactic or therapeutic, or elimination of susceptible animals, and the use of and/or selective breeding of resistant animals (see, for example, Templeton et al. 1988). Diseases such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis cause an estimated $250,000,000 loss annually to the U.S.A. beef and dairy industry. Further, tuberculosis especially is a health threat to all ungulates including rare and endangered mammals. These are diseases for which the usual eradication programs have been longterm, expensive, and somewhat unsuccessful. For example, bovine tuberculosis was thought to be a disease of antiquity in 1970 but has re-emerged as an endemic disease in the El Paso, Tex. dairy herds. Outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis have been reported in the past 5 years in California, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia (Essey and Koller 1994; and Essey M. A. 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114118__

Patents 49

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Nucleic acid probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria Inventor(s): Barson; Louis S. (Silver Spring, MD), Kopecko; Dennis J. (Rockville, MD), Rubin; Fran A. (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,055,394 Date filed: June 23, 1986 Abstract: This invention relates to a nucleic acid probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria by use of a nucleic acid hybridization probe, equivalent to the DNA region encoding the Vi antigen of enteric bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi C, or Citrobacter freundii, in a nucleic acid hybridization reaction with a clinical specimen containing typhoid fever bacteria. Excerpt(s): All publications or patents mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a unique nucleic acid hybridization probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria. Diarrheal diseases caused by enteric bacteria are still a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially among infants and young children in developing nations. Also, these maladies are an important military problem in deployed soldiers. Although the incidence of diarrheal disease is highest in tropical countries, geography is not as important a factor as socioeconomic conditions; e.g. as manifested by drinking water purity, sewage disposal methods, and the availability of balanced diets. Some enteric diseases are short-lived, self-limiting and result in a mild gastroenteritis (e.g. certain Salmonella serotypes). In contrast, typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, is a prolonged, generalized, and usually serious infection of humans of all age groups. Similar enteric diseases are caused by related bacteria such as Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C and by other Salmonella serotypes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05055394__

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Nucleic acid probe for the detection of Salmonella human pathogens Inventor(s): Madonna; M. Jane (Middlesex, NJ), Woods; Derek (Flemington, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc. (new Brunswick, Nj) Patent Number: 5,486,454 Date filed: May 17, 1994 Abstract: Nucleic acid probes that detect Salmonella human pathogens are generated from the nucleotide sequences of a gene encoding a virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of Salmonella, especially the Type 1 fimbriae protein. Preferred probe lengths are about 20 to about 100 nucleotide bases. The probes are highly specific and sensitive for detecting Salmonella organisms pathogenic to humans and are thus clinically useful in the detection of infection in diarrhea specimens. They also may be used in the detection of food-borne Salmonella, the causative agent of most salmonellosis in humans. Excerpt(s): Described herein are nucleic acid probes that can detect Salmonella human pathogens. The probes are generated from the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a protein factor involved in the pathogenesis of Salmonella, especially the Type 1 fimbrial protein. Microorganisms from the genus Salmonella are responsible for the majority of

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cases of bacterial diarrhea occurring in humans. Typically, screening and identification of a Salmonella infection is accomplished by microbial culturing techniques followed by biochemical testing. This takes from one to three days, sometimes ending in equivocal results. Identification of Salmonella spp. by use of an assay using DNA probes would be less labor intensive for the clinician, provide unequivocal results, and would enable quicker diagnosis of salmonellosis. Nucleic acid hybridization technology is a new approach in the diagnostic industry. This methodology exploits the property that sequences unique to an organism comprise its genome. In a hybridization test, a positive signal is generated when these unique genomic sequences in the bacterial or the viral target hybridize with nucleic acid probes, which are tagged with a detection label. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,295 to Taber, et al. describes Salmonella DNA probes which are Salmonella DNA fragments common to more than 80% of the known Salmonella species. The fragments do not code for any protein or any other material known to contribute to pathogenicity. Thus, the probes are constructed from a library of fragments without regard to genetic function, and are principally used to detect the presence of Salmonella in a food sample. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05486454__ •

Preparation of Salmonella abortus ovis strains and vaccine compositions containing them Inventor(s): Bourgy; Gerard (Monnaie, FR), Lantier; Frederic (Monnaie, FR), Marly; Jose (Monnaie, FR), Pardon; Pierre (Tours, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National DE LA Recherche Agronomique (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 4,350,684 Date filed: August 27, 1980 Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and compositions of vaccines to combat salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis and Salmonella typhimurium.The preparation is that of the mutant strains of Salmonella abortus ovis and comprises:(a) the seeding and culture of bacteria from a virulent wild strain, on a medium containing an antibiotic enabling the development of "resistant" mutants;(b) the culture by replication of the resistant bacteria on a medium free of antibiotic to determine those which are "dependent";(c) the seeding of the culture of the dependent bacteria derived from (b) on medium free of antibiotic until the appearance of reverse colonies.The immunogen agents obtained are useful for the preparation of vaccines. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and vaccine compositions for combatting salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella strains the antigenic structure of which is similar to the antigenic structure of Salmonella abortus ovis and Salmonella typhimurium. It relates more particularly to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and vaccine compositions for combatting salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis. Salmonella abortus ovis infection attacks small ruminants and notably sheep. This infection is rampant in the endemic state in the large sheep-rearing regions in France and in the majority of sheep-producing countries, where it causes significant losses. The preventive fight against this disease relies essentially on the use of vaccines constituted from killed Salmonella abortus ovis. The innocuousness of this type of vaccine is complete but their efficiency is generally at least considered as being insufficient to comply with the requirements of practice.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04350684__ •

Synthesis of typhoid fever vaccine from a plant or fruit polysaccharide Inventor(s): Bystricky; Slavomir (Silver Springs, MD), Szu; Shousun Chen (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,738,855 Date filed: October 17, 1994 Abstract: The present invention is a modified plant, fruit or synthetic oligo- or polysaccharide which has been structurally altered so as to render the modified saccharide antigenically similar to the Vi of Salmonella typhi. The modified saccharide may be conjugated to a carrier to form a conjugate that is immunogenic against S. typhi. Antibodies produced in response to the immunogenic conjugate are protective against typhoid fever. Methods are provided for making the modified saccharide and the immunogenic conjugate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunoprophylaxis and vaccines. More particularly it relates to modifying a plant, fruit or synthetic polysaccharide such that it is immunogenic and may be used as a vaccine to prevent typhoid fever in infants and young children. Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a common and serious disease in many parts of the world. The capsular polysaccharide (Vi) is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen of Salmonella typhi ›19!. Tacket et al. in J. Infect. Dis. 154:342-345 (1986) disclose a vaccine made from the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. Field trials in Nepal and in the Republic of South Africa showed that a single injection of Vi conferred about 70% protection against typhoid fever in older children and in adults ›1,13!. The mechanism of its protective action, similar to other polysaccharide vaccines, is to elicit a critical level of serum antibodies. The immunologic properties of the Vi that limits its use as a vaccine are: 1) only.about.70% efficacy in individuals 5 to 45 years of age; 2) an age-dependent serum antibody response, Vi elicited a comparatively short-lived antibody responses in 2 to 5 year old children and only low levels of antibodies in a fraction of children <2 years-old and; 3) reinjection did not elicit a booster antibody response (T-cell independent) ›15,19!. To increase its immunogenicity and to induce T-cell dependence, the Vi was conjugated to proteins ›22,24,25!. A clinical trial in adults in the United States showed that Viprotein conjugates elicited significantly higher levels of serum antibodies than the Vi alone ›25!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05738855__

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Use of IL-12 and IFN.alpha. for the treatment of infectious diseases Inventor(s): Alber; Gottfried (Leipzig, DE), Carr; Jacqueline Anne (Ware, GB), Mattner; Frank Albert (Mailand, IT), Mulqueen; Michael John (Rochford, GB), Palmer; Kathrin (Munchenstein, CH), Rogerson; Jane Andre Louise (St. Albans, GB) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-la Roche Inc. (nutley, Nj) Patent Number: 5,928,636 Date filed: April 30, 1997

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Abstract: The present invention provides a combination of IL-12 and IFN.alpha. together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier useful for treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases, preferably chronic infectious diseases and more preferably viral infections, e.g. HSV, HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, papilloma etc., bacterial infections, e.g. tuberculosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, etc., and parasite infections, e.g. malaria, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. These compositions are characterized by the synergistic interaction of IL-12 and IFN.alpha. The present invention also provides the use of the above combination for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases using a combination of Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Interferon-.alpha. (IFN.alpha.). This combination is especially useful for the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases, e.g. viral infections, intracellular bacterial infections and parasite infections. Interleukin 12 (IL-12), formerly called natural killer cell stimulatory factor (Kobayashi et al. (1989) J. Exp. Med. 170, 827-845) and cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (Stern et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 6808-6812), has potent anti-tumor and antimetastatic activity in several murine tumor models (Brunda et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178, 1223-1230; Nastala et al. (1994) J. Immunol. 153, 1697-1706). Although the mechanism through which IL-12 exerts its anti-tumor effects is not completely understood, it has been shown that IL-12 induces a variety of biological effects on natural killer and T cells in vitro (Manetti et al. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 179, 12731283; Wu et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 151, 1938-1949; Tripp et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 3725-3729; Seder et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10188-10192; Bloom et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 152, 4242-4254; Cesano et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 151, 2943-2957; Chan et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 92-98). Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by IL-12 is considered crucial in its anti-tumor activity (Brunda et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178, 1223-1230). The IL-12 anti-tumor effect is partially maintained in severe combined immune deficient (SCID) and nude mice, both of which are T cell-deficient, and in CD8*-depleted euthymic mice (Brunda et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178, 1223-1230; O'Toole et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150, 294A). These results demonstrate that IL-12 has potent in vivo antitumor and antimethastatic effects against murine tumors and demonstrate as well the critical role of CD8.sup.+ T cells in mediating the antitumor effects against subcutaneous tumors. Interferons (IFNs) are naturally occurring proteins which have antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory activity. Four distinct classes of interferons are known to exist in humans (Pestka et al. (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56, 727-777 and Emanuel & Pestka (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12565-12569). The IFN.alpha. family represents the predominant class of IFNs produced by stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes (Pestka et al., loc. cit.; Havell et al. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 2185-2187; Cavalieri et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 32873291), and lymphoblastoid and myeloblastoid cell lines (Familletti et al. (1981) Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 20, 5-9). The antiviral effect of IFN.alpha. is achieved not by a direct influence on the viruses themselves, but by an activity on their target cells in the sense of a protection against the virus infection. The interferons can exert effects on cancer tumors and can influence the immune system of the body on that, for example, they activate macrophages and NK cells and intensify the expression of various immunologically significant constituents of the cell membrane. Details of the preparation of interferon-cDNA and the direct expression thereof, especially in E. coli, have been the subject of many publications. Thus, for example, the preparation of recombinant interferons is known, for example, from Nature 295 (1982), 503-508, Nature 284 (1980), 316-320, Nature 290 (1981), 20-26, Nucleic Acids Res. 8 (1980), 4057-4074, as well as from European Patents Nos. 32134, 43980 and 211 148. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05928636__

Patents 53

Patent Applications on Salmonellosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to salmonellosis: •

VACCINE FOR PROTECTION OF POULTRY AGAINST SALMONELLOSIS AND A PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME Inventor(s): Barman, Tarani Kanta; (Kaithalkuchi, IN), Garg, Shri Krishna; (Pantnagar, IN), Kumar, Subodh; (Pantnagar, IN), Mishra, Ram Sagar; (Khuthan, IN), Sharma, Vishwashwar Dutt; (Pantnagar, IN) Correspondence: Sidney Austin Brown & Wood Llp; 1501 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030124709 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of Salmonella vaccine by treating entrotoxin and cytotoxins with formalin and adding immuno-potentiator selected from Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or Vitamin E or Saponin to said concentrated toxoids to get the desired vaccine.The present invention also provides a Salmonella vaccine for protection against Salmonellosis in poultry. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine for protection of poultry against salmonellosis and a process for preparing the same. Salmonellosis remains an important human and animal problem worldwide. In spite of intensive research efforts, many of the details of its pathogenesis are not known. Despite a lack of precise knowledge on the virulence mechanisms of Salmonella, vaccines of varying efficacy have been used for many years (Wray, 1995). Lax, et al (1995) have reviewed the efficiency of different vaccines against salmonellosis. According to them, the efficacy of both live attenuated and dead vaccines remains unclear. Since vaccines developed so far have not been targeted against the virulence factor(s) playing a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease, they may not have for this reason been optimally effective. Moreover, their efficacy have been limited to homologous or antigenically related serovars as Salmonella serovars differ significantly in their flagellar and somatic antigens. U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,036 also describes a bacterial vaccine against Salmonella fevers, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. The said vaccine is obtained by fermentation, extraction and purification, vaccinating membrane antigens being extracted by putting the bacterial residue obtained by centrifuging, in contact with a solvent of the tris(hydroxyalkyl) aminoalkane class, with stirring at lower temperature, pH adjusted between 8.4 and 8.6 for a period of at least 60 hours, then separated by decanting, followed by purifying the antigens and fractionating by ultra-filtration and then freeze drying the vaccinating antigen fraction. This patent does not disclose the nature of antigen and whether it has got any role in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with salmonellosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on salmonellosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning salmonellosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

55

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to salmonellosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on salmonellosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on salmonellosis: •

1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th ed Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997. 764 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Publications, P.O. Box 747, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 433-9016 or (847) 228-5005. Fax (847) 228-1281. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free to members, with additional copies $74.95 each; $79.95 for nonmembers. ISBN: 091076185x. Publication number MA0001. Summary: This monograph contains the 24th edition of the report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the group responsible for formulating and revising guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the control of infectious diseases in children. Five sections present guidelines in the areas of active and passive immunization; recommendations for the care of children in special circumstances, including children in day care, infection control for hospitalized children, and medical evaluation of internationally adopted children; summaries of infectious diseases; antimicrobial

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prophylaxis; and antimicrobials and related therapy. Infectious diseases that can affect the digestive system include amebiasis, campylobacter infections, cholera, Escherichia coli, diarrhea, giardia lamblia, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis, HIV, malaria, parasitic diseases, salmonellosis, schistosomiasis, shigellosis, vibrio infections, and yersinia infections. A summary of major changes in the 1997 edition is provided; changes include the addition of recent information on Escherichia coli diarrhea (E coli 0157:H7 infection) and its complication of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and expanded information about Hepatitis A, B, and C. A subject index concludes the volume. 9 appendices.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “salmonellosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “salmonellosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Culture Methods for the Detection of Animal Salmonellosis and Arizonosis; ISBN: 0813814553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813814553/icongroupinterna

•

Priority Aspects of Salmonellosis Research (Agriculture) by H. Errebo Larsen (Editor); ISBN: 928254558X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/928254558X/icongroupinterna

•

Salmonellosis : microbiologic, pathologic, and clinical features by Robert H. Rubin; ISBN: 0913258512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913258512/icongroupinterna

•

Salmonellosis Control: the Role of Animal and Product Hygiene (Technical Report Series); ISBN: 9241207744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241207744/icongroupinterna

•

The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Salmonellosis: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597833370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597833370/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Salmonellosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to salmonellosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and salmonellosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on salmonellosis:

Books

•

57

Infectious Diarrhea and Bacterial Food Poisoning Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1864-1913. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: This chapter on infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include changes in normal flora caused by diarrhea; classification of bacterial diarrhea; toxigenic diarrheas, including cholera, other vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli; invasive pathogens, including Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, typhoid fever, Campylobacter, and Yersinia; viral diarrhea, including that due to rotavirus, calicivirus, enteric andenovirus, astrovirus, and torovirus; traveler's diarrhea, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention; diarrhea in the elderly; diagnosis of infectious diarrheal disease; treatment of infectious diarrhea, including with fluid therapy, diet, antimicrobial drugs, and nonspecific therapy; tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract; and bacterial food poisoning, including that from Clostridium perfringers, Saphylococcus auerus, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, botulism, and Bacillus anthracis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 8 figures. 16 tables. 329 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover salmonellosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on salmonellosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to salmonellosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “salmonellosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for salmonellosis: •

Salmonellosis increasing in Europe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 26, 2002

•

Salmonella enteritidis strain behind egg-associated Salmonellosis outbreak in UK Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 29, 1998

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•

Salmonellosis linked to zoo exhibit Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 03, 1998

•

Salmonellosis Associated With Beef Jerky Reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 27, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “salmonellosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to salmonellosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “salmonellosis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Salmonellosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to salmonellosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering salmonellosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for salmonellosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with salmonellosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to salmonellosis: Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 69

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 18707 135 890 116 9 19857

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 71

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on salmonellosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to salmonellosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to salmonellosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “salmonellosis”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Dengue http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dengue.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Gastroenteritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html Hemorrhagic Fevers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Salmonella Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

FAQ - About Salmonellosis Summary: Answers to your questions about salmonellosis including, a description of the Salmonella germ and information about diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and the government's prevention strategy. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4336

Patient Resources 75

•

Foodborne Diseases Summary: This online fact sheet provides a description of the more common and serious foodborne illnesses -- Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis, and Shigellosis. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2381 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to salmonellosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to salmonellosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with salmonellosis.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about salmonellosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “salmonellosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “salmonellosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 79

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 81

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on salmonellosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Salmonellosis Brucellosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000597.htm Giardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000288.htm Malaria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000621.htm Norwalk virus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000252.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm Typhoid fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm

84

•

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Signs & Symptoms for Salmonellosis Abdominal cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Decreased urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm GI bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003133.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hepatosplenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Lethargic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm

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Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Patches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003231.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Stools, bloody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Salmonellosis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm Bone marrow biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003934.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm ELISA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003332.htm Platelet count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm Platelets Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Sonogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm

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Stool culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003758.htm Widal's test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003549.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Salmonellosis Cholecystectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002930.htm

•

Background Topics for Salmonellosis Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm Electrolytes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Endemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002362.htm Hepatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002378.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SALMONELLOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

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Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH]

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Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimetastatic: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]

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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrovirus: A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family Astroviridae. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least seven human serotypes and the type species is human astrovirus 1. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH]

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Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the

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alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the beta-

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lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques

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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

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Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]

Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach,

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liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

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[NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits

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protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flagellin: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can

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be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Fusion: Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH]

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Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and

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renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH]

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Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

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Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH]

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Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loc: A brain region associated with object recognition. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of

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plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the

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equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or

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Pseudomonas. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH]

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Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH]

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Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Paratuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss. [NIH] Paratyphoid Fever: A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by serotypes of Salmonella paratyphi. It is similar to typhoid fever but less severe. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pefloxacin: An orally administered broad spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against urinary tract infections as well as against many other systemic infections. The drug is well tolerated in adults, but should not be given to children and pregnant women. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagosomes: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the

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hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH]

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Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to

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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure

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the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH]

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Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

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tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,

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palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torovirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae characterized by enveloped, peplomerbearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), and humans. Transmission takes place probably via the fecal-oral route. [NIH]

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoids: Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

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Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH]

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Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vibrio Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Vibrio. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Yersinia Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Yersinia. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 84, 89, 102, 113, 114 Aberrant, 18, 89 Abortion, 89, 124 Acetylcholine, 89, 112 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 33, 89 Acremonium, 89, 95 Actin, 4, 8, 89 Acute renal, 89, 104 Adaptation, 5, 11, 14, 89 Adjustment, 89 Adjuvant, 53, 89 Adolescence, 89, 114 Adverse Effect, 89, 120 Affinity, 9, 44, 90 Age Groups, 22, 49, 90 Aged, 80 and Over, 90 Alfalfa, 28, 90 Algorithms, 90, 94 Alkaline, 90, 95 Alleles, 13, 90 Allergens, 44, 90 Alternative medicine, 60, 90 Amebiasis, 56, 90 Amino acid, 13, 90, 91, 92, 101, 103, 114, 117, 119, 121, 122 Amino Acid Sequence, 90, 91, 103 Amino Acid Substitution, 13, 90 Ampicillin, 18, 21, 91 Anaerobic, 91, 125 Anaesthesia, 91, 107 Anemia, 91, 104, 109 Animal model, 5, 34, 91, 123 Anionic, 11, 91 Anions, 91, 108, 119, 121 Annealing, 91, 115 Anorexia, 91, 102 Antibacterial, 20, 24, 91, 113, 114, 120 Antibiotic, 5, 6, 19, 24, 25, 45, 50, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 114, 120 Antibodies, 20, 44, 51, 91, 104, 106, 109, 115 Antibody, 44, 51, 86, 90, 91, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 117, 119, 120 Anticoagulant, 91, 116

Antigen, 13, 15, 16, 17, 44, 49, 51, 53, 86, 90, 91, 98, 100, 105, 106, 107, 110, 117, 119 Antigen-presenting cell, 91, 98 Anti-infective, 91, 105 Antimetastatic, 52, 91 Antimicrobial, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22, 24, 30, 33, 55, 57, 92, 96, 111 Antioxidant, 92, 113 Antiproliferative, 52, 92 Antiviral, 52, 92, 107 Aorta, 92 Aortic Aneurysm, 27, 92 Apoptosis, 13, 92 Aqueous, 92, 93, 97, 105, 108, 109 Archaea, 92, 111 Arginine, 92, 112 Arterial, 92, 117 Arteries, 92, 94, 97, 111 Aspirate, 25, 92 Assay, 32, 44, 50, 92, 106, 117, 123 Astrovirus, 57, 92 Asymptomatic, 24, 90, 92, 103 Ataxia, 29, 92, 121 Avian, 16, 26, 38, 92 Azithromycin, 14, 15, 22, 92 Aztreonam, 20, 93 B Bacteremia, 33, 93 Bacterial Infections, 52, 74, 93, 104, 118 Bacterial Physiology, 89, 93 Bacterial Proteins, 4, 93 Bacteriophage, 93, 124 Bacterium, 4, 93, 104, 119, 123 Basal Ganglia, 92, 93 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 92, 93 Base, 93, 98, 102, 103, 108, 123 Basophils, 93, 108 Benign, 93, 112, 113 Beta-Lactamases, 93 Bile, 93, 102, 105, 109 Bile duct, 93 Biliary, 57, 93 Biochemical, 5, 7, 10, 11, 38, 45, 50, 90, 93, 101 Biological response modifier, 94, 107 Biomass, 47, 94 Biopsy, 85, 94

Salmonellosis

Biotechnology, 14, 22, 60, 69, 94 Bivalent, 15, 20, 94 Bladder, 93, 94, 123 Blood Coagulation, 94, 95, 122 Blood vessel, 94, 100, 104, 108, 109, 120, 122, 123 Blot, 9, 15, 25, 94 Body Fluids, 94, 99, 101 Bone Marrow, 19, 25, 30, 94, 106, 109, 111 Bowel, 94, 98, 100, 107, 114, 120 Bowel Movement, 94, 98, 120 Bradykinin, 94, 112 Branch, 81, 94, 104, 109, 114, 117, 120, 121 Breeding, 48, 94 Broad-spectrum, 91, 94, 95, 113 Brucellosis, 16, 47, 48, 83, 94 C Calcium, 44, 94 Calicivirus, 57, 95, 124 Campylobacter, 56, 57, 95, 104 Campylobacter Infections, 56, 95 Capsular, 51, 95 Carbohydrate, 39, 95, 103, 116 Carrier Proteins, 95, 118 Carrier State, 90, 95 Case report, 27, 95, 101 Cecum, 9, 95, 108 Ceftriaxone, 6, 15, 16, 19, 21, 95 Cell Death, 92, 95 Cell Division, 93, 95, 110, 111, 115, 116 Cell membrane, 52, 95, 108, 115 Cell Movement, 5, 95 Cell Size, 95, 101 Centrifugation, 44, 95 Cephalosporins, 6, 93, 95 Cerebellar, 29, 92, 96, 118 Cerebellum, 96, 118 Cerebral, 92, 93, 96, 110 Cerebral Cortex, 92, 96 Character, 47, 96, 98 Chemotherapeutic agent, 5, 96 Chlorophyll, 96, 100, 102 Cholera, 15, 20, 56, 57, 96, 119, 124 Chromatin, 92, 96, 100, 112 Chromosomal, 10, 96, 115 Chromosome, 12, 28, 96 Chronic, 52, 90, 96, 107, 114, 121 Ciprofloxacin, 15, 18, 19, 30, 35, 64, 96 Clinical trial, 4, 51, 69, 96, 117, 118 Cloning, 94, 96 Cofactor, 96, 116, 122 Collagen, 90, 96, 115

128

Colloidal, 96, 99, 119 Complementation, 9, 96 Computational Biology, 69, 96 Conjugated, 51, 97 Connective Tissue, 94, 96, 97, 121 Consumption, 31, 32, 45, 97, 98, 102 Contamination, 74, 97, 119 Contraindications, ii, 97 Coronary, 97, 111 Coronary Thrombosis, 97, 111 Cortical, 97, 105, 121 Cryptosporidiosis, 92, 97 Curative, 97, 122 Cutaneous, 97, 108, 109, 124 Cyclic, 97, 104, 112 Cyst, 92, 97 Cytochrome, 97, 118 Cytochrome b, 97, 118 Cytokine, 7, 11, 97 Cytoplasm, 45, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 111, 112 Cytoplasmic Vesicles, 98, 114 Cytoskeleton, 4, 98 Cytotoxic, 52, 98 Cytotoxins, 53, 98 D Day Care, 55, 98 Defense Mechanisms, 8, 98 Degenerative, 98, 105 Dehydration, 96, 98, 119 Deletion, 10, 92, 98 Dementia, 89, 98 Denaturation, 98, 115 Dendrites, 98 Dendritic, 9, 98 Dendritic cell, 9, 98 Density, 95, 98, 101 Deprivation, 10, 17, 98 Detoxification, 10, 98 Deuterium, 98, 105 Developed Countries, 34, 98 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 60, 98 Diarrhea, 3, 5, 49, 50, 56, 57, 84, 90, 97, 98, 102, 107, 119 Diarrhoea, 98, 102 Digestion, 93, 94, 98, 107, 109, 114, 120 Digestive system, 56, 98, 111 Dilatation, 89, 99, 116, 123 Diploid, 96, 99, 115 Direct, iii, 10, 52, 63, 99, 105, 114, 118 Dissociation, 90, 99 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 37, 57, 99, 108

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Drug Interactions, 64, 99 Drug Resistance, 6, 24, 30, 99 Drug Tolerance, 99 Duct, 99, 101, 119 Dura mater, 99, 110, 113 Dyes, 93, 99, 102, 112 Dysentery, 90, 99 E Effector, 8, 10, 12, 21, 34, 89, 99 Efficacy, 31, 51, 53, 99 Electrolyte, 99, 101 Electrophoresis, 30, 99 Emaciation, 89, 100 Embryo, 89, 100, 107 Empyema, 35, 100 Encephalopathy, 23, 100 Endemic, 48, 50, 86, 96, 100, 109, 120 Endothelium, 100, 112 Endothelium-derived, 100, 112 Endotoxin, 20, 100, 123 Enteric bacteria, 49, 100 Enterocolitis, 15, 21, 34, 100 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 100 Enzymatic, 90, 95, 100, 110, 115 Enzyme, 17, 19, 44, 90, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 109, 115, 116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 17, 19, 100 Eosinophils, 100, 108 Epidemic, 12, 100, 120 Epidemiological, 30, 100, 101 Epigastric, 100, 113 Epithelial, 8, 9, 13, 100, 105, 113 Epithelial Cells, 9, 100, 105 Erythrocytes, 91, 94, 100, 118 Erythromycin, 92, 100 Esophagus, 98, 101, 114, 120 Ethanol, 101 Excitation, 101, 112 Exhaustion, 101, 109 Exocrine, 101, 113 Extraction, 53, 101 F Family Planning, 69, 101 Fat, 7, 94, 101, 108, 120 Fatal Outcome, 47, 101 Febrile, 101, 110, 114, 124 Feces, 101, 120 Fermentation, 53, 101 Filtration, 53, 101 Flagellin, 32, 101 Flow Cytometry, 8, 101

Fluid Therapy, 57, 101 Fluorescence, 8, 44, 101, 102 Fluorescent Dyes, 101, 102 Foodborne Illness, 75, 102 Frameshift, 102, 123 Frameshift Mutation, 102, 123 Freeze Drying, 53, 102 Fungi, 102, 111, 125 Fungus, 95, 102 G Gallbladder, 89, 93, 99, 102 Ganglioside, 12, 102 Gangrenous, 102, 119 Gas, 102, 105, 112, 121 Gastric, 102, 104, 114 Gastritis, 102, 104 Gastroenteritis, 11, 49, 74, 92, 102, 119 Gastrointestinal, 13, 39, 46, 57, 94, 96, 101, 102, 103, 110, 121, 124 Gastrointestinal tract, 46, 57, 101, 103 Gavage, 101, 103 Gene, 6, 10, 11, 13, 18, 32, 48, 49, 90, 94, 103, 113, 118 Gene Expression, 11, 13, 103 Gene Fusion, 13, 103 Genetic Code, 103, 112 Genetic testing, 103, 115 Genetics, 10, 11, 12, 26, 33, 103 Genital, 28, 96, 103, 123 Genotype, 103, 115 Giardia, 56, 83, 103 Giardia lamblia, 56, 103 Gland, 103, 110, 113, 119 Glycerol, 103, 115 Glycerophospholipids, 103, 115 Glycine, 90, 103, 112, 119 Glycoprotein, 103, 122, 123 Gonorrhea, 44, 45, 103 Governing Board, 103, 116 Graft, 103, 105 Gram-negative, 14, 93, 104, 111, 113, 114, 116, 124, 125 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 104, 111, 116 Gram-positive, 93, 104, 111, 113, 114 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 104, 118 Growth, 10, 14, 28, 45, 89, 91, 92, 95, 104, 107, 110, 112, 115, 124 Guanylate Cyclase, 104, 112 H Habitual, 96, 104 Haematological, 38, 104 Haematology, 104

Salmonellosis

Haematoma, 104 Haemorrhage, 28, 89, 104 Half-Life, 95, 104 Haptens, 90, 104, 118 Helicobacter, 56, 104 Helicobacter pylori, 56, 104 Hemolytic, 56, 104 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 56, 104 Hemoptysis, 27, 105 Hemorrhage, 105, 117 Hepatitis, 52, 56, 105 Hepatocytes, 105 Heredity, 103, 105 Heterogeneity, 90, 105 Homologous, 53, 90, 94, 105 Horseradish Peroxidase, 100, 105 Host, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 34, 46, 47, 93, 95, 105, 106, 121, 123, 124 Humoral, 7, 9, 38, 44, 105 Humour, 105 Hybrid, 105 Hybridization, 49, 50, 105, 113 Hydrogen, 10, 93, 95, 98, 105, 108, 111, 112, 113, 117, 121 Hydrogen Bonding, 105, 112 Hydrogen Peroxide, 10, 105, 108, 121 Hydrogenation, 105, 117 Hydrolysis, 93, 105, 108 Hydroxyproline, 90, 96, 105 Hypersensitivity, 15, 90, 106 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 90, 106 I Id, 40, 75, 80, 82, 106 Ileum, 95, 106 Immune function, 7, 106 Immune response, 9, 17, 89, 91, 104, 106, 121, 123, 124 Immune Sera, 106 Immune system, 8, 52, 91, 106, 109, 114, 123, 124 Immunity, 7, 9, 17, 18, 26, 32, 33, 34, 41, 44, 89, 98, 106, 122 Immunization, 17, 55, 106 Immunoassay, 100, 106 Immunodeficiency, 89, 106 Immunofluorescence, 44, 106 Immunogen, 50, 106 Immunogenic, 50, 51, 106, 118 Immunologic, 51, 106, 109, 122 Immunology, 5, 10, 11, 12, 25, 89, 90, 102, 105, 106

130

In situ, 48, 106 In vitro, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 52, 106, 115, 119, 121 In vivo, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 52, 106 Incision, 106, 108 Incubated, 44, 106 Indicative, 44, 56, 106, 114, 123 Induction, 11, 17, 20, 32, 107, 117 Infant, Newborn, 90, 107 Infarction, 97, 107, 111 Infection Control, 29, 55, 107 Infectious Diarrhea, 57, 107 Inflammation, 91, 99, 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 113, 115, 119, 121 Ingestion, 30, 39, 107, 115 Inhalation, 107, 115 Initiation, 107, 120 Inner ear, 95, 107 Interferon, 17, 20, 52, 107, 109 Interferon-alpha, 107 Interleukin-2, 45, 107 Intermittent, 101, 107 Intestinal, 8, 9, 31, 95, 97, 100, 103, 104, 107 Intestinal Mucosa, 100, 103, 107 Intestine, 5, 8, 9, 94, 107, 108 Intracellular, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 44, 48, 52, 98, 107, 110, 112 Intravenous, 15, 19, 86, 108 Intrinsic, 90, 108 Invasive, 57, 106, 108 Ion Transport, 13, 108 Ions, 93, 99, 105, 108, 116 Ischemia, 102, 108 J Joint, 96, 108, 121 K Kb, 10, 68, 108 Kinetics, 12, 108 L Large Intestine, 95, 99, 107, 108, 118, 120 Leishmaniasis, 52, 108 Lens, 95, 108 Leptospirosis, 35, 108 Lethal, 13, 18, 108 Leucocyte, 108, 109 Leukocytes, 20, 32, 52, 93, 94, 100, 107, 108, 111, 112, 123 Library Services, 80, 108 Ligation, 7, 108 Lipid, 12, 39, 103, 108, 109, 113 Lipid Peroxidation, 108, 113 Lipopolysaccharide, 8, 11, 18, 104, 108 Liposome, 17, 18, 44, 109

131

Liver, 35, 57, 89, 93, 99, 101, 102, 105, 109 Loc, 52, 109 Localized, 104, 107, 109, 115, 123 Luciferase, 13, 109 Lumen, 8, 109 Lupus, 29, 109, 121 Lymphatic, 100, 107, 109, 120, 122 Lymphatic system, 109, 120, 122 Lymphoblasts, 44, 109 Lymphocyte, 9, 44, 45, 52, 89, 91, 109, 110 Lymphocyte Count, 89, 109 Lymphoid, 91, 108, 109 Lymphokine, 46, 109 Lysosome, 109, 115 Lytic, 109, 124 M Macrophage, 6, 9, 11, 13, 109 Macrophage Activation, 13, 109 Malaise, 85, 94, 109 Malaria, 52, 56, 83, 109, 110 Malaria, Falciparum, 109, 110 Malaria, Vivax, 109, 110 Malignant, 89, 110, 112 Malnutrition, 16, 110 Mastitis, 110, 119 Meat, 5, 110 Mediate, 9, 110 Mediator, 107, 110 MEDLINE, 69, 110 Meiosis, 94, 110 Membrane, 11, 13, 15, 19, 45, 53, 95, 98, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123 Membrane Lipids, 110, 115 Meninges, 93, 95, 99, 110 Meningitis, 19, 110 Mental, iv, 4, 68, 70, 96, 98, 99, 110, 117 Mental Health, iv, 4, 68, 70, 110, 117 Mercury, 101, 110 Metaphase, 94, 110 MI, 86, 111 Microbe, 47, 111, 122 Microbiological, 4, 28, 36, 111 Microbiology, 7, 12, 13, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 39, 57, 89, 111 Microorganism, 45, 96, 111, 114, 124 Micro-organism, 104, 111, 119 Microscopy, 8, 10, 12, 105, 111 Migration, 8, 12, 109, 111 Mitosis, 92, 111 Modification, 11, 15, 19, 90, 111

Molecular, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 26, 29, 33, 34, 69, 71, 91, 94, 97, 101, 111, 121, 123 Molecule, 11, 17, 91, 93, 99, 100, 101, 105, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 124 Monocytes, 13, 108, 111 Mononuclear, 111, 123 Morphology, 92, 104, 109, 111 Motility, 103, 111 Motion Sickness, 111, 112 Mucocutaneous, 108, 111 Mucositis, 111, 122 Myocardium, 111 N Nalidixic Acid, 14, 22, 111 Nausea, 3, 102, 112 Need, 3, 48, 55, 56, 76, 109, 112 Neoplasm, 112, 113 Nerve, 92, 98, 110, 112, 113, 123 Networks, 11, 112 Neural, 105, 112 Neurotransmitter, 89, 90, 94, 103, 112, 121 Neutrophils, 7, 33, 108, 112, 118 Nitric Oxide, 6, 10, 13, 20, 112 Nitrogen, 6, 10, 47, 112 Nosocomial, 26, 29, 112 Nuclear, 93, 112, 117 Nucleic acid, 49, 103, 105, 112, 113, 117 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 49, 105, 112 Nucleic Acid Probes, 49, 113 Nucleocapsid, 113, 122 Nucleus, 45, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 120, 121 O Ofloxacin, 14, 19, 21, 22, 113 Oligo, 51, 113 Operon, 10, 11, 113, 118 Opportunistic Infections, 89, 113 Organelles, 95, 97, 111, 113 Oxidation, 92, 97, 108, 113 Oxidative Stress, 14, 113 P Pachymeningitis, 110, 113 Palliative, 113, 122 Palsy, 31, 113 Pancreas, 57, 89, 99, 113 Papilloma, 52, 113 Parasite, 52, 113 Parasitic, 44, 45, 56, 97, 99, 103, 113, 114 Parasitic Diseases, 44, 45, 56, 114 Paratuberculosis, 47, 48, 114 Paratyphoid Fever, 28, 53, 114

Salmonellosis

Pathogen, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 46, 104, 114, 121 Pathogenesis, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 26, 49, 53, 114 Pathologic, 56, 92, 94, 97, 106, 114 Pathologic Processes, 92, 114 Pediatrics, 3, 12, 25, 34, 36, 38, 55, 114 Pefloxacin, 21, 114 Penicillin, 91, 114 Peptic, 104, 114 Peptic Ulcer, 104, 114 Peptide, 90, 114, 116, 117 Pericardium, 114, 121 Peripheral blood, 52, 107, 114 Peripheral Nervous System, 112, 113, 114, 121 Peritoneal, 57, 114 Peritoneum, 114 Petechiae, 104, 114 Phagocyte, 10, 114 Phagosomes, 12, 13, 114 Pharmacologic, 104, 115, 122 Phenotype, 9, 96, 115 Phospholipids, 45, 101, 110, 115 Phosphorus, 95, 115 Physiologic, 104, 115, 118 Plant Diseases, 100, 115 Plants, 94, 98, 111, 115, 122, 124 Plasma, 13, 91, 95, 98, 115, 119 Plasma cells, 91, 115 Plasmid, 6, 10, 19, 21, 115, 124 Platelet Aggregation, 112, 115 Platelets, 85, 112, 115, 122 Pneumonia, 97, 115 Poisoning, 45, 57, 74, 102, 110, 112, 115 Polymerase, 16, 26, 115, 118 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 16, 26, 115 Polysaccharide, 20, 51, 91, 116 Porins, 7, 116 Posterior, 92, 96, 113, 116 Postoperative, 18, 116 Potentiates, 10, 116 Potentiating, 9, 116 Practice Guidelines, 70, 116 Precursor, 99, 100, 116 Prevalence, 6, 116 Probe, 21, 49, 116 Progression, 91, 116, 123 Progressive, 98, 99, 104, 116 Projection, 98, 116, 118 Prophase, 94, 116 Prophylaxis, 47, 52, 56, 116, 122, 123 Proportional, 100, 116

132

Protease, 14, 116 Protein C, 20, 34, 51, 90, 93, 116 Protein S, 8, 94, 101, 103, 116, 120 Protocol, 26, 117 Protons, 105, 117 Protozoa, 99, 103, 108, 111, 117 Protozoan, 97, 109, 117 Public Health, 6, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 38, 45, 46, 70, 117 Public Policy, 69, 117 Purifying, 53, 117 Purines, 117, 119 Purpura, 104, 117 Pyrimidines, 117, 119 Q Quinolones, 26, 117 R Race, 111, 117 Radiation, 101, 117 Radioactive, 104, 105, 112, 117 Radioactivity, 44, 117 Radioimmunoassay, 44, 117 Randomized, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 99, 118 Randomized clinical trial, 21, 118 Reactive Oxygen Species, 10, 118 Reagent, 109, 118 Receptor, 8, 44, 45, 89, 91, 118 Recombinant, 52, 118, 124 Rectum, 94, 99, 102, 108, 118 Red blood cells, 100, 104, 118 Red Nucleus, 92, 118 Refer, 1, 102, 112, 118 Refraction, 118, 120 Regimen, 99, 118 Regulon, 14, 118 Repressor, 113, 118 Respiratory Burst, 6, 118 Reversion, 119, 123 Rhinitis, 119 Risk factor, 33, 34, 119 Rod, 93, 119, 125 Rotavirus, 57, 119 Ruminants, 50, 119 S Saliva, 119 Salivary, 26, 98, 119 Salivary glands, 98, 119 Screening, 50, 96, 119 Secretion, 4, 5, 12, 105, 119 Secretory, 12, 119 Sedimentation, 95, 119

133

Sepsis, 7, 119 Septicaemia, 119 Sequencing, 104, 115, 119 Serine, 14, 119 Serology, 17, 21, 85, 119 Serotypes, 24, 49, 92, 114, 119 Serum, 20, 34, 51, 106, 118, 119, 123 Serum Albumin, 118, 119 Shigellosis, 24, 36, 56, 75, 119 Shock, 17, 86, 119 Side effect, 63, 89, 120, 122 Skeleton, 89, 108, 120 Small intestine, 95, 106, 107, 120 Soft tissue, 94, 120 Solvent, 53, 101, 103, 120 Soma, 120 Somatic, 53, 89, 105, 110, 111, 114, 120 Specialist, 76, 120 Specificity, 90, 120 Spectrum, 6, 114, 120, 125 Sperm, 96, 120 Spirochete, 45, 120 Spleen, 11, 109, 120 Sporadic, 6, 32, 120 Stomach, 89, 98, 101, 102, 103, 112, 114, 119, 120 Stool, 25, 26, 86, 108, 120 Strand, 115, 120 Streptomycin, 21, 120 Stress, 4, 6, 10, 14, 102, 112, 113, 120 Subacute, 107, 121 Subclinical, 107, 121 Subcutaneous, 52, 102, 121 Subspecies, 120, 121 Substance P, 100, 119, 120, 121 Substrate, 44, 100, 121 Suction, 101, 121 Superinfection, 93, 121 Superoxide, 10, 118, 121 Superoxide Dismutase, 10, 121 Supplementation, 7, 121 Symptomatic, 121 Synergistic, 10, 52, 121 Systemic, 10, 13, 16, 20, 21, 29, 35, 64, 86, 92, 107, 114, 121, 122 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 29, 35, 121 T Tachycardia, 93, 121 Tachypnea, 93, 121 Thalamic, 92, 121 Thalamic Diseases, 92, 121 Therapeutics, 64, 121

Thermal, 99, 115, 122 Threonine, 119, 122 Thrombin, 115, 116, 122 Thrombocytopenia, 104, 122 Thrombomodulin, 116, 122 Thrombosis, 117, 122 Thymidine, 45, 122 Thymus, 106, 109, 122 Tooth Preparation, 89, 122 Topical, 101, 105, 122 Torovirus, 57, 122 Toxic, iv, 39, 98, 106, 122 Toxicity, 99, 110, 122 Toxicology, 70, 122 Toxins, 91, 107, 122, 124 Toxoids, 53, 122 Toxoplasmosis, 92, 122 Transfection, 94, 122 Transfer Factor, 106, 122 Translation, 90, 101, 122 Translational, 14, 123 Translocation, 8, 101, 123 Transplantation, 106, 123 Treatment Failure, 27, 123 Tumor model, 52, 123 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 17, 123 TYPHI, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 32, 33, 47, 49, 51, 123 Typhimurium, 5, 9, 13, 15, 21, 22, 31, 34, 38, 46, 50, 123 U Ulcer, 123 Ulceration, 28, 114, 123 Unconscious, 98, 106, 123 Urease, 104, 123 Urethra, 123 Urinary, 16, 95, 96, 111, 114, 123 Urinary tract, 95, 111, 114, 123 Urinary tract infection, 111, 114, 123 Urine, 25, 84, 94, 123 Urogenital, 103, 123 V Vaccination, 36, 48, 123 Vaccine, 15, 17, 20, 31, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 89, 117, 123 Vascular, 100, 106, 107, 112, 123 Vasodilators, 112, 123 Vector, 114, 124 Vegetative, 94, 124 Vein, 108, 112, 124 Venoms, 98, 124 Venous, 117, 124

Salmonellosis

Vertebral, 35, 124 Vesicular, 95, 124 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 95, 124 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 95, 124 Veterinary Medicine, 31, 47, 69, 124 Vibrio, 20, 56, 96, 124 Vibrio cholerae, 20, 96, 124 Vibrio Infections, 56, 124 Viral, 44, 50, 52, 57, 74, 124 Virulence, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 21, 22, 49, 51, 53, 121, 122, 124 Virulent, 50, 124 Virus, 52, 83, 89, 93, 107, 113, 122, 124

134

Visceral, 108, 114, 124 Vitro, 11, 124 Vivo, 11, 124 W White blood cell, 91, 106, 108, 109, 115, 124 X Xenograft, 91, 123, 124 Y Yeasts, 102, 115, 125 Yersinia, 56, 57, 125 Yersinia Infections, 56, 125 Z Zymogen, 116, 125

135

Salmonellosis

136

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