Scarlet Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

SCARLET FEVER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Scarlet Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84074-1 1. Scarlet Fever-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on scarlet fever. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCARLET FEVER ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Scarlet Fever.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCARLET FEVER ........................................................ 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON SCARLET FEVER ......................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 24 Chapters on Scarlet Fever ............................................................................................................ 26 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 31 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 33 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 37 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 45 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 45 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 51 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 53 SCARLET FEVER DICTIONARY................................................................................................. 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with scarlet fever is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about scarlet fever, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to scarlet fever, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on scarlet fever. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to scarlet fever, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on scarlet fever. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCARLET FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on scarlet fever.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and scarlet fever, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

An Atlas of Oral Lesions in Children: Part 2 Source: Consultant. 40(8): 1485-1486, 1488-1491. July 2000. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. (203) 661-0600. Summary: This article offers an atlas of oral lesions in children. The article features six photographs of children's mouths, with a brief description accompanying each clinical photograph. The children depict examples of fluorosis (discoloration of the tooth enamel, usually due to chronic ingestion of excess fluoride), mucocele (a painless mass, usually caused by a blockage or traumatic severance of the duct of a minor salivary gland), aphthous ulcer (aphthous stomatitis, a painful mouth ulcer caused by trauma, emotional stress, vitamin deficiency, or celiac disease), parulis (gum boil, usually due to

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abscess), herpes labialis (due to herpes simplex type 1 virus), and strawberry tongue (due to scarlet fever). The author briefly notes the recommended treatment for each type of oral lesion included. •

Pediatric Exanthems: Recognize the Rash Source: JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(4): 2930,32,35-36. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on recognizing distinct exanthems to differentiate viral and bacterial infections from rickettsial rashes, parasitic infections, drug reactions, and other reactive erythemas. The article focuses on the transmission, features, and treatment of common exanthems, including the eruptions of varicella, measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, and scarlet fever. The lesions of varicella, or chickenpox, are teardrop shaped vesicles on an erythematous base. The rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities and face. Treatment is aimed at relieving pruritus and preventing secondary infection. Measles presents with a maculopapular rash that develops approximately 2 days after the appearance of Koplik's spots. Treatment is symptomatic. Rubella, or German measles, is characterized by small maculopapules beginning on the face and spreading to the trunk and extremities. The rash of fifth disease begins with plaquelike lesions on the face that coalesce to create a slapped cheek appearance. This is followed by the development of a maculopapular rash that takes on a lacelike or reticular pattern on the arms, legs, and torso. Roseola, the most common viral exanthematous disease of childhood, is characterized by a morbilliform rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the neck, face, and extremities. The lesions of hand foot and mouth disease are thin walled, blisterlike vesicles on a red base that rapidly ulcerate. Infectious mononucleosis causes a rash in approximately 15 percent of patients. Scarlet fever presents with a punctate, erythematous rash that appears first on the trunk. Antibiotics are used to treat this disease. Treatment for measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, and infectious mononucleosis is symptomatic. Vaccines are available for varicella, measles, and rubella. 7 figures and 9 references.

Federally Funded Research on Scarlet Fever The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to scarlet fever. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to scarlet fever.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore scarlet fever. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for scarlet fever: •

Project Title: CARDIOTOXICITY OF STREPTOCOCCAL PYROGENIC EXOTOXINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schlievert, Patrick M.; Professor; Microbiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goals of this project are two fold: a) to evaluate the role of pyrogenic toxin superantigens, notably streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs, scarlet fever toxins, in causing both acute toxic shock syndrome and vascular illnesses and chronic autoimmune and allergic diseases, and b) to analyze the structure:function relationships among the SPEs and between the SPEs and the staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, with the intent of clarifying the molecular mechanisms of action of the toxins, developing toxoid vaccines, and developing useful adjuvants of the toxins. Specific aims of the present application include: a) Biochemical and immunobiological characterization of SPEs J and L, and determining the three dimensional structure of both toxins (complex structures of the SPEs with the variable part of the beta chain of the T cell receptor and major histocompatibility complex II molecules will be determined if such structures are likely to generate new data). Our role in this aim will be to characterize the new SPEs, provide toxins for structural studies, consult on the best conditions for use in crystallization, and preparation and testing mutant toxins for confirmation that important contact residues on the SPEs are required for activity; b) Characterization of SPE C's, and possibly SPE J's ability to cross mucosal surfaces. Studies will include establishment of vaginal epithelial monolayers and stratified epithelium in Transwells and evaluation of the mechanism by which the toxin(s) traverse the layers. We will also evaluate the ability of biologically inactive toxins to permeabilize the epithelium, both in vitro and in rabbits, to other agents, and thus, determine whether the toxoids may be useful as delivery agents (and possibly adjuvants) for transmucosal immunization; and c) Characterization of the mechanism of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with necrotizing fasciitis in rabbits. We hypothesize that SPEs cause both hypotension and delayed phagocytosis through exaggerated cytokine release, which in turn allows continued growth of the invasive organism with production of necrotizing fasciitis through hemolysins and protease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for scarlet fever in the PubMed Central database: •

Involvement of Enterotoxins G and I in Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome and Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever. by Jarraud S, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Bes M, Etienne J, Lina G.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85251

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Molecular Characterization of Group A Streptococcus Strains Isolated during a Scarlet Fever Outbreak. by Perea-Mejia LM, Inzunza-Montiel AE, Cravioto A.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120127

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Reactivity of Rheumatic Fever and Scarlet Fever Patients' Sera with Group A Streptococcal M Protein, Cardiac Myosin, and Cardiac Tropomyosin: a Retrospective Study. by Jones KF, Whitehead SS, Cunningham MW, Fischetti VA.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97825

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with scarlet fever, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for scarlet fever (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A case of varicella complicated by cellulitis and scarlet fever due to Streptococcus pyogenes. Author(s): Oyake S, Ohi T, Koga M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138545&dopt=Abstract

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative study of alteration in lymphocyte subsets among varicella, hand-footand-mouth disease, scarlet fever, measles, and Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Yanase Y, Tango T, Okumura K, Tada T, Kawasaki T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1987; 31(7): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501823&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the effects and side-effects of penicillin V and ampicillin in the treatment of scarlet fever. Author(s): Strom J. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1968 July; 57(4): 285-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4975304&dopt=Abstract

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A young rash on old shoulders--scarlet fever in an adult male. Author(s): Davies RJ, de Bono JP. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 2(12): 750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467691&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cholecystitis as a sequel of scarlet fever. Author(s): Dickinson SJ, Corley G, Santulli TV. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 April; 121(4): 331-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5550740&dopt=Abstract

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Acute guttate psoriasis after streptococcal scarlet fever. Author(s): Pacifico L, Renzi AM, Chiesa C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1993 December; 10(4): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8302748&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior uveitis associated with septic staphylococcal scarlet fever. Author(s): Barson WJ. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 May-June; 5(3): 385-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3725647&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-streptopolysaccharide antibody in children with rheumatic fever and scarlet fever. Author(s): Watanabe N, Mikuni K, Nakamura Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1987 December; 51(12): 1350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3327951&dopt=Abstract

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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in children with presumed streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis or scarlet fever. Author(s): Karpathios T, Drakonaki S, Zervoudaki A, Coupari G, Fretzayas A, Kremastinos J, Thomaidis T. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 November; 121(5 Pt 1): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432423&dopt=Abstract

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Arcanobacterium hemolyticum infection: confused with scarlet fever and diphtheria. Author(s): Kain KC, Noble MA, Barteluk RL, Tubbesing RH. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1991 January-April; 9(1-2): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2045646&dopt=Abstract

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Azidocillin--a new penicillin derivative. 1. Clinical investigation in treatment of scarlet fever. Author(s): Bengtsson E, Holmgren EB, Tunevall G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1969; 1(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4999682&dopt=Abstract

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Case for diagnosis: scarlet fever. Author(s): Gardiner CH, Gordon LP. Source: Military Medicine. 1979 August; 144(8): 508, 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=116163&dopt=Abstract

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Classroom outbreak of scarlet fever and acute glomerulonephritis related to type 2 (M-2, T-2) group A Streptococcus. Author(s): Anthony BF, Yamauchi T, Penso JS, Kamei I, Chapman SS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1974 March; 129(3): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4816307&dopt=Abstract

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Communicable diseases: scarlet fever. Author(s): Fraser DW. Source: Urban Health. 1975 October; 4(5): 30, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10235961&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of pathogenic factors expressed by group A Streptococci isolated from patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever. Author(s): Shiseki M, Miwa K, Nemoto Y, Kato H, Suzuki J, Sekiya K, Murai T, Kikuchi T, Yamashita N, Totsuka K, Ooe K, Shimizu Y, Uchiyama T. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1999 October; 27(4): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10502465&dopt=Abstract

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Comprehensive review of morbidity and mortality trends for rheumatic fever, streptococcal disease, and scarlet fever: the decline of rheumatic fever. Author(s): Quinn RW. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989 November-December; 11(6): 928-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2690288&dopt=Abstract

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Dendritic ulcer in scarlet fever. Author(s): Hanna LS, Yassin MW. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1978; 61(1-2): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=756438&dopt=Abstract

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Did scarlet fever and rheumatic fever exist in Hippocrates' time? Author(s): Quinn RW. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 November-December; 13(6): 1243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775859&dopt=Abstract

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Diphtheria as a model. Introduction of serums and vaccines for scarlet fever and pneumococcal pneumonia. Author(s): Dowling HF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 October 29; 226(5): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4147662&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of antibodies to streptococcal esterases in patients with scarlet fever. Author(s): Hayano S, Tanaka A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1977 January; 15(1): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=319063&dopt=Abstract

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Early retropharyngeal abscess formation after treatment of scarlet fever. Author(s): Chan TC, Hayden S. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 May-June; 14(3): 377. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8782037&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrogenic toxin type A (ETA): epidemiological analysis of gene distribution and protein formation in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes strains causing scarlet fever and the streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS). Author(s): Reichardt W, Muller-Alouf H, Kohler W. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1993 June; 279(2): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8219499&dopt=Abstract

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Findings of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains in scarlet fever. Author(s): Sourek J. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1978 November; 242(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=104478&dopt=Abstract

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Four cases of recurrent pseudo-scarlet fever caused by phenathrene alkaloids with a 6-hydroxy group (codeine and morphine). Author(s): Voorhorst R, Sparreboom S. Source: Ann Allergy. 1980 February; 44(2): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7362084&dopt=Abstract

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Geographic and temporal distribution and molecular characterization of two highly pathogenic clones of Streptococcus pyogenes expressing allelic variants of pyrogenic exotoxin A (Scarlet fever toxin). Author(s): Musser JM, Kapur V, Kanjilal S, Shah U, Musher DM, Barg NL, Johnston KH, Schlievert PM, Henrichsen J, Gerlach D, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 February; 167(2): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093623&dopt=Abstract

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Group and type distribution of beta-haemolytic streptococci in scarlet fever, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1973-1982 (a note). Author(s): Adanja B, Vlajinac H. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1985; 32(2): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904307&dopt=Abstract

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Group C beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis and scarlet fever. Author(s): Corson AP, Garagusi VF, Chretien JH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1989 September; 82(9): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2772682&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatitis and hematuria in scarlet fever. Author(s): Guven A. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 November; 69(11): 985-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503666&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with scarlet fever. Author(s): Castagnola E, Dufour C, Timitilli A, Giacchino R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 February; 70(2): 164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8129446&dopt=Abstract

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Inefficacy of a 3-day course of azithromycin in preventing acute rheumatic fever after group A streptococcal infection (scarlet fever) in an 8-year-old child. Author(s): Ghirga G, Palazzi C, Ghirga P, Turchetti G, Turchetti A, Colaiacomo M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 January; 134(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9880464&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of the scarlet fever exanthem in concurrent varicella and group A streptococcus infection. Author(s): Friedman MA, Klein JD, Eppes SC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 February; 16(2): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8443308&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of enterotoxins G and I in staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal scarlet fever. Author(s): Jarraud S, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Bes M, Etienne J, Lina G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 August; 37(8): 2446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10405382&dopt=Abstract

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Landmark article Jan 26, 1924: The etiology of scarlet fever. By George F. Dick and Gladys Henry Dick. Author(s): Dick GF, Dick GH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 December 9; 250(22): 3096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6358561&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Acute glomerulonephritis and scarlet fever caused by streptococcus pyogenes type 2 (M-2, T-2). Author(s): Rodriguez RS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1974 September; 130(3): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4606725&dopt=Abstract

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Liver damage in scarlet fever. Descriptions of two affected children. Author(s): Kocak N, Ozsoylu S, Ertugrul M, Ozdol G. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1976 May; 15(5): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1261144&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphangitis and scarlet fever after finger injury from a computer game. Author(s): Walker E. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1984 December; 34(269): 688. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6512753&dopt=Abstract

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Mitogenic factors from group G streptococci associated with scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Author(s): Assimacopoulos AP, Stoehr JA, Schlievert PM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 418: 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331611&dopt=Abstract

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Modelling the dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in the 19th century. Author(s): Duncan SR, Scott S, Duncan CJ. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(7): 619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11078118&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular characterization of group A Streptococcus strains isolated during a scarlet fever outbreak. Author(s): Perea-Mejia LM, Inzunza-Montiel AE, Cravioto A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773132&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality of persons who had scarlet fever or diphtheria 30-50 years earlier. Author(s): Westlund K, Schulz C. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1972 August; 25(8): 469-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4636341&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of scarlet fever at a hospital day care centre: analysis of strain relatedness with phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Author(s): Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Lee PI, Yang PC, Huang LM, Chang SC, Lee CY, Luh KT. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1997 July; 36(3): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253700&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of scarlet fever caused by an erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes emm22 genotype strain in a day-care center. Author(s): Espinosa de los Monteros LE, Bustos IM, Flores LV, Avila-Figueroa C. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 807-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734748&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreaks of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children: correlation of serotype T4 with scarlet fever. Author(s): Ohga S, Okada K, Mitsui K, Aoki T, Ueda K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992; 24(5): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1465577&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric management problems. What is your assessment? Scarlet fever. Author(s): Salerno J. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1996 March-April; 22(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8715851&dopt=Abstract

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Primary herpesvirus hominis infection masquerading as scarlet fever. Author(s): St Geme JW Jr, Imagawa DT. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1974 February; 84(2): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4810739&dopt=Abstract

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Profiles of fourteen specific serum proteins in children with recurrent scarlet fever. Author(s): Wiedermann D, Widermannova D, Kadlcakova E. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1979; 23(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=118213&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity of rheumatic fever and scarlet fever patients' sera with group A streptococcal M protein, cardiac myosin, and cardiac tropomyosin: a retrospective study. Author(s): Jones KF, Whitehead SS, Cunningham MW, Fischetti VA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 December; 68(12): 7132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083840&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent attacks of scarlet fever. Author(s): Chiesa C, Pacifico L, Nanni F, Orefici G. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 June; 148(6): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193698&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent pseudo-scarlatina and allergy to pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Author(s): Taylor BJ, Duffill MB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 118(6): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401416&dopt=Abstract

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Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus presenting as staphylococcal scarlet fever. Author(s): Clotet B, Parra O, Grifol M, Foz M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1987 March; 147(3): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3827441&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlatina after operations. Author(s): Severino LJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 February 4; 249(5): 589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6336812&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever among Thai children. Author(s): Sukonthaman A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1983 January; 66(1): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6339664&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever and confinement: the Edwardian debate over isolation hospitals. Author(s): Eyler JM. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1987 Spring; 61(1): 1-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3548849&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever and erysipelas in Norway during the last hundred years. Author(s): Madsen ST. Source: Infection. 1973; 1(2): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4594881&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever and group A streptococcal surgical wound infection traced to an anal carrier. Author(s): Richman DD, Breton SJ, Goldman DA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 March; 90(3): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=320297&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever and necrotizing fascitis caused by coagulase-positive hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 85. Author(s): McCloskey RV. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1973 January; 78(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4264595&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever and types of erythrogenic toxins produced by the infecting streptococcal strains. Author(s): Knoll H, Sramek J, Vrbova K, Gerlach D, Reichardt W, Kohler W. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991 December; 276(1): 94-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789905&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever associated with hepatitis--a report of two cases. Author(s): Girisch M, Heininger U. Source: Infection. 2000 July-August; 28(4): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961536&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever can mimic toxic shock syndrome. Author(s): Brook MG, Bannister BA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 December; 64(758): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256819&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever induced remission of widespread recalcitrant psoriasis. Author(s): Yahr MG, Rivero A, Rondon-Lugo AJ, Benjamini D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 March; 28(2): 142. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737814&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever presenting with jaundice. Author(s): Burton OM, Baillie EE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1978 August; 7(2): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681905&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever with acute hydrops of the gallbladder. Author(s): Challapalli M, Katerji A, Cunningham DG. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 July; 7(7): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405657&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever with hydrops of the gallbladder. Author(s): Strauss RG. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 November; 44(5): 741-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5374983&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever, Toxic-shock syndrome and the Staphylococcus. Author(s): Rahman AN, Rammelkamp CH. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1982 November-December; 284(3): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7148889&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever. Author(s): Martin DR, Clements CJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 August 22; 97(762): 578. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6591037&dopt=Abstract

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Scarlet fever. Author(s): Cleland JB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 April 24; 2(755): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5575964&dopt=Abstract

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Septic scarlet fever due to Streptococcus pyogenes cellulitis. Author(s): Shaunak S, Wendon J, Monteil M, Gordon AM. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1988 November; 69(259): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3078213&dopt=Abstract

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Septic scarlet fever in 11th decade of life. Author(s): Stein DS, Nelson KE, Pyle KR, Kelly JJ 3rd. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1987 June; 80(6): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3296229&dopt=Abstract

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Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. Author(s): Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Ries KM, Schlievert PM, Kaplan E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 July 6; 321(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2659990&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins in scarlet fever complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Brook MG, Bannister BA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 November; 67(793): 1013-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775408&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal “superantigen” erythrogenic toxins (scarlet fever toxins). Author(s): Braun MA, Gerlach D, Hartwig UF, Ozegowski JH, Romagne F, Carrel S, Kohler W, Fleischer B. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1993 March 15; 150(6): 2457-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8450222&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal pharyngitis and scarlet fever. Author(s): Breese BB. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 June; 132(6): 612-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=655147&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococci erythemas and their relationship to scarlet fever. Author(s): Gabritschewsky G. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 March; 121(3): 191-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5551868&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical scarlet fever. Author(s): Gote H, Raahave D. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1989; 78(2): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2802497&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic complications of streptococcal scarlet fever: two case reports and a review of the literature. Author(s): Robbens E, De Man M, Schurgers M, Boelaert J, Lameire N. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1986; 41(5): 311-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3825437&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal variation in bacterial disease frequency: molecular population genetic analysis of scarlet fever epidemics in Ottawa and in eastern Germany. Author(s): Musser JM, Nelson K, Selander RK, Gerlach D, Huang JC, Kapur V, Kanjilal S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 March; 167(3): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8440944&dopt=Abstract

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The conquest of scarlet fever: some Johns Hopkins contributions. Author(s): Harvey AM. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1980 August; 147(2): 53-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6997587&dopt=Abstract

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The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century. Author(s): Duncan CJ, Duncan SR, Scott S. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1996 December; 117(3): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972674&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of milk-borne scarlet fever: the case of Edwardian Brighton. Author(s): Eyler JM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1986 May; 76(5): 573-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3515978&dopt=Abstract

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The historical riddle of milk-borne scarlet fever. Author(s): Wilson LG. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1986 Fall; 60(3): 321-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530356&dopt=Abstract

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The incidence of scarlet fever. Author(s): Perks EM, Mayon-White RT. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1983 October; 91(2): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6358344&dopt=Abstract

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The re-emergence of scarlet fever? Author(s): Stegen AH. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 July 11; 97(759): 460. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6589543&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCARLET FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to scarlet fever. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to scarlet fever and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to scarlet fever: •

Erosive-throat with rash (scarlet fever), an investigation on its brief history. Author(s): Yu Y. Source: Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi. 1998 July; 28(3): 157-60. Chinese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11620484&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to scarlet fever; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Chinese Medicine Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wild Indigo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

Alternative Medicine 21

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON SCARLET FEVER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to scarlet fever. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on scarlet fever include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on scarlet fever: •

Oral and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematogenously Disseminated Systemic Infections: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 79 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL251. Summary: This monograph describes oral and dermatologic manifestations resulting from systemic infections. Written as a continuing education tool for physicians, the monograph features 26 sections, each of which includes a description of dermatologic manifestations, other clinical features, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic factors. Diseases covered include AIDS, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcoses, erythema infectiousum (Fifth disease), gonococcemia, gram-negative bacterial sepsis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, infective

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endocarditis, Kawasaki syndrome, leprosy, lyme disease, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, roseola, rubella (German measles), rubeola (measles), scarlet fever, secondary (disseminated) syphilis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), and Vibrio vulnificus infection. Each section is illustrated with full-color photographs depicting patients with manifestations of the disease under consideration. The monograph includes a glossary of illustrations to help with diagnosis and classification. The monograph concludes with a self-test and instructions for receiving continuing medical education credits. A subject index is also included. 12 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “scarlet fever” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “scarlet fever” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “scarlet fever” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Pointers to the Common Remedies: Chicken Pox, Diphtheria, Erysipelas, Herpes Zoster, Measles, Mumps, Scarlet Fever, Small-pox, Typhoid and Typhoid Conditions, Vaccination, Whooping Cough by M.L. Tyler, Douglas M. Borland (Editor) (1930); ISBN: 0946717451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946717451/icongroupinterna

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Scarlet Fever by Ron Paull (1993); ISBN: 0969724209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969724209/icongroupinterna

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Scarlet fever: a lifetime with horses by John Cusack; ISBN: 0304938777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0304938777/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

A monograph on scarlet fever Author: Parker, Edward Hazen,; Year: 1964; New York: Hall, Clayton; Co., 1859

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A treatise on the scarlatina anginosa: or what is vulgarly called the scarlet fever, or canker-rash. Replete with every thing necessary to the pathology and practice, deduced from actual experience and observation. Author: Jones, Calvin,; Year: 1780; Catskill [N. Y.] M. Croswell; Co., 1794

•

An account of the scarlet fever and sore throat; or scarlatina anginosa: particularly as it appeared at Birmingham in the year 1778. Author: Withering, William,; Year: 1957; Birmingham [Eng.] Printed by M. Swinney, for G[eorge], G[eorge]; J[ohn] Robinson, London, 1793

•

An effectual and simple remedy for scarlatina and measles: in a letter to John Simon.: with an appendix of cases Author: Witt, Charles.; Year: 1970; London: G. Philip; Son, 1858

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An inaugural dissertation on the scarlet fever, attended with an ulcerated sore-throat. Author: Williamson, Matthias Hampton.; Year: 1792; Philadelphia, Johnston; Justice, 1793

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in England and Wales since 1900, by Hilda M. Woods. Author: Woods, Hilda Mary.; Year: 1956; London, H. M. Stationery off. [Oxford, Printed by John Johnson at the University press] 1933

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Eruptive fevers: scarlet fever, measles, small-pox, etc., being a course of lectures on the exanthemata, delivered at the London Homoeopathic Hospital. Author: Drury, William Vallancey.; Year: 1934; London, Gould, 1877

•

Hydriatic treatment of scarlet fever in its different forms, or, How to save, through a systematic application of the water-cure, many thousands of lives and healths, which now annually perish [microform]: being the result of twenty-one years' exprience, and of the treatment and cure of several hundred cases of eruptive fevers Author: Munde, Carl.; Year: 1948; New York: Radde, 1862

•

Institutional outbreak of hemolytic streptococci (scarlet fever): investigation and report from the Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Los Angeles City Health Department Author: Vener, Hyman I.; Year: 1965; Los Angeles: City Board of Health Commissioners, 1939

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Observations on a particular kind of scarlet fever, that lately prevailed in and about St. Alban's: in a letter to Dr. Mead Author: Cotton, Nathaniel,; Year: 9999; London: Printed for R. Manby and H.S. Cox., 1749

•

Observations on fevers, especially those of the continued type: and on the scarlet fever attended with ulcerated sore-throat Author: Clark, John,; Year: 1933; London: Printed for the author, and sold by T. Cadell. and J. Murray., 1792

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Report on eruptive diseases of the teats and udders of cows in relation to scarlet fever in man, by professor Brown; with an appendix. Author: Great Britain. Agricultural Dept.; Year: 1957

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Report on the late epidemic of scarlet fever among children in Aldershot Camp. Author: Great Britain. Army Sanitary Committee.; Year: 1945; London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1866

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Restriction and prevention of scarlet fever. Author: Michigan. State Board of Health.; Year: 1749; [Lansing, 1877]

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Scarlatina statistics of the United States Author: Minor, Thomas C. (Thomas Chalmers),; Year: 1950; Cincinnati: R. Clarke; Co., 1875

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Scarlet fever [microform]: suggestions concerning its treatment Author: Bayles, George,; Year: 1954; New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1873

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Scarlet fever and diphtheria Author: Birch, Philip.; Year: 1952; London: John Heywood, 1882

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Scarlet fever for ten years (1860-70) in the Parish of St. George, Hanover Square Author: Aldis, C. J. B. (Charles James Berridge),; Year: 1965; London: Messrs. Churchill, 1870

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Scarlet fever, by George F. Dick. and Gladys Henry Dick. Author: Dick, George Frederick,; Year: 1953; Chicago, Ill., The Year book publishers, inc. [c1938]

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Scarlet fever; its prevention and control, by J. W. Schereschewsky. Author: Schereschewsky, Joseph Williams,; Year: 1962; Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915

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The disinfection of scarlet fever and other infectious diseases by antiseptic inunction. Author: Curgenven, John Brendon,; Year: 1931; London, Lewis, 1891

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The new hospital in Brookline, Mass. for scarlet fever and diphtheria Author: Chase, H. Lincoln.; Year: 1962; [Brookline, Mass?: s.n., 1900?]

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The sentry system, or, How to extinguish scarlet fever and small pox in the United Kingdom in three months, and the expense of this great natural benefit: containing complete diretions how any householder may prevent contagion spreading from his own house Author: Clarke, Benjamin,; Year: 1922; Hampstead: J Hewetson, 1876

•

The successful treatment of scarlet fever; also observations on the pathology & treatment of crowing inspiration in infants. Author: Hood, Peter,; Year: 1953; London, Churchill [1857]

Chapters on Scarlet Fever In order to find chapters that specifically relate to scarlet fever, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and scarlet fever using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on scarlet fever: •

Oral Bacterial Infections Source: in Eisen, D. and Lynch, D.P. Mouth: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1998. p. 92-107. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9988. Website: www.mosby.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815131054. Summary: More than 300 different bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, coliform bacteria, Kelsiella, and Pseudomonas, reside in the oral cavity and comprise what is regarded as normal oral flora. When a species of bacteria increases in number or when the host defense threshold is exceeded, disease arises. Two of the most common bacterial diseases that afflict humans are dental caries and periodontal disease. This chapter on oral bacterial infections is from a textbook on the mouth that offers information to primary care physicians and to many specialists in medicine and

Books

27

dentistry. Topics include gingivitis and periodontitis, necrotizing gingivostomatitis, tuberculosis, oral cutaneous fistulas, gonorrhea, syphilis, actinomycosis, parulis, and miscellaneous infections, including scarlet fever, diphtheria, tularemia, granuloma inguinale, leprosy, suppurative infection of the salivary glands, and noma. For each condition, the authors describe symptoms, identification, complications, and treatment. The chapter is illustrated with numerous full color photographs of the conditions under discussion. 19 figures. 46 references. •

Diseases and Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease Source: in Pinkham, J.R., et al., eds. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 54-67. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $69.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721682383. Summary: This chapter on diseases and oral manifestations of systemic disease is from a textbook on pediatric dentistry. Topics include herpetic gingivostomatitis, recurrent herpes simplex (herpes labialis), herpes zoster (chicken pox), herpangina, hand, foot and mouth disease, impetigo, scarlet fever, candidiasis, diabetes mellitus, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, sickle cell anemia, histiocytoses (hystiocytosis X), hemophilia (hemophilia A; Factor VIII deficiency), and pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. For each disease, the author reviews the causative agent, evaluation of the patient, diagnosis, and therapy. The chapter includes illustrative case studies for some of the diseases. The chapter is illustrated with numerous black and white photographs of the conditions under consideration. 9 figures. 3 tables. 41 references.

•

Red-Blue Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 122-145. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on red-blue lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This chapter focuses primarily on intravascular lesions, including developmental lesions such as hemangioma; reactive lesions, including pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, and median rhomboid glossitis; neoplasms, including erythroplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma; unknown etiology, notably geographic tongue; metabolic endocrine conditions, including vitamin B deficiencies, pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and burning mouth syndrome; infectious conditions, including scarlet fever and atrophic candidiasis; and immunologic abnormalities, including plasma cell gingivitis and drug reactions and contact allergies. A final section discusses extravascular red-blue lesions including petechiae and ecchymoses. 24 figures. 6 tables. 32 references.

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Bacterial Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 123-151. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of bacterial diseases that demonstrate oral manifestations. Diseases covered include impetigo, furuncle and carbuncle (deep staphylococcal infections of the hair follicle), acute bacterial cheilitis with ectropion, chancriform pyoderma, erysipelas, periodontal disease, simple gingivitis, hyperplastic or chronic gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis (ANUG), noma (cancrum oris), chronic periodontitis, juvenile periodontitis, periodontal abscess, parodontal pseudocysts, dental sinus tracts, dental infection as a cause of other diseases, nonodontogenic oral abscesses, scarlet fever, diphtheria, cat-scratch disease, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, congenital syphilis, yaws, tuberculosis (including lupus vulcagis), leprosy, actinomycosis, and miscellaneous bacterial infections, including anthrax, brucellosis, listeriosis, glanders, meningococcemia, granuloma inguinale, pertussis, and tularemia. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 57 figures. 100 references. (AA-M).

29

APPENDICES

31

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1691 151 812 10 0 2664

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

37

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on scarlet fever can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to scarlet fever. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to scarlet fever. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “scarlet fever”:

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Other guides Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Children's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childrenshealth.html Impetigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/impetigo.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to scarlet fever, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Disease Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/groupastreptococcal_g.htm Group B Strep Disease: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/groupBstrep/gbs/gen_public_faq.htm Group B Streptococcal Disease (GBS) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/groupbstrep_g.htm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms FDA Clears New Lab Test for Group B Strep in Pregnant Women Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01172.html Strep Screen/Throat Culture Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=nemours&article_set=22876&lic=16&c at_id=128 Strep Throat Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/strep/test.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Bone and Joint Infections: Potentially Serious, but Treatable Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00342

Patient Resources

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Group B Strep Disease: Adult Disease Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/groupBstrep/gbs/gen_public_adult.htm Necrotizing Fasciitis/Myositis (Flesh-Eating Disease) Source: Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/publicat/info/necro_e.html Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00629 Rheumatic Fever Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00250 Scarlet Fever Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/scarletfever_g.htm Scarlet Fever and Heart Problems Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00273 Strep Throat Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00260 Strep Throat (Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis) Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=%5C%5CTANQUERA Y&mstr=/M_ContentItem/ZZZ0N6CK1AC.html&soc=AMA&srch_typ=NAV_SER CH Sydenham Chorea (Saint Vitus Dance) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/sydenham.htm Toxic Shock Syndrome Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/toxic_shock.html •

Children Scarlet Fever Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/scarlet_fever.html Scoop on Strep Throat Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/strep_throat.html Strep Throat (Group A Streptococci Infections) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Group A Streptococcal Infections Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/strep.htm Subversive Strep Bug Strategy Revealed Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2003/niaid-28.htm

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Men Group B Strep Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_679.asp

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Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: What a Parent Needs to Know Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/691.xml Study Finds Evidence Prenatal Screening Is Most Effective Strategy to Prevent Newborn Strep B Infections Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020724b.htm

•

Research Natural Microbial Compounds May Control Strep and Staph Infections Source: Agricultural Research Service http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2000/000103.htm Research Reveals How Strep Bacterium Evades Immune System Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/niaid-27.htm Scientists Reveal Secrets of Infectious Childhood Heart Disease Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2002/niaid-25.htm Subversive Strep Bug Strategy Revealed Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2003/niaid-28.htm Viruses Help Strep Bacteria Turn Deadly Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/niaid-15.htm

Patient Resources

•

41

Teenagers Strep Throat Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

•

Women Group B Strep Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_679.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on scarlet fever. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Silence Isn't Always Golden Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) Information Clearinghouse. 1994. (brochure and 2 cards). Contact: Available from National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Item Number DC-112. Summary: This brochure encourages parents to be aware of their baby's hearing and to talk with a health care provider about any concerns they may have. It includes two cards: a baby's hearing checklist, consisting of questions categorized by the baby's age (birth to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, and 6 to 10 months); and a list of questions to answer and discuss with the baby's doctor. Questions cover family history of hearing problems; birth history; problems with ear infections; and medical history, including experience with scarlet fever, allergies, or meningitis. A brief glossary of terms is also included. This brochure is available in English, Spanish and Vietnamese versions. There is also a special version designed for Native Americans.

42

Scarlet Fever

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to scarlet fever. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to scarlet fever. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with scarlet fever. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about scarlet fever. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

Patient Resources

43

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “scarlet fever” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “scarlet fever”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “scarlet fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “scarlet fever” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

45

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

47

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

50

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

51

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on scarlet fever: •

Basic Guidelines for Scarlet Fever Scarlet fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000974.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Scarlet Fever Acute abdomen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm

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Scarlet Fever

Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hypotension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Macule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Petechiae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Scarlet Fever ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm Antibody titer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003333.htm ASO Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003522.htm Febrile/cold agglutinins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003549.htm Throat culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003746.htm

•

Background Topics for Scarlet Fever Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm

Online Glossaries 53

Macules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

55

SCARLET FEVER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH]

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Scarlet Fever

Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections,

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toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up

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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbuncle: An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cat-Scratch Disease: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by Bartonella henselae. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH]

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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials

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including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cutaneous Fistula: An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ

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to the surface of the body. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting

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the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH]

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Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma

Dictionary 65

glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that destroy blood cells; they may be antibodies or other immunologic factors, toxins, enzymes, etc.; hemotoxins are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and

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disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]

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Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries

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cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is

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termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action

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toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH]

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Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of

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health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrogenic: Inducing fever. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiratory Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scarlatina: Scarlet fever. [EU] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin.

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Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small-pox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH]

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Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptococcus pyogenes: A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. Unlike the docile strains that cause strep throat, however, the virulent strains penetrate deep into the body, with catastrophic results. It has been demonstrated that invasive streptococcus A infections can trigger a toxic shock syndrome, chew up muscle (myositis), or destroy the sheath that covers the muscle (fasciitis, necrotizing). [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surgical Wound Infection: Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

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Syphilis, Congenital: Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction

Dictionary 77

of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculosis, Oral: Tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate

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phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH]

79

INDEX A Abdomen, 51, 55, 58, 67, 76 Abscess, 4, 9, 55, 70 Actin, 55, 69, 77 Actinomycosis, 27, 28, 55 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 27, 55 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 55 Acute renal, 55, 65 Agglutinins, 52, 55 Algorithms, 55, 57 Alkaloid, 55, 69 Alternative medicine, 55 Amber, 55, 66 Amino Acid Sequence, 55, 56 Amino Acids, 55, 62, 70, 72, 76 Ampicillin, 7, 55 Anal, 14, 56 Analgesic, 56, 59, 69, 70 Analytes, 38, 56 Anaplasia, 56 Anatomical, 56, 61, 67 Anemia, 27, 56, 71 Anergy, 56, 75 Anthrax, 28, 56 Antibacterial, 56, 61 Antibiotic, 55, 56, 58, 62, 70 Antibodies, 9, 55, 56, 65, 68, 71 Antibody, 7, 52, 56, 59, 66 Antigen, 55, 56, 59, 65, 66 Antiseptic, 26, 56 Anus, 56 Aphthous Stomatitis, 3, 56 Aqueous, 56, 57, 67 Arterial, 56, 72 Arteries, 56, 57, 60, 69 Attenuated, 56, 77 Atypical, 56, 66 Azithromycin, 11, 56 B Bacillus, 56, 57, 58 Bacteria, 26, 40, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77 Bacterial Infections, 4, 26, 28, 38, 57 Bacteriostatic, 57, 62 Bacterium, 40, 57, 58, 65, 76 Base, 4, 57, 67, 76 Benign, 57, 64, 70, 73 Bile, 57, 63, 67

Bile Pigments, 57, 67 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 24, 33, 57 Blastomycosis, 23, 57 Blood Cell Count, 57, 71 Blood pressure, 57, 65 Blood vessel, 57, 65, 68, 74, 76, 77 Body Fluids, 57, 61 Bone Marrow, 55, 57, 66, 68, 69 Bowel, 56, 58, 67 Branch, 49, 58, 68, 70, 74 Broad-spectrum, 55, 58 Bronchiseptica, 58, 71 Brucellosis, 28, 58 Buccal, 58, 67 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 27, 58 C Calcium, 58, 59, 77, 78 Candidiasis, 23, 27, 58 Candidosis, 58 Carbuncle, 28, 58 Cardiac, 6, 13, 58, 62, 69 Case report, 17, 58 Cat-Scratch Disease, 28, 58 Celiac Disease, 3, 58 Cell, 5, 27, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 75, 78 Cell Division, 57, 59, 71 Cellulitis, 6, 15, 59 Cervical, 59, 73 Chancroid, 28, 59 Cheilitis, 28, 59 Chickenpox, 4, 16, 24, 59 Cholecystitis, 7, 59 Chronic, 3, 5, 12, 28, 57, 59, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76 Clinical trial, 5, 33, 59 Cloning, 57, 59 Coccidioidomycosis, 23, 59 Codeine, 10, 59, 70 Cofactor, 59, 72 Complement, 59, 60, 68 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 21, 60 Complementary medicine, 19, 60 Complete remission, 60, 73 Computational Biology, 33, 60 Congestion, 60, 62 Connective Tissue, 58, 59, 60, 68, 71, 73

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Contraindications, ii, 60 Cornea, 60, 73, 77 Coronary, 60, 69 Coronary Thrombosis, 60, 69 Coxsackieviruses, 60, 64 Cryptosporidiosis, 57, 60 Crystallization, 5, 60 Cutaneous, 23, 27, 56, 57, 58, 60, 67 Cutaneous Fistula, 27, 60 Cytokine, 5, 61 D Databases, Bibliographic, 33, 61 Day Care, 12, 61 Degenerative, 61, 65 Dental Care, 61, 70 Dental Caries, 26, 61, 63 Diabetes Mellitus, 27, 61, 64, 65 Diagnostic procedure, 61 Diarrhea, 60, 61, 62 Diphtheria, 8, 9, 12, 24, 26, 27, 28, 61 Direct, iii, 61, 73 Disinfection, 26, 61 Duct, 3, 61, 72, 73 Dura mater, 61, 68, 70 E Electrons, 57, 61, 67 Enamel, 3, 61, 63 Endocarditis, 24, 58, 61 Endocardium, 61, 62 Enterotoxins, 5, 6, 11, 16, 62 Environmental Health, 32, 34, 62 Enzymatic, 58, 60, 61, 62 Enzyme, 62, 72, 78 Eosinophilia, 62, 63 Epidemic, 25, 62 Epidemiologic Factors, 23, 62 Epidemiological, 9, 25, 62 Epidermis, 62, 72, 74 Epithelial, 5, 62, 65 Epithelial Cells, 62, 65 Epithelium, 5, 62 Erysipelas, 14, 24, 28, 62 Erythema, 23, 51, 62 Erythrocytes, 56, 57, 62, 72 Erythromycin, 12, 56, 62 Erythroplakia, 27, 62 Exotoxin, 10, 62, 74 Extensor, 62, 72 Extravascular, 27, 62 F Family Planning, 33, 62 Fasciitis, 5, 39, 63, 75

Fibroblasts, 63 Fibrosarcoma, 63 Fluorine, 63 Fluorosis, 3, 63 Fold, 5, 63 Forearm, 57, 63 Fungi, 63, 69, 74, 77 Fungus, 58, 59, 63 G Gallbladder, 15, 59, 63 Gene, 9, 24, 57, 63 Genotype, 12, 63 Gland, 3, 63, 68, 75 Glanders, 28, 63 Glomerular, 63 Glomeruli, 63 Glomerulonephritis, 8, 11, 39, 63 Glossitis, 27, 63 Glottis, 64, 71 Glucose, 61, 64 Glucose Intolerance, 61, 64 Gluten, 58, 64 Gonorrhea, 27, 28, 64 Governing Board, 64, 71 Graft, 64, 65 Gram-negative, 23, 58, 64 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 23, 64 Gram-positive, 64, 74, 75 Granuloma, 27, 28, 64, 68 Granuloma Inguinale, 27, 28, 64, 68 Growth, 5, 56, 57, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 77 H Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 27, 64 Headache, 52, 64, 77 Hematuria, 10, 64 Hemoglobin, 56, 57, 62, 64 Hemolysins, 5, 65 Hemolytic, 10, 12, 14, 25, 63, 65, 66, 75 Hemorrhage, 64, 65, 72 Hepatitis, 10, 14, 65, 66 Hepatocytes, 65 Hepatomegaly, 65, 66 Heredity, 63, 65 Herpes, 4, 24, 27, 65 Herpes Zoster, 24, 27, 65 Hormonal, 65, 78 Hormone, 65, 78 Host, 26, 58, 65, 66 Hydrogen, 57, 65, 69 Hyperbilirubinemia, 65, 67 Hypotension, 5, 52, 65

Index 81

I Id, 9, 19, 38, 39, 42, 48, 50, 65 Immune response, 56, 65, 66, 68, 75, 78 Immune Sera, 65, 66 Immune system, 65, 66, 68, 78 Immunization, 5, 66 Immunodeficiency, 27, 66 Immunologic, 27, 65, 66 Immunologic Factors, 65, 66 Impetigo, 27, 28, 38, 66 In vitro, 5, 66 In vivo, 66 Incision, 66, 67, 75 Incubation, 66, 71 Incubation period, 66, 71 Indicative, 24, 66, 70, 77 Infarction, 60, 66, 69 Infectious Mononucleosis, 4, 23, 66, 69 Infiltration, 63, 66 Inflammation, 56, 59, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77 Ingestion, 3, 56, 66 Inhalation, 59, 66 Intestinal, 58, 60, 62, 67, 68, 78 Intestine, 58, 65, 67, 75 Intracellular, 64, 66, 67, 73 Intravascular, 27, 67 Invasive, 5, 67, 75 Ions, 57, 65, 67 J Jaundice, 15, 65, 67 K Kb, 32, 67 Keratolytic, 61, 67 L Leprosy, 24, 27, 28, 67 Lesion, 4, 57, 64, 67, 69, 77 Leukemia, 67 Leukocytosis, 58, 67 Library Services, 48, 67 Lipopolysaccharide, 64, 67 Lipoprotein, 64, 67 Liquor, 67, 72 Liver, 11, 57, 63, 65, 67, 78 Localized, 59, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 77 Lupus, 28, 67 Lyme Disease, 24, 67 Lymph, 59, 66, 67, 68, 73 Lymph node, 59, 68, 73 Lymphadenopathy, 66, 68 Lymphatic, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76 Lymphatic system, 67, 68, 73, 76

Lymphoblastic, 68 Lymphoblasts, 55, 68 Lymphocyte, 7, 56, 68 Lymphocyte Subsets, 7, 68 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 64, 68 Lymphoid, 56, 68 M Maculopapular, 4, 68 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 5, 68 Malabsorption, 58, 68 Malaise, 52, 58, 68 Malignant, 63, 68, 70, 73 Medical Records, 68, 73 MEDLINE, 33, 68 Membrane, 56, 60, 64, 68, 69, 71, 73 Meninges, 61, 68 Meningitis, 41, 68 Metastasis, 69 MI, 53, 69 Micro-organism, 61, 69 Molecular, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 33, 35, 55, 57, 60, 69 Molecule, 56, 57, 59, 69, 72 Monocytes, 69 Mononuclear, 63, 64, 66, 69 Mononucleosis, 4, 69 Morphine, 10, 59, 69, 70 Mouth Ulcer, 3, 69 Mucocutaneous, 69, 76 Mucosa, 27, 28, 58, 67, 69 Muscle Fibers, 69, 76 Myocarditis, 61, 69 Myocardium, 69 Myosin, 6, 13, 69, 77 Myositis, 39, 69, 75 N Narcotic, 69 Necrosis, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72 Need, 3, 23, 26, 43, 69 Neoplasm, 70, 73 Nervous System, 64, 67, 69, 70, 75 Neurologic, 70, 76 Nuclei, 61, 70, 73 O Opium, 69, 70 Oral Manifestations, 27, 28, 70 P Pachymeningitis, 69, 70 Pancreatic, 70, 72 Papule, 68, 70 Parasite, 70 Parasitic, 4, 60, 70, 73

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Paroxysmal, 70, 71, 78 Partial remission, 70, 73 Patch, 62, 70 Pathogenesis, 8, 27, 70 Pathologic, 27, 58, 60, 65, 70, 72 Patient Education, 41, 46, 48, 53, 70 Pediatric Dentistry, 27, 70 Penicillin, 7, 8, 55, 70 Peptide, 70, 72, 75 Periodontal Abscess, 28, 70 Periodontal disease, 26, 28, 70 Periodontitis, 27, 28, 70, 71 Peripheral Nerves, 67, 71 Pernicious, 27, 71 Pernicious anemia, 27, 71 Pertussis, 28, 71, 78 Petechiae, 27, 52, 71 Phagocytosis, 5, 71 Pharmacologic, 71, 76 Pharyngitis, 10, 12, 16, 39, 71, 73 Physiologic, 71, 72 Plague, 71, 77 Plants, 55, 64, 71, 74, 76 Plasma, 27, 56, 64, 71 Plasma cells, 56, 71 Posterior, 56, 71, 73 Practice Guidelines, 34, 71 Precursor, 62, 72, 78 Progressive, 64, 69, 72 Protease, 5, 72 Protein S, 24, 57, 62, 72 Proteins, 13, 55, 56, 59, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Protozoa, 72, 74, 77 Pruritus, 4, 72 Pseudocysts, 28, 72 Psoriasis, 7, 15, 72 Public Policy, 33, 72 Publishing, 3, 6, 72 Purpura, 10, 72 Purulent, 55, 70, 72, 77 Pustular, 66, 72 Pyoderma, 28, 72 Pyogenic, 27, 72 Pyrogenic, 5, 10, 72 R Receptor, 5, 56, 72, 75 Red blood cells, 62, 65, 72 Refer, 1, 58, 59, 63, 65, 69, 73 Regional lymph node, 58, 73 Remission, 15, 73 Respiratory Mucosa, 63, 73

Reticular, 4, 73 Retina, 73, 77 Retrospective, 6, 13, 73 Retrospective study, 13, 73 Rickets, 73, 78 Rickettsiae, 73, 77 Rubella, 4, 24, 73 S Saliva, 73 Salivary, 3, 27, 73, 77 Salivary glands, 27, 73, 77 Sarcoma, 27, 63, 73 Scarlatina, 13, 25, 73 Sclera, 73, 77 Scleroderma, 63, 73 Screening, 40, 59, 74 Sedative, 59, 74 Sepsis, 23, 74 Septic, 7, 15, 16, 74 Serum, 13, 59, 65, 74 Shock, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 39, 74, 75, 76 Side effect, 74, 76 Signs and Symptoms, 73, 74 Skull, 74, 76 Small-pox, 24, 25, 74 Smooth muscle, 69, 74, 75 Sneezing, 71, 74 Soft tissue, 57, 63, 74 Spasmodic, 71, 74 Specialist, 42, 74 Species, 26, 55, 57, 62, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77 Spirochete, 67, 74, 75 Splenomegaly, 66, 74 Spores, 59, 74 Staphylococcal Infections, 28, 74 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 24, 74 Staphylococcus, 10, 13, 14, 15, 26, 58, 66, 74, 75 Staphylococcus aureus, 10, 13, 14, 26, 58, 66, 75 Stimulus, 75, 76 Streptococcal, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 38, 39, 40, 75 Streptococcal Infections, 16, 38, 40, 75 Streptococci, 8, 10, 12, 16, 25, 39, 66, 73, 75 Streptococcus, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 62, 63, 75 Streptococcus pyogenes, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 75 Stress, 3, 75

Index 83

Subacute, 66, 68, 75 Subclinical, 66, 75 Subcutaneous, 58, 59, 75 Subspecies, 74, 75, 78 Substance P, 62, 75 Superantigens, 5, 75 Suppurative, 27, 59, 75 Surgical Wound Infection, 14, 75 Symptomatic, 4, 75 Syphilis, 24, 27, 28, 75, 76 Syphilis, Congenital, 28, 76 Systemic, 17, 23, 27, 57, 58, 61, 66, 74, 76, 78 Systemic disease, 27, 76 T Temporal, 10, 17, 76 Thorax, 55, 76 Threshold, 26, 76 Thrombosis, 72, 76 Thymus, 66, 68, 76 Ticks, 67, 76 Tissue, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76 Tonsillitis, 73, 76 Toxic, iv, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 39, 61, 62, 65, 75, 76 Toxicology, 34, 76 Toxins, 5, 14, 16, 56, 65, 66, 76 Toxoid, 5, 76 Toxoplasmosis, 57, 76 Transfection, 57, 76 Transfer Factor, 66, 76 Translation, 62, 76 Translocation, 62, 76 Transplantation, 66, 68, 76 Trauma, 3, 64, 69, 76

Tropomyosin, 6, 13, 76, 77 Troponin, 77 Tuberculosis, 27, 28, 67, 77 Tuberculosis, Oral, 27, 77 Tularemia, 27, 28, 77 Typhoid fever, 24, 77 U Ulcer, 3, 9, 59, 77 Ulceration, 63, 77 Unconscious, 65, 77 Urine, 64, 77 Urogenital, 64, 77 Uvea, 77 Uveitis, 7, 77 V Vaccines, 4, 5, 9, 77, 78 Vagina, 58, 77 Vaginal, 5, 77 Vaginitis, 58, 77 Varicella, 4, 6, 7, 11, 24, 77 Vascular, 5, 66, 77 Venereal, 75, 77, 78 Venous, 57, 72, 77 Vesicular, 64, 65, 74, 77 Veterinary Medicine, 33, 77 Villous, 58, 77 Viral, 4, 39, 41, 64, 77 Virulent, 75, 77 Virus, 4, 27, 59, 60, 66, 73, 74, 77, 78 Vitamin D, 3, 73, 78 Vitro, 78 W White blood cell, 55, 56, 66, 68, 71, 78 Whooping Cough, 24, 71, 78 Y Yaws, 28, 78

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Scarlet Fever