YELLOW FEVER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Yellow Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84247-7 1. Yellow Fever-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on yellow fever. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Yellow Fever.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 30 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND YELLOW FEVER ............................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding Nutrition Studies on Yellow Fever ................................................................................ 81 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 83 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND YELLOW FEVER ......................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 85 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 89 General References ....................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON YELLOW FEVER ........................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Dissertations on Yellow Fever ..................................................................................................... 91 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON YELLOW FEVER ...................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patents on Yellow Fever............................................................................................................... 93 Patent Applications on Yellow Fever........................................................................................... 98 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON YELLOW FEVER ....................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 101 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 102 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 104 Chapters on Yellow Fever .......................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON YELLOW FEVER............................................................................. 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 107 Bibliography: Multimedia on Yellow Fever ............................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON YELLOW FEVER.......................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 109 Academic Periodicals covering Yellow Fever............................................................................. 111 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 113 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 114 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 119 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123
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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 123 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 128 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 131 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 131 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 131 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 137 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 140 YELLOW FEVER DICTIONARY ................................................................................................ 141 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with yellow fever is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about yellow fever, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to yellow fever, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on yellow fever. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to yellow fever, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on yellow fever. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on yellow fever.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and yellow fever, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Preventing 'Turista' and Other Travelers' Ailments Source: FDA Consumer. 25(2): 24-27. March 1991. Summary: This article reviews the problems of travelers' diarrhea, malaria, and other diseases and medical conditions that travelers might encounter. The author discusses precautionary and preventive measures and vaccines and drugs available to treat the diseases. In addition to diarrhea and malaria, the author considers schistosomiasis, giardiasis, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis B, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Contact information for the Centers for Disease Control and information on obtaining their resource guide on health information for international travel are included.
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Federally Funded Research on Yellow Fever The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to yellow fever. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to yellow fever. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore yellow fever. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for yellow fever: •
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF OVARY-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS IN MOSQUITOES Principal Investigator & Institution: Edwards, Marten J.; Zoology; Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, Oh 43015 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 01-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Mosquitoes are essential for the transmission of several human diseases, including malaria, yellow fever and viral encephalitis. As part of an integrated approach to infectious disease control, it is important to understand the role of mosquitoes in disease transmission. Recently, the powerful tool of germ-line transformation has been developed for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The proposed research will employ ovary-specific vitelline envelope gene promoters to drive the expression of foreign genes in transgenic mosquitoes following a blood meal. The ability of these promoters to drive the expression of foreign genes in the ovary will be tested with the use of a fluorescent reporter gene. It is expected that fluorescence will be detected in the mosquito ovaries following a blood meal. The vitelline envelope genes are regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone. This transgenic system will also allow for a precise study of the mechanism by which this steroid hormone regulates gene expression in the ovary. Despite intensive control efforts in the Upper Midwestern States, LaCrosse encephalitis virus remains a significant public health problem. The virus is maintained and amplified via the mechanism of transovarial transmission by its mosquito host. In the proposed research, vitelline envelope promoters will be fused to a recombinant single-chain antibody against LaCrosse virus. This construct will be introduced into the mosquito germ line using a Mariner or Hermes transformation vector. This strategy will facilitate the in vivo expression of an anti-LaCrosse protein in mosquito ovaries. The recombinant antibody clone will be constructed by methods that will employ an existing hybridoma cell line that expresses a monoclonal antibody against LaCrosse virus surface glycoprotems. This will be an important part of ongoing research to understand the molecular interactions between mosquitoes and viral pathogens, particularly the role of transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus through mosquito populations.
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIVIRAL AGENTS FOR FLAVIVIRUS INFECTIONS OF BIOTERROR Principal Investigator & Institution: Block, Timothy M.; Professor and Director; Biochem & Molecular Pharmacol; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a proposal to identify and develop a new class of antiviral compounds, we call "glucovirs", for the treatment of members of the flaviviridae family such as West Nile Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever (WNEV, YFV respectively) and Powassan viruses (PV) that have been identified as being of bioterror concern. The candidate compounds are imino sugar glucose mimetics (hence, "glucovirs") that competitively inhibit the cellular endoplasmic reticular (EA) glycanprocessing enzyme, glucosidase. We have shown that viruses that gain their envelopes from the ER, such as members of the flavi and hepadnavirus families, share a common vulnerable step in their life cycle: extreme dependency upon ER glucosidase function as compared with most cellular functions. Since the flaviviruses of bioterror potential are difficult or dangerous to grow in tissue culture, but the flavivirus family member bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is easily quantified in tissue culture, we have been using BVDV as a surrogate. We have already identified orally available glucovirs with in vitro selectivity indexes of 50, but flaws in these compounds make it desirable to identify compounds with better physical properties. Therefore, rationally designed glucosidase inhibitors will first be tested for the ability to inhibit BVDV, in a standard yield reduction assay. Compounds meeting a set criteria of selectivity will be tested for antiviral activity against YFV, WNEV and PV by our collaborator, in a tissue culture and, if appropriate, small rodent models. In future studies (beyond the discovery program), lead compounds, meeting synthesis and efficacy standards, will then be placed in a development pathway including animal PK/toxicity and ultimately, if appropriate, human trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANTIVIRAL DRUG DELIVERY WITH LYOPHILIZED PLATELETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fischer, Thomas H.; Research Associate Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research program is to deliver antiviral therapeutics to macrophages that are infected with the single strand RNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers and hepatitis. Our strategy is to use rehydrated, lyophilized (RL) platelets to deliver ribavirin to the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) that are involved in the initial stage of viral infection, as well as macrophages at sites of vascular injury in the later acute-hemorrhagic phase of infection. Viruses of the Arenaviridea (e.g., Lassa fever virus), Filoviridae (e.g., Ebola and Marburg viruses), Bunyaviridae (e.g., Rift Valley virus) and Flaviviridae (e.g., Yellow fever virus) families cause viral-induced cellular damage to vascular tissues that result in hemorrhage. Similarly, hepatitis C virus (a Flaviviridae family member) propagation is frequently associated with bleedingintensive hepatic surgeries. Ribavirin, as a broad-spectrum antiviral RNA mutagen, holds promise for the treatment of these
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hemorrhage-associated viruses. However, adverse toxicities have limited the clinical use of this ribonucleoside as an antiviral chemotherapeutic. We seek to increase the therapeutic efficacy of ribavirin by using RL platelets to deliver the ribonucleoside. The intrinsic hemostatic function of RL platelets will thus concentrate the ribavirin in the microenvironment of the virus for increased chemotherapeutic efficacy; in RES and vascular wound site macrophages. Goal of the proposed research- Two specific research aims are proposed in this application. First, we will optimize the method for covalently attaching ribavirin to RL platelets in a form that is releasable in the low pH environment of the macrophage phagosome Secondly, the pharmokinetics of ribavirin delivery to elements of the RES and wound sites will be characterized. Overall Scope of the program. We anticipate that the proposed research will form the basis for studies (beyond the scope of this proposal) with non-human primates that will access the therapeutic utility of ribavirin loaded RL platelets as antiviral agents for the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers. The results of this research program hold promise for providing badly needed therapeutics for hemorrhagic fevers and hepatitis, and thus have biodefense as well as first and third worm public health implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSEMBLY OF ENVELOPED VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Richard J.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A fundamental process carried out by all viruses is the assembly of the virion. A detailed understanding of this process will be invaluable of effective antiviral strategies as well as providing insight into basic macromolecular process. The proposed project will investigate the assembly of enveloped viruses. The research will span two families of structurally related viruses: the flaviviruses and togaviruses. The flaviviruses comprise a family of plus-strand RNA viruses, many of which cause significant disease in humans. This proposal will focus on yellow fever virus and hepatitis C virus. In addition, our study of togavirus assembly will be devoted to rubella virus, the sole member of the rubrivirus genus. We propose to investigate the process by which these viruses assembly their inner nucleocapsid core and the subsequent association of the core with transmembrane glycoproteins. A multi- disciplinary approach will be employed to investigate this assembly process. This approach will entail the use of molecular genetics, biochemistry and structural techniques to probe the mechanism of virus assembly and to ultimately describe the process in atomic detail. In collaboration with Tim Baker's laboratory, we will use cryo electron microscopy and image reconstructions to Rossmann's laboratory, we will carry out crystallographic experiments to determine the atomic structure of the nucleocapsid proteins and in vitro assembled nucleocapsid cores. In parallel, we will use NMR techniques, in collaboration with Carol Post, to probe the structure of capsid proteins. We will carry out biochemical studies on purified capsid proteins produced in E. coli. These studies will examine the processes of capsid-capsid interaction, capsid-nucleic acid interaction, core assembly and capsid-glycoprotein interaction. We will also perform molecular genetic studies on yellow fever and rubella to examine structure-function relationships in these capsid proteins and their role in the virus life cycle. The proposed research will advanced our knowledge of virus assembly, macromolecular interactions, and serve as a paradigm for the molecular mechanism of virus and cellular budding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHIMERIC HEPATITIS C VACCINE VECTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Nunberg, Jack H.; Director & Professor; None; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 170 million persons are infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are at risk for liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family, which also includes the Flavivirus and Pestivirus genera. Molecular analysis of these latter genera has been facilitated by the ability to manipulate the complementary DNA genomes of these RNA viruses and to generate infectious virions that can be analyzed in cell culture. Viable chimeric Flaviviruses can be readily generated, and those expressing the envelope glycoproteins of pathogenic Flaviviruses within the nonpathogenic background of the 17D vaccine strain of the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) have been shown to be safe and effective live vaccines. Efforts to understand the HCV life-cycle and to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines have been hindered by the inability to grow the virus in cell culture or in small animal models. Although restrictions on the in vitro propagation of HCV include those related to the interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular receptor(s), additional barriers may include those that arise during the intracellular trafficking and assembly of the virion proteins. In this Small Research Grant proposal, we describe pilot studies to utilize the backbone of the strain 17D YFV vector to express the HCV envelope glycoproteins and develop a robust in vitro system to study HCV structure, function, and immunology. Specific Aims are: (1) to generate recombinant strain 17D YFV genomes bearing the HCV envelope glycoprotein genes, and (2) to assess the structural integrity of the HCV envelope glycoproteins and the ability of chimeric virion particles to be assembled and secreted. We will determine whether the chimeric virions are able to infect human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Recombinant genomes may serve as a source of native HCV envelope glycoprotein complex for biochemical analysis. If chimeric virions are assembled and secreted, then the HCV envelope glycoproteins may mediate entry into appropriate target cells. Viable chimeric viruses will enable the study in cell culture of HCV binding and entry, as well as virion assembly and morphogenesis, and may provide a starting point towards the development of an attenuated HCV vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHIMERIC YELLOW FEVER/WEST NILE VIRUS:CANDIDATE VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahmed, Rafi; Director; Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to develop a safe and effective vaccine against West Nile virus infection. West Nile virus (WNV) has recently attracted considerable attention because of the outbreak in New York City in the summer of 1999. The virus has since been isolated from mosquitos and birds in Connecticut. suggesting that it may have established itself, and the possibility of future outbreaks can therefore not be excluded. In fact, a recent survey of 2,300 mosquitoes identified several samples that were positive in a PCR assay designed to detect WNV RNA. This suggest that the virus may have survived the winter. Control of WNV spread is severely hampered by the fact that a vaccine is not available. On the other hand, the paradigm for flavivirus vaccines is the YFV-17D vaccine strain. The YFV-17D vaccine strain is a live, attenuated
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virus vaccine, provides effective immunity against pathogenic YFV strains and has an excellent safety record. Here, we propose to construct a chimeric YF/WN virus and test this as a candidate vaccine against WNV in both mouse and monkey challenge models. The chimeric virus would be expected to induce both neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against the WNV prM/E proteins. The main goal of this project to generate a putative WNV vaccine that is optimally balanced in terms of attenuation and immunogenicity. The emphasis of this study will therefore be on these two aspects. The Specific Aims that we want to pursue are as follows: (i) To construct chimeric, recombinant viruses based on the YFV-17D genome, that express West Nile virus premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins. (ii) To test the attenuation and immunogenicity of the chimeric viruses and their ability to confer protective immunity against West Nile virus infection in immune and monkey models (iii) To test whether pre-existing immunity against YFV-17D will interfere with the immunogenicity and efficacy of a subsequent YF/WN vaccination and vice versa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MURINE FLV GENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brinton, Margo A.; Professor; Biology; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Approximately 40 murine genes have been shown to control resistance to various virus infections, but only one of these, the Mx gene has so far been cloned and sequenced. In mice, resistance to flavivirus-induced morbidity and mortality is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Although the molecular basis for the observed functional differences between the resistant and susceptible alleles of the Flv gene is not known, our recent data suggest that the product of the Flv gene functions at the level of flavivirus RNA synthesis. Data from both yellow fever virus and dengue virus outbreaks have suggested the possible existence of a human Flv homolog. A previous multipoint linkage analysis mapped the flavivirus resistance gene, Flv, within a 0.45 cM segment on mouse chromosome 5 between loci D5Mit408 and D5Mit242. Tight linkage between the D5Mit159 locus and the Flv gene was observed. We propose to positionally clone the Flv gene. BAC clones from the D5Mit159 region will first be selected and aligned and then the transcriptional units within these BAC clones will be identified. Complete cDNA sequences of candidate genes will then be obtained by direct selection and by exon trapping. The cDNAs obtained will be sequenced and primers designed from their termini will be used to amplify cDNAs for the alleles from congenic resistant and susceptible mouse cells. The sequences of pairs of "resistant" and "susceptible" cDNAs will be determined and compared and the proteins expressed from them will be functionally tested in an in vivo assay for a dominant, negative effect on flavivirus replication. Studies of the mechanism of this natural viral resistance will be initiated after the identification of the Flv gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COBRE:CENTER FOR MOLECULAR AND TUMOR VIROLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: O'callaghan, Dennis J.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this proposal submitted under the NIH IDEA Program is to promote sustainable improvements in research
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competitiveness and infrastructure at the LSU Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) by establishing the Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE): Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology. Four senior virologists working in molecular, tumor, and immunological virology will serve as mentors to five junior level faculty members (one to be recruited in Year 2) to enhance their competitiveness for national funding and to increase the productivity of their developing research programs. A detailed plan to mentor these junior investigators with well-defined criteria to assess the development and competitiveness of their research programs is presented. The plan stresses close interaction of the mentors and junior faculty investigators and will create a Cell Culture and Molecular Analysis Core Facility that will complement the state-of-the-art services of the LSUHSC Research Core Facilities. In addition, an External Advisory Committee comprised of internationally recognized virologists, four being members of the National Academy of Sciences, will serve as reviewers of the Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology to provide oversight and peer review of the ongoing research projects and to offer suggestions that would contribute to the excellence of the Center. The Center is multidisciplinary as the projects of the junior faculty P.l.s interface with ongoing research in the Depts. of Medicine (viral diseases) and Physiology (altered endothelium) and our Cancer (tumor virology) and Arthritis (inflammation) Centers and address the mechanisms of different disease states resulting from viral infection. These diseases include herpesvirus induced severe inflammatory disease, cytomegalovirus induced alterations in endothelial cells leading to cardiovascular disease, molecular pathogenesis of yellow fever, and the role of polyamine metabolism in Epstein Barr virus lymphomagenesis. The Center has a thematic scientific focus in that molecular approaches applied to models of these disease states seek to elucidate the varied means by which viral gene products alter the cell and orchestrate events that result in disease. All four P.I.s are well trained in molecular virology at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels and will be provided the space, resources, and released time to develop state-ofthe-art research programs competitive for national funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CRYOEM AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION OF VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, Timothy S.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Viruses are parasites of their hosts. Hence, the life cycle of any virus is inextricably tied to that of the host cell. Despite this dependence, all viruses share a number of essential tasks which they must accomplish for survival. A virus must be able to find and recognize a cell in which it can replicate, release its genome into the cell, generate new viral components by transcription and translation and assembly these components into precursors that mature into a stable progeny virion which is released from the host cell and transmitted to encounter a new host. Different viruses accomplish these tasks in different ways as a result of adaptation to different cellular environments. Each of these tasks involves interactions between components within the context of the whole virion and hence require the visualization of the entire structure at which the techniques of cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction ('cryo-reconstruction') excel. We have exploited cryoreconstruction techniques to study a diverse range of viruses, including those that infect mammals as well as insects, bacteria, and plants (including fungi and algae). Several studies funded by the current PPG have illustrated the structural response of different viruses to the common tasks of the viral life cycle. This proposal involves several new
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cryo-reconstruction studies aimed at exploring the structural basis for key aspects of viral infection. Work with the Kuhn and Rossmann laboratories will continue analyses of the assembly of several enveloped viruses of the alphavirus gene (Togavirus family). We will also initiate new studies of the assembly of three important human pathogenesis: rubella virus (rubrivirus genus) and two members of the closely related Flavivirus family of enveloped viruses, yellow fever virus and Hepatitis C virus. A collaboration with Smith's laboratory will address issues related to viral transmission in two plant viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. A collaboration with Friedman's laboratory will define viral epitopes on human papilloma viruses, including the carcinogenic, HPV serotype 16. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF INHIBITORS AGAINST HCV INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojwang, Joshua O.; Zymetx, Inc. 800 Research Pky, Ste 100 Oklahoma City, Ok 73104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Hepatitis C viral infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States. There are about 36,000 new infections every year, and 25-30 percent of those infections are symptomatic. It is estimated that 3.9 million (1.8 percent) Americans have been infected. Chronic liver disease, which is caused by HCV infection, is the tenth leading cause of death among adults in the United States, accounting for approximately 1 percent of all deaths. To date, there is no efficient culture system available to evaluate the activity of compounds against HCV in vitro. To overcome this difficulty, surrogate animal viruses are being used, including bovine viral diarrhea virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and banzi virus. We have identified a compound (ZX-2401) that shows a significant antiviral activity against these surrogate viruses. The overall scope of this application is to investigate the feasibility of this compound and its derivatives as potential inhibitors of HCV. The specific aims for these novel compounds include synthesizing ZX-2401 or derivatives as needed for the proposed studies, performing in vitro antiviral studies in HCV replicon system and cytotoxicity testing, performing studies in combination with IFN-alpha, and performing mechanism of action studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF MOSQUITO REPRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Mark R.; Entomology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed studies will investigate the hormonal regulation of arrest and reproductive states in female mosquitoes. Three peptide hormones are known or thought to control processes key to the maintenance of these states in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. 1) Ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone I (OEH I) stimulates ovary steroidogenesis and yolk deposition in blood-fed decapitated females. Further studies of OEH I will define motifs required for bioactivity and lead to the identification of its receptor in ovaries. 2) Insulin-like peptides (ILP's) are ubiquitous in animals, and a yet to be identified mosquito ILP is thought to marshal nutrient stores in females in both the arrest and reproductive states, an action comparable to that of vertebrate insulin. A candidate insulin receptor has been identified in fat body and ovaries of females. An ILP and the insulin receptor may also
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regulate ovary steroidogenesis, as indicated by the action of bovine insulin. Isolation of an ILP from a three million head extract will lead to its structural and functional characterization and to a study of its binding to the insulin receptor. 3) A recently characterized neuropeptide F is related to the neuropeptide YIF family of peptides known to have a central role in the regulation of appetite and digestion in mammals and an invertebrate. The role of the mosquito NPF in the regulation of these processes in females will be ascertained by bioassays and the characterization of its receptor. As these studies progress, the degree to which these regulatory peptides are conserved in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, will be determined. These studies will lead to a better understanding of how female mosquitoes are able to sustain the development of pathogens that vectored to humans and point to mechanisms that can be targeted for novel genetic or chemical controls of mosquito population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER IN THE AMERICAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tesh, Robert B.; Professor of Pathology; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The overall objective of this project is to evaluate the risk of urban (epidemic) yellow fever (YF) reappearing in the Americas. Because of increasing urbanization, the abundance of the urban mosquito vector (Aedes aegypti) in most Neotropical cities, decreasing vaccine coverage, rapid transportation, and the unprecedented level of human activity in jungle areas where YF virus is endemic, there is now major concern that the epidemic or urban form of the disease will reappear in the Americas. We have recently developed a hamster model of YF, which mimics the clinical and pathological manifestations observed in severe forms of the disease in humans and monkeys. Using the hamster model, an attempt will be made to validate several of the hypotheses of why urban YF is currently absent from the Americas. There are four specific aims, which will test the hypotheses and will examine various aspects of the epidemiology of YF in the New World. These involve comparative studies of the virulence for hamsters and the infectivity for Ae.aegypti of the four major genotypes of YF virus; an investigation of the role of pre-existing heterologous flavivirus antibodies in modifying the severity of YF; and an evaluation of the importance of vertical (transovarial) virus transmission in two New World sylvan vectors (Haemagogus janthinomys and Sabethes chioropterus) in maintenance of the enzootic forest cycle. The project involves the disciplines of virology, tropical medicine, pathology, medical entomology and public health. Most of the work will be done in laboratories at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Tropical Diseases; but a small portion will be done at the Evandro Chagas Institute in Belem, Brazil. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXAMINATION OF ODORANT RECEPTORS IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Zwiebel, Laurence J.; Biological Sciences; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chemosensory responses are critical components that direct several essential behaviors of insects that are vectors for pathogens responsible for many important human diseases. In particular, olfaction plays a major
12
Yellow Fever
role in host seeking and selection behavior of blood-feeding female mosquitoes and as such constitutes a critical component of the mosquito's ability to transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and West Nile Nile virus encephalitis. Within this context, I have undertaken a molecular examination of several elements of the olfactory signal transduction cascade in the principal African malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, where a significant preference for human hosts (anthropophily) underlies its inherent ability to transmit human malaria. An increased understanding of olfactory mechanisms and their underlying chemical cues in this system may provide insight in the processes of insect behavioral responses in general and vector disease transmission in particular. Moreover, this study would likely be instrumental in the development of novel mosquito control strategies targeted against this broad family of disease vectors, as well as other insects that pose considerable medical and economic threats through their ability to transmit disease and to act as agricultural pests. The objectives of this proposal complements ongoing studies in the laboratory of olfactory arrestins in A.gambiae and focus on an examination of a family of candidate odorant receptor proteins in A. gambiae (AgORs) that has recently been identified by this laboratory. Thus far, we have identified 44 candidate AgORs and have performed an initial characterization of a small subset of this gene family. While the exact number of potential AgORs remain to be established in A. gambiae, we proposed to begin a systematic analysis of this gene family by completing several studies focusing on their expression in the mosquito. Initially, in order to establish a strategic plan for future studies, we will employ a variety of molecular approaches to identify AgOR family members that exhibt sex-specific expression patterns. These AgORs will form our primary focus group for subsequent characterization of the developmental, spatial and temporal expression pattems of AgORs. In addition, in an extension of initial studies that specifically targets AgOR's role in the olfactory processes that underlie disease transmission, will we propose to conduct a series of detailed experiments to examine the temporal kinetics of AgOR expression in response to blood feeding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLAVIVIRUS STRUCTURE, ASSEMBLY, AND CELL ENTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rossmann, Michael G.; Hanley Distinguished Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: My segment of this grant application is structural studies of flaviviruses and their component parts using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and X-ray crystallography. Although we will be concentrating mainly on dengue virus in the initial stages, this will lay the foundation for work on yellow fever and other flaviviruses that have a potential for being used as biological weapons. The major obstacle to structural studies of flaviviruses has been the production of a sufficient quantity of good quality virus particles and of assembly intermediates. However, these problems are being solved as we gain experience with cell culture for propagating dengue and yellow fever viruses. Our first objective is the extension of our current 26 Angstroms resolution dengue virus cryoEM map to, hopefully, about 10 Angstroms resolution. We have also already initiated a crystallographic study of the dengue virus E glycoprotein. At the same time, the membrane protein (M) and capsid protein (C) are being investigated using X-ray crystallography by Jue Chen (see Project #2) and my laboratory, respectively. Once the structures of these component proteins are known, they can then be fitted into the cryoEM maps to produce a quasi-atomic resolution, three-dimensional picture of a complete flavivirus and its assembly intermediates. In
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collaboration with Richard Kuhn and Tim Baker, we plan to study the immature prM particles in which the prM protein has not yet been cleaved to the pr peptide and the M membrane protein. We also intend to study the smaller, T = 1 particles that form as a byproduct in the propagation of the infectious virion or as recombinant subviral particles. Other structural studies will be related to receptor (e.g. heparan sulfate) and antibody interaction with flaviviruses. In the absence of an infectious dengue virus clone, we plan to study non-infectious, virus-like particles produced by a replicon system (see Project #3 by Richard Kuhn), allowing us to study, for instance, deglycosylated particles. Locating the carbohydrate moieties will both help position the component proteins of the virus more accurately into the cryoEM density and will elucidate the function of the carbohydrate components. The replicon system will also permit the production and structural studies of mutants with defective phenotypes. It is probable that the virus will lack accurate icosahedral symmetry at acid pH required for fusion within the host cell. In collaboration with Tim Baker, we plan to develop novel methods to perform image reconstructions of cryoEM images to study fused virus-membrane complexes. The structural studies will be essential in our efforts to design inhibitors that target a variety of stages in the viral life cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLAVIVIRUSES: YIN-YANG OF HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, Sharon; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-OCT-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2008 Summary: The family Flaviviridae includes over 60 human pathogens, including hemorrhagic fever viruses [e.g. dengue, yellow fever (YF)] and encephalitis viruses [e.g. West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JE)]. These viruses have a high degree of homology and immunologic cross-reactivity. The long-term objective of this project is to determine the effect of flavivirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by primary flavivirus infection on the immune response to subsequent infection with other flaviviruses. Sequential flavivirus infections occur in nature and there are examples of cross-protection as well as enhanced disease in secondary flavivirus infections. In Aim 1, we plan to identify novel flavivirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes. We will then characterize effector responses (cytokine production, proliferation) to homologous and heterologous viruses. In Aim 2, we will use two closely related viruses to model the immunologic effects of sequential flavivirus infection: yellow fever (YF)17D and a candidate Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) vaccine comprised of a live attenuated chimeric YF that contains the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) regions of a heterologous flavivirus, JE. We will quantitate the epitope-specific T cell responses in primary and secondary flavivirus infection, and determine whether secondary infections alter the T cell epitope hierarchy to memory/recall (nonstructural) or novel/naive (structural) antigens. In Aim 3, we will examine associations during primary and secondary immunization with YF17D and chimeric YF/JE between flavivirus-specific T cell responses and viremia and antibody responses. These studies will help to elucidate beneficial and detrimental aspects of heterologous viral immunity and will help in the development of novel vaccines against these biological threats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RESEARCH
HAMSTER
MODELS
AND
REAGENTS
FOR
BIODEFENSE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Soong, Lynn; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Syrian golden hamster is highly susceptible to a variety of intracellular pathogens, and serves as an excellent model for these pathogens' corresponding human diseases. At present, the hamster is the only practical animal model for human viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome caused by arenaviruses and phlebovirus, and for human hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Most of these viruses are highly infectious by aerosol, causing rapidly progressing symptoms with an extremely high case fatality. The potential use of these viruses as biological warfare agents is an increasing concern. Despite their severity and obvious public health importance, there is a paucity of information on the pathogenesis of these high-containment pathogens. This is in part due to the lack of adequate small animal models. Commonly used laboratory strains of mice can be persistently infected, without overt clinical and pathological changes. Recent studies have indicated that infected hamsters can closely resemble certain features of human diseases; however, their utility in disease research has been hampered because there are currently almost no hamster immunological reagents available commercially. In this application, we will take a genetic immunization approach to generate high titer rabbit antibodies specific to hamster cytokines and cell surface molecules that are known to play critical roles in innate and cell-mediated immunity. We will then apply these antibodies in hamster models of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and yellow fever virus infection, aimed at examining whether host immune responses contribute to disease pathogenesis. This proposal represents a distinct area of investigation and should open numerous avenues for the use of hamsters in the study of pathogens that represent important bioterrorism and emerging disease threats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HCO3-TRANSPORTERS IN DROSOPHILA AND MOSQUITOES Principal Investigator & Institution: Romero, Michael F.; Assistant Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Regulation of intracellular and extracellular Ph (acid-base transport), as well as other ionic concentrations, such as Na+, maintains ion gradients across membranes. Normal cell function is a balance between inward and outward movement of these ions often varying in response to intracellular pH. This is especially true in the central nervous system, digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary system. Several years ago, we used expression cloning to clone and characterize the renal electrogenic Na/HCO3 co-transporter (NBC). In the past 4 years, we and others have uncovered 7-8 groups of new HCO3-transporters in plants, vertebrates and invertebrates. Recently we have cloned a Na+-driven anion exchangers (NDAE1) from Drosophila and immunolocalized NDAE1 to epithelia (gut, Malpighian tubules and salivary glands) as well as the central and peripheral nervous system. We have also identified and cloned a second Drosophila HC03-transporter, CG8177 (Celera notation). We hypothesize that HCO3-transporters (NDAE1 and CG8177) play an important role in epithelial and neuronal acid-base and
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ionic homeostasis of Diptera. To address hypothesis, we propose to two major aims: First, we will use Drosophila genetic techniques and our electrophysiology expertise to determine the physiological phenotypes of NDAE1 mutants at the organismal level and in specific dissected tissues. We will use genetic techniques available in Drosophila to make mutations in the endogenous ndae1 gene. Our NDAE1 antibody also works in Aedes. NDAE1 being present in Aedes is exciting because the organisms are larger making them physiologically a more tractable experimentally. Unfortunately the genetic and molecular manipulations possible in mosquitoes are currently much less than those of Drosophila. However, where possible we will perform parallel experiments in Aedes and Anopheles and their tissues. Second, we will elucidate the localization and function of Drosophila other HCO3 transporter, CG8177. Our approach will be similar to that used for NDAE1, we will express the cRNA encoding CG8177 in Xenopus oocytes to determine the transported ions and ion affinities. We will also generate antibodies to determine the tissue and sub-cellular localization of CG8177 in Drosophila. Interestingly, Drosophila NDAE1 and mammalian NBC's localize to many tissues that are functionally analogous (gut, Malpighian tubules/kidney, eye, brain), human NBC and Drosophila NDAE are implicated in disease by human mutations. In mosquitoes an alkaline gut Ph plays a role in invasion by infectious agents, e.g. Plasmodium, which causes malaria and yellow fever. Our combination of approaches, applied to study HCO3-transporters in an organism which can be genetically manipulated will allow us to determine the roles these HCO3-transporters plays in several important tissues. Thus, our proposal will increase our understanding of Dipteran acid-base homeostasis and coupling ions in several tissues as well as enable future opportunities to test functional interaction hypotheses in whole organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HERMES AND MARINER TRANSFORMATION OF AEDES AEGYPTI Principal Investigator & Institution: James, Anthony A.; Professor; Molecular Biology and Biochem; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Vector-borne diseases continue to cause significant mortality and morbidity in people throughout the world. While malaria and yellow fever are scourges of lesserdeveloped countries, the threat of Dengue fever is at the borders of the United States. Control of transmission of these diseases can be achieved by controlling their insect vectors. The development of mosquito transgenesis has made possible the producion of mosquitoes that have been altered by the stable insertion of exogenous genes. Our longterm goal is to produce transgenic mosquitoes that are resistant to infection by pathogens and use these as systems for studying pathogen-vector interactions as well as release organisms for programs seeking genetic control over the transmission of parasitic and viral diseases. Furthermoe, transormation makes it possible to study biochemical and molecular biological processes involved in basic aspects of mosuito physiology such as blood feeding and digestion, oogenesis and host seeking. Transposon-based genetic analysis of mosquitoes has the potential to identify many crucial genes whose expression is important for vector competence and vectorial capacity. Recently, we have shown that twso Class II transposable elements, Hermes and mariner, mediate the insertion of exogenous DNA into the chromosomes of the yellow fever mosquito. Aedes egypti (Jasinskiene et al., 1998; Coates et al., 1998). Further refinements of these transformation systems are reuqired to facilitate their use in producing pathogen- resistant mosquitoes and other strains for basic biological study.Towards these ends we propose the following specific aims: 1) develop methods
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for routine isolation of DNA fragments consisting of transposon-chromosome junctions from Hermes-transformed mosquito lines; 2) develop procedures and strains for remobilization of Hermes and Mariner chromosomal insertions; 3) produce transgenic strains of mosquitoes that exploit cre-loxp and FLP-FRT site-specific recombination for comparative promoter analysis. Successful accomplishment of these Specific Aim will result in robust and widely-applicable systems or mosquito transgenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSES TO YELLOW FEVER VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, Sharone; Associate Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from application abstract): Yellow fever virus (YF) infections are an important and emerging health problem in Africa and South America, despite the availability of the licensed, safe and immunogenic YF 17D strain vaccine. Little is known about the cellular immune responses to YF or the mechanism of pathogenesis in humans. T lymphocyte studies in a related human flavivirus, dengue, have demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells are generated with the nonstructural NS3 protein as an immunodominant protein. Recently chimaeric flaviviruses have been developed with a YF nonstructural gene as a backbone for Japanese encephalitis (JE) structural genes. These new vaccines will soon enter Phase I clinical trials and further emphasize the importance of learning more about human immune responses to YF. There are two major goals presented training and research in human immune responses to yellow fever virus. To achieve the first goal training a twoyear curriculum involving didactic training in biochemistry, molecular biology, cellular and molecular immunology, biostatistics and epidemiology. Laboratory rotations will complement didactic studies in the area of molecular biology. The candidate will learn (1) to construct a vaccines/YF NS3 recombinant virus; (2) to design primers to develop a qualitative nested RT-PCR for the detection of YF RNA in human primate specimens; (3) to create a competitor for the development of a quantitative competitor RT-PCR for the titration of YF RNA; (4) to engineer a YF/dengue chimaeric virus. The molecular reagents developed above will be utilized in the Research Plan. The specific aims are: (1) to define the immunodominant proteins recognized by T lymphocytes in TF- vaccinated individuals; (2) To examine viral replication by quantitative RT- PCR during primary infection/vaccination and its relationship to clinical and/or immunological outcome; (3) To determine if a correlation exists between the pre-existing level of memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte response or neutralizing antibody responses and the development of subsequent viremia, neutralizing antibody responses and/or cellular immune responses following administration of a second dose of YF or chimaeric YF/JE vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LIVE, ATTENUATED, RECOMBINANT VACCINE - WEST NILE VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Monath, Thomas P.; Vice President; Acambis, Inc. 38 Sidney St, 4Th Fl Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) West Nile (WN) virus emerged as an epidemic disease of humans, horses, and birds in the U.S. in 1999, and there is a
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significant risk of recrudescent outbreaks in the future. This application proposes to develop a parenteral vaccine for all affected species (humans, horses, and domestic and exotic birds) by constructing a chimeric virus in which the envelope genes of yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine are replaced with the corresponding genes of WN virus. The E gene of WN virus will be mutated at specific sites to render the vaccine candidate safe. The resulting live, attenuated YF/WN chimeric viral vaccine will elicit rapid and durable immunity specific for WN virus. The potential for oral delivery of the vaccine as a means of immunizing birds will also be investigated. Preclinical data in Phase I will be followed by process development, manufacturing of clinical grade vaccine and clinical trials in humans, horses, and birds in Phase II. In Phase II a live oral bait vaccine based on Salmonella typhimurium that expresses WN viral proteins or plasmids will be developed for immunizing wild birds involved in natural transmission, as a means of interrupting virus transmission in nature and prevention of epidemics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAPPING OF FILARIAL VECTOR COMPETENCE IN AEDES AEGYPTI Principal Investigator & Institution: Knudson, Dennis L.; Bioagr Scis & Pest Management; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Filarial and malarial parasites are responsible for the most devastating vector-borne infections of humans with over 420 million people affected worldwide and with over 2 million people killed annually. Our long-term objective is to elucidate the molecular basis for vector competence in the transmission of parasitic diseases and to control vector-borne parasitic disease cycles in nature. The advent and development of molecular markers for mosquitoes has allowed the identification of discrete genome regions carrying genes determining the susceptibility of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to several parasites including the filarial parasite responsible for zoonotic filariasis, dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, the human lymphatic filaroid parasite, Brugia malayi, and the avian malaria parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum. It is our hypothesis that the genes determining vector competence for parasite transmission can be identified and isolated using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based physical mapping and genetic linkage mapping techniques. What we intend to do is to characterize the genome regions by map-base positional cloning strategies using FISH as a primary physical mapping tool and to identify the gene(s) responsible through transcriptional and functional characterization. Since we have identified the QTL regions and have begun contig construction across these regions, here we present details in our research design describing how we will accomplish the map-based positional cloning of genes responsible for Brugia malayi parasite vector competence in Aedes aegypit. Aim 1 describes how we will construct contigs across the QTL regions. Aim 2 outlines our strategies for the isolation of transcribed sequences within the regions. Aim 3 describes our plan for correlating specific mutations with phenotype. The use of multiple strategies ensure a high likelihood of success in identifying the gene(s) for the trait from at least one major region. If the biochemical pathways associated with genes that influence vector susceptibility to parasites can be defined, new chemical control and intervention strategies may be developed and incorporated into current and existing control strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ALBOPICTUS
MOLECULAR
AND
QUANTITATIVE
VARIATION
IN
AE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Armbruster, Peter A.; Biology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 11-SEP-2001 Summary: The goals of this proposal are to evaluate the genetic consequences of a rapid range expansion and to assess micro- habitat specialization within a species of disease carrying mosquito. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an important vector of dengue fever and is also able to transmit yellow fever and a variety of native North American arboviruses. Aedes albopictus was introduced into the United States in the vicinity of Houston, TX, in the mid- 1980's, and its distribution now extends from Florida to Illinois and Ohio. Comparing within- and between-population variability among ancestral (TX) and derived (FL, OH) populations will elucidate how genetic drift, migration, and selection at linked loci have distributed variability during the range expansion of this species in North America. In order to assess molecular variation, AFLP markers will be developed and used to characterize population structure throughout North America, and between tire breeding and tree-hole breeding populations. Genetic variation and differentiation of quantitative characters central to the rapid invasion and climatic adaptation of this species in North America will be examined, and used to investigate the extent to which variation and differentiation of AFLP markers accurately predicts variation and differentiation of quantitative characters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS VISCEROTROPISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcarthur, Monica A.; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Yellow Fever (YF) virus causes hemorrhagic fever. It is a category A select agent and re-emerging disease in regions of South America and Africa. Currently, the molecular basis of viscerotropism of YF virus is poorly understood; however, the recent development of a small animal model for viscemtropic YF virus infection enables elucidation of the molecular determinants of YF virus viscerotropism. Detailed molecular characterization of the viscerotropic Asibi/hamster p7 virus will identify regions of the genome that are important in determining the viscerotropic phenotype. This will involve the following specific aims. Aim 1: Identification of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid changes present in hamster viscerotropic viruses by nucleotide sequence analysis. Comparison of the genomic sequence of the viscerotropic Asibi/hamster p7 virus with that of the parental Asibi/hamster p0 virus and other intermediate passage viruses will identify changes most likely to be important in the viscerotropic phenotype. Aim 2:Development of an infectious clone of YF virus to study the effects of mutant genes and gene regions on hamster viscerotropism. These studies will allow the identification of the region(s) of the YF virus genome that are involved in hamster viscerotropism. Aim 3: Identification of specific amino acid mutations involved in the hamster viscerotropic phenotype, and investigation of the molecular mechanism of hamster viscerotropism with respect to virus receptor interaction, liver pathology, and viremia. Detailed characterization of mutant viruses constructed in Aim 2 will identify potential mechanisms of viscerotropism in the hamster model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MULTIPLEX PCR DETECTION OF CDC 'A' BIOTERRORISM AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Henrickson, Kelly J.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anthrax and other agents of biological warfare have recently received intense publicity. These weapons are an increasingly fearsome danger to our civilization. Agents identified by the CDC (category "A") to pose the greatest threat include Variola major (smallpox), Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), and a group of RNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs, e.g., Ebola). Accurate and efficient techniques to identify and diagnose these agents are severely limited. This lack of good diagnostic tests hampers the majority of goals set forth by the NIAID and CDC to prepare the U.S. to counter future bioterrorism attacks. Available older techniques have proven unreliable. Modern molecular tests like individual PCR assays have been developed for some agents. These offer increased speed and sensitivity but because there are so many bioterrorism agents it is prohibitive to run dozens of "singleplex" arrays on each specimen. Similarly, recently reported microchip (MAGI Chip) arrays and other microarrays suffer from either needing PCR amplification first, or from the high cost to make the arrays, and the need for sophisticated equipment. A single assay (or two) that could detect a large number of bioterrorism agents rapidly, sensitively, specifically, and cheaply would greatly enhance antiterrorism planning and biodefense. Our laboratory has pioneered a method of multiplex PCR that can accomplish this goal. This proprietary method (two U.S. patents) has been used commercially in the Hexaplex(r) Assay, which can detect seven common respiratory viruses in a single test. The Specific Aims of this project are: 1) To determine if a multiplex PCR-enzyme hybridization assay (EHA) can be made using our unique technology that will identify all of the CDC Category "A" Bioterrorism agents that are DNA based; 2) RNA based; and finally 3) a single combined multiplex (RNA/DNA) PCR assay with an analytical sensitivity equal to "singleplex" real time assays as developed by the CDC. Specific Aim 4: To determine if this multiplex assay is equivalent to these "singleplex" assays in a clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NMR STUDIES OF VIRAL PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Post, Carol B.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Structural and biochemical studies are proposed to examine protein- protein and protein-lipid interactions involved in viral budding and viral maturation. The focus is on the plus-strand RNA viruses, which either cause human disease or are closely related to viruses which cause human disease. The budding process and nucleocapsid stabilization will be investigated by NMR and other methods for alphavirus, hepatitis C virus, rubella virus, and yellow fever virus, the most simple enveloped viruses. Structural features important for capsid stabilization and maturation will be investigated by NMR for Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), a structurally more complex retrovirus. Specific objectives are to understand the importance of the capsidnucleocapsid region of the RSV Gag protein by determining 3-dimensional solution structures of various RSV protein constructs, and characterizing interdomain
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interactions for the C-terminal domain of capsid (CA) protein, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, and the capsid-nucleocapsid core particles and the transmembrane E2glycoprotein has been proposed and will be tested by biochemical and NMR experiments. Further studies to investigate nucleocapsid stability are also proposed for yellow fever virus (YFV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and rubella virus (RUBV) using NMR methods combined with mutagenesis results. Results from the studies proposed in this project, coupled with results from molecular genetics and crystallography proposed elsewhere in the Program Project, will enhance our understanding of the structural and physical basis underlying viral assembly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL ASSAYS FOR DENGUE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heng-Phon, Too; Novel Assays for Degue Differential Diag; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The goal of this project is the development and application of novel multiplex quantitative real time PCR (MqrtPCR) assays for differential diagnosis inpatients who may be multiply infected with dengue and other hemorrhagic fever pathogens. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of the several possible hemorrhagic viruses in patients suspected of dengue infection is critical for the identification of a large cohort of patients whose peripheral blood sample will be examined in this program to assess the epitopebased dengue vaccine that is the primary goal of this multi-project program. These assays will also be beneficial in furthering the epidemiological surveillance of dengue infections in Brazil. A principal and unique feature of the proposed assay is its multiplex quantitative real-time PCR technology and its capacity for genotype-specific differential diagnosis of infectious agents currently endemic in Brazil: dengue viruses, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, hantavirus and leptospira species. A multiplex assay that will simultaneously detect conserved sequences of these infectious agents, all of which may have similar clinical symptoms, will allow the rapid diagnoses of patients at an early phase of infection, an important aspect in differential diagnosis. This assay technology will also be used in multiplex format to distinguish any combination of the four dengue serotype viruses in a single operation. This assay technology has already been developed for the quantitative real time PCR assay of replicating dengue serotype 2. The optimal conditions and parameters of these assays, with respect to their sensitivity and specificity for multiplex differential diagnosis of other viruses and the four dengue serotypes will be determined in laboratory control studies. The validated protocols and reagents will then be made available to workers in Brazil for application to the field studies with patient cohorts. Accurate diagnoses of these patients are crucial if the blood samples are to be used for the ex vivo biological validation of the predicted peptide epitopes and response to the vaccine formulation described in Projects 1, 2 and 4. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL GENETIC MARKERS FOR THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO Principal Investigator & Institution: Tu, Zhijian; Assistant Professor; Biochemistry; Virginia Polytechnic Inst and St Univ 460 Turner Street, Suite 306 Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the main vector of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases affecting humans, namely yellow fever and dengue fever. Efficient vector control programs and
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informative epidemiological studies, which are essential for the control of these diseases, requires a better understanding of the genetic variations within and between Ae. aegypti vector populations. The objective of this proposed research is to develop a novel approach to analyze the genetic variations in Ae. aegypti populations, which offers several significant advantages and complements existing methods. Our approach is based on recently demonstrated insertion polymorphism of a family of highly reiterated short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) named Feilai in Ae. aegypti (Tu, 1999, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:760-772). Here we propose to develop a systematic approach to isolate these polymorphic Feilai insertion markers. Like the Alu insertion markers in humans (e.g., de Pancorbo et al., 2001, Hum. Genet. 109:224-233; Roy-Engel et al., 2001, Genetics 159:279-290). Feilai markers can offer several major advantages including the ability to distinguish between ancestral and derived states of the two alleles, the extreme ease of use, and the potential for high-throughput assays. During this R03 pilot project, we will pursue the following Specific Aims: 1) Develop a high-throughput assay for the co-dominant FIP markers; 2) Construct a more detailed phylogenetic framework, to classify Ae. aegypti Feilai subfamilies; 3) Develop different approaches to systematically isolate co-dominant FIP markers, with the focus on representative sampling and direct testing of different Feilai subfamilies and/or groups. The future goals extending beyond this proposed R03 pilot project are to isolate a large number of high-throughput Feilai insertion polymorphism markers, and to use these powerful markers to study the genetic variability and the genetic basis of vectorial competence of Ae. aegypti in natural populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECOMBINANT MEASLES VIRUS AS A CANDIDATE AIDS VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Billeter, Martin A.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: In a combined effort to develop an efficacious, moderately priced vaccination schedule against AIDS, three attenuated viruses approved and widely used as live vaccines, yellow fever virus (YFV), varicella zooster virus (VZV) and measles virus (MV) are applied as vaccination vectors to express SIV antigens. Later, when a combination of expressed SIV antigens has been found providing optimal protection of macaques against challenge with SIV, the vectors expressing analogous HIV antigens will be constructed and tested again in on-human primates for immunity induction and protection against hybrid (SHIV) and HIV viruses. The subgroups located at the University of Zurich, Switzerland and the Institute Pasteur, Paris, France, will be concerned with vector constructions based on attenuated MV, which usually mediates life-long protection against measles by single-application. MV has been shown to stably maintain and express added genetic material encompassing altogether more than 5000 nucleotides, inserted in three different genome positions, over many generations; this is unusual for RNA vaccines, inserted in three different genome positions, over many generations; this is unusual for RNA viruses, which usually tend to rapidly eliminate genetic material not essential for virus propagation. First, SIV proteins will be expressed as before from one of three transcription unit cloning cassettes added at different genome locations mediating differential expression levels. Second, an alternative expression strategy will be explored, linking SIV ORFs in such a way to the resident (essential) MV reading frames that cessation of full length SIV ORF expression, e.g. by adventitious formation of a premature stop codon, results in suicide of the vector. Third,
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replacement of the MV envelope proteins by functionally similar glycoproteins of other viruses, including SIV env, will be attempted to circumvent neutralization of the vector by antibodies present in individuals immune against measles. Propagation efficiency, expression levels of SIV antigens and genetic stability of the constructed vectors will be tested in cell culture and genetically modified mice infectable with MV. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECOMBINANT YELLOW FEVER VIRUS AS A CANDIDATE AIDS VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Andino, Raoul; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We have developed two methods to genetically engineer virulenceattenuated yellow fever virus. Through this novel method, it is possible to create replication-competent recombinant viruses that stably carry and express genetic sequences derived from other pathogenic agents. The objective of this proposal is to evaluate the potential of recombinant yellow fever virus expressing proteins derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to serve as safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of infection by immunosuppressive lentiviruses. Important advantages of the live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine include its ability to induce long-lasting immunity, its safety, affordability and documented efficacy in both developed and developing nations. In these studies, recombinant live-attenuated (strain 17D) YFV will be constructed to express HIV 89.6 envelope, and SIV Gag, Pol and Nef. The expression of HIV/SIV proteins will be studied. Yellow fever recombinants will be optimized for replication competence and genetic stability. YFV recombinants will be used to inoculate mice and their ability to elicit humoral and cellular immunity directed against HIV/SIV antigens will be evaluated. Because monkeys are natural host of YFV we will also examine the ability of recombinant YFV viruses to elicit a strong and long-lasting immunity in rhesus macaques. We will determine whether vaccination with SHIV/YFV recombinants induce production of antibodies and cellular immunity directed against HIV/SIV proteins. If strong immunity is generated by the vaccination, vaccinated animal will be challenged by inoculation of virulent HIV/SIV chimeric virus (SHIV). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SCREENING FOR ANTIVIRALS AGAINST FLAVIVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Olivo, Paul D.; President & Cso; Apath, Llc St. Louis, Mo 63141 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses that are caused by members of four families of viruses. These viruses can cause life-threatening disease with signs of bleeding under the skin, in internal organs, or from various body orifices. Severe cases may also show shock, nervous system malfunction, coma, delirium, seizures and renal failure. Some VHF agents have been suspect for abuse in biowarfare/bioterrorism. Members of the family Flaviviridae are among the viral agents that cause VHF. Viruses in this family are all enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses with many similar features in their genome structure and replication cycle. There is no specific treatment for any of the agents that cause VHF, although ribavirin has been effective in treating some cases of VHF and shows some activity against a number of RNA viruses including YFV.This application is in response to the challenge
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to develop specific treatment modalities for these diseases. We plan to develop cellbased assays for testing and screening of compounds with antiviral activity against certain flaviviruses. These assays will be based on cell lines that harbor a constitutively replicating subgenomic replicon and are modeled on a prototype system developed for hepatitis C virus. Our approach is applicable to a number of viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever such as category A bioterrorism agents (tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, etc.) and category C agents (yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, etc.). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SMALL MOLECULES AS RESEARCH TOOLS FOR HCV BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Charles M.; Professor; Lab/Virology & Infect Diseases; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since the advent of HAART therapy for HIV, coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has emerged as a major health problem. HIV/HCV co-infected patients progress more rapidly towards end-stage liver disease than HCV mono-infected patients, and co-infected patients present special challenges given the hepatotoxicity of many HIV therapeutics. Current treatment for HCV consists of a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and the nucleoside analog ribavirin. In HCV genotype 1 infected patients (the most common HCV genotype in the US), this therapy clears infection in less that 50% of those treated. The goal of this proposal is to identify and use small molecules to learn more about the biology of HCV replication. In collaboration with the Rockefeller University High- Throughput Screening facility, chemically diverse small molecule libraries will be screened for anti- HCV activity using a cell-based replicon assay. Inhibitory, non-cytotoxic compounds will be counterscreened against other members of the Flaviviridae family, including bovine viral diarrhea virus and yellow fever virus. While compounds with pan-flavivirus activity are of interest, we will initially focus on those specific for HCV. Compounds will be tested in cell-based and cell-free assays to probe the step(s) in HCV replication that are inhibited. In parallel, inhibitory compounds will be used to screen for resistant mutants and to determine if resistance maps to a specific viral protein or RNA element. Future work will include biochemical and structural studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of selected HCV inhibitors. These studies will provide useful chemical probes for dissecting different steps in the HCV replication cycle with the hope of identifying novel targets for drug development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE-FUNCTION OF ALPHA- AND FLAVIVIRUS PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Strauss, James H.; Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: This application requests funding for experiments that form part of an ambitious long term project to study structure-function relationships in alphaviral and flaviviral structural and nonstructural proteins, to be undertaken in collaboration with the structural biology group at the Purdue University. Alphaviruses and flaviviruses are two genera of plus strand RNA viruses each of which contains many significant human and animal pathogens. These pathogens include yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and tick-borne encephalitis virus
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among the flaviviruses, and Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, Ross River virus, Mayaro virus, and chikungunya virus among the alphaviruses. As a long term goal, structures of intact alphaviruses and flaviviruses as well as structures of all of the structural and nonstructural proteins of a number of alphaviruses and flaviviruses will be obtained. The functions of the structures obtained in this way will be probed using molecular genetic techniques in which the effects of previously known mutations as well as new mutations introduced into the proteins will be analyzed in light of structure. The current proposal focuses on the structures of intact alphaviruses and flaviviruses and the structures of proteins E1 and E2 of alphaviruses, the helicase and protease of alphaviruses, NS3 of alphaviruses, and protein E of flaviviruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TARGET-BASED RATIONAL DESIGN OF NEW MOSQUITO REPELLENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Woods, Daniel F.; Inscent, Inc. 4521 Campus Dr, #317 Irvine, Ca 92612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Blood-feeding mosquitoes carry many potentially lethal diseases, including encephalitis, malaria, and Yellow Fever. Diseases that were previously considered eradicated or well under control in most developed nations, such as malaria and viral encephalitis, have now recurred and are spreading despite advances in medicine throughout the past century. For example, malaria is the leading tropical disease caused by parasites in humans. During the twentieth century, malaria was gradually restricted to under-developed or developing nations, but this may no longer be the case in the future. Although until recently the vast majority of malaria cases were limited to sub-Saharan Africa, malaria now occurs in areas where it had previously been controlled and causes illness in over 400 million people around the world each year. The appicants propose to develop novel mosquito repellents, called Arometics, that function by inducing anosmia via blocking the function of proteins directly involved in olfaction. Arometics will avoid many of the problems associated with the present generation of mosquito repellents including adverse reactions to extended epidermal exposure. The proposed product should have widespread appeal in the consumer market (estimated at more than $500 million/year worldwide for insect repellents) as well as the United States military. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TARGETS FOR DRUG DESIGN IN FLAVIVIRAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Krause, Kurt L.; Associate Professor; Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Rd Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term objective of this proposal is to lay the foundation for a collaborative structure aided drug design effort aimed at developing lead compounds for flaviviral drug development. Flaviviral infections, including those caused by West Nile virus and Yellow Fever virus, are of enormous worldwide and domestic importance. West Nile virus and Yellow Fever virus are both of significant concern as potential bioterrorism agents and are listed by NIAID as Category C and Category B agents respectively. There are no currently effective medications for the treatment of these flavivirus infections. The main aim of this initial
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proposal is to clone and express sufficient quantities of NS3A, NS2B and NS3B from West Nile virus and Yellow Fever virus for crystallization trials. These proteins represent the viral protease, its activating peptide and the viral helicase. Following expression and purification, crystallization of these constructs will be attempted. To date, several collaborators have joined the project. Genomic DNA has been used to successfully construct clones of several of these proteins. Expression trials are underway with positive preliminary results. More work is needed, however, in the optimization of expression and in purification before crystallization trials can take place. It is planned that in a continuation of this work these structures will be solved and used as templates for a comprehesive structure aided drug design effort. In this plan, promising lead compounds will be synthesized and tested against their target molecules in kinetic assays and then against virus grown in cell culture. Inhibitors developed in this way could serve as lead compounds for the development of effective therapy that would target West Nile and Yellow Fever virus. In parallel, structure-function analyses are planned for the viral protease, the viral helicase, the intact bifunctional protein and the protease with activating peptide bound. It is anticipated that these experiments will aid in understanding flaviviral pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN YELLOW FEVER VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryman, Katherine D.; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The highly-lethal, pansystemic hemorrhagic fever caused by the mosquitoborne yellow fever virus (YFV) was one of the most feared diseases in Africa, Europe and the Americas, until the live-attenuated 17D vaccine was developed in the 1930's. The natural Asibi isolate of YFV was empirically passaged 176 times in primary cultured cells to derive the 17D virus. Although 17D is considered a prototypic live-attenuated virus vaccine, the molecular basis for its attenuation and immunogenicity remains unknown. In this proposal, recent developments in our understanding of flavivirus molecular biology and immunology will be exploited to identify and characterize determinants of YFV attenuation and expose molecular mechanisms that control the virus/host interaction. Genomic sequence comparisons revealed 48 nucleotide and 22 amino acid substitutions that occurred coincident with attenuation of 17D. in Aim 1, we will engineer chimeric viruses from cDNA clones of Asibi and 17D, and systematically map the attenuated phenotype of 17D: i) to structural or non-structural gene regions; ii) to specific genes; and finally iii) to single nucleotide/amino acid differences. Current models of arbovirus pathogenesis indicate that infection of dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin is a crucial early event, in which the viruses exploit migratory properties of activated DCs to effect viremic dissemination. Mice will be inoculated intradermally to mimic the natural route of infection (mosquito bite) or immunization, thereby providing an appropriate context to assess YFV virulence phenotype and pathogenesis. Since Asibi and 17D differ greatly in early viremic potential, we propose that differences in DC infection and activation are correlates of 17D attenuation. In Aims 2 and 3, we will test the hypothesis that controlled replication of 17D in DCs elicits an optimal immune response, whereas unrestricted Asibi replication dysregulates the inflammatory response with severe pathologic consequences. We will compare the permissivity of primary DC and macrophage cultures to infection with Asibi or 17D, and analyze global host gene regulation in response to virus infection. Finally, we will characterize the differential ability of Asibi and 17D viruses to target DCs in vivo, and compare the
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host's response to this infection in terms of DC activation and cytokine/chemokine induction profiles. These studies will begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of 17D attenuation and immunogenicity, and provide a framework for "rational" design of live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INSECT FERRITIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Pham, Daphne Q.; Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin Parkside Kenosha, Wi 53141 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Iron plays an essential role in numerous enzymatic processes. However, Fe+3 can catalyze dangerous oxidative reactions. Thus, all living organisms have developed proteins to transport, store and scavenge this indispensable yet hazardous metal. Numerous studies in vertebrates have associated the development of infection and neoplasia with excessive exposure to iron. Vertebrate data indicate that ferritin, an ironbinding protein, plays an essential role in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis in differentiating and malignant cells. The regulation of ferritin expression in these cases in mainly at the transcriptional level. Currently, the actual molecular machinery that activates this response remains unknown. Recent data attest to similarities between insect and vertebrate iron metabolism. Knowledge of insect iron metabolism however is limited. Our preliminary data indicated that transcriptional control is germane to the expression of ferritin in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. The objective of this application is to dissect the transcriptional regulation of the mosquito A.aegypti ferritin. To accomplish the objective of this application, we will pursue three specific aims: 1) Obtain genomic clone containing approximately 20 kilobases of the 5' upstream region of the ferritin gene, 2) Map the cis-regulatory elements at the 5' upstream region and/or within the ferritin gene, 3) Partially identify of trans-regulatory factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM IN MOSQUITOES Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Jianyong; Animal Sciences; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Mosquitoes are important disease vectors, responsible for transmission of numerous viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and filariasis. Malaria, caused by infection with species of Plasmodium, is a devastating, disease which affects up to 500 million people world-wide, killing as many as 2 million a year. The development of drug resistant parasites, and insecticide resistant mosquito vectors urgently demands that new and innovative mosquito or parasite control strategies be developed. Disruption of the required physio-biochemical processes that are necessary for the normal development of either mosquitoes or malaria parasites is one approach for malaria control. A novel transaminase that is specific for the transamination of a chemically reactive and potentially toxic 3-hydroxykynurenine, formed during tryptophan oxidation, to stable xanthurenic acid is identified in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and this enzyme is tightly regulated with high activity in larvae and adult females after a bloodmeal. Our recent data show that xanthurenic acid also stimulates gametogenesis of Plasmodium parasites, suggesting this pathway may play critical role in initiating Plasmodium development in mosquito vectors. The long term goal of this research is to achieve a full understanding of the pathways and mechanisms
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governing the regulation of this enzyme in mosquito vectors. The specific aims of the proposed research are (I) to purify and characterize the 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase from mosquitoes by various biochemical techniques, (II) to initiate studies concerning the genetic regulation of this transaminase in mosquitoes during development with various molecular techniques, which includes preparation of a cDNA library from mosquito larvae, isolation of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase cDNA from the library, and study of gene expression of the 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase in mosquitoes during development, and (III) to study the transamination pathway of 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthurenic acid in Anopheles mosquitoes. Our hypotheses are that this transamination pathway is critical for the normal development of mosquitoes and also may play a critical role in stimulating Plasmodium development; consequently, understanding the mechanism controlling its regulation could have a significant impact on future efforts to negatively interfere with vector development through innovative mosquito control strategies and also may provide insight into developing novel tools for the control of malaria parasites by interrupting gametogenesis of Plasmodium in mosquito vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VACCINE RESPONSES WITH DENDRITIC CELLS AND TLRS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pulendran, Bali; Associate Professor; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-AUG-2008 Summary: The yellow fever virus [YFV] 17D vaccine strain is one of the most effective and safe vaccines available. Immunization with YF-17D induces a long-term neutralizing antibody response and strong CTL activation, and provides excellent protection against infection with virulent YFV. The overall goal of the present application is to understand the immunologic and genomic pathways which regulate the immune response to YF-17D, with a view to targetting such pathways to enhance the sub-optimal immune responses triggered by certain subunit vaccines such as the anthrax vaccine [AVA], In this context, the present proposal will be driven by the following hypotheses: (i) The strength, quality and duration of a vaccine is critically dependent on its effects on innate immune activation. Thus YF-17D strongly activates innate immune and dendritic cell [DC] responses, while AVA is poorly stimulatory (ii) Local injections of a strong vaccine, such as YF-17D will stimulate "early global responses," in the blood, characterized by systemic DC activation and rapid changes in the transcriptome and proteome of blood immunocytes (iii) Such early global responses may contain molecular signatures, which could be used to predict the strength, quality and duration of the adaptive immunue response that follows (iv) The weak immunogenicity of AVA, may in part, be attributed to the induction of regulatory T cells. Such regulatory T cells may be induced by anthrax toxin, lethal factor, a likely contaminant in AVA, which impairs antigen-presentation and adaptive immunity, via suppression of the MAP-kinase activity in DCs (v) The weak immunogenicity of AVA can be significantly augmented by triggering particular TLRs on DCs. Such TLR signaling will augment DC function and immune response and suppress the development of regulatory T cells. These hypotheses will be tested in the following Specific Aims: AIM 1: To determine the early innate and DC responses in vivo, in humans vaccinated with YF-17D or AVA; AIM 2: To characterize the in vitro response of human DC subsets to YF 17D, AVA or AVA + TLR ligands; Sub-Aim 2a: To characterize the in vitro response of human DC subsets to YF-17D and AVA. Sub-Aim 2b: To determine whether the in vitro DC response to AVA can be enhanced by triggering
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TLRs on DCs; Aim 3: To correlate the early innate and DC responses, with the adaptive immune responses stimulated in vivo by YF-17D, AVA, or AVA + TLR ligands in nonhuman primates; Sub-Aim 3a: Analyses of early innate and DC responses in the blood and lymph nodes; Sub-Aim 3b: Analyses of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In summary, the present proposal aims to understand the immune regulatory mechanisms of one of the most effective vaccines, and then to use such mechanisms to augment the potency of weaker vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VIRAL PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo; Associate Professor; Columbia University New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of this thematic area are to analyze the molecular mechanisms of replication and pathogenicity associated with selected NIAID category A viruses. Seven subprojects in this theme use multi-disciplinary approaches each focused on the PI's area of expertise. Several platforms are used to address issues from basic biology to the development of novel antiviral agents. Erich Mackow (subproject 1) will develop "reverse genetics" systems for hantaviruses, techniques critical for the study of hantavirus molecular biology and virulence, as well as for the rational development of attenuated vaccines and the characterization of potential antihantavirus agents. Subprojects 2, 3 and 4 will investigate the interactions between category A RNA viruses and the type I IFN response of the host, a first line of host defense against viral infection. Drs. Basler and Garcla-Sastre (subprojects 2 and 3) will focus on identification, characterization and inhibition of viral factors that counteract this important host defense system. Drs. Levy and Marie (subproject 4), will study the signaling determinants of mammalian innate immune responses in order to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying host defense. These studies will also explore antiviral strategies aimed towards inhibiting viral-encoded interferon antagonists. Since age is an important factor influencing morbidity and mortality associated with viral infection, Drs. Hornig and Lipkin (subproject 5) will assess the age-related endocrine and immune factors in viral encephalitis using a mouse model of West Nile virus. Understanding the age-related factors influencing virus pathogenicity will be critical for the rational design of antiviral therapies in young infants and the elderly. Subprojects 6 and 7 explore novel strategies aimed towards the development of new classes of antivirals. Drs. MacDonald and Rice will utilize a general approach to identify new potential antiviral targets for dengue (NIAID Category A Priority Pathogen), West Nile (Category B) and yellow fever (Category C) viruses. They will seek to identify functionally important protein:protein interactions and explore these as possible targets for the development of new and improved antivirals. Dr. David Ron (subproject 7), will explore whether the interactions of enveloped viruses with the host cell's ER machinery can be exploited to develop novel antiviral therapies against a broad class of viruses. He will target the signaling pathways that constitute an Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) that regulates the ER machinery. We expect this collaborative effort to lead to the development of a more complete picture on how highly pathogenic viruses induce disease, as well as to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and molecules. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRUSES WITH PSEUDOLETHAL MUTATIONS AS VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Yamshchikov, Vladimir F.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose a new category of viral vaccines consisting of replication competent viruses with pseudolethal mutations that render them incapable to form the infectious progeny. We suggest, that since such viruses will retain the capabilty for intracellular replication, they can induce immune responses comparable to that resulted from infection. This class of vaccines cannot be prepared and used as "regular" infectious vaccines. However, if made in the infectious DNA form, such vaccines could combine the efficiency of infectious viruses in induction of protective immune responses, the safety of non-infectious vaccine preparations, and the low cost of DNA vaccine production and maintenance. The following objectives will be addressed in the proposed study. 1) We will design flavivirus infectious DNA constructs capable of initiating productive infection upon transfection of plasmid DNA into susceptible cells and inoculation into mice. We have developed a revolutionary approach affording design of remarkably stable infectious DNA constructs of flaviruses. We will prepare infectious DNA of West Nile (WN) virus, which recently emerged in United States and vaccine for which is not available, and of the 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever (YF17D) virus, which is very attractive as a vaccine vector. 2) We will introduce mutations into WN and YF17D infectious DNA constructs that will render these viruses incapable of forming infectious progeny. We will introduce deletions in the capsid gene that will abolish virion assembly, and/or modify the site at C-prM junction cleaved by the viral protease prior to or during virion assembly. Such modifications will not affect earlier processes of RNA replication, synthesis and processing of viral proteins, thus leaving the intracellular phase of viral replication largely intact. We will characterize replication and infectious properties of such mutants. 3) Using DNA immunization methodology, we will evaluate the immunogenic potential of mutated WN and YF17D viruses that will be capable of only a single round ol intracellular replication, and compare with that of a "classic" non-replicating DNA vaccine and of an infectious virus. Using ELISA, Western blot, and FAGS, we will characterize humoral, GIL and Th1/Th2 profiles of the resulting immune responses. Finally, we will determine their protective potential in virus challenge experiments. The WN infectious clone will facilitate development of a WN vaccine, and one candidate will be evaluated in the course of this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: YELLOW FEVER 17D-BASED CHIMERIC FLAVIVIRUS VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chambers, Thomas J.; Associate Professor; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses are important causes of human disease on a global scale and vaccine development against both viruses remains a public health priority. Based on the efficacy of the live- attenuated viral vaccine against yellow fever virus, the potential of expressing the structural proteins of Dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses in the context of chimeric yellow fiver viruses is being investigated. Aim 1 will determine whether an engineered chimeric virus can provide protective immunity against challenge with neuropathogenic Japanese encephalitis virus in adult
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mice, and to compare relative immunogenicity and protection with available Japanese encephalitis vaccine products. Aim 2 will fully characterize a chimeric yellow fever virus expressing the envelope protein of a dengue type 2 strain, and determine whether this novel virus can elicit protection in the mouse model. Aim 3 will use the chimeric yellow fever virus system to define the genetic determinants within the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein, which differentiate a highly neurovirulent clone from a nonvirulent clone. Aim 4 will determine whether a profound attenuation of the YS/JE-SA, 4-14-2 chimeric virus by investigating the effects of the envelope protein on different stages of viral replication. The overall goal of this proposal is to evaluate whether this chimeric virus technology warrants further consideration for development of human live- attenuated vaccines for dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and perhaps other medically important flaviviruses and to provide better knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of these viruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for yellow fever in the PubMed Central database: •
Bring out Your Dead; the Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793. by Packard FR.; 1950 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195075
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Chimeric Yellow Fever Virus 17D-Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine: DoseResponse Effectiveness and Extended Safety Testing in Rhesus Monkeys. by Monath TP, Levenbook I, Soike K, Zhang ZX, Ratterree M, Draper K, Barrett AD, Nichols R, Weltzin R, Arroyo J, Guirakhoo F.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111650
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Chimeric Yellow Fever/Dengue Virus as a Candidate Dengue Vaccine: Quantitation of the Dengue Virus-Specific CD8 T-Cell Response. by van der Most RG, MuraliKrishna K, Ahmed R, Strauss JH.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112342
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Cleavage at a novel site in the NS4A region by the yellow fever virus NS2B-3 proteinase is a prerequisite for processing at the downstream 4A/4B signalase site. by Lin C, Amberg SM, Chambers TJ, Rice CM.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240389
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Construction, Safety, and Immunogenicity in Nonhuman Primates of a Chimeric Yellow Fever-Dengue Virus Tetravalent Vaccine. by Guirakhoo F, Arroyo J, Pugachev KV, Miller C, Zhang ZX, Weltzin R, Georgakopoulos K, Catalan J, Ocran S, Soike K, Ratterree M, Monath TP.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114964
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Engineering blood meal-activated systemic immunity in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. by Kokoza V, Ahmed A, Cho WL, Jasinskiene N, James AA, Raikhel A.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16836
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Evidence that the N-Terminal Domain of Nonstructural Protein NS3 from Yellow Fever Virus is a Serine Protease Responsible for Site-Specific Cleavages in the Viral Polyprotein. by Chambers TJ, Weir RC, Grakoui A, McCourt DW, Bazan JF, Fletterick RJ, Rice CM.; 1990 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55067
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Fine Mapping of a cis-Acting Sequence Element in Yellow Fever Virus RNA That Is Required for RNA Replication and Cyclization. by Corver J, Lenches E, Smith K, Robison RA, Sando T, Strauss EG, Strauss JH.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140906
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Genetic analysis of the yellow fever virus NS1 protein: identification of a temperature-sensitive mutation which blocks RNA accumulation. by Muylaert IR, Galler R, Rice CM.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191050
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Identification and Characterization of Avian Retroviruses in Chicken EmbryoDerived Yellow Fever Vaccines: Investigation of Transmission to Vaccine Recipients. by Hussain AI, Johnson JA, da Silva Freire M, Heneine W.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140796
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Identification of envelope protein epitopes that are important in the attenuation process of wild-type yellow fever virus. by Sil BK, Dunster LM, Ledger TN, Wills MR, Minor PD, Barrett AD.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241231
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Interaction of Yellow Fever Virus French Neurotropic Vaccine Strain with Monkey Brain: Characterization of Monkey Brain Membrane Receptor Escape Variants. by Ni H, Ryman KD, Wang H, Saeed MF, Hull R, Wood D, Minor PD, Watowich SJ, Barrett AD.; 2000 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111783
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Lymphocytic 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity increases prior to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies and immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies after primary and secondary immunization with yellow fever vaccine. by Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Heron I, Monath TP, Calisher CH.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170150
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Mariner transposition and transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. by Coates CJ, Jasinskiene N, Miyashiro L, James AA.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19908
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Memoir of Walter Reed, the Yellow Fever Episode. by Ludlow AI.; 1944 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=194318
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Molecular Basis for Attenuation of Neurovirulence of a Yellow Fever Virus/Japanese Encephalitis Virus Chimera Vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE). by Arroyo J, Guirakhoo F, Fenner S, Zhang ZX, Monath TP, Chambers TJ.; 2001 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113989
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Molecular Characterization of a Hamster Viscerotropic Strain of Yellow Fever Virus. by McArthur MA, Suderman MT, Mutebi JP, Xiao SY, Barrett AD.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140822
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Mutagenesis of the Signal Sequence of Yellow Fever Virus prM Protein: Enhancement of Signalase Cleavage In Vitro Is Lethal for Virus Production. by Lee E, Stocks CE, Amberg SM, Rice CM, Lobigs M.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111509
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Mutagenesis of the yellow fever virus NS2B protein: effects on proteolytic processing, NS2B-NS3 complex formation, and viral replication. by Chambers TJ, Nestorowicz A, Amberg SM, Rice CM.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238121
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Mutagenesis of the yellow fever virus NS2B/3 cleavage site: determinants of cleavage site specificity and effects on polyprotein processing and viral replication. by Chambers TJ, Nestorowicz A, Rice CM.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188755
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Mutations in the Yellow Fever Virus Nonstructural Protein NS2A Selectively Block Production of Infectious Particles. by Kummerer BM, Rice CM.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136122
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Neuroadapted Yellow Fever Virus 17D: Genetic and Biological Characterization of a Highly Mouse-Neurovirulent Virus and Its Infectious Molecular Clone. by Chambers TJ, Nickells M.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114671
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Neuroblastoma Cell-Adapted Yellow Fever 17D Virus: Characterization of a Viral Variant Associated with Persistent Infection and Decreased Virus Spread. by Vlaycheva LA, Chambers TJ.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136214
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NS2B-3 proteinase-mediated processing in the yellow fever virus structural region: in vitro and in vivo studies. by Amberg SM, Nestorowicz A, McCourt DW, Rice CM.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236884
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Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus. by Chang GJ, Cropp BC, Kinney RM, Trent DW, Gubler DJ.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189439
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Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Relationships among Yellow Fever Virus Isolates in Africa. by Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE, Barrett AD.; 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114428
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Processing of the yellow fever virus nonstructural polyprotein: a catalytically active NS3 proteinase domain and NS2B are required for cleavages at dibasic sites. by Chambers TJ, Grakoui A, Rice CM.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250270
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Processing of yellow fever virus polyprotein: role of cellular proteases in maturation of the structural proteins. by Ruiz-Linares A, Cahour A, Despres P, Girard M, Bouloy M.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251034
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Protection against yellow fever in monkeys by immunization with yellow fever virus nonstructural protein NS1. by Schlesinger JJ, Brandriss MW, Cropp CB, Monath TP.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253373
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Rapid Detection and Quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg Viruses, Lassa Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Dengue Virus, and Yellow Fever Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR. by Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Gunther S.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120575
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Recombinant Chimeric Yellow Fever-Dengue Type 2 Virus Is Immunogenic and Protective in Nonhuman Primates. by Guirakhoo F, Weltzin R, Chambers TJ, Zhang ZX, Soike K, Ratterree M, Arroyo J, Georgakopoulos K, Catalan J, Monath TP.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112032
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Recombinant Yellow Fever Viruses Are Effective Therapeutic Vaccines for Treatment of Murine Experimental Solid Tumors and Pulmonary Metastases. by McAllister A, Arbetman AE, Mandl S, Pena-Rossi C, Andino R.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102118
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RNA-stimulated NTPase activity associated with yellow fever virus NS3 protein expressed in bacteria. by Warrener P, Tamura JK, Collett MS.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237453
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Role of the Transmembrane Domains of prM and E Proteins in the Formation of Yellow Fever Virus Envelope. by Op De Beeck A, Molenkamp R, Caron M, Ben Younes A, Bredenbeek P, Dubuisson J.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140810
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Sensitive and specific monoclonal immunoassay for detecting yellow fever virus in laboratory and clinical specimens. by Monath TP, Hill LJ, Brown NV, Cropp CB, Schlesinger JJ, Saluzzo JF, Wands JR.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268586
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Sialokinin I and II: Vasodilatory Tachykinins from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti. by Champagne DE, Ribeiro JM.; 1994 Jan 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42901
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Stable transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with the Hermes element from the housefly. by Jasinskiene N, Coates CJ, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Rafferty CS, James AA, Collins FH.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19907
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Three novel families of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements are associated with genes of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. by Tu Z.; 1997 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23846
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trans-Complementation of yellow fever virus NS1 reveals a role in early RNA replication. by Lindenbach BD, Rice CM.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230269
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YELLOW FEVER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ORLEANS. by Fossier AE.; 1942 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=194042
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Yellow Fever in New York City. by Heaton CE.; 1946 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=194570
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Yellow fever vaccination: be sure the patient needs it. by Weir E.; 2001 Oct 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81520
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Yellow Fever Virus Encephalitis: Properties of the Brain-Associated T-Cell Response during Virus Clearance in Normal and Gamma Interferon-Deficient Mice and Requirement for CD4 + Lymphocytes. by Liu T, Chambers TJ.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114795
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Yellow Fever Virus Replicons as an Expression System for Hepatitis C Virus Structural Proteins. by Molenkamp R, Kooi EA, Lucassen MA, Greve S, Thijssen JC, Spaan WJ, Bredenbeek PJ.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140782
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Yellow Fever Virus/Dengue-2 Virus and Yellow Fever Virus/Dengue-4 Virus Chimeras: Biological Characterization, Immunogenicity, and Protection against Dengue Encephalitis in the Mouse Model. by Chambers TJ, Liang Y, Droll DA, Schlesinger JJ, Davidson AD, Wright PJ, Jiang X.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149507
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Yellow Fever/Japanese Encephalitis Chimeric Viruses: Construction and Biological Properties. by Chambers TJ, Nestorowicz A, Mason PW, Rice CM.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104070
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with yellow fever, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for yellow fever (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A Belgian traveler who acquired yellow fever in the Gambia. Author(s): Colebunders R, Mariage JL, Coche JC, Pirenne B, Kempinaire S, Hantson P, Van Gompel A, Niedrig M, Van Esbroeck M, Bailey R, Drosten C, Schmitz H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 November 15; 35(10): E113-6. Epub 2002 October 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410495&dopt=Abstract
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A century of the US Army yellow fever research. Author(s): McCarthy M. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 2; 357(9270): 1772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403826&dopt=Abstract
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A Civil War epidemic. Yellow fever in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1862. Author(s): Kraus BB. Source: N C Med J. 1995 November; 56(11): 580-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569861&dopt=Abstract
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A clinicopathological study of human yellow fever. Author(s): Francis TI, Moore DL, Edington GM, Smith JA. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1972; 46(5): 659-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4538039&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A Dublin observer of the Lisbon yellow fever epidemic. Author(s): Lyons JB. Source: Vesalius. 1995 June; 1(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618546&dopt=Abstract
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A factor Xa-directed anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Stark KR, James AA. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1995 November; 81(3): 321-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7498429&dopt=Abstract
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A note on the interval between infecting and secondary cases of yellow fever from the records of the yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi in 1898. Author(s): Carter HR. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572209&dopt=Abstract
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A yellow fever vaccine free from avian leucosis viruses. Author(s): Draper CC. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1967 December; 65(4): 505-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4383742&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of time-expired yellow fever vaccine: public health response and results of a serological investigation. Author(s): Allen KW, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Howells J. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 June; 2(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402751&dopt=Abstract
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Advanced age a risk factor for illness temporally associated with yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Martin M, Weld LH, Tsai TF, Mootrey GT, Chen RT, Niu M, Cetron MS; GeoSentinel Yellow Fever Working Group. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 945-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747720&dopt=Abstract
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Aedes aegypti and yellow fever. Author(s): Soper FL. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1967; 36(4): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5299444&dopt=Abstract
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Aedes albopictus, yellow fever, and the Americas. Author(s): Ramos Filho CF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 February; 106(2): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3800201&dopt=Abstract
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Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. XIX. Major tropical viral infections: smallpox, yellow fever, and Lassa fever. Author(s): Robbins FC, Mahmoud AA, Warren KS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1977 February; 135(2): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=839094&dopt=Abstract
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Alteration of clinical outcome and histopathology of yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model by previous infection with heterologous flaviviruses. Author(s): Xiao SY, Guzman H, da Rosa AP, Zhu HB, Tesh RB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 June; 68(6): 695703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887029&dopt=Abstract
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Ammonia as an attractive component of host odour for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Geier M, Bosch OJ, Boeckh J. Source: Chemical Senses. 1999 December; 24(6): 647-53. Erratum In: Chem Senses 2000 June; 25(3): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587497&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemic of sylvatic yellow fever in the southeast region of Maranhao State, Brazil, 1993-1994: epidemiologic and entomologic findings. Author(s): Vasconcelos PF, Rodrigues SG, Degallier N, Moraes MA, da Rosa JF, da Rosa ES, Mondet B, Barros VL, da Rosa AP. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 August; 57(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288803&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemic of yellow fever in central Brazil. 1972-1973. I. Epidemiological studies. Author(s): Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa AP, Moraes MA, Almeida Neto JC, Camargo S, Filgueiras JP. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978 January; 27(1 Pt 1): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=626268&dopt=Abstract
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An observation on the yellow fever epidemic, Memphis and Shelby County Tennessee in 1878. Author(s): Grossman JE. Source: Chic Med Sch Q. 1967 Winter; 26(4): 227-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5341257&dopt=Abstract
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An open randomized study of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine administered concomitantly with typhoid fever and yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Jong EC, Kaplan KM, Eves KA, Taddeo CA, Lakkis HD, Kuter BJ. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044272&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of a yellow fever virus isolated from a fatal case of vaccine-associated human encephalitis. Author(s): Jennings AD, Gibson CA, Miller BR, Mathews JH, Mitchell CJ, Roehrig JT, Wood DJ, Taffs F, Sil BK, Whitby SN, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 March; 169(3): 512-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908925&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 1. Thermal desorption of attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) from handled glass beads. Author(s): Bernier UR, Booth MM, Yost RA. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1999 January 1; 71(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921122&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2. Identification of volatile compounds that are candidate attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Author(s): Bernier UR, Kline DL, Barnard DR, Schreck CE, Yost RA. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2000 February 15; 72(4): 747-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701259&dopt=Abstract
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Anaphylaxis from yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Kelso JM, Mootrey GT, Tsai TF. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 103(4): 698-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200022&dopt=Abstract
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Antibody response to 17D yellow fever vaccine in Ghanaian infants. Author(s): Osei-Kwasi M, Dunyo SK, Koram KA, Afari EA, Odoom JK, Nkrumah FK. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(11): 1056-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731813&dopt=Abstract
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Arbovirus studies in Luanda, Angola. 1. Virological and serological studies during a yellow fever epidemic. Author(s): Pinto MR, Filipe AR. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1973; 49(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4545154&dopt=Abstract
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Arbovirus studies in Nupeko forest, a possible natural focus of yellow fever virus in Nigeria. II. Entomological investigations and viruses isolated. Author(s): Lee VH, Monath TP, Tomori O, Fagbami A, Wilson DC. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1974; 68(1): 39-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4150465&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus after vaccination with 17D by different assays: neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition test, immunofluorescence assay and ELISA. Author(s): Niedrig M, Lademann M, Emmerich P, Lafrenz M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1999 December; 4(12): 86771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632996&dopt=Abstract
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Association of IDDM and attenuated response of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase to yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Larsen ML, Frifelt JJ, Michelsen B, Lernmark A. Source: Diabetes. 1989 December; 38(12): 1636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2573556&dopt=Abstract
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Attenuation of wild-type yellow fever virus by passage in HeLa cells. Author(s): Barrett AD, Monath TP, Cropp CB, Adkins JA, Ledger TN, Gould EA, Schlesinger JJ, Kinney RM, Trent DW. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1990 October; 71 ( Pt 10): 2301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2230735&dopt=Abstract
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Auto-antibodies in acute viral hepatitis, yellow fever, and hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and experimental findings. Author(s): Smith JA, Francis TI, David-West TS. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1973 February; 109(2): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4352762&dopt=Abstract
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Beauperthuy and yellow fever. Author(s): Sakula A. Source: J Med Biogr. 2000 November; 8(4): 244. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11042776&dopt=Abstract
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Benefit versus risk factors in immunization against yellow fever. Author(s): Bres P. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1979; 43: 297-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=574841&dopt=Abstract
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Brazil's lon g fight against epidemic disease, 1849-1917, with special emphasis on yellow fever. Author(s): Cooper DB. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1975 May; 51(5): 672-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1093591&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of blood mononuclear cells reacting with K 562 cells after yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Fagraeus A, Ehrnst A, Klein E, Patarroyo M, Goldstein G. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1982 February; 67(1): 37-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6176337&dopt=Abstract
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Chimeric yellow fever virus 17D-Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine: dose-response effectiveness and extended safety testing in rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Monath TP, Levenbook I, Soike K, Zhang ZX, Ratterree M, Draper K, Barrett AD, Nichols R, Weltzin R, Arroyo J, Guirakhoo F. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 February; 74(4): 1742-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10644345&dopt=Abstract
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Chimeric yellow fever/dengue virus as a candidate dengue vaccine: quantitation of the dengue virus-specific CD8 T-cell response. Author(s): van Der Most RG, Murali-Krishna K, Ahmed R, Strauss JH. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 September; 74(17): 8094-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933719&dopt=Abstract
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Chloroquine does not adversely affect the antibody response to yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Tsai TF, Bolin RA, Lazuick JS, Miller KD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 October; 154(4): 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745979&dopt=Abstract
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Clara Louise Maass: a nurse volunteer for yellow fever inoculations--1901. Author(s): Tigertt HB, Tigertt WD. Source: Military Medicine. 1983 March; 148(3): 252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6408508&dopt=Abstract
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Classics in infectious diseases. The etiology of yellow fever: a preliminary note. Walter Reed, James Carroll, A. Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, Surgeons, U.S. Army. The Philadelphia Medical Journal 1900. Author(s): Reed W, Carroll J, Agramonte A, Lazear JW. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1983 November-December; 5(6): 1103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6140741&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and laboratory features of dengue virus-infected travellers previously vaccinated against yellow fever. Author(s): Teichmann D, Gobels K, Niedrig M, Grobusch MP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(6-7): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953964&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features of yellow fever cases at Vom Christian Hospital during the 1969 epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Author(s): Jones EM, Wilson DC. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1972; 46(5): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4538038&dopt=Abstract
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Combined vaccination against yellow fever and typhoid fever: a comparative trial. Author(s): Ambrosch F, Fritzell B, Gregor J, Jonas S, Kollaritsch H, Teulieres L, Wiedermann G. Source: Vaccine. 1994 May; 12(7): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085380&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative clinical study of a new 17D thermostable yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Roche JC, Jouan A, Brisou B, Rodhain R, Fritzell B, Hannoun C. Source: Vaccine. 1986 September; 4(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3532602&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two yellow fever 17D vaccines (ARILVAX and YF-VAX) in a phase III multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Monath TP, Nichols R, Archambault WT, Moore L, Marchesani R, Tian J, Shope RE, Thomas N, Schrader R, Furby D, Bedford P. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 May; 66(5): 53341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201587&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with standard tests used to detect yellow fever virus antibodies. Author(s): Deubel V, Mouly V, Salaun JJ, Adam C, Diop MM, Digoutte JP. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1983 May; 32(3): 565-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6344672&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of two 17D yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Lang J, Zuckerman J, Clarke P, Barrett P, Kirkpatrick C, Blondeau C. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 June; 60(6): 104550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403341&dopt=Abstract
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Compatible concurrent administration of yellow fever 17D vaccine with oral, live, attenuated p6olera CVD103-HgR and typhoid ty21a vaccines. Author(s): Tsai TF, Kollaritsch H, Que JU, Cropp CB, Kunz C, Wiedermann G, Herzog C, Cryz SJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 February; 179(2): 522-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9878043&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital yellow fever virus infection after immunization in pregnancy. Author(s): Tsai TF, Paul R, Lynberg MC, Letson GW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 December; 168(6): 1520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8245539&dopt=Abstract
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Conquerors of yellow fever. Author(s): Schatzki SC. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1992 September; 159(3): 462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503005&dopt=Abstract
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Contract between Antonio Benigno and Yellow Fever Board, November 26, 1900. Author(s): Anonymous. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569386&dopt=Abstract
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Deathstorm. The yellow fever epidemic of 1855. Author(s): Lewis PB, Lewis DW. Source: Va Med Q. 1995 Winter; 122(1): 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858009&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of yellow fever and dengue antigens in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded human liver by immunohistochemical analysis. Author(s): Hall WC, Crowell TP, Watts DM, Barros VL, Kruger H, Pinheiro F, Peters CJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 October; 45(4): 408-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1951849&dopt=Abstract
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Dengue 2 vaccine: dose response in volunteers in relation to yellow fever immune status. Author(s): Scott RM, Eckels KH, Bancroft WH, Summers PL, McCown JM, Anderson JH, Russell PK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 December; 148(6): 1055-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6655288&dopt=Abstract
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Dengue-2 vaccine: virological, immunological, and clinical responses of six yellow fever-immune recipients. Author(s): Bancroft WH, Top FH Jr, Eckels KH, Anderson JH Jr, McCown JM, Russell PK. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1981 February; 31(2): 698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7216469&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of yellow fever viral RNA by nucleic acid hybridization and viral antigen by immunocytochemistry in fixed human liver. Author(s): Monath TP, Ballinger ME, Miller BR, Salaun JJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 June; 40(6): 663-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2500857&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of yellow fever virus in serum by enzyme immunoassay. Author(s): Monath TP, Nystrom RR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984 January; 33(1): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6364854&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of yellow fever virus: a comparison of quantitative real-time PCR and plaque assay. Author(s): Bae HG, Nitsche A, Teichmann A, Biel SS, Niedrig M. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 June 30; 110(2): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798247&dopt=Abstract
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Development and applications of transgenesis in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Adelman ZN, Jasinskiene N, James AA. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2002 April 30; 121(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985858&dopt=Abstract
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Development of viremia and humoral and cellular parameters of immune activation after vaccination with yellow fever virus strain 17D: a model of human flavivirus infection. Author(s): Reinhardt B, Jaspert R, Niedrig M, Kostner C, L'age-Stehr J. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 October; 56(2): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746073&dopt=Abstract
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Diary notes on a trip to West Africa in relation to a yellow fever expedition under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1926, by Oskar Klotz. Author(s): Barrie HJ. Source: Can Bull Med Hist. 1997; 14(1): 133-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619770&dopt=Abstract
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Differing infection patterns of dengue and yellow fever viruses in a human hepatoma cell line. Author(s): Marianneau P, Steffan AM, Royer C, Drouet MT, Kirn A, Deubel V. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 November; 178(5): 1270-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9780246&dopt=Abstract
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DNA synthesis in subpopulations of blood mononuclear leucocytes in human subjects after vaccination against yellow fever. Author(s): Ehrnst A, Lambert B, Fagraeus A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1978; 8(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=715379&dopt=Abstract
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Does restricted distribution limit access and coverage of yellow fever vaccine in the United States? Author(s): Monath TP, Giesberg JA, Fierros EG. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998 October-December; 4(4): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866753&dopt=Abstract
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Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever. Author(s): Chiong MA. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1989 December 1; 141(11): 1126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2684378&dopt=Abstract
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Dr. Tomas Romay's unpublished manuscript on yellow fever, June 27, 1804. Author(s): Coker WS, McNeill JR. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1984 July; 71(7): 456-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6399914&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of diet on the metabolic response to infection: protein-sparing modified fast plus 100 grams glucose and yellow fever immunization. Author(s): Bistrian BR, George DT, Blackburn GL, Wannemacher RW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 February; 34(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7010984&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of previous dengue infection and yellow fever vaccination on St. Louis encephalitis virus serological surveys in Tampa Bay area of Florida. Author(s): Hammon WM, Sather GE, Bond JO, Lewis FY. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1966 May; 83(3): 571-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5934624&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Werfel U, Popp W. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 1; 358(9296): 1909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741670&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 1; 358(9296): 1908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741669&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Troillet N, Laurencet F. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 1; 358(9296): 1908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741668&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Adhiyaman V, Oke A, Cefai C, Adhiyaman V, Oke A, Cefai C. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 1; 358(9296): 1907-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741667&dopt=Abstract
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Encephalitis in a 13-year-old boy following 17D yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Schoub BD, Dommann CJ, Johnson S, Downie C, Patel PL. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1990 July; 21(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2384674&dopt=Abstract
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Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru. Author(s): Bryant J, Wang H, Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Watts D, Russell K, Barrett A. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 August; 9(8): 926-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967489&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic of jungle yellow fever in Brazil, 2000: implications of climatic alterations in disease spread. Author(s): Vasconcelos PF, Costa ZG, Travassos Da Rosa ES, Luna E, Rodrigues SG, Barros VL, Dias JP, Monteiro HA, Oliva OF, Vasconcelos HB, Oliveira RC, Sousa MR, Barbosa Da Silva J, Cruz AC, Martins EC, Travassos Da Rosa JF. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 November; 65(3): 598-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596099&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector. Author(s): Miller BR, Monath TP, Tabachnick WJ, Ezike VI. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1989 December; 40(4): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2623418&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986. Author(s): De Cock KM, Monath TP, Nasidi A, Tukei PM, Enriquez J, Lichfield P, Craven RB, Fabiyi A, Okafor BC, Ravaonjanahary C, et al. Source: Lancet. 1988 March 19; 1(8586): 630-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894558&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic yellow fever in Upper Volta. Author(s): Baudon D, Robert V, Roux J, Stanghellini A, Gazin P, Molez JF, Lhuillier M, Sartholi JL, Saluzzo JF, Cornet M, et al. Source: Lancet. 1984 July 7; 2(8393): 42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6145959&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological aspects of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic in Nigeria. Author(s): Carey DE, Kemp GE, Troup JM, White HA, Smith EA, Addy RF, Fom AL, Pifer J, Jones EM, Bres P, Shope RE. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1972; 46(5): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4538037&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological method in the 1860s: yellow fever at Saint-Nazaire. Author(s): Coleman W. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1984 Summer; 58(2): 145-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6375767&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology, immunology, and yellow fever: the Rockefeller Foundation in Brazil, 1923-1939. Author(s): Lowy I. Source: Journal of the History of Biology. 1997 Fall; 30(3): 397-417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619789&dopt=Abstract
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Epilogue: the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Board of 1900. Author(s): Anonymous. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569398&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods for antibody determination against Chikungunya, West Nile and yellow fever viruses. Author(s): El Mekki A, van der Groen G, Pattyn SR. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1979 June; 59(2): 121-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=391161&dopt=Abstract
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Every prospect of a healthy summer: the 1839 outbreak of yellow fever in Charleston, South Carolina. Author(s): Eckert J. Source: Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila. 1992 June; 14(2): 167-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1621279&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental model of yellow fever in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Author(s): Arya SC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 December 1; 184(11): 1496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709799&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental yellow fever. 1901. Author(s): Reed W, Carroll J, Agramonte A. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569393&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to yellow fever vaccine in early pregnancy. Author(s): Robert E, Vial T, Schaefer C, Arnon J, Reuvers M. Source: Vaccine. 1999 January 21; 17(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987164&dopt=Abstract
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Facing up to re-emergence of urban yellow fever. Author(s): Monath TP. Source: Lancet. 1999 May 8; 353(9164): 1541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334247&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of antibody production to yellow fever vaccine in children with kwashiorkor. Author(s): Brown RE, Katz M. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1966 June; 18(2): 125-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5962839&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of yellow fever immunization to produce a catabolic response in individuals fully adapted to a protein-sparing modified fast. Author(s): Bistrian BR, Winterer JC, Blackburn GL, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1977 September; 30(9): 1518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=900064&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal myeloencephalitis following yellow fever vaccination in a case with HIV infection. Author(s): Kengsakul K, Sathirapongsasuti K, Punyagupta S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 January; 85(1): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075714&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal yellow fever contracted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK, in 1930. Author(s): Cook GC. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 November-December; 88(6): 712-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7886784&dopt=Abstract
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Ferreyra da Rosa on yellow fever in Pernambuco. Author(s): Jarcho S. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1972 November; 48(10): 1343-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4565245&dopt=Abstract
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Fever and multisystem organ failure associated with 17D-204 yellow fever vaccination: a report of four cases. Author(s): Martin M, Tsai TF, Cropp B, Chang GJ, Holmes DA, Tseng J, Shieh W, Zaki SR, Al-Sanouri I, Cutrona AF, Ray G, Weld LH, Cetron MS. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 14; 358(9276): 98-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463410&dopt=Abstract
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Field trial of combined yellow fever and measles vaccines among children in Nigeria. Author(s): Adu FD, Omotade OO, Oyedele OI, Ikusika O, Odemuyiwa SO, Onoja AL. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 September; 73(9): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991237&dopt=Abstract
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First case of yellow fever in French Guiana since 1902. Author(s): Heraud JM, Hommel D, Hulin A, Deubel V, Poveda JD, Sarthou JL, Talarmin A. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341180&dopt=Abstract
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First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992-1993. I. Epidemiologic investigations. Author(s): Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Kuria G, Ademba G, Agata NN, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Reiter P, Moore PS, Gubler DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 October; 59(4): 644-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790446&dopt=Abstract
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First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992-1993. II. Entomologic investigations. Author(s): Reiter P, Cordellier R, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Savage HM, Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Agata NN, Gitau LG, Rapuoda BA, Gubler DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 October; 59(4): 650-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790447&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic analysis of the yellow fever virus NS1 protein: identification of a temperature-sensitive mutation which blocks RNA accumulation. Author(s): Muylaert IR, Galler R, Rice CM. Source: Journal of Virology. 1997 January; 71(1): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985349&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic heterogeneity of yellow fever virus strains from Africa and the Americas. Author(s): Deubel V, Digoutte JP, Monath TP, Girard M. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1986 January; 67 ( Pt 1): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3944583&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic selection of a flavivirus-refractory strain of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Miller BR, Mitchell CJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 October; 45(4): 399-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1659238&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variability among yellow fever virus 17D substrains. Author(s): Galler R, Post PR, Santos CN, Ferreira II. Source: Vaccine. 1998 May-June; 16(9-10): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682354&dopt=Abstract
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Geographic distribution and evolution of yellow fever viruses based on direct sequencing of genomic cDNA fragments. Author(s): Lepiniec L, Dalgarno L, Huong VT, Monath TP, Digoutte JP, Deubel V. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1994 February; 75 ( Pt 2): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8113765&dopt=Abstract
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Gibraltar's 1804 yellow fever scourge: the search for scapegoats. Author(s): Sawchuk LA, Burke SD. Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 1998 January; 53(1): 3-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510598&dopt=Abstract
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Glad tidings from yellow fever research. Author(s): Monath TP. Source: Science. 1985 August 23; 229(4715): 734-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3895436&dopt=Abstract
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Growth of 17D yellow fever virus in a macrophage-like cell line, U937: role of Fc and viral receptors in antibody-mediated infection. Author(s): Schlesinger JJ, Brandriss MW. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1981 August; 127(2): 659-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7252155&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis and death following vaccination with 17D-204 yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Chan RC, Penney DJ, Little D, Carter IW, Roberts JA, Rawlinson WD. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 14; 358(9276): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463415&dopt=Abstract
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Heterogeneity in envelope protein sequence and N-linked glycosylation among yellow fever virus vaccine strains. Author(s): Post PR, Santos CN, Carvalho R, Cruz AC, Rice CM, Galler R. Source: Virology. 1992 May; 188(1): 160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1566570&dopt=Abstract
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Heterogeneous nature of the genome of the ARILVAX yellow fever 17D vaccine revealed by consensus sequencing. Author(s): Pugachev KV, Ocran SW, Guirakhoo F, Furby D, Monath TP. Source: Vaccine. 2002 January 15; 20(7-8): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803058&dopt=Abstract
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Heterotypic serologic responses after yellow fever vaccination; detection of persons with past St. Louis encephalitis or dengue. Author(s): Pond WL, Ehrenkranz NJ, Danauskas JX, Carter MJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1967 April; 98(4): 673-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6022887&dopt=Abstract
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Hideyo Noguchi's last stand: the Yellow Fever Commission in Accra, Africa (1927-8). Author(s): Koide SS. Source: J Med Biogr. 2000 May; 8(2): 97-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10994056&dopt=Abstract
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Hideyo Noguchi's research on yellow fever (1918-1928) in the pre-electron microscopic era. Author(s): Kantha SS. Source: Kitasato Arch Exp Med. 1989 April; 62(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2671469&dopt=Abstract
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Histopathology of the human liver in yellow fever with special emphasis on the diagnostic role of the Councilman body. Author(s): Vieira WT, Gayotto LC, de Lima CP, de Brito T. Source: Histopathology. 1983 March; 7(2): 195-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6303935&dopt=Abstract
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Historical evidence of resistance to yellow fever acquired by residence in India. Author(s): Ashcroft MT. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979; 73(2): 247-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=382469&dopt=Abstract
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History of epidemiological aspects of yellow fever. Author(s): Downs WG. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1982 May-August; 55(3-4): 179-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6758368&dopt=Abstract
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Homogeneity among Senegalese strains of yellow fever virus. Author(s): Deubel V, Pailliez JP, Cornet M, Schlesinger JJ, Diop M, Diop A, Digoutte JP, Girard M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985 September; 34(5): 976-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4037185&dopt=Abstract
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Homogeneity of yellow fever virus strains isolated during an epidemic and a postepidemic period in West Africa. Author(s): Pisano MR, Nicoli J, Tolou H. Source: Virus Genes. 1997; 14(3): 225-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311567&dopt=Abstract
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Human and animal ecological concepts behind the distribution, behaviour and control of yellow fever. Author(s): Smith CE. Source: Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1971 September-October; 64(5): 683-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5005227&dopt=Abstract
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Human antibodies to dengue and yellow fever do not react in diagnostic assays for hepatitis C virus. Author(s): Yoshida CF, Rouzere CD, Nogueira RM, Lampe E, Travassos-da-Rosa MA, Vanderborght BO, Schatzmayr HG. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1992; 25(11): 1131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1285268&dopt=Abstract
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Human antibody response to immunization with 17D yellow fever and inactivated TBE vaccine. Author(s): Kayser M, Klein H, Paasch I, Pilaski J, Blenk H, Heeg K. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1985 September; 17(1): 35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2995571&dopt=Abstract
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Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to live attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine: identification of HLA-B35-restricted CTL epitopes on nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2b, NS3, and the structural protein E. Author(s): Co MD, Terajima M, Cruz J, Ennis FA, Rothman AL. Source: Virology. 2002 February 1; 293(1): 151-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853408&dopt=Abstract
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Human fatal yellow fever. Immunohistochemical detection of viral antigens in the liver, kidney and heart. Author(s): De Brito T, Siqueira SA, Santos RT, Nassar ES, Coimbra TL, Alves VA. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1992 February; 188(1-2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1594489&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and characterization of avian retroviruses in chicken embryo-derived yellow fever vaccines: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. Author(s): Hussain AI, Johnson JA, Da Silva Freire M, Heneine W. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 January; 77(2): 1105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502826&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of envelope protein epitopes that are important in the attenuation process of wild-type yellow fever virus. Author(s): Sil BK, Dunster LM, Ledger TN, Wills MR, Minor PD, Barrett AD. Source: Journal of Virology. 1992 July; 66(7): 4265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376368&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between 17D-204 and other strains of yellow fever virus. Author(s): Barrett AD, Mathews JH, Miller BR, Medlen AR, Ledger TN, Roehrig JT. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1990 January; 71 ( Pt 1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1689367&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity, genetic stability, and protective efficacy of a recombinant, chimeric yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis virus (ChimeriVax-JE) as a live, attenuated vaccine candidate against Japanese encephalitis. Author(s): Guirakhoo F, Zhang ZX, Chambers TJ, Delagrave S, Arroyo J, Barrett AD, Monath TP. Source: Virology. 1999 May 10; 257(2): 363-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10329547&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. V. Evaluation of crossimmunity against type 1 dengue fever in human subjects convalescent from subclinical natural Japanese encephalitis virus infection and vaccinated with 17D strain yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Wisseman CL Jr, Kitaoka M, Tamiya T. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1966 July; 15(4): 588600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4287392&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. VI. Hemagglutinationinhibiting antibody responses to 17D yellow fever vaccine in human subjects with different degrees of complexity of pre-vaccination group B virus experience. Author(s): Hatgi JN, Wisseman CL Jr, Rosenzweig EC, Harrington BR, Kitaoka M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1966 July; 15(4): 60110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5941178&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoperoxidase detection of Yellow Fever virus after natural and experimental infections. Author(s): de la Monte SM, Linhares AL, da Rosa AP, Pinheiro FP. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1983 September; 35(3): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6359596&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of yellow fever on the developing world. Author(s): Tomori O. Source: Adv Virus Res. 1999; 53: 5-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10582093&dopt=Abstract
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Imported yellow fever in a United States citizen. Author(s): McFarland JM, Baddour LM, Nelson JE, Elkins SK, Craven RB, Cropp BC, Chang GJ, Grindstaff AD, Craig AS, Smith RJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 November; 25(5): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402373&dopt=Abstract
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Imported yellow fever in vaccinated tourist. Author(s): Nolla-Salas J, Saballs-Radresa J, Bada JL. Source: Lancet. 1989 November 25; 2(8674): 1275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2573781&dopt=Abstract
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In the days of the epidemic: the 1793 yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia as seen by physicians. Author(s): Eckert J. Source: Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila. 1993 December; 15(5): 31-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8128536&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in healthy humans after live yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Hacker UT, Jelinek T, Erhardt S, Eigler A, Hartmann G, Nothdurft HD, Endres S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 March; 177(3): 774-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498462&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of yellow fever virus by glutaraldehyde. Author(s): Graham JL, Jaeger RF. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1968 January; 16(1): 177. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4865905&dopt=Abstract
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Inadequate protection against yellow fever of children visiting endemic areas. Author(s): Potasman I, Pick N, Stringer C, Zuckerman JN. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 December; 65(6): 954-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792005&dopt=Abstract
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Inadvertent use of time-expired yellow fever vaccine should be followed by revaccination. Author(s): Mortimer PP. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 September; 2(3): 221. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10491884&dopt=Abstract
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India and the yellow fever problem. Author(s): Pandit CG. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1971 October; 59(10): 1523-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5003541&dopt=Abstract
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Indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of yellow fever. Author(s): Monath TP, Cropp CB, Muth DJ, Calisher CH. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981; 75(2): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7029803&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of the IL-1Ra gene polymorphism on in vivo synthesis of IL-1Ra and IL1beta after live yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Hacker UT, Erhardt S, Tschop K, Jelinek T, Endres S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 September; 125(3): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531955&dopt=Abstract
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Interference assessment of yellow fever vaccine with the immune response to a single-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (1440 EL.U.). A controlled study in adults. Author(s): Gil A, Gonzalez A, Dal-Re R, Calero JR. Source: Vaccine. 1996 August; 14(11): 1028-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879097&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of a possible yellow fever epidemic and serosurvey for flavivirus infections in northern Cameroon, 1984. Author(s): Tsai TF, Lazuick JS, Ngah RW, Mafiamba PC, Quincke G, Monath TP. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1987; 65(6): 855-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501739&dopt=Abstract
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Investigations into yellow fever virus and other arboviruses in the northern regions of Kenya. Author(s): Henderson BE, Metselaar D, Kirya GB, Timms GL. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1970; 42(5): 787-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4393661&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of yellow fever virus from a human liver obtained by autopsy in Surinam. Author(s): De Haas RA, Oostburg BF, Sitalsing AD, Bellot SM. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1971 March; 23(1): 59-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5573581&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of yellow fever virus from nulliparous Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys in eastern Amazonia. Author(s): Mondet B, Vasconcelos PF, Travassos da Rosa AP, Travassos da Rosa ES, Rodrigues SG, Travassos Rosa JF, Bicout DJ. Source: Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2002 Spring; 2(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656130&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation, characterization, and functional expression of kynurenine aminotransferase cDNA from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti(1). Author(s): Fang J, Han Q, Li J. Source: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002 August; 32(8): 943-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110301&dopt=Abstract
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Isolations in a mosquito (Aedes pseudoscutellaris) cell line (Mos. 61) of yellow fever virus strains from original field material. Author(s): Varma MG, Pudney M, Leake CJ, Peralta PH. Source: Intervirology. 1975-76; 6(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5385&dopt=Abstract
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Johns Hopkins and yellow fever: a story of tragedy and triumph. Author(s): Harvey AM. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1981 July; 149(1): 25-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7019532&dopt=Abstract
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Josiah Clark Nott, insects, and yellow fever. Author(s): Chernin E. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1983 November; 59(9): 790-802. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6140039&dopt=Abstract
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Jungle yellow fever in the central Amazon. Author(s): Barros ML, Boecken G. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 5; 348(9032): 969-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843848&dopt=Abstract
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Jungle yellow fever, Rio de Janeiro. Author(s): Filippis AM, Schatzmayr HG, Nicolai C, Baran M, Miagostovich MP, Sequeira PC, Nogueira RM. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 May-June; 7(3): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384541&dopt=Abstract
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Jungle yellow fever: clinical and laboratorial studies emphasizing viremia on a human case. Author(s): Nassar Eda S, Chamelet EL, Coimbra TL, de Souza LT, Suzuki A, Ferreira IB, da Silva MV, Rocco IM, Travassos da Rosa AP. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1995 July-August; 37(4): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599063&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory infection with Zika virus after vaccination against yellow fever. Author(s): Filipe AR, Martins CM, Rocha H. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1973; 43(4): 315-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4799154&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory vector competence experiments with yellow fever virus and five South African mosquito species including Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Jupp PG, Kemp A. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 September-October; 96(5): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474475&dopt=Abstract
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Landmark article. Feb 16, 1901: The etiology of yellow fever. An additional note. By Walter Reed, Jas. Carroll and Aristides Agramonte. Author(s): Reed W, Agramonte A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 August 5; 250(5): 649-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6345833&dopt=Abstract
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Landmark perspective: Walter Reed and yellow fever. Author(s): Bean WB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 August 5; 250(5): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6345834&dopt=Abstract
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Letter from Brasilia. Yellow fever. Author(s): Marsden PD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 December 15; 301(6765): 1382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980221&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Liver pathology in yellow fever. Author(s): Kerr JA. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1973; 67(6): 882. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4788768&dopt=Abstract
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Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Author(s): Monath TP, Craven RB, Muth DJ, Trautt CJ, Calisher CH, Fitzgerald SA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1980 July; 29(4): 62434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7406113&dopt=Abstract
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Lipophorin levels in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the effect of feeding. Author(s): Van Heusden MC, Erickson BA, Pennington JE. Source: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 1997; 34(3): 301-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055439&dopt=Abstract
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Louis Daniel Beauperthuy: pioneer in yellow fever and leprosy research. Author(s): Sakula A. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1986 April; 20(2): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3519951&dopt=Abstract
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Low frequency of side effects following an incidental 25 times concentrated dose of yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Rabello A, Orsini M, Disch J, Marcial T, Leal Md Mda L, Freire Md Mda S, Yamamura AM, Viana A. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2002 March-April; 35(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011927&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocytes and yellow fever. I. Transient virus refractory state following vaccination of man with the 17-D strain. Author(s): Wheelock EF, Toy ST, Stjernholm RL. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1970 November; 105(5): 1304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5496134&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocytic 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity increases prior to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies and immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies after primary and secondary immunization with yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Heron I, Monath TP, Calisher CH. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995 May; 2(3): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7664176&dopt=Abstract
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MAC-ELISA and ELISA inhibition methods for detection of antibodies after yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Vazquez S, Valdes O, Pupo M, Delgado I, Alvarez M, Pelegrino JL, Guzman MG. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 June 30; 110(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798246&dopt=Abstract
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Macrogeographic genetic variation in a human commensal: Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito. Author(s): Wallis GP, Tabachnick WJ, Powell JR. Source: Genetical Research. 1983 June; 41(3): 241-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6884770&dopt=Abstract
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Man against insect. 3. Walter Reed v yellow fever. Author(s): Williamson F. Source: Nurs Times. 1974 August 1; 70(31): 1202-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4603176&dopt=Abstract
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Marylanders defeat Philadelphia: yellow fever updated. Author(s): Woodward TE, Beisel WR, Faulkner RD. Source: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1976; 87: 69-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=822563&dopt=Abstract
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Max Theiler--Nobel Laureate for yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 June; 78(6): 728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934783&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and biological changes associated with HeLa cell attenuation of wild-type yellow fever virus. Author(s): Dunster LM, Wang H, Ryman KD, Miller BR, Watowich SJ, Minor PD, Barrett AD. Source: Virology. 1999 September 1; 261(2): 309-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497116&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular detection and characterization of yellow fever virus in blood and liver specimens of a non-vaccinated fatal human case. Author(s): Deubel V, Huerre M, Cathomas G, Drouet MT, Wuscher N, Le Guenno B, Widmer AF. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1997 November; 53(3): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365884&dopt=Abstract
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More about yellow fever. Author(s): Blount RE. Source: Military Medicine. 1979 April; 144(4): 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=108626&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenesis of the N-linked glycosylation sites of the yellow fever virus NS1 protein: effects on virus replication and mouse neurovirulence. Author(s): Muylaert IR, Chambers TJ, Galler R, Rice CM. Source: Virology. 1996 August 1; 222(1): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806496&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroblastoma cell-adapted yellow fever 17D virus: characterization of a viral variant associated with persistent infection and decreased virus spread. Author(s): Vlaycheva LA, Chambers TJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 June; 76(12): 6172-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021351&dopt=Abstract
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Neurovirulence of yellow fever 17DD vaccine virus to rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Marchevsky RS, Freire MS, Coutinho ES, Galler R. Source: Virology. 2003 November 10; 316(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14599790&dopt=Abstract
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Neutralizing antibody responses in the major immunoglobulin classes to yellow fever 17D vaccination of humans. Author(s): Monath TP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1971 February; 93(2): 122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5101137&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus. Author(s): Chang GJ, Cropp BC, Kinney RM, Trent DW, Gubler DJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 1995 September; 69(9): 5773-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7637022&dopt=Abstract
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On an outbreak of sylvan yellow fever verified in the State of Goias (Brazil) in the period from 1972--1973. Author(s): de Goes P, Guimaraes JC, Machado RD, Lobo GG, Andrade CM, Bastos RA, de Paola D. Source: An Microbiol (Rio J). 1976-77; 22: 9-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1088787&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of jaundice and hemorrhagic fever in the Southeast of Brazil in 2001: detection and molecular characterization of yellow fever virus. Author(s): de Filippis AM, Nogueira RM, Schatzmayr HG, Tavares DS, Jabor AV, Diniz SC, Oliveira JC, Moreira E, Miagostovich MP, Costa EV, Galler R. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 December; 68(4): 620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376973&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya: how doctors got the news. Author(s): Loutan L, Robert CF, Raeber PA. Source: Lancet. 1993 April 17; 341(8851): 1030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8096918&dopt=Abstract
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Overdose of yellow fever vaccine: a preventable error? Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Lomonaco Ade F. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2002 September-October; 35(5): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621680&dopt=Abstract
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Partial genomic sequence determination of yellow fever virus strain associated with a recent epidemic in Gabon. Author(s): Pisano MR, Durand JP, Tolou H. Source: Acta Virol. 1996 April; 40(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886120&dopt=Abstract
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Partial nucleotide sequence of South American yellow fever virus strain 1899/81: structural proteins and NS1. Author(s): Ballinger-Crabtree ME, Miller BR. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1990 September; 71 ( Pt 9): 2115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145394&dopt=Abstract
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Persistence of neutralizing antibody 30-35 years after immunization with 17D yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Poland JD, Calisher CH, Monath TP, Downs WG, Murphy K. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1981; 59(6): 895-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6978196&dopt=Abstract
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Phenotypic and molecular analyses of yellow fever 17DD vaccine viruses associated with serious adverse events in Brazil. Author(s): Galler R, Pugachev KV, Santos CL, Ocran SW, Jabor AV, Rodrigues SG, Marchevsky RS, Freire MS, Almeida LF, Cruz AC, Yamamura AM, Rocco IM, da Rosa ES, Souza LT, Vasconcelos PF, Guirakhoo F, Monath TP. Source: Virology. 2001 November 25; 290(2): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883195&dopt=Abstract
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Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa. Author(s): Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE, Barrett AD. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 August; 75(15): 6999-7008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435580&dopt=Abstract
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Poor antibody response to yellow fever vaccination in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Author(s): Sibailly TS, Wiktor SZ, Tsai TF, Cropp BC, Ekpini ER, Adjorlolo-Johnson G, Gnaore E, DeCock KM, Greenberg AE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 December; 16(12): 1177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427466&dopt=Abstract
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Possible association of encephalitis and 17D yellow fever vaccination in a 29-year-old traveller. Author(s): Merlo C, Steffen R, Landis T, Tsai T, Karabatsos N. Source: Vaccine. 1993; 11(6): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8100665&dopt=Abstract
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Possible contributing factors to the paucity of yellow fever epidemics in the Ashanti region of Ghana, west Africa. Author(s): Addy PA, Esena RK, Atuahene SK. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 January; 73(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8625858&dopt=Abstract
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Preliminary report of yellow fever during the 18th century. Author(s): Snape WJ, Wolfe EL. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1984 September; 81(9): 731-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6387133&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of larvae of potential yellow fever vectors in domestic water containers in south-east Nigeria. Author(s): Bang YH, Bown DN, Onwubiko AO. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1981; 59(1): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6973413&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of yellow fever in persons traveling to the tropics. Author(s): Monath TP, Cetron MS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 May 15; 34(10): 1369-78. Epub 2002 April 25. Review. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis 2002 July 1; 35(1): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981733&dopt=Abstract
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Production of yellow fever virus proteins in infected cells: identification of discrete polyprotein species and analysis of cleavage kinetics using region-specific polyclonal antisera. Author(s): Chambers TJ, McCourt DW, Rice CM. Source: Virology. 1990 July; 177(1): 159-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2353452&dopt=Abstract
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Public health crises in Baltimore. Parallels between the Yellow Fever epidemic of the late 1700s and the spread of AIDS in the 1980s. Author(s): Spotts PH. Source: Md Med. 2001 Spring; 2(2): 53-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398497&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Author(s): Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Gunther S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089242&dopt=Abstract
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Recent immunization against measles does not interfere with the sero-response to yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Stefano I, Sato HK, Pannuti CS, Omoto TM, Mann G, Freire MS, Yamamura AM, Vasconcelos PF, Oselka GW, Weckx LW, Salgado MF, Noale LF, Souza VA. Source: Vaccine. 1999 March 5; 17(9-10): 1042-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195613&dopt=Abstract
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Recent research on yellow fever in Kenya. Author(s): Metselaar D, Henderson BE, Kirya GB, Timms GL. Source: East Afr Med J. 1970 March; 47(3): 130-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5463634&dopt=Abstract
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Recent yellow fever epidemics in Ghana (1969-1983). Author(s): Addy PA, Minami K, Agadzi VK. Source: East Afr Med J. 1986 June; 63(6): 422-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3769852&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of virus from the liver of children with fatal dengue: reflections on the pathogenesis of the disease and its possible analogy with that of yellow fever. Author(s): Rosen L, Khin MM, U T. Source: Research in Virology. 1989 July-August; 140(4): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2772416&dopt=Abstract
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Re-emergence of yellow fever in Senegal in 1995. Author(s): Thonnon J, Fontenille D, Tall A, Diallo M, Renaudineau Y, Baudez B, Raphenon G. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 July; 59(1): 10814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684637&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between decreased mental efficiency in mice and the presence of cerebral lesions after experimental encephalitis caused by yellow fever virus. Author(s): Museteanu C, Welte M, Henneberg G, Haase J. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979 March; 139(3): 320-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=571891&dopt=Abstract
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Replication of virulent and attenuated strains of yellow fever virus in human monocytes and macrophage-like cells (U937). Author(s): Liprandi F, Walder R. Source: Archives of Virology. 1983; 76(1): 51-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6860148&dopt=Abstract
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Report of a serological survey of Cape Verdeans living on the island of Sao Nicolau and in New England, U.S.A. Treponematosis, yellow fever and tetanus antibodies. Author(s): Florey Cdu V, Borman EK, Henderson JR, Levine L. Source: An Esc Nacl Saude Publica Med Trop (Lisb). 1968 January-December; 2(1): 3-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5734849&dopt=Abstract
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Research on dengue in tissue culture. IV. Serologic responses of human beings to combined inoculations of attenuated, tissue-cultured type I dengue virus and yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Fujita N, Oda K, Yasui Y, Hotta S. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1969 December; 15(4): 163-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4317037&dopt=Abstract
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Response of human leucocytes to yellow fever virus infection in vitro. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Hotta S. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1981 August; 27(4): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7321487&dopt=Abstract
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Responses of antennal olfactory receptors in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to human body odours. Author(s): Pappenberger B, Geier M, Boeckh J. Source: Ciba Found Symp. 1996; 200: 254-63; Discussion 263-6, 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894302&dopt=Abstract
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Review of adverse events reported following use of yellow fever vaccine--Canada, 1987-2000. Author(s): Choudri Y, Walop W. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002 January 15; 28(2): 9-15. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847905&dopt=Abstract
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Ribonucleotide reductase subunits from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti: cloning and expression. Author(s): Pham DQ, Blachuta BJ, Nichol H, Winzerling JJ. Source: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002 September; 32(9): 1037-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213240&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and efficacy of yellow fever vaccine in children less thanone-year-old. Author(s): Osinusi K, Akinkugbe FM, Akinwolere OA, Fabiyi A. Source: West Afr J Med. 1990 July-September; 9(3): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2271433&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in concurrent administration with a typhoid fever vaccine or a typhoid fever + yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Dumas R, Forrat R, Lang J, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Source: Adv Ther. 1997 July-August; 14(4): 160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10174195&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and immunogenicity of live oral cholera and typhoid vaccines administered alone or in combination with antimalarial drugs, oral polio vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Kollaritsch H, Que JU, Kunz C, Wiedermann G, Herzog C, Cryz SJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 April; 175(4): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086143&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonality, biting cycle and parity of the yellow fever vector mosquito Haemagogus janthinomys in Trinidad. Author(s): Chadee DD, Tikasingh ES, Ganesh R. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1992 April; 6(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1358266&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitive and specific monoclonal immunoassay for detecting yellow fever virus in laboratory and clinical specimens. Author(s): Monath TP, Hill LJ, Brown NV, Cropp CB, Schlesinger JJ, Saluzzo JF, Wands JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 January; 23(1): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700596&dopt=Abstract
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Sentinel surveillance for yellow fever in Kenya, 1993 to 1995. Author(s): Sanders EJ, Borus P, Ademba G, Kuria G, Tukei PM, LeDuc JW. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1996 July-September; 2(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903238&dopt=Abstract
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Serious adverse events associated with yellow fever 17DD vaccine in Brazil: a report of two cases. Author(s): Vasconcelos PF, Luna EJ, Galler R, Silva LJ, Coimbra TL, Barros VL, Monath TP, Rodigues SG, Laval C, Costa ZG, Vilela MF, Santos CL, Papaiordanou PM, Alves VA, Andrade LD, Sato HK, Rosa ES, Froguas GB, Lacava E, Almeida LM, Cruz AC, Rocco IM, Santos RT, Oliva OF, Papaiordanou CM; Brazilian Yellow Fever Vaccine Evaluation Group. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 14; 358(9276): 91-7. Erratum In: Lancet 2001 Jul 28; 358(9278): 336. Lancet 2001 September 22; 358(9286): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463409&dopt=Abstract
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Severe post-vaccination reaction to 17D yellow fever vaccine in Nigeria. Author(s): Oyelami SA, Olaleye OD, Oyejide CO, Omilabu SA, Fatunla BA. Source: Rev Roum Virol. 1994 January-June; 45(1-2): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756161&dopt=Abstract
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Severe yellow fever with 23-day survival. Author(s): Boulos M, Segurado AA, Shiroma M. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1988 October; 40(4): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3227559&dopt=Abstract
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Shortage of vaccines during a yellow fever outbreak in Guinea. Author(s): Nathan N, Barry M, Van Herp M, Zeller H. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 22-29; 358(9299): 2129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784630&dopt=Abstract
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Should yellow fever vaccine be included in the expanded program of immunization in Africa? A cost-effectiveness analysis for Nigeria. Author(s): Monath TP, Nasidi A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993 February; 48(2): 274-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8447531&dopt=Abstract
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Simulataneous vaccination against cholera and yellow fever. Author(s): Freestone DS. Source: Lancet. 1973 April 7; 1(7806): 774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4120753&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous administration of hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Yvonnet B, Coursaget P, Deubel V, Diop-Mar I, Digoutte JP, Chiron JP. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1986 August; 19(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2943870&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous administration of hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Yvonnet B, Coursaget P, Deubel V, Diop-Mar I, Digoutte JP, Chiron JP. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2951287&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and diphtheriapertussis-tetanus antigens to Nigerian children. Author(s): Ruben FL, Smith EA, Foster SO, Casey HL, Pifer JM, Wallace RB, Atta AI, Jones WL, Arnold RB, Teller BE, Shaikh ZQ, Lourie B, Eddins DL, Doko SM, Foege WH. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1973; 48(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4541683&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous injection of plasma-derived or recombinant hepatitis B vaccines with yellow fever and killed polio vaccines. Author(s): Coursaget P, Fritzell B, Blondeau C, Saliou P, Diop-Mar I. Source: Vaccine. 1995 January; 13(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598769&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous vaccination against cholera and yellow fever. Author(s): Felsenfeld O, Wolf RH, Gyr K, Grant LS, Dutta NK. Source: Lancet. 1973 March 3; 1(7801): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4120368&dopt=Abstract
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Skin reaction to yellow fever vaccine after immunization with rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin. Author(s): Chino F, Oshibuchi S, Ariga H, Okuno Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 April; 52(2): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10816613&dopt=Abstract
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South Carolina's last yellow fever epidemic: Manning Simons at Port Royal, 1877. Author(s): Newsom EY. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1995 July; 91(7): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658684&dopt=Abstract
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Sowing the seeds of neo-imperialism: the Rockefeller Foundation's yellow fever campaign in Mexico. Author(s): Solorzano A. Source: International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation. 1992; 22(3): 529-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1644514&dopt=Abstract
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Specific role of each human leukocyte type in viral infections. 3. 17D yellow fever virus replication and interferon production in homogeneous leukocyte cultures treated with phytohemagglutinin. Author(s): Wheelock EF, Edelman R. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1969 September; 103(3): 429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805429&dopt=Abstract
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Stability of yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Monath TP. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1996; 87: 219-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8854020&dopt=Abstract
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Stabilized 17D strain yellow fever vaccine: dose response studies, clinical reactions and effects on hepatic function. Author(s): Freestone DS, Ferris RD, Weinberg AL, Kelly A. Source: J Biol Stand. 1977; 5(3): 181-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=893464&dopt=Abstract
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Structure and location of a ferritin gene of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Pham DQ, Brown SE, Knudson DL, Winzerling JJ, Dodson MS, Shaffer JJ. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2000 June; 267(12): 3885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849008&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on yellow fever vaccine. III--Dose response in volunteers. Author(s): Lopes Ode S, Guimaraes SS, de Carvalho R. Source: J Biol Stand. 1988 April; 16(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372545&dopt=Abstract
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Study of combined vaccination against yellow fever and measles in infants from six to nine months. Author(s): Lhuillier M, Mazzariol MJ, Zadi S, Le Cam N, Bentejac MC, Adamowicz L, Marie FN, Fritzell B. Source: J Biol Stand. 1989 January; 17(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2537830&dopt=Abstract
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Summary of a symposium on yellow fever. Author(s): Woodall JP. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1981 July; 144(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6790632&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance for yellow fever virus in eastern Senegal during 1993. Author(s): Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D, Zeller HG, Mondo M, Diallo M, Adam F, Eyraud M, Maiga A, Digoutte JP. Source: Journal of Medical Entomology. 1996 September; 33(5): 760-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8840681&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of the relative prevalence of potential yellow fever vectors in north-west Nigeria. Author(s): Service MW. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1974; 50(6): 487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4156499&dopt=Abstract
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The 1878 yellow fever epidemic in Memphis. Author(s): Wright FM. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2001 January; 42(1): 9-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194693&dopt=Abstract
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The 1987 yellow fever epidemic in Mali: viral and immunological diagnosis. Author(s): Meunier DM, Aron N, Mazzariol MJ. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 82(5): 767. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3252598&dopt=Abstract
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The centennial of the Yellow Fever Commission and the use of informed consent in medical research. Author(s): Guerena-Burgueno F. Source: Salud P'ublica De M'exico. 2002 March-April; 44(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053781&dopt=Abstract
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The discovery of yellow fever in Central Africa. Author(s): Hewer TF. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1987 July; 21(3): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3302233&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of chloroquine prophylaxis on yellow fever vaccine antibody response: comparison of plaque reduction neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Barry M, Patterson JE, Tirrell S, Cullen MR, Shope RE. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 January; 44(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1996743&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of lactic acid on odour-related host preference of yellow fever mosquitoes. Author(s): Steib BM, Geier M, Boeckh J. Source: Chemical Senses. 2001 June; 26(5): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418498&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemic that never was: yellow fever in Hawaii. Author(s): Morris AD. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1995 November; 54(11): 781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586549&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of yellow fever in Africa. Author(s): Mutebi JP, Barrett AD. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2002 November; 4(14): 1459-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475636&dopt=Abstract
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The etiology of yellow fever-- a preliminary note. 1900. Author(s): Reed W, Carroll J, Agramonte A, Lazear JW. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569384&dopt=Abstract
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The etiology of yellow fever: a supplemental note. 1902. Author(s): Reed W, Carroll J. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569395&dopt=Abstract
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The etiology of yellow fever: an additional note. 1901. Author(s): Reed W, Carroll J, Agramonte A. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 44-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569390&dopt=Abstract
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The journal 150 & 100 years ago. Yellow fever. Author(s): Colon GA. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1998 December; 150(12): 578-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926695&dopt=Abstract
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The mosquito hypothetically considered as the agent of transmission of yellow fever. 1881. Author(s): Finlay CJ. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9 Suppl): 5, 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569391&dopt=Abstract
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The New Orleans yellow fever epidemic in 1878: a note on the affective history of societies and communities. Author(s): Ellis JH. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1977 June-September; 12(2-3): 189-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=72627&dopt=Abstract
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The Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic of 1793. Author(s): Foster KR, Jenkins MF, Toogood AC. Source: Scientific American. 1998 August; 279(2): 88-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674172&dopt=Abstract
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The risk of yellow fever in a dengue-infested area. Author(s): Massad E, Coutinho FA, Burattini MN, Lopez LF. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001 July-August; 95(4): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579875&dopt=Abstract
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The role of monkeys in the biology of dengue and yellow fever. Author(s): Rodhain F. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1991; 14(1): 919. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1905605&dopt=Abstract
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The Roman Catholic Church of Charleston and the yellow fever epidemics of 1838 and 1852. Author(s): King SL. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2003 February; 99(2): 30-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664824&dopt=Abstract
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The sugar connection: a new perspective on the history of yellow fever. Author(s): Goodyear JD. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1978 Spring; 52(1): 5-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=352452&dopt=Abstract
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The transmission of yellow fever to Macacus rhesus. 1928. Author(s): Stokes A, Bauer JH, Hudson NP. Source: Reviews in Medical Virology. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11376477&dopt=Abstract
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The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. J. Exp. Med. 65, 787-800 (1937) Author(s): Theiler M, Smith HH. Source: Reviews in Medical Virology. 2000 January-February; 10(1): 6-16; Discussion 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654001&dopt=Abstract
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The yellow fever 17D vaccine virus as a vector for the expression of foreign proteins: development of new live flavivirus vaccines. Author(s): Bonaldo MC, Caufour PS, Freire MS, Galler R. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2000; 95 Suppl 1: 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142718&dopt=Abstract
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The yellow fever epidemic in Ethiopia, 1961-1962: retrospective serological evidence for concomitant Ebola or Ebola-like virus infection. Author(s): Tignor GH, Casals J, Shope RE. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993 March-April; 87(2): 162. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8337716&dopt=Abstract
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The yellow fever outbreak of 1804 in Leghorn. Author(s): Levre E. Source: Ann Ig. 2002 January-February; 14(1 Suppl 1): 153-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162131&dopt=Abstract
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Threat of dengue haemorrhagic fever after yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Guzman JR, Kron MA. Source: Lancet. 1997 June 21; 349(9068): 1841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269239&dopt=Abstract
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Tolerance and immunogenicity of the simultaneous administration of virosome hepatitis A and yellow fever vaccines. Author(s): Bovier PA, Althaus B, Glueck R, Chippaux A, Loutan L. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 1999 December; 6(4): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10575170&dopt=Abstract
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Transcription of infectious yellow fever RNA from full-length cDNA templates produced by in vitro ligation. Author(s): Rice CM, Grakoui A, Galler R, Chambers TJ. Source: New Biol. 1989 December; 1(3): 285-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2487295&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of yellow fever by the culex mosquito: a look back. Author(s): Colon G. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2001 April; 153(4): 177-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394327&dopt=Abstract
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Travel and yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 NovemberDecember; 9(6): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962592&dopt=Abstract
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Type B hepatitis and yellow fever infections in West Africa. Author(s): Monath TP, Hadler SC. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987; 81(1): 172-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3445315&dopt=Abstract
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Unto the least of these: the Howard Association and yellow fever. Author(s): Newsom EY. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1992 June; 85(6): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1604393&dopt=Abstract
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Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Author(s): Nasidi A, Monath TP, DeCock K, Tomori O, Cordellier R, Olaleye OD, Harry TO, Adeniyi JA, Sorungbe AO, Ajose-Coker AO, et al. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 May-June; 83(3): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2617590&dopt=Abstract
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Urbanisation of yellow fever in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Author(s): Van der Stuyft P, Gianella A, Pirard M, Cespedes J, Lora J, Peredo C, Pelegrino JL, Vorndam V, Boelaert M. Source: Lancet. 1999 May 8; 353(9164): 1558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334253&dopt=Abstract
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Use of MAC-ELISA for evaluation of yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Nogueira RM, Schatzmayr HG, Miagostovich MP, Cavalcanti SM, de Carvalho R. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1992 SeptemberOctober; 34(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1342109&dopt=Abstract
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Vector competence of Brazilian Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus for a Brazilian yellow fever virus isolate. Author(s): Johnson BW, Chambers TV, Crabtree MB, Filippis AM, Vilarinhos PT, Resende MC, Macoris Mde L, Miller BR. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 November-December; 96(6): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625133&dopt=Abstract
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Vectors of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Author(s): Lee VH, Moore DL. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1972; 46(5): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4403105&dopt=Abstract
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Vertical transmission of the yellow fever virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae): dynamics of infection in F1 adult progeny of orally infected females. Author(s): Diallo M, Thonnon J, Fontenille D. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 January; 62(1): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761742&dopt=Abstract
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What is the potential for future outbreaks of chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever in southern Africa? Author(s): Jupp PG, Kemp A. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 January; 86(1): 35-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8685779&dopt=Abstract
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Will the present health check-up system invite yellow fever in India? Author(s): Sinha MK, Majumder NM. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1990 April-June; 34(2): 119-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2102890&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever 17D vaccine virus isolated from healthy vaccinees accumulates very few mutations. Author(s): Xie H, Cass AR, Barrett AD. Source: Virus Research. 1998 May; 55(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712515&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever and the church. Author(s): Bryan CS. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2003 February; 99(2): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664827&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century. Author(s): Tomori O. Source: Biomedica. 2002 June; 22(2): 178-210. Review. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152484&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever in Europe in the early 19th century - Cadiz 1819. Author(s): Waddell D. Source: Rep Proc Scott Soc Hist Med. 1990-92; : 20-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618405&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever in Kenya: the need for a country-wide surveillance programme. Author(s): Dunster LM, Sanders EJ, Borus P, Tukei PM. Source: World Health Stat Q. 1997; 50(3-4): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9477546&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever in Para State, Amazon region of Brazil, 1998-1999: entomologic and epidemiologic findings. Author(s): Vasconcelos PF, Rosa AP, Rodrigues SG, Rosa ES, Monteiro HA, Cruz AC, Barros VL, Souza MR, Rosa JF. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7(3 Suppl): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485676&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever outbreak in Ipetu-Ijesa: response after mass vaccination. Author(s): Adu FD, Adeniji JA, Tomori O, Adelasoye A. Source: Rom J Virol. 1993 January-June; 44(1-2): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702244&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever outbreak in Kaffrine, Senegal 1996: epidemiological and entomological findings. Author(s): Thonnon J, Spiegel A, Diallo M, Sylla R, Fall A, Mondo M, Fontenille D. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 November; 3(11): 8727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9855398&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever resurgent. Author(s): Mortimer PP. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 June; 6(2): 85-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889284&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever threat in India. Author(s): Kumar S. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 28; 357(9265): 1346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343753&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination and risk of spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Cobelens FG. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 August; 3(8): 687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735939&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination as a model to study the response to stimulation of the inflammation system. Author(s): van der Beek MT, Visser LG, de Maat MP. Source: Vascular Pharmacology. 2002 August; 39(3): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616977&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion: a case-control study. Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Nunes-Araujo FR, Pires WP, Silva FA, Costa HL. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 January; 3(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484965&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of 2 cases. Author(s): Receveur MC, Thiebaut R, Vedy S, Malvy D, Mercie P, Bras ML. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 September; 31(3): E7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017859&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination. Author(s): Middleton D. Source: Lancet. 1999 January 9; 353(9147): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023934&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccination: be sure the patient needs it. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 October 2; 165(7): 941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599337&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccine safety: a reality or a myth? Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3627-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399186&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Mortimer PP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 23; 324(7335): 439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859033&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccine. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341198&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccine. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2002. Author(s): Cetron MS, Marfin AA, Julian KG, Gubler DJ, Sharp DJ, Barwick RS, Weld LH, Chen R, Clover RD, Deseda-Tous J, Marchessault V, Offit PA, Monath TP. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2002 November 8; 51(Rr-17): 1-11; Quiz Ce1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437192&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vaccine. WHO position paper. Author(s): World Health Organization. Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. World Health Organization. 2003 October 3; 78(40): 349-59. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569711&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever vector live-virus vaccines: West Nile virus vaccine development. Author(s): Arroyo J, Miller CA, Catalan J, Monath TP. Source: Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2001 August; 7(8): 350-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516995&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever. Author(s): Prata A. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2000; 95 Suppl 1: 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142712&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever. Author(s): Tsai TF. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998; 76 Suppl 2: 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063704&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever: an update. Author(s): Monath TP. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2001 August; 1(1): 11-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871403&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and yellow fever.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Yellow Fever The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “yellow fever” (or a synonym): •
Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a novel factor Xa-directed anticoagulant from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Author(s): University of California, Irvine, CA. Source: Stark, K.R. James, A.A. The-Journal-of-biological-chemistry (USA). (14 August 1998). volume 273(33) page 20802-20809.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Control of diuresis in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti: evidence for similar mechanisms in the male and female. Source: Plawner, L. Pannabecker, T.L. Laufer, S. Baustian, M.D. Beyenbach, K.W. JInsect-Physiol. Devon : Pergamon Press. 1991. volume 37 (2) page 119-128. ill. 0022-1910
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Effect of administration of sodium aurothiomalate on the virulence of yellow fever viruses in adult mice. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Surrey, Guildford. Source: Gibson, C A Wills, M R Gould, E A Sanders, P G Barrett, A D Vaccine. 1990 December; 8(6): 590-4 0264-410X
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Effect of the synergist, piperonyl butoxide, on the development of deltamethrin resistance in yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
[email protected] Source: KuMarch, Sarita Thomas, Anita Sahgal, Arunima Verma, Anita Samuel, Thomas Pillai, M K K Arch-Insect-Biochem-Physiol. 2002 May; 50(1): 1-8 0739-4462
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Engineering blood meal-activated systemic immunity in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Author(s): Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Source: Kokoza, V Ahmed, A Cho, W L Jasinskiene, N James, A A Raikhel, A Proc-NatlAcad-Sci-U-S-A. 2000 August 1; 97(16): 9144-9 0027-8424
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Evidence for two distinct members of the amylase gene family in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Source: Grossman, G.L. Campos, Y. Severson, D.W. James, A.A. Insect-biochem-molbiol. Exeter : Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug/Sept 1997. volume 27 (8/9) page 769-781. 09651748
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Mariner transposition and transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Source: Coates, C.J. Jasinskiene, N. Miyashiro, L. James, A.A. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,. March 31, 1998. volume 95 (7) page 3748-3751. 0027-8424
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Partial purification of plasma phenoloxidase of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Source: Burks, C S Fuchs, M S Comp-Biochem-Physiol-B-Biochem-Mol-Biol. 1995 March; 110(3): 641-7 1096-4959
Nutrition
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Selection of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti for cheap and easy maintenance without bloodmeals. Author(s): Hancock Museum, The University, Newcastle on Tyne. Source: Stobbart, R H Med-Vet-Entomol. 1992 January; 6(1): 87-9 0269-283X
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The white gene from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Source: Coates, C.J. Schaub, T.L. Besansky, N.J. Collins, F.H. James, A.A. Insect-mol-biol. Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd. August 1997. volume 6 (3) page 291-299. 0962-1075
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Toxicity of extracts from three Tagetes against adults and larvae of yellow fever mosquito and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100. Source: Perich, M J Wells, C Bertsch, W Tredway, K E J-Med-Entomol. 1994 November; 31(6): 833-7 0022-2585
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Toxicity of newly synthesized pyrethroids against the yellow fever mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Division of Entomology and Organic Synthesis, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. Source: Sharma, R N Hebbalkar, D S Hebbalkar, G D Naik, R H Panse, D G Indian-JExp-Biol. 1994 February; 32(2): 132-4 0019-5189
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to yellow fever. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to yellow fever and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to yellow fever: •
(2,4-cis and trans)-gigantecinone and 4-deoxygigantecin, bioactive nonadjacent bistetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins, from Goniothalamus giganteus. Author(s): Alali FQ, Zhang Y, Rogers L, McLaughlin JL. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1997 September; 60(9): 929-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322367&dopt=Abstract
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4-deoxyannomontacin and (2,4-cis and trans)-annomontacinone, new bioactive monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus. Author(s): Alali F, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Ye Q, Hopp DC, Schwedler JT, McLaughlin JL. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 1997 March; 5(3): 549-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113333&dopt=Abstract
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Aboriginal new world epidemiolgy and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports. Author(s): Newman MT.
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Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1976 November; 45(3 Pt. 2): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=793420&dopt=Abstract •
Antifungal and larvicidal compounds from the root bark of Cordia alliodora. Author(s): Ioset JR, Marston A, Gupta MP, Hostettmann K. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 March; 63(3): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757739&dopt=Abstract
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Antifungal and larvicidal cordiaquinones from the roots of Cordia curassavica. Author(s): Ioset JR, Marston A, Gupta MP, Hostettmann K. Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 March; 53(5): 613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724189&dopt=Abstract
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Antifungal and larvicidal meroterpenoid naphthoquinones and a naphthoxirene from the roots of Cordia linnaei. Author(s): Ioset JR, Marston A, Gupta MP, Hostettmann K. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 March; 47(5): 729-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542168&dopt=Abstract
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Antiviral (RNA) activity of selected Amaryllidaceae isoquinoline constituents and synthesis of related substances. Author(s): Gabrielsen B, Monath TP, Huggins JW, Kefauver DF, Pettit GR, Groszek G, Hollingshead M, Kirsi JJ, Shannon WM, Schubert EM, et al. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1992 November; 55(11): 1569-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1336040&dopt=Abstract
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Bioactive compounds from Taiwania cryptomerioides. Author(s): He K, Zeng L, Shi G, Zhao GX, Kozlowski JF, McLaughlin JL. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1997 January; 60(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014350&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. Author(s): Ajaiyeoba EO, Oladepo O, Fawole OI, Bolaji OM, Akinboye DO, Ogundahunsi OA, Falade CO, Gbotosho GO, Itiola OA, Happi TC, Ebong OO, Ononiwu IM, Osowole OS, Oduola OO, Ashidi JS, Oduola AM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 April; 85(2-3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639738&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic and insecticidal constituents of the unripe fruit of Persea americana. Author(s): Oberlies NH, Rogers LL, Martin JM, McLaughlin JL.
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Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1998 June 26; 61(6): 781-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9644064&dopt=Abstract •
Divine providence or miasma? The yellow fever epidemic of 1822. Author(s): Gribbin W. Source: N Y Hist. 1972; 53(3): 283-98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11614994&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the synergist, piperonyl butoxide, on the development of deltamethrin resistance in yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Kumar S, Thomas A, Sahgal A, Verma A, Samuel T, Pillai MK. Source: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 2002 May; 50(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948970&dopt=Abstract
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Evolutionary and social aspects of disease. Author(s): Russell WM, Russell C. Source: Ecol Dis. 1983; 2(2): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6689592&dopt=Abstract
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Five new prenylated stilbenes from the root bark of Lonchocarpus chiricanus. Author(s): Ioset JR, Marston A, Gupta MP, Hostettmann K. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 June; 64(6): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421729&dopt=Abstract
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Goniotriocin and (2,4-cis- and -trans)-xylomaticinones, bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus. Author(s): Alali FQ, Rogers L, Zhang Y, McLaughlin JL. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 January; 62(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917277&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious diseases in the 21st century. Author(s): Kumate J. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997 Summer; 28(2): 155-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204602&dopt=Abstract
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Inheritance of larval resistance to permethrin in Aedes aegypti and association with sex ratio distortion and life history variation. Author(s): Mebrahtu YB, Norem J, Taylor M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 April; 56(4): 45665. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158058&dopt=Abstract
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Larvicidal constituents of Melantheria albinervia. Author(s): Slimestad R, Marston A, Mavi S, Hostettmann K. Source: Planta Medica. 1995 December; 61(6): 562-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824954&dopt=Abstract
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Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad. Author(s): Lans C, Harper T, Georges K, Bridgewater E. Source: Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 10. Epub 2001 November 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737880&dopt=Abstract
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Medicine among the ancient Maya. Author(s): Garcia-Kutzbach A. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1976 July; 69(7): 938-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=781854&dopt=Abstract
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Mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus. Author(s): Alali FQ, Zhang Y, Rogers L, McLaughlin JL. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 October; 49(3): 761-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779595&dopt=Abstract
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Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods. Author(s): Braverman Y. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1994 December; 13(4): 1175-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711309&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns and directions of medical research in West Africa. Author(s): Archampong EQ. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1971 March; 23(1): 1-14. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4929826&dopt=Abstract
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Repellency and efficacy of a 65% permethrin spot-on formulation for dogs against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Author(s): Meyer JA, Disch D, Cruthers LR, Slone RL, Endris RG. Source: Vet Ther. 2003 Summer; 4(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506589&dopt=Abstract
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Search for antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal compounds from African medicinal plants. Author(s): Marston A, Maillard M, Hostettmann K.
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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1993 March; 38(2-3): 215-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8510471&dopt=Abstract •
Traditional medicine to DNA vaccines: the advance of medical research in West Africa. Author(s): Greenwood B. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 March; 3(3): 166-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593354&dopt=Abstract
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Two martyrs of the yellow fever epidemic of 1878. Author(s): Davis JH. Source: West Tenn Hist Soc Pap. 1972; 26: 20-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11633576&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization and metabolism of dietary sterols in the honey bee and the yellow fever mosquito. Author(s): Svoboda JA, Thompson MJ, Herbert EW Jr, Shortino TJ, SzczepanikVanleeuwen PA. Source: Lipids. 1982 March; 17(3): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087696&dopt=Abstract
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Vaccination strategies in developing countries. Author(s): Poore P. Source: Vaccine. 1988 October; 6(5): 393-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3057759&dopt=Abstract
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Yellow fever and the church. Author(s): Bryan CS. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2003 February; 99(2): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664827&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to yellow fever. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “yellow fever” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on yellow fever, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Yellow Fever ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to yellow fever. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
From Yellow Fever to Cholera: a Study of French Government Policy, Medical Professionalism and Popular Movements in the Epidemic Crises of the Restoration and the July Monarchy by Sussman, George David, PhD from Yale University, 1971, 388 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7131018
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Mosquitoes and Disease in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1846-1986 (Yellow Fever, Texas) by Cotter, John Vincent, PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1986, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705987
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Public Health in the New South: Government, Medicine and Society in the Control of Yellow Fever by Warner, Margaret Ellen, PhD from Harvard University, 1983, 427 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8403058
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Racing Immunities: How Yellow Fever Gendered a Nation by Keller, Kathryn Jean; PhD from University of Washington, 2000, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9976004
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The 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Mississippi by Nuwer, Deanne Love Stephens, PhD from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1996, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9718190
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The Antiquity of Sylvan Yellow Fever in the Americas. by Pedersen, Jean Jay, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1974, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420275
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The Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico: Nationalism, Public Health and Yellow Fever (1911-1924) (Philanthropy) by Solorzano Ramos, Armando, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990, 379 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9033798
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The Third Horseman of the Apocalypse: a Multi-disciplinary Social History of the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, Mathew Carey, Benjamin Rush, Charles Brockden Brown) by Robinson, Arthur Thomas, PhD from Washington State University, 1993, 452 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9414811
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'We Live in the Midst of Death': Yellow Fever, Moral Economy, and Public Health in Philadelphia, 1793--1805 (Pennsylvania) by Taylor, P. Sean; PhD from Northern Illinois University, 2001, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3013804
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON YELLOW FEVER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “yellow fever” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on yellow fever, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Yellow Fever By performing a patent search focusing on yellow fever, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on yellow fever: •
Flavivirus recombinant poxvirus vaccine Inventor(s): Paoletti; Enzo (Delmar, NY), Pincus; Steven E. (East Greenbush, NY) Assignee(s): Virogenetics Corporation (Troy, NY) Patent Number: 5,514,375 Date filed: June 13, 1991 Abstract: What is described is a recombinant poxvirus, such as vaccinia virus, fowlpox virus and canarypox virus, containing foreign DNA from flavivirus, such as Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus and Dengue virus. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant poxvirus generates an extracellular particle containing flavivirus E and M proteins capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies and protective immunity against flavivirus infection. What is also described is a vaccine containing the recombinant poxvirus for inducing an immunological response in a host animal inoculated with the vaccine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a modified poxvirus and to methods of making and using the same. More in particular, the invention relates to recombinant poxvirus, which virus expresses gene products of a flavivirus gene, and to vaccines which provide protective immunity against flavivirus infections. Several publications are referenced in this application. Full citation to these references is found at the end of the specification preceding the claims. These references describe the state-of-the-art to which this invention pertains. Vaccinia virus and more recently other poxviruses have been used for the insertion and expression of foreign genes. The basic technique of inserting foreign genes into live infectious poxvirus involves recombination between pox DNA sequences flanking a foreign genetic element in a donor plasmid and homologous sequences present in the rescuing poxvirus (Piccini et al., 1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05514375__
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Inhibition and treatment of Hepatitis B virus and Flavivirus by Helioxanthin and its analogs Inventor(s): Cheng; Yung-Chi (Woodbridge, CT), Chou; Chen-Kung (Taipei, TW), Fu; Lei (Hamilton, CA), Kuo; Yueh-Hsiung (Taipei, TW), Yeh; Sheau-Farn (Taipei, TW), Zhu; Juliang (Hamden, CT), Zhu; Yonglian (New Haven, CT) Assignee(s): N. Y. Mu, N.T.U., V.G.H (Taipei, TW), Yale University (New Haven, CT) Patent Number: 6,306,899 Date filed: August 23, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to anti-viral drugs such as Helioxanthin and its analogs. The present compounds may be used alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Yellow Fever, Dengue Virus, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile virus and related flaviviruses. In addition, compounds according to the present invention can be used to prevent hepatoma secondary to virus infection as well as other infections or disease states which are secondary to the virus infection.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the anti-viral drugs such as Helioxanthin and its analogs compounds. These compounds may be used alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Yellow Fever, Dengue Virus, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile virus and related flaviviruses. In addition, compounds according to the present invention can be used to prevent hepatoma secondary to virus infection as well as other infections or disease states which are secondary to the virus infection. Hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem worldwide. HBV is a causative agent of both an acute and chronic form of hepatitis. More than 300 million people throughout the world are chronic carriers of HBV. Typically, the human host is unaware of infection and HBV infection leads to acute hepatitis and liver damage, abdominal pain, jaundice and elevated blood levels of certain enzymes. Additionally, HBV contributes to the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma and is second only to tobacco as a cause of human cancer. The mechanism by which HBV induces cancer is unknown, although it has been postulated that it may directly trigger tumor development or indirectly trigger tumor formation through chronic inflammation, cirrhosis and cell regeneration associated with the infection. The core gene contains the nucleocapsid protein (183-185 aa) and the hepatitis B core antigen. The precore region, upstream of the core region, consists of 87 nucleotides that codes for 29 amino acids and is in phase with the core region. The first 19 amino acids of the precore region act as a signal for membrane translocation and eventual secretion of the precore gene product, the Hbe antigen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306899__ •
Intranasal yellow fever vaccination Inventor(s): Hunsmann; Gerhard (Gottingen, DE), Niedrig; Matthias (Berlin, DE), StahlHennig; Christiane (Gottingen, DE) Assignee(s): Deutsches Primatenzentrumg GmbH (Gottingen, DE) Patent Number: 6,337,073 Date filed: June 22, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to vaccine preparations, pharmaceutical preparations and methods for inducing protective immunity in humans using a live, attenuated yellow fever virus of strain D17 preferably administered by an intranasal route of administration. The inventors have also developed an assay for detecting the induction of both the binding and neutralizing antibodies formed in a protective immune response in humans who have received an intranasal vaccine preparation of the kind described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a medicament preparation for intranasal vaccination against yellow fever. Yellow fever is a serious health problem in many areas of Africa and South America. Since the introduction of the live, attenuated 17D vaccine strain against yellow fever virus infection by Theiler in 1937 a very effective vaccine, which shows virtually no side effects, has been available against this infection (Theiler et al., J. Ex. Med. 65 (1937) 787-800). Prophylactic immunization with this active substance is very effective because immunity appears to persist life-long. However, because of incomplete vaccination of the population with 17D in endemic areas, yellow fever epidemics have occurred and still occur (Robertson et al., JAMA 276, No. 14 (1996) 11571162). This is connected in particular with the fact that the subcutaneous yellow fever vaccination used in the state of the art involves great expenditure and thus often cannot be employed comprehensively in many countries. One object of the invention was
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therefore to provide a medicament preparation for vaccination against yellow fever which can be used in a simpler form than by subcutaneous injection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06337073__ •
Methods of preparing carboxy-terminally truncated recombinant flavivirus envelope glycoproteins employing drosophila melanogaster expression systems Inventor(s): Clements; David (Honolulu, HI), Ivy; John (Kailua, HI), Nakano; Eilen (Honolulu, HI) Assignee(s): Hawaii Biotechnology Group, Inc. (Aiea, HI) Patent Number: 6,136,561 Date filed: September 25, 1997 Abstract: The Flaviviridae comprise a number of medically important pathogens that cause significant morbidity in humans including the dengue (DEN) virus, Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE), and yellow fever virus (YF). Flaviviruses are generally transmitted to vertebrates by chronically infected mosquito or tick vectors. The viral particle which is enveloped by host cell membranes, comprises a single positive strand genomic RNA and the structural capsid (CA), membrane (M), and envelope (E) proteins. The E and M proteins are found on the surface of the virion where they are anchored in the membrane. Mature E is glycosylated and contains functional domains responsible for cell surface attachment and intraendosomal fusion activities. Problems have arisen in the art with respect to producing recombinant forms of the E glycoprotein that retain their native configuration and attendant properties associated therewith (i.e., ability to induce neutralizing antibody responses). To date, recombinantly produced E glycoproteins have suffered from a number of limitations including improper glycosylation, folding, and disulfide bond formation. The claimed invention has addressed these concerns by providing secreted recombinant forms of the E glycoprotein that are highly immunogenic and appear to retain their native configuration. Carboxy-terminally truncated forms of E containing the amino terminal 395 amino acids and a suitable secretion signal sequence were generated in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider cell lines. The recombinant proteins produced by this expression system should prove useful, inter alia, as immunogens and diagnostic reagents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to protection against and diagnosis of dengue fever. More specifically, the invention concerns a subunit of the dengue virus envelope protein secreted as a mature recombinantly produced protein from eucaryotic cells which is protective against dengue infection, which raises antibodies useful in passive immunization, and which is useful in diagnosis of infection by the virus. The dengue viruses are members of the family Flaviviridae which also includes the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, and the is initially discovered prototype of this class, the yellow fever (YF) virus. The flaviviruses contain a single positive strand genomic RNA and are small enveloped viruses affecting animals, but generally transmitted to vertebrates by chronically infected mosquito or tick vectors. Flaviviruses are enveloped by host cell membrane and contain the three structural proteins capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E). The E and M proteins are found on the surface of the virion where they are anchored in the membrane. Mature E is glycosylated, whereas M is not, although its precursor, preM, is a glycoprotein. Glycoprotein E, the largest structural protein, contains functional domains responsible for cell surface attachment and intraendosomal fusion activities. It is also a major target
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of the host immune system, inducing neutralizing antibodies, protective immunity, as well as antibodies which inhibit hemagglutination. Dengue virus is the causative agent of dengue fever and is transmitted to man by Aedes mosquitoes, principally Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Classic dengue fever is an acute illness marked by fever, headache, aching muscles and joints, and rash. A fraction of cases, typically in children, results in more extreme forms of infection, i.e., dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Without diagnosis and prompt medical intervention, the sudden onset and rapid progress of DHF/DSS can be fatal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06136561__ •
Recombinant yellow fever virus and method of use thereof Inventor(s): Andino-Pavlovsky; Raul (San Francisco, CA), McAllister-Moreno; Andres (Geneva, CH) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,589,531 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides recombinant yellow fever viruses (YFV), particularly live attenuated recombinant YFV, which comprise exogenous (i.e., nonYFV) nucleotide sequences which encode exogenous (i.e., non-YFV) amino acid sequences. These recombinant YFV viruses comprise an exogenous nucleic acid. Infection of a host cell with a recombinant YFV provides for expression of the exogenous nucleic acid in a host cell and production of an antigenic polypeptide encoded by the exogenous nucleic acid. Such recombinant YFV are useful in eliciting an immune response to the exogenous polypeptide. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of recombinant viruses and induction of specific immunity, specifically to induction of tumor-specific immunity. Tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can prevent or eradicate tumors in a number of experimental systems and in patients with cancer (1-3). Clinical trials have demonstrated that 35% of patients with melanoma treated with specific, tumor-reactive lymphocytes can achieve either partial or complete tumor regression (4). The antigens recognized by the T cells have, in some cases, been identified (5, 6). Although cancer cells may express tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), CTLs directed against TAAs are not efficiently elicited by the growing tumor and, therefore, the immune system fails to control tumor growth. Thus, it appears that tumor cells lack either immunogenicity and/or the appropriate co-stimulation required for CTL activation. In contrast to tumor cells, viruses are strong inducers of cellular immune responses. Thus, activation of the tumor-directed CTL response by vaccination with recombinant viruses expressing tumor-associated antigens is a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of malignancies. Viral vaccine vectors that have been successfully used in experimental cancer models include poxviruses, adenoviruses, picornaviruses and influenza viruses (7-10). However, because each vaccine vector may present its own set of beneficial and adverse properties, the search for new vectors continues to be an active area of research. For example, clinical use of some vectors currently under study may be limited by their record of safety, efficacy, potential oncogenicity or induction of immunosuppression. In addition, preexisting immunity against the vector could hinder the potency of treatment (8, 11), and therefore alternative viral vectors are needed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589531__
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Yellow fever infectious cDNA and plasmids Inventor(s): Freire; Marcos Da Silva (Niteroi, BR), Galler; Ricardo (Niteroi, BR) Assignee(s): Fundaco Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz (Rio de Janiero, BR) Patent Number: 6,171,854 Date filed: April 10, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is related to a vaccine composition for humans against YF infections consisting essentially of a recombinant YF virus, YFiv5.2/DD, which is regenerated from YF infectious cDNA. There are provided new plasmids, pYF 5'3' IV/G1/2 and pYFM 5.2/T3/27, which together, have the complete sequence of said YF infectious cDNA. The method for producing recombinant YF virus and the Original, Primary and Secondary Seed Lots are other embodiments of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine against infections caused by YF virus and its preparation by regenerating YF 17D virus from the correspondent complementary DNA (cDNA) which is present in the new plasmids pYF 5'13' IV/G1/2 and pYFM 5.2/T3/27. The Flavivirus genus consists of 70 serologically cross-reactive, closely related human or veterinary pathogens causing many serious illnesses, which includes dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and yellow fever (YF). The Flaviviruses are spherical with 40-60 nm in diameter with an icosahedral capsid which contains a single positive-stranded RNA molecule. The single RNA is also the viral message and its translation in the infected cell results in the synthesis of a polyprotein precursor of 3,411 amino acids which is cleaved by proteolytic processing to generate 10 virus-specific polypeptides. From the 5' terminus, the order of the encoded proteins is: C; prM/M; E; NS1; NS2A; NS2B; NS3; NS4A; NS4B and NS5. The first 3 proteins constitute the structural proteins, i.e., they form the virus together with the packaged RNA molecule. The remainder of the genome codes for the nonstructural proteins (NS) numbered from 1 through 5, according the order of their synthesis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171854__
Patent Applications on Yellow Fever As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to yellow fever: •
Recombinant yellow fever virus and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Andino-Pavlovsky, Raul; (San Francisco, CA), McAllister-Moreno, Andres; (Geneva, CH) Correspondence: Bozicevic, Field & Francis Llp; 200 Middlefield RD; Suite 200; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030157128 Date filed: March 6, 2003
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: The present invention provides recombinant yellow fever viruses (YFV), particularly live attenuated recombinant YFV, which comprise exogenous ( i.e., nonYFV) nucleotide sequences which encode exogenous (i.e., non-YFV) amino acid sequences. These recombinant YFV viruses comprise an exogenous nucleic acid. Infection of a host cell with a recombinant YFV provides for expression of the exogenous nucleic acid in a host cell and production of an antigenic polypeptide encoded by the exogenous nucleic acid. Such recombinant YFV are useful in eliciting an immune response to the exogenous polypeptide. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/177,449, filed Jan. 21, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates generally to the field of recombinant viruses and induction of specific immunity, specifically to induction of tumor-specific immunity. Tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can prevent or eradicate tumors in a number of experimental systems and in patients with cancer (1-3). Clinical trials have demonstrated that 35% of patients with melanoma treated with specific, tumor-reactive lymphocytes can achieve either partial or complete tumor regression (4). The antigens recognized by the T cells have, in some cases, been identified (5, 6). Although cancer cells may express tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), CTLs directed against TAAs are not efficiently elicited by the growing tumor and, therefore, the immune system fails to control tumor growth. Thus, it appears that tumor cells lack either immunogenicity and/or the appropriate co-stimulation required for CTL activation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with yellow fever, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on yellow fever. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning yellow fever. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON YELLOW FEVER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to yellow fever. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on yellow fever include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on yellow fever: •
Screening for Transmissible Diseases Source: Guidelines for the Organization of a Blood Transfusion Service. Contact: World Health Organization, Health Laboratory Technology and Blood Safety Unit, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27. Summary: This book chapter discusses screening to prevent transmission of infectious diseases through blood and blood products. Topics covered are donor screening for viral hepatitis B, non-A non-B hepatitis, viral hepatitis C; delta agent; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV variants such as HIV-2; syphilis and yaws; malaria; Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis); cytomegalovirus (CMV); antigen testing; and "look-back" programs that trace seropositive donors to determine if they have previously given blood. It is also noted that microfilariae are not transmitted by blood transfusion, and that donors who have had diseases such as dengue fever,
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schistosomiasis, leptospirosis, yellow fever, or encephalitis are not permanently debarred from donating blood after their diseases have been cured.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “yellow fever” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “yellow fever” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “yellow fever” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Melancholy Scene of Devastation: The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic by J. Worth Estes (Editor), Billy G. Smith (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 088135192X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088135192X/icongroupinterna
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A Most Satisfactory Man: The Story of Theodore Brevard Hayne, Last Martyr of Yellow Fever by Charles S. Bryan (1996); ISBN: 1570031231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570031231/icongroupinterna
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An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever As It Appeared in the City of Philadelphia (Notable American Authors) by Benjamin Rush; ISBN: 0781288525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781288525/icongroupinterna
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An American Plague : The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 by Jim Murphy (Author); ISBN: 0395776082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0395776082/icongroupinterna
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Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 (Studies in Health Illness and Caregiving) by J. H. Powell, et al (1993); ISBN: 0812214234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812214234/icongroupinterna
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Doctors Who Conquered Yellow Fever by Hill; ISBN: 0394903781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394903781/icongroupinterna
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Noah Webster--letters on yellow fever addressed to Dr. William Currie by Noah Webster; ISBN: 0405106297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405106297/icongroupinterna
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Prevention and Control of Yellow Fever in Africa; ISBN: 9241560916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241560916/icongroupinterna
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Saffron Scourge: A History of Yellow Fever in Louisiana 1796-1905 by Jo A. Carrigan (1994); ISBN: 0940984865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940984865/icongroupinterna
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Since before the yellow fever : a history of Union Planters Bank by John Longwith; ISBN: 0944897029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944897029/icongroupinterna
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The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Yellow Fever: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597833133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597833133/icongroupinterna
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The French Physician's Boy: A Story of Philadelphia's 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic by Ellen Norman Stern (2000); ISBN: 0738858773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738858773/icongroupinterna
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The Mississippi Valley's Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 by Khaled J. Bloom, Kaled J. Bloom (1993); ISBN: 0807118249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807118249/icongroupinterna
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The Summer of the Pestilence: A History of the Ravages of the Yellow Fever in Norfolk, Virginia A. D. 1855 by George D. Armstrong (1995); ISBN: 1570000379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570000379/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever by Jeremy Whittle (1999); ISBN: 0747260257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0747260257/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever by Ted Neachtain (1999); ISBN: 0966788311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966788311/icongroupinterna
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Yellow fever by R. A. Shiomi; ISBN: 0887543774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887543774/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever by Holly Cefrey; ISBN: 0823934896; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823934896/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever and Public Health in the New South by John Hubert Ellis (1992); ISBN: 081311781X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081311781X/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever and the South by Margaret Humphreys (1999); ISBN: 0801861969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801861969/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever in Latin America: A Geographical Study, by James S. Ward (1972); ISBN: 0902806025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902806025/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever in the North: The Method of Epidemiology (Wisconsin Publications in the History of Science and Medicine, No 6) by William L. Coleman (2000); ISBN: 0299111105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0299111105/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever Studies: An Original Anthology (Public Health in America Series) by Barbara Rosenkrantz (1977); ISBN: 0405098820; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405098820/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever Vaccinating Centres for International Travel: Situation as on 1 January 1991 (1991); ISBN: 9240580123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9240580123/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever, Black Goddess: The Coevolution of People and Plagues by Christopher Wills (1997); ISBN: 0201328186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201328186/icongroupinterna
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Yellow Fever-Tour De France by Whittle (1999); ISBN: 074722207X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074722207X/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A treatise on the yellow fever: as it appeared in the island of Dominica, in the years 1793-4-5-6: to which are added, observations on the bilious remittent fever, on intermittents, dysentery, and some other West India diseases: also, the chemical analysis and medical properties of the hot mineral waters in the same island Author: Clark, James,; Year: 1959; London: Printed for J. Murray and S. Highley., 1797
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African conference of the yellow fever, Dakar, April 1928.; Year: 1937; Paris, Fournier, 1929
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An outline of the history and cure of fever, endemic and contagious: more expressly the contagious fever of jails, ships, and hospitals: the concentrated endemic, vulgarly the yellow fever of the West Indies: to which is added, An explanation of the principles of military discipline and economy: with a scheme of medical arrangement for armies Author: Jackson, Robert,; Year: 1817; Edinburgh: Printed for Mundell; Son, and for T.N. Longman, and Murray; Highly, London, 1798
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Bibliography on dengue and yellow fevers. Author: United States. Army. Chemical Corps. Technical Library.; Year: 1798; Frederick, Md., 1956
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Bring out your dead; the great plague of yellow fever in Philadelphia in 1793. Author: Powell, J. H. (John Harvey),; Year: 1936; Philadelphia, Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1949
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Carlos Finlay and yellow fever, by Carlos E. Finlay. edited by Morton C. Kahn. Author: Finlay, Carlos Eduardo,; Year: 1973; New York, Pub. under the auspices of the Institute of tropical medicine of the University of Havana by Oxford university press [c1940]
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Memoir of Walter Reed, the yellow fever episode, by Albert E. Truby. Author: Truby, Albert Ernest,; Year: 1794; New York, London, P. B. Hoeber, inc. [1943]
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Requirements for biological substances. 3. Requirements for yellow fever vaccine. 4. Requirements for cholera vaccine. Report. Author: World Health Organization. Study Group on Requirements for Yellow Fever Vaccine, and Requirements for Cholera Vaccine.; Year: 1966; Geneva, 1959
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Sword of pestilence; the New Orleans yellow fever epidemic of 1853. Author: Duffy, John,; Year: 1965; Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1966
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The myocardium in yellow fever. Author: Lloyd, Wray.; Year: 1959; [Toronto] Univ. of Toronto Press, 1931
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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The saffron scourge: a history of yellow fever in Louisiana, 1796-1905. [Baton Rouge] 1961 [c1962. Author: Carrigan, Jo Ann,; Year: 1962; Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1973]
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To recognize the high public service rendered by Maj. Walter Reed and those associated with him in the discovery of the cause and means of transmission of yellow fever. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Military Affairs.; Year: 1797; [Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1929]
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Yellow fever: its nature, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis, and quarantine regulations relating thereto Author: United States. Marine Hospital Service.; Year: 1935; Washington: G.P.O., 1899
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Yellow fever [by] George K. Strode [and others]. Author: Strode, George King,; Year: 1959; New York, McGraw-Hill, 1951
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Yellow Fever Conference, Washington, D. C., December 21-22, 1954.; Year: 1966; Washington, Pan American Sanitary Bureau [1955]
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Yellow fever in Galveston, Republic of Texas, 1839; an account of the great epidemic by Ashbel Smith, together with a biographical sketch by Chauncey D. Leake, and stories of the men who conquered yellow fever. Author: Smith, Ashbel,; Year: 1940; Austin, Univ. of Texas Press, 1951
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Yellow fever; a compilation of various publications. Results of the work of Maj. Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission. Presented by Mr. Owen. Author: Owen, Robert Latham,; Year: 1971; Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1911
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Yellow fever; a symposium in commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay [by] Jorge Boshell M. [and others. Author: Boshell M., Jorge.; Year: 1955; Philadelphia? 1955]
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Yellow fever; an epidemiological and historical study of its place of origin, by Henry Rose Carter. edited by Laura Armistead Carter and Wade Hampton Frost. Author: Carter, Henry Rose,; Year: 1972; Baltimore, The Williams; Wilkins company, 1931
Chapters on Yellow Fever In order to find chapters that specifically relate to yellow fever, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and yellow fever using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on yellow fever: •
Viral Hepatitis: General Features, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E and Other Viruses Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.267-283. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820.
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Summary: This chapter on viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter covers general features of viral hepatitis and then focuses on hepatitis A and hepatitis E (other variants are covered in later chapters) and other viruses that have an impact on the liver. Topics include pathology, clinical types, investigations, differential diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and follow-up; and specific viruses, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis G virus, hepatitis TT virus, yellow fever, infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), other viruses (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) and hepatitis due to exotic viruses. For each type of virus, the authors review epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, prevention, and treatment. Each section offers a list of references for additional reading. 15 figures. 4 tables. 89 references.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on yellow fever. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on yellow fever is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “yellow fever” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on yellow fever: •
The Health Century, Episode One: The Fight Against Infectious Disease; From Yellow Fever to AIDS Contact: Maryland Public Television, Public Broadcasting System Video, 11767 Owings Mills Blvd, Owings Mills, MD, 21117, (301) 356-5600. Summary: This videorecording, part of a series broadcast on Maryland Public Television, examines the history of infectious diseases up through the current epidemic of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and Cecil Fox, a senior scientist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), appear in an opening segment that discusses AIDS and the work being done on developing a vaccine. NIH's work in funding research programs is discussed. After pointing out that AIDS research is also feeding results back into other fields, the videorecording turns to the history of NIH, which goes back to the cholera epidemic of 1878, when a one-man staff began work in a New York City laboratory. Moving on through history, the videorecording looks at epidemics of pellagra, influenza, and polio, examining the research that went into
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developing penicillin and the massive efforts that went into producing the polio vaccine. During the last 15 minutes of the program, Dr. Michael Clement of San Francisco General Hospital talks about azidothymidine (AZT) and treating persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and Dr. Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of HIV, talks about research methods.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Yellow Fever The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in yellow fever (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on yellow fever: •
It's up to you [motion picture]: dengue-yellow fever control Source: produced by U.S. Public Health Service, Office of Malaria Control in War Areas; Year: 1945; Format: Motion picture; United States: The Service, [1945]
•
Technical guidelines on the detection and control of epidemic yellow fever [electronic resource] Source: [prepared by the Data for Decision Making Project of the International Branch/Epidemiology Program Office of the National Centers for Disease Control and Pr; Year: 2001; Format: Electronic resource; Atlanta, Ga.: The Project, [2001?]
•
The silent war [motion picture]: Colombia's fight against yellow fever: a film Source: produced by Documentary Film Productions; by Willard Van Dyke and Ben Maddow; Year: 1943; Format: Motion picture; [New York, N.Y.?]: Documentary Film Productions, [1943]
•
This most dreadful pest of humanity [electronic resource]: yellow fever and the Reed Commission, 1898-1901 Source: Historical Collections and Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library; Year: 2000; Format: Electronic resource; Charlottesville, VA: Historical Collections and Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia Health System, 2000
•
Yellow fever vaccine [motion picture]: some procedures in manufacture Source: [producer, Communicable Disease Center for NIAID, NIH, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service]; Year: 1950; Format: Motion picture; [United States: The Department, 1950]
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON YELLOW FEVER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover yellow fever.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on yellow fever is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to yellow fever. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “yellow fever” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for yellow fever: •
Sudan killer disease is yellow fever Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 23, 2003
•
Six people ill from yellow fever vaccine: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 07, 2002
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•
US traveler to Amazon dies of yellow fever: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2002
•
Aventis Pasteur MSD beats Powderject to UK market with yellow fever vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 05, 2002
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Yellow fever vaccine storage reported in Africa Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 21, 2001
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Yellow fever death toll in Ivory Coast reaches 20 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 28, 2001
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Yellow fever strikes Ivory Coast, UN seeks help Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 06, 2001
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Ivory Coast reports yellow fever outbreak Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 16, 2001
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Yellow fever vaccine safety questioned Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 13, 2001
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Reaction to yellow fever vaccine linked to several recent deaths Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 12, 2001
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Guinea struggles to halt yellow fever epidemic Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 20, 2000
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Guinea struggles to find vaccine to prevent widespread yellow fever epidemic Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 19, 2000
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Yellow fever threatens Sierra Leone and Liberia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 06, 2000
•
Travelers advised to get yellow fever vaccine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 21, 2000
•
Yellow fever outbreak requires urgent response Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 1999 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “yellow fever” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to yellow fever, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “yellow fever” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Yellow Fever Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to yellow fever. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering yellow fever that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for yellow fever. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with yellow fever. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to yellow fever: Antacids •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Advanced Formula Di-Gel; Alamag; Alamag Plus; Alenic Alka; Alenic Alka Extra Strength; Alka-Mints; Alkets; Alkets Extra Strength; Almacone; Almacone II; AlternaGEL; Alu-Cap; Aludrox; Alu-Tab; Amitone; Amphojel; Antacid Gelcaps; Antacid Liquid; Antacid L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202047.html
Yellow Fever Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: YF-Vax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202689.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2608 636 742 9 0 3995
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “yellow fever” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on yellow fever can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to yellow fever. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to yellow fever. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “yellow fever”:
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•
Other guides Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Encephalitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encephalitis.html Gastroenteritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html Hantavirus Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hantavirusinfections.html Hemorrhagic Fevers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to yellow fever, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Virus or Bacterium? Source: American Society for Microbiology http://www.microbe.org/microbes/virus_or_bacterium.asp Viruses and Some Virus-Like Agents Source: American Society for Microbiology http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/microbes/types/virus.htm
•
Treatment Antibiotics: Why Don't They Work on Viral Infections? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01610
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Adenoviruses Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/eadfeat.htm Cytomegalic Inclusion Body Disease (CIBD) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cytomegalic.htm Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cmv.htm
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Molluscum Contagiosum Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/molluscum.html Non-Polio Enterovirus Infections Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/non-polio_entero.htm Yellow Fever Source: World Health Organizations http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact100.html Yellow Fever - Disease and Vaccine Information Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/travel/yfever.htm •
Children Adenovirus Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/adenovirus.html Coxsackie Viruses Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/coxsackie.html Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/cytomegalovirus.html Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/hfmd.htm Human Parainfluenza Viruses Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/hpivfeat.htm Roseola Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00452 Roseola Infantum Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/roseola.html
•
From the National Institutes of Health Microbes in Sickness and in Health Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/microbes.htm
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Latest News Shy People More Vulnerable to Infections Source: 12/16/2003, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_15176
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.html •
Men Cytomegalovirus Infections in Pregnancy Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1195.asp
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Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Foundation for Infectious Diseases http://www.nfid.org National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
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Prevention/Screening 10 Tips for Preventing the Spread of Infection Source: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology http://www.apic.org/cons/tentips.cfm Handwashing Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/infectious/handwash.htm
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Research Single Protein is Key in Response to Bacterial, Viral Infections Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2003/niaid-20.htm
•
Women Cytomegalovirus Infections in Pregnancy Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1195.asp
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on yellow fever. CHID offers summaries that
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describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Travel to Developing Countries Source: New York, NY: Nidus Information Services, Inc. 1996. 8 p. Contact: Available from Nidus Information Services, Inc. 175 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2338, New York, NY 10010. (800) 334-9355 or (212) 260-4268. Fax (212) 529-2349. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $5.95; discounts available for orders of 15 or more reports. Summary: This health report provides advice for travelers planning to visit developing countries. Topics include general health precautions; general guidelines for immunizations; health insurance considerations; precautions for specific travel situations, including motion sickness, air travel, cruise ships, high altitude, and below sea level (scuba diving); and health problems that may concern the traveler to developing countries, including traveler's diarrhea, malaria, cholera, yellow fever, typhoid fever, hepatitis, rabies, poliomyelitis, measles, meningococcal disease, Japanese B encephalitis, insect-and other vector-borne disease, diptheria, plague, and AIDS. The report describes each disease and gives recommendations for prevention, including immunization where appropriate. The report concludes with a section describing how travelers with special health problems such as diabetes, cardiac or pulmonary disease, or pregnancy, should protect themselves. A list of information resource organizations is appended. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “yellow fever” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Yellow fever vaccine. Recommendations Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2002
of
the
Advisory
Committee
on
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2002 November 8; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3489&nbr=2715&a mp;string=yellow+AND+fever The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to yellow fever. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or
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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to yellow fever. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with yellow fever. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about yellow fever. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “yellow fever” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “yellow fever”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “yellow fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “yellow fever” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
136 Yellow Fever
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
137
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on yellow fever: •
Basic Guidelines for Yellow Fever Myocarditis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000149.htm Renal failure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000501.htm Valley fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000094.htm Yellow fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001365.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Yellow Fever Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm
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Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Jaundice, Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Oliguria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Red eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Seizures, Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Yellow Fever ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm AST Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm BUN Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm
Online Glossaries 139
Complement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm Creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm ELISA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003332.htm Fibrin split products Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003655.htm Fibrinogen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003650.htm Liver biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003895.htm Liver function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003436.htm Prothrombin time Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003652.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm •
Background Topics for Yellow Fever Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Endemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002362.htm Hemorrhagic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002373.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm Secondary bacterial infections Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002300.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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YELLOW FEVER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aedes: A genus of mosquitoes (culicidae) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. yellow fever and dengue are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH]
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Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alphavirus: A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the sindbis virus. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence,
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found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]
Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU]
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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrestins: Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,
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multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,
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in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]
Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart
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and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is
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the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chikungunya Virus: A species of alphavirus causing an acute dengue-like fever. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Civilization: The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] CMV: A virus that belongs to the herpes virus group. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring
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or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]
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Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culex: A genus of mosquitoes (Culicidae) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of
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this genus are vectors for St. Louis encephalitis as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH]
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Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Dengue Virus: A species of the genus Flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH]
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Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology. [NIH] Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of
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a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis Viruses: A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured
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spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Body: A nutritional reservoir of fatty tissue found mainly in insects and amphibians. [NIH]
Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,
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usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flaviviridae: A family of RNA viruses, some formerly classified under Togoviridae, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. The three genera are Flavivirus, Pestivirus, and Hepatitis C-like viruses. [NIH] Flavivirus: A genus of Flaviviridae, also known as Group B arbovirus, containing several subgroups and species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is yellow fever virus. [NIH] Flavivirus Infections: Infections with viruses of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fowlpox: A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts. [NIH] Fowlpox Virus: The type species of the genus Avipoxvirus. It is the etiologic agent of fowlpox. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites,
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including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person
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contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hantavirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae causing Hantavirus infections, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and Hantaan virus, the type species. [NIH] Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the Muerto Canyon virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and
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other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis D: Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons. [NIH] Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to
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remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU]
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Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
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Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insect Repellents: Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food. [NIH]
Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH]
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Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]
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Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leptospira: A genus of aerobic, helical spirochetes, some species of which are pathogenic, others free-living or saprophytic. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.
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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]
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Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Messenger RNA: The RNA molecule that conveys from the DNA the information that is to be translated into the structure of a particular polypeptide molecule. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Waters: Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide). [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]
Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH]
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Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and
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ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleocapsid Proteins: Viral proteins found in either the nucleocapsid or the viral core (viral core proteins). [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via
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the nose. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oogenesis: The formation, development, and maturation of the female germ cell. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU]
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Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH]
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Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phlebovirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause Phlebotomus fever. The type species is Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus, which is not part of the antigenic complex sandfly fever group viruses. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piperonyl Butoxide: An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH]
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Plaque Assay: Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmodium: A genus of coccidian protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, and Plasmodium vivax. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium chabaudi, P. vinckei, and Plasmodium yoelii in rodents; P. brasilianum, Plasmodium cynomolgi, and Plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and Plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens. [NIH] Plasmodium gallinaceum: A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria, primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the
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convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to
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macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reading Frames: The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC. or 5'UCC. or 5'CCG., depending on the location of the start codon. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to
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crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Replicon: In order to be replicated, DNA molecules must contain an origin of duplication and in bacteria and viruses there is usually only one per genome. Such molecules are called replicons. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]
Rubella Virus: The type (and only) species of Rubivirus causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]
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Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sandfly Fever Group Viruses: A group of viruses in the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae transmitted by the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasii, and causing a short febrile illness in humans. The sandfly fever Sicilian virus, the type species of the Phlebovirus genus, is not part of this group. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail,
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or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sindbis Virus: The type species of alphavirus normally transmitted to birds by Culex mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and
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types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [NIH]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a
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smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual,
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between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urbanization: The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]
182 Yellow Fever
Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid. [NIH] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease. [NIH] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
Dictionary 183
Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Vaccine: Vaccine used to prevent yellow fever. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the yellow fever virus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
185
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 19, 141, 173 A Abdomen, 141, 153, 164, 178 Abdominal, 95, 141, 157, 169 Abdominal Pain, 95, 141, 157 Acceptor, 141, 169, 180 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 3, 141 Adaptation, 9, 18, 141 Adenocarcinoma, 141, 159 Adenovirus, 125, 141 Adjustment, 141 Adrenergic, 141, 144 Adverse Effect, 141, 177 Aerobic, 141, 164 Aerosol, 14, 142 Affinity, 142, 177 Agar, 142, 171 Algorithms, 37, 142, 145 Alimentary, 142, 163, 169 Alkaline, 15, 142, 146 Alleles, 8, 21, 142 Alphavirus, 10, 19, 142, 148, 177 Alternative medicine, 111, 142 Amino Acid Sequence, 97, 99, 142, 143, 150, 155, 157 Amino Acid Substitution, 25, 142 Amino Acids, 95, 96, 98, 142, 148, 150, 157, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175, 180 Amplification, 19, 142 Amylase, 82, 143 Anaesthesia, 143, 162 Anal, 143, 156 Analog, 23, 143 Analogous, 15, 21, 143, 153, 180 Anaphylatoxins, 143, 149 Anemia, 143, 165 Animal model, 7, 14, 18, 143 Anions, 143, 163 Anorexia, 143, 157 Anosmia, 24, 143 Anthrax, 19, 27, 143 Antibiotic, 143, 146, 170, 178 Antibodies, 8, 11, 14, 15, 22, 32, 39, 42, 52, 59, 65, 94, 95, 96, 143, 161, 165, 166, 172 Anticoagulant, 36, 82, 143, 173 Antifungal, 86, 88, 143
Antigen, 27, 43, 95, 101, 142, 143, 144, 149, 152, 154, 160, 161, 162 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 144, 149 Antigen-presenting cell, 144, 152 Anti-inflammatory, 144, 169 Antimetabolite, 144, 175 Antiviral, 5, 6, 7, 10, 23, 28, 86, 144, 163, 175 Antiviral Agents, 6, 28, 144 Aqueous, 144, 145, 151, 154 Arrestins, 12, 144 Arterial, 144, 160, 173 Arteries, 144, 145, 146, 150, 166 Assay, 5, 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 23, 39, 95, 144, 161, 181 Asymptomatic, 144, 156 Attenuated, 7, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 39, 42, 53, 65, 95, 97, 99, 144, 175, 182, 183 Attenuation, 8, 25, 30, 31, 32, 39, 53, 60, 144 Atypical, 144, 162 Autonomic, 144, 170 Autonomic Nervous System, 144, 170 Autopsy, 56, 144 Avian, 17, 31, 36, 53, 144, 172 B Bacillus, 19, 143, 144, 146 Bacteria, 9, 33, 143, 144, 145, 153, 154, 155, 164, 166, 171, 172, 175, 178, 180, 181 Bacterial Infections, 124, 139, 145, 147 Bacterial Physiology, 141, 145 Bacteriophage, 145, 171, 180, 182 Bacterium, 124, 145 Base, 14, 17, 145, 151, 152, 156, 157, 163, 179, 181 Benign, 145, 158, 167, 169 Bile, 145, 157, 160, 163, 164, 178 Bile Ducts, 145 Bile Pigments, 145, 163 Biliary, 105, 106, 145 Bioassays, 11, 145 Biochemical, 6, 7, 15, 17, 19, 23, 26, 44, 142, 144, 145, 157, 158, 176 Biological response modifier, 145, 163 Biological Warfare, 14, 19, 145 Biopsy, 138, 139, 145 Biotechnology, 30, 35, 96, 104, 111, 119, 145
186 Yellow Fever
Bioterrorism, 14, 19, 22, 24, 145 Blood pressure, 145, 147, 160, 177 Blood transfusion, 101, 146 Blood vessel, 145, 146, 147, 154, 165, 178, 179, 182 Blot, 29, 146 Body Fluids, 146, 153, 177 Bone Marrow, 146, 161, 164, 166 Branch, 11, 108, 135, 146, 165, 170, 174, 177, 179, 181 Breakdown, 146, 152, 157 Breeding, 18, 146 Broad-spectrum, 5, 146 Bronchiseptica, 146, 170 C Calcium, 146, 149, 177 Capsid, 6, 12, 19, 29, 96, 98, 146, 168, 182 Carbohydrate, 13, 146, 158, 172, 176 Carbon Dioxide, 146, 156, 166 Carboxy, 96, 146 Carboxy-terminal, 96, 146 Carcinogenic, 10, 146, 173, 178 Carcinoma, 7, 146 Cardiac, 127, 146, 167, 178 Cardiovascular, 9, 146, 176 Cardiovascular disease, 9, 146 Case report, 147, 148, 155 Case series, 147, 148 Catalyse, 147, 180 Cations, 147, 163 Cause of Death, 10, 147 Cell Differentiation, 147, 177 Cell Division, 145, 147, 171, 173, 176 Cell membrane, 96, 147, 152, 171 Cell proliferation, 147, 177 Cellulose, 147, 171 Central Nervous System, 14, 144, 147, 157, 158, 176 Central Nervous System Infections, 147, 158 Cerebral, 64, 147, 151, 165, 174 Cerebrovascular, 147 Cerebrum, 147 Cervical, 147 Check-up, 75, 148 Chemotactic Factors, 148, 149 Chikungunya Virus, 24, 148 Cholera, 3, 66, 67, 68, 91, 104, 107, 127, 148, 176, 182 Cholesterol, 145, 148, 150, 164, 178 Chromosomal, 16, 142, 148, 157, 172, 175 Chromosome, 8, 16, 148, 158, 164, 176
Chronic, 10, 95, 148, 159, 162, 164, 178 CIS, 26, 31, 85, 87, 148 Civilization, 19, 148 Clear cell carcinoma, 148, 152 Clinical Medicine, 148, 173 Clinical study, 41, 148 Clinical trial, 4, 16, 17, 19, 41, 97, 99, 119, 148, 150, 174 Clone, 4, 8, 13, 14, 18, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 148 Cloning, 14, 17, 21, 65, 145, 148 CMV, 101, 124, 125, 148 Codon, 21, 148, 157, 174 Cofactor, 148, 173, 179 Commensal, 59, 148 Complement, 9, 16, 58, 139, 143, 149, 157 Complementary and alternative medicine, 85, 90, 149 Complementary medicine, 85, 149 Computational Biology, 119, 149 Concomitant, 73, 149 Cone, 144, 149 Conjunctiva, 149, 162 Connective Tissue, 146, 149, 155, 157, 164, 170, 176 Consciousness, 150, 151 Consensus Sequence, 150 Conserved Sequence, 20, 150 Consumption, 150, 152, 157 Contamination, 150, 159 Contraindications, ii, 150 Controlled study, 56, 150 Coronary, 147, 150, 166 Coronary heart disease, 147, 150 Coronary Thrombosis, 150, 166 Cortical, 150, 176 Cowpox, 150, 181 Cowpox Virus, 150, 181 Cranial, 150, 158, 170 Craniocerebral Trauma, 150, 158 Crossing-over, 150, 175 Crystallization, 25, 150 Cues, 12, 150 Culex, 73, 150, 177 Cultured cells, 25, 151, 172 Curative, 151, 168, 179 Cutaneous, 143, 151, 163, 181 Cytokine, 13, 26, 151 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 101, 106, 124, 125, 126, 151 Cytoplasm, 147, 151, 158, 166, 175 Cytotoxic, 16, 23, 53, 86, 97, 99, 151, 177 Cytotoxicity, 10, 151
Index 187
D Databases, Bibliographic, 119, 151 Decompression, 151, 153 Degenerative, 151, 159 Dehydration, 148, 151 Delirium, 22, 151 Dementia, 141, 151 Dendrites, 151, 152, 168 Dendritic, 25, 27, 152, 165 Dendritic cell, 25, 27, 152 Dengue Virus, 8, 10, 12, 20, 23, 30, 31, 33, 40, 41, 64, 65, 94, 95, 96, 152 Density, 13, 152, 164, 169 Depolarization, 152, 177 Dermatosis, 152, 156 DES, 38, 143, 152 Developed Countries, 15, 152 Developing Countries, 89, 127, 152 Diagnostic procedure, 93, 111, 152 Diarrhea, 3, 5, 10, 23, 127, 152 Diarrhoea, 152, 157 Digestion, 11, 15, 142, 145, 152, 164, 178 Digestive tract, 14, 152, 177 Dihydrotestosterone, 152, 175 Dilatation, 152, 173 Diphtheria, 68, 152 Diploid, 152, 171 Direct, iii, 8, 11, 21, 50, 113, 148, 152, 157, 169, 175 Disease Transmission, 4, 12, 152 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 152 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 152 Disease Vectors, 12, 26, 153 Disorientation, 151, 153 Diuresis, 82, 153 Diving, 127, 153 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 81, 153 Drosophila, 14, 96, 153 Drosophila melanogaster, 96, 153 Drug Design, 24, 153 Drug Interactions, 114, 153 Duct, 153, 175 Dysentery, 104, 153 E Effector, 13, 149, 153, 168 Efficacy, 5, 6, 8, 22, 29, 53, 66, 88, 97, 153 Electrolyte, 151, 153, 177 Electrons, 145, 153, 163, 169, 174 Emaciation, 141, 153 Embryo, 31, 53, 68, 147, 153, 162, 178 Emulsion, 153, 156 Encephalitis Viruses, 13, 23, 29, 154
Encephalitis, Viral, 154 Endemic, 11, 20, 55, 95, 104, 139, 148, 154, 159, 165 Endothelial cell, 9, 154, 179 Endothelium, 9, 154 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 154 Endothelium, Vascular, 154 Endotoxin, 154, 181 Enterovirus, 125, 154 Environmental Health, 118, 120, 154 Enzymatic, 26, 146, 149, 154 Enzyme, 5, 19, 26, 42, 43, 70, 142, 143, 153, 154, 160, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 42, 70, 154 Epidemiological, 20, 21, 37, 46, 52, 76, 78, 105, 155 Epidermal, 24, 155, 165 Epidermis, 155 Epithelial, 14, 141, 155, 159, 169 Epithelium, 154, 155 Epitope, 13, 20, 155 Esophagus, 152, 155, 171, 178 Eukaryotic Cells, 155, 161, 169 Exhaustion, 155, 165 Exogenous, 15, 97, 99, 155, 171 Exon, 8, 155 Extracellular, 14, 94, 149, 155, 177 Eye Infections, 141, 155 F Family Planning, 119, 155 Fat, 10, 146, 150, 155, 164 Fat Body, 10, 155 Fatal Outcome, 155, 174 Febrile, 86, 152, 155, 165, 176 Ferritin, 26, 69, 155 Fetus, 155, 173, 178, 181 Fibrosis, 155, 156 Filariasis, 17, 26, 156 Fixation, 58, 156 Flatus, 156, 157 Flaviviridae, 5, 7, 13, 22, 23, 96, 154, 156 Flavivirus, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 25, 29, 44, 50, 56, 58, 73, 94, 96, 98, 152, 156, 183 Flavivirus Infections, 13, 24, 56, 94, 156 Fluorescence, 4, 17, 156 Fovea, 156 Fowlpox, 94, 156 Fowlpox Virus, 94, 156 Frameshift, 156, 181
188 Yellow Fever
Frameshift Mutation, 156, 181 Fungi, 9, 143, 155, 156, 166, 183 G Gallbladder, 141, 145, 157 Gametogenesis, 26, 157 Gamma Rays, 157, 167, 174 Ganglia, 157, 168, 170 Gangrenous, 157, 176 Gas, 38, 146, 156, 157, 160, 167, 168, 175 Gastrin, 157, 160 Gastroenteritis, 124, 157 Gene Expression, 4, 27, 157 Genetic Code, 157, 168 Genetic Engineering, 145, 148, 157 Genetic Techniques, 15, 24, 157 Genetics, 6, 20, 21, 28, 82, 153, 157 Genotype, 20, 23, 157, 171 Germ Cells, 157, 169 Gestation, 157, 178 Giardiasis, 3, 157 Gland, 158, 164, 165, 169, 176, 178 Glomerular, 158, 175 Glottis, 158, 170 Glucose, 5, 45, 147, 158, 160, 162, 176 Glycoprotein, 6, 7, 12, 20, 96, 158, 179, 181 Glycosylation, 51, 60, 96, 158 Gonadal, 158, 178 Governing Board, 158, 172 Grade, 17, 158 Graft, 158, 160 Granulocytes, 158, 177, 183 Gravidity, 158, 170 Growth, 50, 97, 99, 143, 147, 152, 158, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 181, 182, 183 H Habitat, 18, 158 Hantavirus, 14, 20, 28, 124, 158 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, 14, 158 Haploid, 158, 171 Headache, 97, 138, 158, 159, 160, 162, 181 Headache Disorders, 159 Heart attack, 147, 159 Hemorrhage, 5, 150, 158, 159, 178 Hepatic, 5, 69, 151, 159 Hepatitis, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 19, 23, 34, 38, 50, 52, 56, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 94, 95, 101, 105, 106, 124, 127, 156, 159, 162, 182 Hepatitis A, 74, 95, 105, 106, 159 Hepatitis D, 106, 159 Hepatitis Delta Virus, 159 Hepatocellular, 7, 39, 95, 159 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 7, 39, 95, 159
Hepatocytes, 159 Hepatoma, 44, 94, 95, 159 Hepatomegaly, 159, 162 Hepatotoxicity, 23, 159 Hepatovirus, 159 Heredity, 157, 159 Herpes, 106, 148, 159 Herpes virus, 148, 159 Herpes Zoster, 159 Heterogeneity, 49, 51, 142, 159 Heterotrophic, 156, 159 Histology, 159, 169 Homeostasis, 15, 26, 159 Homogeneous, 69, 160 Homologous, 13, 94, 142, 150, 160, 176, 179 Hormonal, 10, 160 Hormone, 4, 10, 145, 152, 157, 160, 162, 173, 177, 179 Horseradish Peroxidase, 154, 160 Humoral, 22, 29, 44, 160 Humour, 160 Hybrid, 21, 148, 160 Hybridization, 19, 160 Hybridoma, 4, 160 Hydrogen, 141, 145, 146, 160, 166, 168, 169 Hydrogen Bonding, 160, 168 Hydrolysis, 160, 171, 172, 173 Hyperbilirubinemia, 160, 163 Hypertension, 147, 158, 160 Hypoglycaemia, 151, 160 Hypoxia, 151, 160 I Id, 84, 89, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 136, 161 Immune response, 13, 14, 16, 25, 27, 28, 29, 56, 95, 97, 99, 144, 161, 179, 181, 182 Immune Sera, 161 Immune system, 97, 99, 144, 161, 165, 167, 181, 183 Immunity, 8, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 43, 54, 82, 94, 95, 97, 99, 141, 161, 180 Immunoassay, 34, 43, 66, 154, 161 Immunodeficiency, 22, 62, 77, 101, 107, 141, 161 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 107, 161 Immunofluorescence, 39, 47, 161, 172 Immunogenic, 16, 29, 33, 96, 161 Immunoglobulin, 32, 59, 61, 143, 161, 166 Immunologic, 13, 27, 148, 161 Immunology, 7, 8, 14, 16, 25, 38, 40, 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 59, 69, 72, 142, 160, 161 Immunosuppressive, 22, 161
Index 189
Impairment, 151, 155, 161 In situ, 17, 161 In Situ Hybridization, 17, 161 In vitro, 5, 6, 7, 10, 27, 33, 65, 72, 73, 161, 180 In vivo, 4, 8, 25, 27, 33, 55, 56, 161 Incubation, 161, 170, 172 Incubation period, 161, 170 Indicative, 102, 161, 170, 182 Induction, 21, 26, 27, 29, 95, 97, 99, 162 Infarction, 150, 162, 166 Infectious Mononucleosis, 106, 162 Inflammation, 9, 77, 95, 106, 144, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163, 167, 175 Influenza, 97, 107, 162 Informed Consent, 70, 162 Ingestion, 143, 162, 172 Inhalation, 142, 162, 172 Inlay, 104, 162 Inpatients, 20, 162 Insect Repellents, 24, 162 Insect Vectors, 15, 162 Insight, 6, 12, 27, 162 Insulin, 10, 162 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 162 Interferon, 23, 28, 34, 69, 163 Interferon-alpha, 163 Interstitial, 163, 175 Intestinal, 154, 163 Intestines, 141, 153, 157, 163 Intoxication, 151, 163, 183 Intracellular, 7, 14, 29, 157, 162, 163, 177, 182 Intramuscular, 163, 169 Intravenous, 163, 169 Intrinsic, 6, 142, 163 Invasive, 161, 163 Invertebrates, 14, 153, 163 Involuntary, 163, 167, 177 Ions, 14, 145, 153, 160, 163 Irritants, 153, 163 J Jaundice, 61, 95, 138, 160, 163 K Kb, 118, 163 Keto, 163, 180 Kinetic, 25, 163, 171 L Labile, 149, 163 Laceration, 163, 179 Large Intestine, 152, 163, 175, 177 Leprosy, 59, 164
Leptospira, 20, 164 Leptospirosis, 102, 164 Lesion, 164 Lethal, 24, 25, 27, 32, 164, 167 Leukocytes, 146, 148, 158, 163, 164, 166, 181 Library Services, 134, 164 Life cycle, 5, 6, 9, 13, 157, 164 Ligands, 27, 164 Ligation, 73, 164 Linkage, 8, 17, 164 Lipid, 19, 162, 163, 164 Lipoprotein, 164, 182 Liver, 7, 10, 18, 23, 43, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 64, 95, 105, 106, 139, 141, 145, 151, 154, 157, 159, 164 Localization, 15, 164 Localized, 152, 156, 162, 164, 171, 179 Locomotion, 164, 171 Lymph, 28, 147, 154, 160, 162, 164 Lymph node, 28, 147, 164 Lymphadenopathy, 162, 164 Lymphatic, 17, 154, 162, 164, 178, 179 Lymphatic system, 164, 178, 179 Lymphocyte, 16, 53, 141, 144, 165 Lymphocyte Count, 141, 165 Lymphoid, 143, 165 Lytic, 165, 176, 182 M Macrophage, 6, 25, 50, 65, 165 Malaria, 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 17, 24, 26, 101, 108, 127, 165, 172 Malaria, Falciparum, 165 Malaria, Vivax, 165 Malignant, 26, 141, 165, 167, 176 Mastitis, 165, 176 Measles Virus, 21, 165 Mediate, 7, 15, 165 Medicament, 95, 165, 179 MEDLINE, 119, 165 Melanocytes, 165 Melanoma, 97, 99, 165 Membrane, 8, 12, 13, 31, 95, 96, 144, 147, 149, 152, 155, 165, 167, 169, 171, 175, 177 Memory, 13, 16, 143, 151, 165 Meninges, 147, 150, 165 Mental Health, iv, 4, 118, 120, 165, 174 Mentors, 9, 166 Messenger RNA, 166, 175 MI, 82, 140, 166 Microbe, 124, 166, 180
190 Yellow Fever
Microbiology, 7, 8, 14, 64, 66, 72, 82, 124, 141, 144, 166 Microorganism, 148, 166, 170, 182 Microscopy, 6, 9, 12, 160, 166 Migration, 18, 166 Mineral Waters, 104, 166 Modeling, 153, 166 Molecule, 23, 98, 144, 145, 149, 153, 155, 160, 166, 168, 169, 172, 174, 177, 180, 182 Monoclonal, 4, 34, 53, 66, 166, 174 Monoclonal antibodies, 53, 166 Monocytes, 65, 164, 166 Mononuclear, 40, 44, 162, 166, 181 Morbillivirus, 165, 166 Morphogenesis, 7, 166 Morphological, 153, 165, 166 Mosquito Control, 12, 27, 167 Motion Sickness, 127, 167 Mucus, 153, 167 Mustard Gas, 163, 167 Mutagen, 5, 167 Mutagenesis, 20, 32, 60, 167 Myalgia, 138, 162, 167 Myeloma, 160, 167 Myocarditis, 137, 152, 167 Myocardium, 104, 166, 167 N Naive, 13, 167 Naphthoquinones, 86, 167 Nasal Mucosa, 162, 167 Nausea, 157, 167, 181 NCI, 1, 117, 148, 167 Necrosis, 156, 162, 166, 167 Need, 3, 19, 76, 101, 105, 107, 129, 141, 167 Neoplasia, 26, 167 Neoplasm, 167, 169, 176 Nerve, 141, 151, 167, 168, 172, 178 Nervous System, 22, 144, 147, 167, 168, 170, 174 Neural, 160, 168 Neuronal, 14, 168, 170 Neurons, 151, 157, 168, 179 Neuropeptide, 11, 168 Neurotransmitters, 168 Neutralization, 22, 39, 70, 168 Niacin, 168, 181 Nitrogen, 156, 168, 181 Nuclei, 153, 157, 168 Nucleic acid, 6, 43, 97, 99, 146, 157, 160, 161, 168, 175, 182 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 43, 160, 168 Nucleocapsid, 6, 19, 95, 168, 182
Nucleocapsid Proteins, 6, 168 Nucleus, 144, 151, 155, 157, 166, 168, 173, 178 Nulliparous, 56, 168 O Odour, 37, 71, 168 Ointments, 168, 169 Olfaction, 11, 24, 168 Oocytes, 15, 169 Oogenesis, 15, 169 Opacity, 152, 169 Ophthalmology, 156, 169 Opportunistic Infections, 141, 169 Organ Culture, 169, 180 Organelles, 151, 165, 166, 169 Ovaries, 4, 10, 169 Ovary, 4, 10, 169 Ovum, 157, 164, 169, 173 Oxidation, 26, 141, 169 P Palliative, 169, 179 Pancreas, 141, 162, 169 Papilloma, 10, 169 Paraffin, 43, 169 Parasite, 17, 26, 169, 172 Parasitic, 15, 17, 26, 153, 169, 171, 181 Parasitic Diseases, 17, 26, 169 Parenteral, 17, 169 Parity, 66, 170 Paroxysmal, 159, 170, 183 Particle, 94, 96, 170, 180, 182 Pathogen, 15, 28, 161, 170 Pathogenesis, 9, 10, 14, 16, 25, 30, 64, 170 Pathologic, 25, 145, 150, 160, 170 Patient Education, 126, 132, 134, 140, 170 Peer Review, 9, 81, 170 Penicillin, 108, 170 Peptide, 10, 13, 20, 25, 170, 172, 173 Peripheral blood, 20, 163, 170 Peripheral Nerves, 164, 170, 178 Peripheral Nervous System, 14, 170, 179 Pertussis, 68, 170, 183 Petroleum, 169, 170 Phallic, 156, 170 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 95, 147, 170 Pharmacokinetics, 153, 171 Pharmacologic, 171, 180 Pharynx, 162, 171 Phenotype, 17, 18, 25, 171 Phlebovirus, 14, 171, 176 Phospholipases, 171, 177 Phospholipids, 155, 164, 171
Index 191
Phosphorylated, 144, 171 Photoreceptors, 144, 171 Physical Examination, 148, 171 Physiologic, 171, 174 Physiology, 9, 14, 15, 58, 87, 171 Pigment, 165, 171 Piperonyl Butoxide, 82, 87, 171 Plague, 19, 30, 102, 104, 127, 171, 181 Plant Viruses, 10, 171 Plants, 9, 14, 88, 145, 146, 158, 171, 176, 180 Plaque, 43, 70, 171, 172 Plaque Assay, 43, 172 Plasma, 68, 82, 143, 147, 154, 167, 172 Plasma cells, 143, 167, 172 Plasmid, 29, 94, 172, 182 Plasmodium, 15, 17, 26, 165, 172 Plasmodium gallinaceum, 17, 172 Platelet Activation, 172, 177 Platelets, 5, 172, 176, 179 Poisoning, 151, 157, 163, 167, 172 Polymerase, 144, 172 Polymorphic, 21, 172 Polymorphism, 21, 56, 172 Polypeptide, 97, 99, 142, 146, 150, 160, 166, 172, 173, 183 Polysaccharide, 144, 147, 172 Postsynaptic, 172, 177 Potentiation, 172, 177 Practice Guidelines, 120, 127, 172 Precursor, 96, 98, 153, 154, 173, 181 Prenatal, 153, 173 Prevalence, 63, 70, 173 Probe, 6, 23, 173 Progeny, 9, 29, 75, 173 Progesterone, 173, 178 Progression, 143, 173 Progressive, 147, 151, 158, 167, 172, 173, 175 Promoter, 16, 173 Prophase, 169, 173, 179 Prophylaxis, 70, 105, 144, 173, 175, 181 Proportional, 154, 173 Protease, 24, 25, 29, 31, 173 Protein C, 19, 142, 145, 148, 155, 164, 173, 182 Protein Conformation, 142, 173 Protein S, 51, 96, 104, 144, 145, 150, 157, 173, 175 Proteolytic, 32, 98, 149, 173 Protozoa, 153, 166, 172, 173, 181 Psychiatry, 156, 174
Psychic, 174, 176 Psychomotor, 151, 174 Public Health, 4, 6, 11, 14, 29, 36, 55, 75, 76, 91, 92, 103, 108, 120, 174 Public Policy, 119, 174 Publishing, 30, 174 Pulmonary, 14, 33, 127, 145, 150, 174 Pyridoxal, 174, 180 R Rabies, 68, 127, 174 Race, 166, 174 Radiation, 141, 156, 157, 174 Radiation therapy, 141, 174 Radioactive, 160, 166, 174 Randomized, 38, 153, 174 Reading Frames, 21, 174 Receptor, 7, 10, 12, 13, 18, 31, 141, 144, 149, 174, 176, 177 Recombinant, 4, 7, 8, 13, 16, 22, 33, 53, 68, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 174, 182 Recombinant Proteins, 96, 174 Recombination, 16, 94, 174 Rectum, 152, 156, 157, 163, 175 Reductase, 65, 175 Refer, 1, 149, 156, 157, 159, 164, 167, 175 Refractory, 50, 59, 175 Regeneration, 95, 175 Regimen, 153, 175 Renal failure, 22, 137, 151, 175 Replicon, 10, 13, 23, 175 Reproductive cells, 157, 175 Research Design, 17, 175 Respiratory failure, 158, 175 Reticular, 5, 175 Retrospective, 73, 175 Retrovirus, 19, 175 Reversion, 175, 181 Rhinitis, 146, 175, 176 Ribavirin, 5, 22, 23, 175 Ribosome, 175, 180 Rigidity, 171, 175 Risk factor, 36, 40, 175 Rod, 144, 145, 175 Rotenone, 171, 175 Rubella, 6, 10, 19, 175 Rubella Virus, 6, 10, 19, 175 S Saliva, 175, 176 Salivary, 14, 36, 151, 175, 176 Salivary glands, 14, 36, 151, 175, 176 Sandfly Fever Group Viruses, 171, 176 Saponins, 176, 178
192 Yellow Fever
Sarcoma, 19, 176 Screening, 23, 101, 148, 176 Secretion, 95, 96, 160, 162, 167, 176 Segregation, 174, 176 Seizures, 22, 138, 151, 170, 176 Septicaemia, 176 Sequence Analysis, 18, 176 Sequencing, 50, 51, 176 Serologic, 51, 65, 161, 176 Serotonin, 176, 181 Serotypes, 20, 152, 176 Serous, 154, 176 Serum, 43, 143, 149, 161, 176, 181 Sex Ratio, 87, 176 Ships, 104, 127, 176 Shock, 22, 97, 139, 177, 181 Side effect, 59, 95, 113, 141, 177, 180 Signal Transduction, 12, 177 Sindbis Virus, 142, 177 Skull, 150, 177, 179 Small intestine, 145, 157, 160, 163, 177 Smallpox, 19, 37, 68, 177, 181 Sneezing, 170, 177 Sodium, 82, 177 Somatic, 160, 170, 177 Spasmodic, 170, 177 Specialist, 128, 177 Specificity, 20, 32, 142, 177 Spectrum, 178 Sperm, 148, 175, 178 Spinal cord, 147, 148, 165, 167, 170, 178 Spinal Nerves, 170, 178 Spirochete, 178, 179 Spleen, 151, 160, 164, 178 Splenomegaly, 162, 178 Spontaneous Abortion, 77, 178 Stabilization, 19, 178 Steroid, 4, 176, 178 Stilbenes, 87, 178 Stimulus, 153, 178 Stomach, 141, 152, 155, 157, 160, 163, 167, 171, 177, 178 Strand, 5, 6, 19, 23, 96, 172, 178 Stress, 144, 157, 167, 178 Stroke, 118, 124, 147, 178 Subacute, 162, 178 Subarachnoid, 158, 178 Subclinical, 54, 162, 176, 178 Subcutaneous, 95, 157, 169, 178 Subspecies, 177, 178, 181, 183 Substance P, 176, 179 Substrate, 154, 179
Suppression, 27, 179 Symptomatic, 10, 179 Synaptic, 177, 179 Synergist, 82, 87, 171, 179 Syphilis, 101, 179 Systemic, 27, 31, 82, 114, 145, 151, 152, 162, 174, 179, 180, 181, 183 T Temporal, 12, 159, 179 Tenesmus, 153, 179 Terminator, 148, 179 Testosterone, 175, 179 Tetani, 179 Tetanic, 179 Tetanus, 65, 68, 179 Therapeutics, 5, 23, 114, 179 Thrombin, 173, 179 Thrombocytes, 172, 179 Thrombomodulin, 173, 179 Thrombosis, 173, 178, 179 Thymus, 161, 164, 179 Ticks, 156, 180 Tissue Culture, 5, 65, 180 Tooth Preparation, 141, 180 Topical, 169, 180 Toxic, iv, 26, 151, 152, 161, 171, 180 Toxicity, 5, 83, 153, 180 Toxicology, 120, 180 Toxins, 144, 145, 154, 162, 166, 180 Transaminase, 26, 180 Transcriptase, 175, 180 Transduction, 177, 180 Transfection, 29, 145, 180 Transfer Factor, 161, 180 Transferases, 158, 180 Transfusion, 101, 180 Translation, 9, 98, 174, 180 Translocation, 95, 180 Transplantation, 161, 180 Trauma, 151, 167, 181 Trypanosomiasis, 101, 181 Tryptophan, 26, 176, 181 Tularemia, 19, 181 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 55, 181 Typhimurium, 17, 181 Typhoid fever, 38, 41, 66, 127, 181 U Unconscious, 161, 181 Urbanization, 11, 181 Uremia, 175, 181 Urinary, 14, 181 Urine, 153, 181
Index 193
Uterus, 148, 169, 173, 181 V Vaccination, 8, 16, 21, 22, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 89, 95, 97, 181 Vaccinia, 94, 181 Vaccinia Virus, 94, 181 Vagina, 152, 181 Varicella, 21, 182 Variola, 19, 181, 182 Vascular, 5, 77, 154, 159, 162, 182 Venereal, 179, 182, 183 Venous, 173, 182 Vesicular, 159, 177, 182 Veterinary Medicine, 119, 182 Vibrio, 148, 182 Vibrio cholerae, 148, 182 Viral Core Proteins, 168, 182 Viral Hepatitis, 39, 101, 105, 106, 182 Viral Vaccines, 29, 182 Viral vector, 97, 182 Viremia, 13, 16, 18, 44, 57, 182
Virion, 6, 7, 9, 13, 29, 96, 159, 168, 182 Virulence, 11, 22, 25, 28, 82, 144, 180, 182 Virulent, 22, 27, 65, 182 Virus Diseases, 144, 182 Virus Replication, 60, 69, 182 Vitro, 7, 10, 27, 32, 182 Vivo, 20, 28, 183 W Wakefulness, 151, 183 War, 35, 108, 158, 167, 183 Wart, 156, 183 White blood cell, 143, 162, 164, 165, 167, 172, 183 Whooping Cough, 170, 183 Withdrawal, 151, 183 X Xenograft, 143, 183 Y Yaws, 101, 183 Yeasts, 157, 171, 183 Z Zoonoses, 174, 183 Zymogen, 173, 183
194 Yellow Fever
Index 195
196 Yellow Fever
