Sunflower Seeds - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SUNFLOWER SEEDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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SUNFLOWER SEEDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Sunflower Seeds: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84228-0 1. Sunflower Seeds-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on sunflower seeds. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Sunflower Seeds ............................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS ........................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Sunflower Seeds............................................................................. 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patents on Sunflower Seeds ......................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Sunflower Seeds ..................................................................................... 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 49 Chapters on Sunflower Seeds....................................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 SUNFLOWER SEEDS DICTIONARY ......................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with sunflower seeds is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about sunflower seeds, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to sunflower seeds, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on sunflower seeds. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to sunflower seeds, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on sunflower seeds. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on sunflower seeds.

Federally Funded Research on Sunflower Seeds The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to sunflower seeds. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to sunflower seeds. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore sunflower seeds.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for sunflower seeds in the PubMed Central database: •

Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. by Molvig L, Tabe LM, Eggum BO, Moore AE, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJ.; 1997 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22931

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with sunflower seeds, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for sunflower seeds (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

2S methionine-rich protein (SSA) from sunflower seed is an IgE-binding protein. Author(s): Kelly JD, Hefle SL. Source: Allergy. 2000 June; 55(6): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858987&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylactic reactions to sunflower seed. Author(s): Axelsson IG, Ihre E, Zetterstrom O. Source: Allergy. 1994 August; 49(7): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825717&dopt=Abstract

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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Anaphylaxis to sunflower seed. Author(s): Noyes JH, Boyd GK, Settipane GA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1979 April; 63(4): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=429702&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic sunflower seed bezoar. Author(s): Tsou VM, Bishop PR, Nowicki MJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 June; 99(6): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164789&dopt=Abstract

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Contact urticaria from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Duran S, Delgado J, Gamez R, Velazquez E, Gonzalez-Pol J, Serrano P, LopezCrespo R, Guardia P, Conde J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 October; 37(4): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385519&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of short-term oral administration of sunflower seed oil on the pattern of nonesterified fatty acids in human plasma. Author(s): Belin J, Smith AD, Thompson RH. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1975 May 15; 61(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1149251&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid patterns in parenterally fed premature and term infants: changes induced by intralipid and sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Vandenplas Y, Leyssens L, Bougatef A, Sacre L, Francois B. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 October; 6(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2506874&dopt=Abstract

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Foreign bodies of the lower airway: sunflower seed alert! Author(s): Isaacson G. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 June; 95(6): 959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7761237&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of sunflower seed IgE-binding proteins. Author(s): Kelly JD, Hlywka JJ, Hefle SL. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 January; 121(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686505&dopt=Abstract

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Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic moulds in nuts and sunflower seeds for human consumption. Author(s): Jimenez M, Mateo R, Querol A, Huerta T, Hernandez E. Source: Mycopathologia. 1991 August; 115(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1784308&dopt=Abstract

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Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for rectal sunflower seed bezoar. Author(s): Shah M, Nakanishi A. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1990 June; 6(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uid s=2371150&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation and application of vegetable proteins, especially proteins from sunflower seed, for human consumption. An approach. Author(s): Gassmann B. Source: Die Nahrung. 1983; 27(4): 351-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6877346&dopt=Abstract

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Proceedings: The correction of essential fatty acid deficiency and 'sticky' platelets in man by the cutaneous administration of sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Press M, Hartop PJ, Hawkey C. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med. 1974 February; 46(2): 13P. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4817253&dopt=Abstract

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Rectal bezoar from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Cloonan CC, Kleinschmidt K, Gatrell C. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988 August; 17(8): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395003&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower oil is not allergenic to sunflower seed-sensitive patients. Author(s): Halsey AB, Martin ME, Ruff ME, Jacobs FO, Jacobs RL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1986 September; 78(3 Pt 1): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760399&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed bezoar leading to fecal impaction. Author(s): Purcell L, Gremse DA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 January; 88(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817234&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed bezoar presenting as diarrhea. Author(s): Dent JM 3rd, Levine SI. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 June; 143(6): 643-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729207&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed rectal bezoar in an adult. Author(s): Moses F. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 September; 54(3): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523000&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed rectal bezoar in an adult. Author(s): Lowry MH, Shah AN. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 March; 53(3): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231414&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed syndrome: a prickly proctological problem. Author(s): Phillips RW, Moses FM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1991 September; 20(9): 1049-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877779&dopt=Abstract

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The antihypertensive effect of dietary supplementation with a 6-desaturated essential fatty acid concentrate as compared with sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Deferne JL, Leeds AR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 April; 6(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1597844&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and sunflower seeds.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Sunflower Seeds The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym): •

Free radical scavenging as affected by accelerated ageing and subsequent priming in sunflower seeds. Source: Bailly, C. BenaMarch, A. Corbineau, F. Come, D. Physiologia-Plantarum (Denmark). (December 1998). volume 104(4) page 646-652.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A new family of beta-hairpin mimetics based on a trypsin inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Descours, Anne Moehle, Kerstin Renard, Annabelle Robinson, John A Chembiochem. 2002 April 2; 3(4): 318-23 1439-4227

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Aflatoxins in sunflower seeds: effect of zinc in aflatoxin production by two strains of Aspergillus parasiticus. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Source: Chulze, S Fusero, S Dalcero, A Etcheverry, M Varsavsky, E Mycopathologia. 1987 August; 99(2): 91-4 0301-486X

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Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by developing sunflower seed microsomes. Source: Triki, S. Demandre, C. Mazliak, P. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1999. volume 52 (1) page 55-62. 0031-9422

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Determination of caffeic and chlorogenic acids and their derivatives in different sunflower seeds. Source: Pedrosa, M.M. Muzquiz, M. Garcia Vallejo, C. Burbano, C. Cuadrado, C. Ayet, G. Robredo, L.M. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. March 2000. volume 80 (4) page 459-564. 0022-5142

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Differential sensitivity of oleosins to proteolysis during oil body mobilization in sunflower seedlings. Author(s): Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. Source: Sadeghipour, H R Bhatla, S C Plant-Cell-Physiol. 2002 October; 43(10): 1117-26 0032-0781

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Effect of chemical composition of sunflower seed meal on its true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Author(s): Departamento de Produccion Animal, E.T.S.I. Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Villamide, M J San Juan, L D Poult-Sci. 1998 December; 77(12): 1884-92 0032-5791

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Effect of chicken age on the nutritive value of diets with graded additions of full-fat sunflower seed. Author(s): Departamento de Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Ortiz, L T Rebole, A Rodriguez, M L Trevino, J Alzueta, C Isabel, B Br-Poult-Sci. 1998 September; 39(4): 530-5 0007-1668

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Effects of feeding flax and two types of sunflower seeds on fatty acid compositions of yolk lipid classes. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Nutrition

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Source: Jiang, Z R Ahn, D U Sim, J S Poult-Sci. 1991 December; 70(12): 2467-75 0032-5791 •

Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. Source: Molvig, L. Tabe, L.M. Eggum, B.O. Moore, A.E. Craig, S. Spencer, D. Higgins, T.J.V. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,. August 5, 1997. volume 94 (16) page 8393-8398. 0027-8424

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Fatty acid composition and fatty acid elongase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities in tissues of steers fed high oleate sunflower seed. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843. Source: Chang, J H Lunt, D K Smith, S B J-Nutr. 1992 November; 122(11): 2074-80 00223166

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Functional properties of sunflower seed meal obtained by ethanol extraction. Author(s): Technology Department of ESALQ/USP, Brazil. Source: Regitano d'Arce, M A Assis, R de P Lima, U de A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1994 March; 44(1): 29-32 0004-0622

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High-resolution structure of a potent, cyclic proteinase inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. Source: Luckett, S Garcia, R S Barker, J J Konarev, A V Shewry, P R Clarke, A R Brady, R L J-Mol-Biol. 1999 July 9; 290(2): 525-33 0022-2836

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Lactational responses of dairy cows to diets containing regular and high oleic acid sunflower seeds. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647. Source: Casper, D P Schingoethe, D J Middaugh, R P Baer, R J J-Dairy-Sci. 1988 May; 71(5): 1267-74 0022-0302

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Malonylated anthocyanins in purple sunflower seeds. Source: Mazza, G. Gao, L. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. January 1994. volume 35 (1) page 237-239. 0031-9422

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Molecular cloning, functional expression, and mutagenesis of cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan. Source: Doi Kawano, K Kouzuma, Y Yamasaki, N Kimura, M J-Biochem-(Tokyo). 1998 November; 124(5): 911-6 0021-924X

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Purification and some properties of polyphenoloxidase from sunflower seeds. Source: Raymond, J. Rakariyatham, N. Azanza, J.L. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-. November 1993. volume 34 (4) page 927-931. 00319422

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Rapid determination of chlorogenic acid and related compounds in sunflower seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): S.C.A.I.-Mass Spectrometry and Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, Av. S. Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain. Source: Aramendia, M A Garcia, I M Lafont, F Lizaso, J Marinas, J M Urbano, F J RapidCommun-Mass-Spectrom. 2000; 14(12): 1019-22 0951-4198

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Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids from high-oleate sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station. Source: Ekeren, P A Smith, D R Lunt, D K Smith, S B J-Anim-Sci. 1992 August; 70(8): 2574-80 0021-8812

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Solution structures by 1H NMR of the novel cyclic trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 from sunflower seeds and an acyclic permutant. Author(s): Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. Source: Korsinczky, M L Schirra, H J Rosengren, K J West, J Condie, B A Otvos, L Anderson, M A Craik, D J J-Mol-Biol. 2001 August 17; 311(3): 579-91 0022-2836

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Structural characterization of a methionine-rich, emulsifying protein from sunflower seed. Author(s): Molecular Recognition Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Pandya, M J Sessions, R B Williams, P B Dempsey, C E Tatham, A S Shewry, P R Clarke, A R Proteins. 2000 February 15; 38(3): 341-9 0887-3585

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Studies on the biotin requirement of broilers fed sunflower seed meal based diets. Author(s): Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria. Source: Oloyo, R A Arch-Tierernahr. 1994; 45(4): 345-53 0003-942X

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Sunflower seed protein concentrates and isolates obtention from ethanol oil extraction meals--(technical note). Author(s): Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Regitano d'Arce, M A Gutierrez, E M Lima, U de A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1994 March; 44(1): 33-5 0004-0622

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The addition of whole sunflower seeds and sodium bicarbonate to fat depressing diets for lactating cows. Source: White, B.G. Ingalls, J.R. Sharma, H.R. Can-J-Anim-Sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada. June 1987. volume 67 (2) page 437-445. 0008-3984

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The nutritional value of sunflower oils: linoleic sunflower seeds and seeds with high oleic content. Author(s): Universite de Paris 11, Orsay (France). Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Nutrition Source: Delplanque, B. Oleagineux-Corps-Gras-Lipides (France). (Nov-December 2000). volume 7(6) page 467-472. 1258-8210

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Thiamin-binding protein from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan. Source: Watanabe, K Chikushi, K Adachi, T Shimizu, M Yoshida, T Mitsunaga, T J-NutrSci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 1998 October; 44(5): 665-72 0301-4800

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Use of sunflower seeds in grower diets for pullets and subsequent performance as affected by aureomycin and pelleting. Author(s): Department of Animal and Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007. Source: Kashani, A B Carlson, C W Poult-Sci. 1988 March; 67(3): 445-51 0032-5791

Nutrition

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Utilization of whole rape (canola) seed and sunflower seeds as sources of energy and protein in calf starter diets. Source: Sharma, H.R. White, B. Ingalls, J.R. Anim-Feed-Sci-Technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier. July 1986. volume 15 (2) page 101-112. 0377-8401

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to sunflower seeds; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition

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Food and Diet High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html Sunflower Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunflower Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,158,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to sunflower seeds. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to sunflower seeds and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to sunflower seeds: •

A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. Author(s): Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerod H, Andersen LF, Moskaug O, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 461-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880572&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of a sulphur-rich seed albumin from sunflower in the leaves of transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Author(s): Khan MR, Ceriotti A, Tabe L, Aryan A, McNabb W, Moore A, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJ. Source: Transgenic Research. 1996 May; 5(3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8673145&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy to foods in patients monosensitized to Artemisia pollen. Author(s): Garcia Ortiz JC, Cosmes PM, Lopez-Asunsolo A. Source: Allergy. 1996 December; 51(12): 927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020422&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylactic reactions to sunflower seed. Author(s): Axelsson IG, Ihre E, Zetterstrom O. Source: Allergy. 1994 August; 49(7): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825717&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods. Author(s): Andrews WH, Wilson CR, Poelma PL, Romero A, Mislivec PB. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1979 March; 37(3): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=572198&dopt=Abstract

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Bias and misrepresentation revisited: “perspective” on saturated fat. Author(s): Keys A, Grande F, Anderson JT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 February; 27(2): 188-212. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4591426&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol and triglyceride reduction in rats fed Matthiola incana seed oil rich in (n3) fatty acids. Author(s): Yaniv Z, Schafferman D, Shamir I, Madar Z. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 February; 47(2): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563945&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of three methods for determining aflatoxins in sunflower seed meals. Author(s): Trucksess MW, Stoloff L. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1980 November; 63(6): 1357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7451399&dopt=Abstract

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Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin. Author(s): Stegeman GA, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Casper DP. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1992 April; 75(4): 962-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1578033&dopt=Abstract

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Compositional heterogeneity of protochlorophyllide ester in etiolated leaves of higher plants. Author(s): Shioi Y, Sasa T.

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Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1983 January; 220(1): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6830239&dopt=Abstract •

Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. V. Unhydrogenated fats and oils. Author(s): Brignoli CA, Kinsella JE, Weihrauch JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1976 March; 68(3): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946172&dopt=Abstract

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Datura seed intoxication in two horses. Author(s): Schulman ML, Bolton LA. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1998 March; 69(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646259&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of [(14)C]imidacloprid in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) following seed treatment. Author(s): Laurent FM, Rathahao E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 31; 51(27): 8005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690387&dopt=Abstract

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Does triacylglycerol biosynthesis require diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DAGAT)? Author(s): Fraser T, Waters A, Chatrattanakunchai S, Stobart K. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2000 December; 28(6): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171175&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chemical composition of sunflower seed meal on its true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Author(s): Villamide MJ, San Juan LD. Source: Poultry Science. 1998 December; 77(12): 1884-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872592&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of delta5 polyunsaturated fatty acids of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oil on the fatty acid profile of the developing brain of rats. Author(s): Pasquier E, Ratnayake WM, Wolff RL. Source: Lipids. 2001 June; 36(6): 567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485159&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary flax seed and sunflower seed supplementation on normal canine serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and skin and hair coat condition scores. Author(s): Rees CA, Bauer JE, Burkholder WJ, Kennis RA, Dunbar BL, Bigley KE. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2001 April; 12(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360337&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of EFA-rich oil. Author(s): Hunt CE, Engel RR, Modler S, Hamilton W, Bissen S, Holman RT. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 April; 92(4): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=416194&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Author(s): Simopoulos AP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 70(3 Suppl): 560S569S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479232&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of vegetal extracts as biological herbi- and pesticides for their use in Cuban agriculture. Author(s): De Cupere F, Vandebroek I, Puentes M, Torres S, Van Damme P. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001; 66(2A): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425066&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic engineering for high methionine grain legumes. Author(s): Muntz K, Christov V, Saalbach G, Saalbach I, Waddell D, Pickardt T, Schieder O, Wustenhagen T. Source: Die Nahrung. 1998 August; 42(3-4): 125-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739551&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic engineering of grain and pasture legumes for improved nutritive value. Author(s): Tabe LM, Higgins CM, McNabb WC, Higgins TJ. Source: Genetica. 1993; 90(2-3): 181-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8119592&dopt=Abstract

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Gibberellins in higher plants. Author(s): MacMillan J. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1983 October; 11(5): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6642063&dopt=Abstract

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Hazards of imidacloprid seed coating to Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) when applied to sunflower. Author(s): Tasei JN, Ripault G, Rivault E. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2001 June; 94(3): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425015&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing polyunsaturation of milk fats by feeding formaldehyde protected sunflower-soybean supplement. Author(s): Wrenn TR, Weyant JR, Wood DL, Bitman J, Rawlings RM, Lyon KE.

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Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1976 April; 59(4): 627-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=944200&dopt=Abstract •

Influence of refining steps on trace allergenic protein content in sunflower oil. Author(s): Zitouni N, Errahali Y, Metche M, Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Nicolas JP, Fremont S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 106(5): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080721&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of plants consumed by humans and animals. I. Evaluation of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin inhibitors activity in seeds of 26 plant species. Author(s): Bankowska A, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W, Worowski K. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1998; 43: 278-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972064&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin. Author(s): Stegeman GA, Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1992 July; 75(7): 1936-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1500589&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated fat from extruded soybeans or sunflower seeds. Author(s): Schingoethe DJ, Brouk MJ, Lightfield KD, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 July; 79(7): 1244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8872718&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows to diets containing regular and high oleic acid sunflower seeds. Author(s): Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Middaugh RP, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1988 May; 71(5): 1267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3397422&dopt=Abstract

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Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. Author(s): AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 March; 86(3): 944-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703631&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Spencer D, Higgins TJ, Freer M, Dove H, Coombe JB.

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Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1988 September; 60(2): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196671&dopt=Abstract •

Net transfer and incorporation of yolk n-3 fatty acids into developing chick embryos. Author(s): Cherian G, Sim JS. Source: Poultry Science. 1993 January; 72(1): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426851&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional evaluation of oilseeds and legumes as protein supplements to cereals. Author(s): Sarwar G, Sosulski FW, Bell JM, Bowland JP. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1978; 105: 415-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=727022&dopt=Abstract

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Oil stability prediction by high-resolution (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Hidalgo FJ, Gomez G, Navarro JL, Zamora R. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358445&dopt=Abstract

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Omega-3 fatty acid and cholesterol content of newly hatched chicks from alphalinolenic acid enriched eggs. Author(s): Cherian G, Sim JS. Source: Lipids. 1992 September; 27(9): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487969&dopt=Abstract

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Perinatal choline supplementation increases the threshold for chunking in spatial memory. Author(s): Meck WH, Williams CL. Source: Neuroreport. 1997 September 29; 8(14): 3053-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331913&dopt=Abstract

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Physicochemical properties of oilseed proteins. Author(s): Prakash V, Rao MS. Source: Crc Crit Rev Biochem. 1986; 20(3): 265-363. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3519077&dopt=Abstract

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Prickly pear fruit bezoar presenting as rectal perforation in an elderly patient. Author(s): Steinberg JM, Eitan A. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003 July; 18(4): 365-7. Epub 2003 March 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664325&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of a fatty acyl-ester hydrolase from post-germinated sunflower seeds. Author(s): Teissere M, Borel M, Caillol B, Nari J, Gardies AM, Noat G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1995 March 16; 1255(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7696323&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of the ratio of positional isomer dilinoleoyl-oleoyl glycerols in vegetable oils. Author(s): Jakab A, Jablonkai I, Forgacs E. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2003; 17(20): 2295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558129&dopt=Abstract

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Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Author(s): Schmuck R, Schoning R, Stork A, Schramel O. Source: Pest Management Science. 2001 March; 57(3): 225-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11455652&dopt=Abstract

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Targeting of castor bean glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase to tobacco leaf peroxisomes. Author(s): Onyeocha I, Behari R, Hill D, Baker A. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1993 June; 22(3): 385-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329679&dopt=Abstract

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The content and composition of sterols and sterol esters in sunflower and poppy seed oils. Author(s): Johansson A. Source: Lipids. 1979 March; 14(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=449631&dopt=Abstract

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Transgenic Trifolium repens with foliage accumulating the high sulphur protein, sunflower seed albumin. Author(s): Christiansen P, Gibson JM, Moore A, Pedersen C, Tabe L, Larkin PJ. Source: Transgenic Research. 2000 April; 9(2): 103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951694&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to sunflower seeds; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on sunflower seeds, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Sunflower Seeds By performing a patent search focusing on sunflower seeds, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on sunflower seeds: •

Cleaning and sorting bulk material Inventor(s): Moret; Gilbert (Henau, CH), Wettstein; Arthur (Oberuzwil, CH) Assignee(s): Buhler AG (uzwil, Ch) Patent Number: 5,699,724 Date filed: August 9, 1996 Abstract: For cleaning foodstuffs in the form of a bulk material, such as cereal grains, rice grains, soybeans, sunflower seeds, coffee beans, and the like, there is provided an optical sorting device (24, 24a, 24a') subsequent to a precleaning system (6), which enables sorting on the basis of color and/or size and/or shape. Each particle of the bulk material is allocated to a particle class determined by parameters and conveyed on a supporting surface transporting the bulk material to a reception area (43, 44, 45) for the respective particle class. To clean the bulk material, impurities and bad particles are sorted out of the product, with the product being partitioned into classes, if required. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for cleaning by separating or sorting bulk material in the form of foodstuffs, such as cereal grains, rice grains, soybeans, sunflower seeds, coffee beans and the like, with the cleaning and sorting being provided within the scope of preparing these foodstuffs for further treatment. After a precleaning and a first cleaning, cereal grains are soaked, scoured and then ground to flour in a mill, preferably by means of a flour roller mill. In the case of rice grains, after a precleaning, there is provided a first cleaning followed by a grinding step. The first cleaning comprises the removal of impurities, a husking step and the removal of husks and undesired rice grains. The ground rice grains freed from grinding dust are preferably partitioned into various size classes. Oil seeds, such as soybeans and sunflower seeds, are subjected to a first cleaning after a precleaning, and then preferably pass treatment steps for manufacturing oil. In the case of sunflower seeds, the first cleaning is preferably provided after a husking step, so that impurities and husk particles are thereby removed. Also in the case of coffee there is provided a first cleaning following a husking step after a precleaning. Thereafter, the coffee beans are sorted according to size and quality. Of course, a corresponding number of machines are allocated to the different sorting methods, with a plurality of such machines, and/or combination machines, e.g. combining sieve classification and aspiration or air classification, being provided for each sorting criterium, if required. This does not only lead to great capital investment but also to corresponding expenses for operational energy and space requirement. If the differences in size, density and shape between the bad particles and the desired particles are just small, a satisfactory separation cannot even be accomplished with a great expenditure of machinery. For example, small unhusked rice grains or rice grains discolored black cannot be sorted out from the husked, non-discolored rice grains. It is the object of the present invention to decrease the expenditure of costs, energy and space and to improve the sorting or cleaning quality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05699724__

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Contrivance for shelling a granular product Inventor(s): Solenthaler; Karl (Teufen, CH) Assignee(s): Gebrueder Buehler AG (ch) Patent Number: 4,341,152 Date filed: November 7, 1980 Abstract: A contrivance for shelling a granular product, in particular soy beans, sunflower seeds and the like, is provided with a distribution head that is rotatable about its longitudinal axis. This latter displays in its wall axis-symmetrical arranged passthrough openings to which radially oriented guideways (11) connect. In order to impart a uniform acceleration to all grains, passthrough openings (20) are structured slot-fashion and extend, at least partially, in the direction of the longitudinal axis in such fashion that the product, with the distribution head (10) rotating, moves veil-fashion along the guideways (11). Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a contrivance for shelling a granular product, in particular soy beans, sunflower seeds and the like, having a distribution head that is rotatable about its longitudinal axis, said distribution head displaying in its wall axially aligned passthrough openings to which radially oriented guideways connect. A contrivance of this type is described for example in German Pat. No. 718 538. In that contrivance, the granular product is fed into the distribution head through a hopper. This latter, with respect to its axis of rotation, displays two diametrically opposed passthrough openings to which are connected dispersion tubes as radial guideways. The use of tubularform guideways brings about the disadvantage that the resistance forces acting upon the individual grains inside the tube, in particular in the case of different degrees of filling, can not be controlled and, consequently, the individual grains experience different accelerations. Resulting from this, for the impact energy with which the individual grains strike against the deflecting plates that concentrically surround the acceleration mechanism, is a broad dispersion and a correspondingly poorer degree of shelling. With only partial filling of the radial tubes, arising as a further disadvantage is an undesired conveying of air, which requires additional driving energy. The task set forth for the present invention is to improve a contrivance of the initially mentioned type such that the individual grains are accelerated as uniformly as possible along the guideways. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04341152__

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Crackers having stabilized sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Fazzolare; Richard D. (Pearl River, NY), Windmuller; Rudolf (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Nabisco Brands, Inc. (parsippany, Nj) Patent Number: 4,761,296 Date filed: January 2, 1986 Abstract: The invention discloses a baked dough product in which stabilized sunflower seeds have been incorporated into the dough prior to shaping and baking of the dough into a final product. Stabilized sunflower seeds are those which have been partially defatted and then impregnated with a more stable oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of baked dough products containing stabilized seeds. In particular, this invention relates to crackers containing stabilized

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seeds, especially stabilized sunflower seeds. The public is becoming ever increasingly aware of the importance of nutritious diets in leading a healthy life. A hallmark of this awareness is the gradual movement away by the public from the consumption of high sugar content candies and cookies. There is a growing consumption of food products containing natural flavors and ingredients. Nut and such products have replaced candy in the diets of many people. With this change in eating habits, there remains a need for processed snack food, which can be easily transported, stored, and consumed without any preparation of the product by the consumer. Traditionally, cookies and crackers have served to provide ready processed foods which can be transported and stored without any special refrigeration or packaging. New forms of cookies and crackers made from baked doughs are gradually appearing in the market place. These new cookies and crackers are substitutes for snack products containing a high sugar content. These new products frequently contain nutritious, naturally flavored, crunchy substances such as nuts and seeds. The inclusion of nuts and seeds in baked dough products often causes stability problems due to their content of naturally occurring unstable oils. Also, nuts and seeds disrupt the dough matrix of cookies or cracker products causing machining problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04761296__ •

Cryogenic process for decortication and hulling of sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Hanson; Marc C. (St. Louis Park, MN), Kriva; Kenneth J. (Minneapolis, MN), Lange; Donald A. (Brooklyn Park, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 4,436,757 Date filed: September 7, 1982 Abstract: Disclosed are methods for decorticating and for hulling sunflower seeds with cryogenic liquid gases such as liquid nitrogen. The sunflower seeds are immersed in the liquid gas for up to an hour to allow for diffusion of the gas into the seeds. Thereafter, the infused sunflower seeds are immediately and rapidly heated such as by immersion into a water or hot oil bath. The gas vaporization and the severe thermal stress cause the hulls to split off the seed meats. The bath readily separates meats from hulls and seeds. Yields of hulled seeds can reach up to 60%. The process is useful for both confectionery and oilseed varieties of sunflower. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to sunflower seeds and to methods of hulling sunflower seeds involving contact with liquid gases at cryogenic temperatures. As is common in the industry, the term "sunflower" in the singular form is used herein synonymously to refer to sunflower seeds in a manner similar to "wheat" and "barley." Two types of sunflower are grown: (1) those for oilseed production, and (2) those for nut and bird food markets or non-oil sunflower. The oilseed varieties generally are black-seeded and have a thin hull that adheres tenaciously to the kernel. Seeds of the oilseed variety contain from 38% to 50% oil and about 20% protein. Non-oil sunflower also have been referred to as "confectionery" and also as "striped" or "large seeded" varieties. They generally have striped seeds and a relatively thick hull which is loosely attached to the kernel, permitting more complete decortication. Seeds of the nonoil varieties generally are larger than those of the oilseed types and have a lower oil content and test weight. The term "decorticated" is used in its conventional sense in the sunflower industry to refer to the breaking or loosening of the shells from the seed

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meats to form a mixture of hulls and meats. The term "hulling" refers to separating the mixture into a hull fraction and meat fraction. Both confectionery and oilseed sunflower are typically mechanically decorticated and hulled in apparatus of basically two types: (1) percussion; i.e., the splitting of seeds by high speed impact, or (2) friction; i.e., the rubbing of seeds between two furrowed discs. Conventional mechanical sunflower decortication and hulling processes suffer from certain disadvantages. Milling plants are capital intensive. Moreover, milling frequently damages the sunflower meats. Also, mechanical decortication techniques do not insure complete removal of hull material from all seed meats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04436757__ •

Fermented sunflower meal and the method for its preparation Inventor(s): Bernardi; Adriano (Monterotondo, IT), Canella; Marco (Rome, IT), Marghinotti; Daniele (Capena, IT), Sodini; Giancarlo (Grottaferrata, IT) Assignee(s): E.n.i. Ente Nazionale Incorporated (rome, It) Patent Number: 4,551,335 Date filed: March 31, 1983 Abstract: A new protein product, namely fermented sunflower meal, prepared by the lactic fermentation of de-oiled meal originating from sunflower seeds, and characterized, in comparison with the starting material, by better chemical, physical and nutritional properties, such as increased protein solubility, a lower level of chlorogenic acid, the phenolic pigment responsible for darkening the meal, the absence of fermentable sugars (raffinose), and a higher content of lysin, the main limiting amino acid of the sunflower. The lactic fermentation, which is not spontaneous for sunflower meal in water, as in the case of various cereals, is developed by suitably acidifying an aqueous suspension of meal and allowing it to incubate for some days. Excerpt(s): Besides representing an effective means for preserving foodstuffs, fermentation modifies their original characteristics by the action of micro-organisms and their enzymes, to often improve the acceptability, odour, taste and nutrient value of the foodstuffs concerned. Of the various fermented products, protein products, play a significant role, these in western countries being mainly of animal origin (cheeses, sausages, various meats), whereas in eastern countries they originate from vegetables, in particular soya and certain cereals. For example, in Asia the unpleasant original taste of soya and the presence of antinutritional factors have been overcome for centuries by fermentation processes. Some American researchers have studied and modified the conventional soya fermentation processes by carrying out wide research on various products (Hang, Y. D. Jackson, H. Food Technol. 21, 95, 1967; Hesseltine, C. W. et al., Develop Ind. Microbiol. 8, 179, 1967; Wang. H. L. et al., J. Nutr. 96, 109, 1968), but the fermentation path has been little experimented in the case of other oleaginous products, in contrast to cereals and certain legumes, of which the nutrient value has been considerably increased by this treatment (Hamad, A. M., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 44, 456, 1979; May-Gi Lay, M. Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 1069, 1981; Au P. M., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 652, 1981; Sathe, S. K., Salunkhe, D. K. J. Food Sci. 46, 1374, 1981; Tongnual, P. et al., J. Food Sci 46, 100, 1981). Research carried out some years ago in France described a method for producing colza proteins by fermentation (Staron, T. Les Ind. de l'alim. anim. 9, 36, 1974). This method dispensed with the techniques used up to that time for extracting toxic compounds such as thioglucosols and isocyanates, these being simply hydrolysed and degraded by the fermentation process (Staron, T., Riv. It.

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Sostanze Grasse, 51, 225, 1974). This invention describes the preparation and chemical and nutritional characteristics of a new protein product indicated in the text as fermented sunflower meal, which is obtained by the heterolactic fermentation of deoiled meal by acidifying the aqueous suspension. In this respect, when suspended in water, sunflower meal does not undergo natural lactic fermentation because of the extremely low lactobacilli content, but becomes rapidly contaminated due to the growth of moulds and enterobacteriaceae, in contrast to many cereals, of which the meal when mixed with water ferments naturally with the growth of lactobacillaceae (Fields, M. L. et al., J. Food Sci. 46, 900, 1981; Kazanas, N., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 819, 1981; Frazier, W. C. in "Food Microbiology" 236, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. N.Y. 1958). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04551335__ •

Full dwarf hybrid sunflower seed and plant and method of producing hybrid seed Inventor(s): Johnson; Freeman K. (731 Homestead Ave., Moorhead, MN 56560) Assignee(s): Johnson; Freeman K. (moorhead, Mn) Patent Number: 4,527,352 Date filed: October 6, 1982 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel full and semi-dwarf hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. marcocarpus (DC.) Ckll.) (herein H. annuus) seed and a method of producing the hybrid seed. The hybrid sunflower seeds upon growth yield full and semi-dwarf sunflower plants having a reduced internode length. The hybrid seed is produced by cross pollinating a pair of parent plants P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 wherein, in at least one parent substantially all pollen is nonfunctional and at least one parent has gametes with nuclei carrying at least one dominant gene for reduced internode length. Excerpt(s): Sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus (DC.) Ckll.) is a recognized crop throughout the world and has achieved significant commercial importance in the United States over the last 10 years. The sunflower is one of the four most important oil seed crops in the world. The seed of the sunflower is the source of a high quality vegetable oil which is free from toxic constituents. The oil is used in numerous foods as well as in paints, varnishes and in the manufacture of plastics. A recent discussion of sunflower as a commercial crop appeared in an article entitled "The Sunflower Crop", B. H. Beard, Scientific American, May 1981, p. 150, which is incorporated herein by reference. Sunflower plants are grown by farmers using techniques similar to those used to grow corn. The plants are planted in rows and harvested with a combine when the plants are mature. In the northern areas of North America, sunflowers reach maturity in about 120 days. This stage occurs when the back of the head of the sunflower turns from green to yellow and the bracts turn brown. Usually the mature sunflower plant is allowed to dry in the field prior to harvesting with a combine. The sunflower is a vascular plant and is a member of the Compositae family. Other members of this family include asters, chrysanthemums, daisies, marigolds, and lettuce. Botanically the sunflower is known by its genus Helianthus, from the Greek words for sun (helios) and flower (anthos). There are about 67 different known species of the genus Helianthus; most species are native to North America. Domestic sunflowers are distinguished by their single stem and the large inflorescence (flower arrangement) herein usually referred to as the head. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04527352__

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Helianthus annuus bearing an endogenous oil wherein the levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid are provided in an atypical combination via genetic control Inventor(s): Cole; Glenn S. (Woodland, CA), Hazebroek; Jan P. (Johnston, IA), Heaton; Thomas C. (Davis, CA) Assignee(s): Pioneer Hi-bred International, Inc. (des Moines, Ia) Patent Number: 5,710,366 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Sunflower plants, seeds capable of forming the same, and a novel endogenous vegetable oil derived from such sunflower seeds are provided. The plants have the ability to yield an endogenous vegetable oil wherein the levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid are provided in an atypical combination via genetic control. The concentration of palmitic acid in the endogenous oil constitutes at least 20 (e.g., approximately 20 to 45) percent by weight of the total fatty acid content, and the concentration of oleic acid in the oil constitutes at least 45 (e.g., approximately 45 to 65) percent by weight of the total fatty acid content in the absence of hydrogenation or other chemical or physical modification. It was found that the plants of the present invention can be formed through the combination (as described) of genetic determinants that were found to be present in the Pervenets sunflower and the H-55-9-2-1 or H-55-9-2-2 sunflower. The novel endogenous oil of the present invention is particularly useful, inter alia, in the production of margarine, or a cocoa butter equivalent. Excerpt(s): See in this regard Table 3 found at Page 409 of Sunflower Science and Technology, Edited by Jack F. Carter (1978). Accordingly, the quantity of palmitic acid (C16:0) commonly present in the endogenous sunflower oil has been relatively low and the quantity of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) found in the endogenous sunflower oil commonly has been relatively high. Research conducted in the Soviet Union has reported the development, through chemical mutagenesis, of the Pervenets sunflower from which concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) in the oil as high as 89.5 percent by weight based upon the total fatty acid content have been reported. See, for instance, "Achievements of Sunflower Breeding in the USSR", by A. V. Pukhalsky et al., Proc. 8th Int. Sunflower Conf., Pages 48 to 55 (1978). Plant material from this research has been made available to the public and forms the basis for the high oleic acid sunflower varieties that are available today. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,627,192 and 4,743,402 for a further discussion of the high oleic acid characteristic in the sunflower plant. A sunflower wherein the endogenous levels of both palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) are provided in an atypical combination of relatively high concentrations is not provided by such research. Sunflower mutagenesis research conducted in Bulgaria is reported to have yielded an endogenous sunflower oil wherein the concentration of palmitic acid (C16:0) is significantly increased to levels which averaged 40.2 percent by weight in at least some instances. However, in all instances the concentration of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) remained high and substantially exceeded that of the oleic acid (C18:1) that concomitantly was present. See, "Sunflower Breeding for High Palmitic Acid Content in the Oil" by Peter Ivonov et al., Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Pages 463 to 465 (1988). A sunflower plant wherein the endogenous levels of both palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) are provided in an atypical combination of relatively high concentrations is not provided by such research. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05710366__

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High energy snack food product and process of manufacture Inventor(s): Shifferaw; Tessema Dosho (3000 Giant Hwy., San Pablo, CA 94806-1017), Wolde; Yodit G. (3000 Giant Hwy., San Pablo, CA 94806-1017) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,139,884 Date filed: October 16, 1997 Abstract: High energy food product which consists primarily of an admixture of barley, flax and teff, and a binder which holds the admixture together. The binder includes corn syrup, honey, canola oil, ground sunflower seeds, and it is added to the admixture after the barley, flax and teff have been mixed together. The process is carried out in a way which prevents light from causing deterioration of either the admixture or the final product. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to food products and, more particularly, to a high energy smack food product and process of manufacturing the same. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in heathy snack food products such as granola bars and the like. Such products are generally better for people to eat than other snack foods such as candy bars, and they can provide extra energy as well as nutrients. It is in general an object of the invention to provide a new and improved high energy snack food product and process of manufacturing the same. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06139884__

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Inbred sunflower line PHA262 Inventor(s): Cole; Glenn S. (Woodland, CA) Assignee(s): Pioneer Hi-bred International, Inc. (des Moines, Ia) Patent Number: 5,866,766 Date filed: January 17, 1997 Abstract: An inbred sunflower line, designated PHA262, the plants and seeds of inbred sunflower line PHA262, methods for producing a sunflower plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHA262 with itself or with another sunflower plant, and hybrid sunflower seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHA262 with another sunflower line or plant. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of sunflower breeding, specifically relating to an inbred sunflower line designated PHA262. The goal of plant breeding is to combine in a single variety or hybrid various desirable traits. Major objectives in sunflower breeding include improved seed yield, earlier maturity, shorter plant height, uniformity of plant type, and disease and insect resistance. High oil percentage is important in breeding oilseed types whereas large seed size, a high kernel-to-hull ratio, and uniformity in seed size, shape, and color are important objectives in breeding and selection of nonoilseed sunflower. Other characteristics such as improved oil quality, protein percentage and protein quality are also important breeding objectives. Sunflower are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is selfpollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866766__ •

Lactic acid fermentation products of sunflower seed milk Inventor(s): Fujisawa; Koichi (Osaka, JP), Suzukamo; Gohfu (Osaka, JP), Yokoyama; Akiko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,563,356 Date filed: December 6, 1983 Abstract: A lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk and imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk and the product thereof. Lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk and imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk are obtained by inoculating sunflower seed milk with lactic acid bacteria to carry out fermentation, and subsequently adding acid drinks and/or organic acids to obtain the desired flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk or imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk and production thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk or imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk obtained by inoculating sunflower seed milk with lactic acid bacteria to carry out fermentation and as need arises, additionally adding acidic drinks and/or organic acids, and to production thereof. A sunflower seed is an oil seed of the second largest output in the world, and its output in the world in the 1978/79 agricultural year is said to be about 13,000,000 tons [Yushi (Oil and Fat), Vol. 33, 54]. At present, however, of the constituents of sunflower seed, the oil alone is used as food, and other constituents, proteins and glucides, are only used as feed. Given the worldwide shortage of protein, it is regarded as necessary to make effective use of unused protein resources and proteins of low utility. Also, in recent years, importance of taking vegetable proteins and fats is pointed out, and for the reason of health, for example prevention of the diseases of adult people, said importance is being recognized by consumers. As a result, emulsified drinks with soybean as material are recently developed and used as drinks, but they are not always satisfactory in terms of tastiness as well as an effect on health. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04563356__

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Method and apparatus for removing the husks of oil-bearing seeds Inventor(s): von Rotenhan; Friedrich-Wilhelm (Ebelsbach, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Frische Gmbh (alzenau, De) Patent Number: 6,547,173 Date filed: August 21, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing the hulls of oil-bearing seeds, in particular sunflower seeds, in which a quantity of oil-bearing seeds are filled in a container (3). The seeds are agitated under pressure build-up within the container (3) by means of an agitating means (110, 120) and are pressed and rubbed against each other and against fragments of the hulls.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of European patent application EP 99 116 941.8 filed on Aug. 27, 1999. The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for dehulling oil-bearing seeds, in particular sunflower seeds. This involves separation of the husk or hull(pericarp) from the kernel (embryo) of the seeds (in the case of sunflower seeds it involves separation from the achenes). Usually, the seeds of oil-bearing plants such as sunflower, Euphorbia lathyris and coriander are characterized in that the kernel is held together by a seed membrane which in turn is protected by a porous water-absorbing husk (pericarp). If the husks or hulls are not removed before oil extraction, they absorb considerable quantities of oil, at least 7% of their weight, thus reducing oil yield during pressing. The oil absorbed by the husk can subsequently only be recovered and extracted by means of solvents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06547173__ •

Method for reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta, compounding ingredient to be used in the method and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the compounding ingredient Inventor(s): Hiramoto; Tadahiro (Kanagawa, JP), Motoyama; Hiromitsu (Kanagawa, JP), Tachibana; Kazuhisa (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago International Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,162,470 Date filed: August 5, 1999 Abstract: A method for more fundamentally reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta (feces, urine, etc.) which can be relatively easily performed and is advantageous economically; a compounding ingredient to be used in this method; and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the above compounding ingredient are disclosed. The feeds, pet foods or foods contain a compounding ingredient which comprises one or more extracts selected from the group consisting of the extracts of rosemary, sunflower seeds, fresh coffee beans, grape pericarp, grape seeds, apple, carrot leaves and tea leaves and an enzyme capable of oxidizing phenolic compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta, a compounding ingredient to be used in this method and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the compounding ingredient. There have been employed for a long time deodorizers and deodorants to reduce the odor of the excreta of living organisms, in particular, domestic and pet animals. However, these methods, which comprise spraying deodorizers or deodorants over the excreta of domestic or pet animals per se or around the same to thereby reduce the odor thereof, can achieve only temporary effects and thus the problem cannot be fundamentally solved thereby. As more fundamental methods for reducing the odor of the excreta of domestic or pet animals, it is proposed to reduce the odor of the excreta per se. For example, it is known to feed domestic or pet animals with feeds containing compounds or compositions having a good smell (lemon oil, orange oil, lime oil, clove oil, vanillin, etc.), or with feeds containing inorganic matters (zeolite, etc.) or microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria). Although these methods are effective each at a certain extent, they still suffer from some problems to be overcome, for example, insufficient deodorizing effects, difficulties in preparation and economical disadvantage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162470__

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Method for the production of MDF boards based on sunflower seed husks Inventor(s): Barcas; Demetrio Carlos (Bs.Aires, AR) Assignee(s): Nidera Sociedad Anonima (buenos Aires, Ar) Patent Number: 5,663,221 Date filed: February 26, 1996 Abstract: Medium density fiber boards having sufficient physical strength are made from sunflower seed husks by an efficient method. The method of forming the boards involves impregnanting sunflower seed husks with steam, digesting so as to de-fibrate the husks, mixing the de-fibrated sunflower seed husks with a resin, drying the mixture and pressing the dried mixture into a medium density fiber board. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to a method for manufacturing boards made up of a mixture that mainly contains derivatives of sunflower seed husks and more particularly to boards obtained from raw material consisting in fibers of sunflower seed husks. The sunflower seed husk is a waste material which is generated as a by-product in the process of producing sunflower oil. Up to now the main application of this by-product was its use as fuel to obtain the energy necessary for that same oil production process, thus using only a part thereof. It is also used, though to a lesser extent, as a bed for fowl houses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05663221__

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Mock owl display Inventor(s): Lee; Mary Ellen (7951 Anita Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19111), Sweeney; Doris (512 A Taylor Ave., Warrington, PA 18476) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,976,807 Date filed: February 7, 1975 Abstract: A mock-owl display and a seed kit for preparing same which comprises: sunflower seeds and rice adfixed to a flat support which is in the shape of an owl. To enhance the desired effect there is also used: two simulated eyes, a twig for a perch and cutouts to represent an owl's beak and talons.The sunflower seeds represent the owl's feathers and by adfixing them to the support in various positions there is obtained a three dimensional effect and a feathered appearance which is unique and visually appealing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a mock-owl display and to a seed kit for preparing same. It utilizes the unique characteristics of sunflower seeds to create an owl-shaped seed picture which is characterized by a three-dimensional effect and a feathersimulated appearance. It is known in the art to use the seeds of plants to construct seed pictures. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,937,931, there is described the use of navy beans to trace various patterns on cardboard, as, for example, the outline of a sailboat on water. The beans are colored with a vegetable dye and lacquered for protective purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03976807__

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Plant growth medium Inventor(s): Everett; Nicholas P. (El Sobrante, CA) Assignee(s): Stauffer Chemical Company (westport, Ct) Patent Number: 4,552,844 Date filed: June 15, 1983 Abstract: Artificial plant growth media suitable for suspension cell culture of sunflower plant cells are provided. Methods of using the media for growth of suspension cell culture of sunflower plant cells are provided. Methods for screening the oil content of sunflower seeds produced by sunflower plants utilizing the suspension cell growth characteristics of sunflower plant cells are provided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to artificial plant growth media and methods of using the media for suspension cell culture and oil content screening. The improvement of field crops is a time-consuming, labor-intensive task that often requires extensive use of valuable cropland. Typically, a desirable characteristic is observed in a particular crop plant and is either cross-bred with another strain of the crop, selfed, or back-crossed with the parental line and then back-crossed with the parental line for numerous generations. If the characteristics for which a breeding program is initiated is only manifest in the seed or fruit of the mature plant, the time and labor expended in evaluating the candidate in a particular breeding program are maximal. Oil content of sunflower fruits is a characteristic which has heretofore only been determinable by direct evaluation of the oil content of mature seed. Thus, evaluating the oil content of seed candidates in a sunflower seed oil breeding program using traditional methods utilized the resources of time, labor and land maximally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04552844__

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Preparation of an uncooked sunflower seed foodstuff Inventor(s): Douglass; John M. (1526 N. Edgemont St., Los Angeles, CA 90027) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,859,486 Date filed: September 23, 1987 Abstract: An uncooked sunflower seed foodstuff is prepared from soaked, rinsed and sprouted raw, shelled sunflower seeds. The sprouted seeds by themselves, or with such nutritional or flavoring additives desired (such as raisins), are ground into a dough. This dough is formed into a flat shape and submitted to ambient or mildly heated air drying until thoroughly dried. The resultant product is palatable, filling, nutritious and life supporting. Excerpt(s): Raw, whole, hulled sunflower seeds are first thoroughly soaked, drained and rinsed to remove any unwanted impurities, and to remove the majority of the seed membranes. The cleansed seeds can either be placed in room temperature tap water, or simply kept moist, until the seeds are sprouted. Care should be exercised to insure that the seeds are sprouted only until the sprout itself is approximately one-fourth inch in length (as it has been discovered that excessively sprouted seeds produce a foodstuff of unpleasant color and uncomfortably hot to the taste), and to insure that the seeds sprout but do not mold (i.e., produce fungus growth). In this regard, it has been found that only whole seeds should be used and that seed fragments should be discarded before

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sprouting, as the fragments are more prone to molding. As the seeds absorb an abundance of water, a volume of water roughly equal to one and one-half the volume of seeds will be sufficient, and less water will, in some instances, suffice. It has been found that soaking the seeds or maintaining them moist for approximately 12-20 hours is adequate in order to sprout the seeds properly. The preferred method is to soak the seeds for approximately eight hours, then drain the seeds, but keep them in a cool place for another 10-12 hours, rinsing the seeds every 2 hours or so. The sprouting of the seeds is important in that it has been found that this sprouting decreases the protease inhibitor to minimum quantities and increases vitamin content. It is desirous, however, to have some protease inhibitor present. During the soaking and sprouting procedure, more of the shell membranes will loosen and can be removed by one or more vigorous rinsings. Additionally, the seeds can be soaked and washed in agitated water which will be more effective to remove the seed membranes which are high in phosphorus, and therefore undesirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04859486__ •

Preparation of protein isolate from sunflower seed Inventor(s): Pearce; Robert J. (Beaumaris, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (campbell, Au) Patent Number: 4,435,319 Date filed: July 15, 1983 Abstract: A process for extracting protein from sunflower seed meal, which protein is free from dark or unacceptable colors. The process involves the sequential steps of (1) treating a suspension of sunflower seed meal with an acid at a pH of between 4.0 and 7.0; (2) separating the insoluble residue from the protein extract; (3) resuspending the insoluble residue and repeating steps (1) and (2) sequentially on the residue until the desired depletion of color has been achieved; (4) resuspending and treating the insoluble residue with an acid other than sulphuric acid at a pH<4.0; (5) separating the insoluble residue from the protein extract; (6) repeating steps (4) and (5) until the desired amount of protein has been extracted; and (7) combining the protein extract from steps (2), (3), (5) and (6) and recovering the protein therefrom by either precipitation with an acid or by ultrafiltration. The protein is of a quality making it suitable as a supplement in human nutrition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to sunflower seed protein and to a method for its extraction. The term "protein" used herein is intended to cover any protein or mixture of proteins present in sunflower seeds. Sunflower seed has been shown to have a high content of useful protein and no antinutritive factor (Sosulski, F. J., Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 56, 438 (1979)). The digestability of sunflower protein and its high biological value, make it superior to most proteins with a considerable potential for use as a protein supplement in human nutrition. Sunflower meal is the residue resulting from the extraction of oil from sunflower seed and is a readily available source from which sunflower protein may be extracted. To date, the commercial extraction of sunflower protein for human nutrition has not been undertaken primarily due to the fact that a green to black colouration develops during alkaline extraction, making the product unacceptable as described by Smith, A. K. and Johnson, V. in Cereal Chemistry, 25, 399-406 (1948). This report indicated that the green colour can be temporarily removed from the protein isolate by the use of reducing agents such as dithionite salts

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during alkaline extraction. The protein recovered after use of this reducing agent may be light coloured but the green colour appears if this protein isolate is utilized as a supplement in foods with even a slightly basic pH. Obtaining a colourless or near colourless protein isolate has been recognized as the most difficult and most important problem to be overcome before this valuable protein source can be fully utilized. Subsequently several reports and patents have been published claiming processes capable of producing light coloured or colourless isolates. Gheyasuddin, S., Carter, C. M. and Mattil, K. F. reported in the Journal of Food Science 35, 453 (1970) that alkaline extraction of sunflower seed meal in the presence of sulphite or meta-bisulphite resulted in near colourless sunflower protein isolate. Patents in the name of David E. O'Connor (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,586,662 (1971) and 3,622,556 (1971)) describe processes for preparing light coloured protein isolate from sunflower meal by acid washing prior to alkaline extraction and by alkali extraction under an inert gas blanket followed by membrane filtration. Nuzzola, C., Vignola, R. and Groggia, A. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,212,799 (1980) describe a process for producing a near colourless sunflower protein isolate by alkaline extraction in the presence of aluminium sulphate followed by acid precipitation with citric acid to recover and protein and remove coloured components. None of the processes described above have proved satisfactory. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04435319__ •

Process for preparing sunflower butter spread from pretreated sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Galloway; Geoffrey (Saskatoon, CA), Kakuda; Yukio (Guelph, CA), MacDonald; Bruce E. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): Csp Foods Ltd. (saskatoon, Ca) Patent Number: 4,515,818 Date filed: March 3, 1982 Abstract: There is disclosed a method of preparing sunflower butter from dehulled sunflower seeds by treating said seeds with a solution of any one of ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, hydroquinone, formaldehyde, ascorbyl palmitate or tartaric acid. The treatment avoids discoloration of the sunflower butter prepared from said treated sunflower seeds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a sunflower butter or spread and a pretreatment process of the sunflower kernels, meat, meal or products thereof. These products are superior in quality to conventional peanut butter or peanut spreads and may be processed to achieve a smooth and creamy texture, a regular style, or a chunky or crunchy style. In the specification and claims, the term "sunflower seeds" includes sunflower kernels, pearled kernels, cut kernels, meal and the like. Conventional peanut butter is processed by roasting and blanching raw, whole and/or split peanuts followed by milling and/or grinding and/or homogenization to achieve a homogenous mixture. The resulting product may have added thereto, salt, sweetening agents and stabilizers which generally improve the quality characteristics and sensory attributes of the finished product. Stabilizers usually consist of high melting point fat components which are added during the grinding stage or when the product is held at an elevated temperature. Several patents outline procedures for stabilizing peanut butter and related products (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,129,102; 3,671,267). A process has also been described whereby peanuts are ground in the presence of solid carbon dioxide to improve the flavour and increase the shelf life of the finished product (U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,037). This process reduces the amount of oxygen which is dissolved, occluded and absorbed from

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the ingredients. Once the peanut butter has been homogenized, it is subjected to deaeration and chilling processes which remove occluded air and produce a crystal matrix, respectively, in the finished product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04515818__ •

Production of sunflower seeds in increased yields Inventor(s): Ferguson; David B. (Fresno, CA) Assignee(s): David & Sons, Inc. (fresno, Ca) Patent Number: 4,254,580 Date filed: October 23, 1978 Abstract: The production of sunflower seeds (i.e. Helianthus annus seeds) is an important industry in the United States as well as in many other parts of the world. Such seeds are useful in the production of sunflower oil or may serve as a food source for man and other animals. The present invention provides a novel and highly effective technique for enhancing the production of sunflower seeds via an agricultural process wherein a greater proportion of the florets which make up the sunflower are effectively pollinated. The production of sunflower achene which lack the desired kernels accordingly is minimized and a greater seed yield is made possible per growing area. Such process utilizes as an essential element a substantially uniform population of sunflower seed parents (as described) which were developed by applicant and possess homozygous f genes having the ability to facilitate the formation of parenchyma cells between floret anthers (instead of the typical collenchyma cells) which enable the anthers to become substantially non-fused following pollen dehiscense thereby making possible a greater degree of self-pollination with concomitant increased seed formation. In a further preferred embodiment F.sub.1 hybrid sunflower seeds are produced (as described). Alternatively, sunflower seeds capable of perpetuating inbred sunflower lines efficiently may be produced in increased yields on a commercially practicable basis. Excerpt(s): The sunflower plant has not escaped study by plant scientists over the years. It possesses perfect flowers which possess both male and female elements and in theory can undergo either self-fertilization or cross-fertilization. It further is well recognized that the sunflower blossom is composed of many individual florets (e.g. 500 to 1,000 florets arranged side by side as a disk) which must be individually pollinated if each is to result in the formation of a sunflower achene which includes a kernel. Since the kernel serves as the source of food for men and livestock, as well as the source of sunflower oil, such pollination is essential and of prime importance. Naturally occurring sunflower plants found in nature are recognized to possess a high degree of physiological or sporophytic self-incompatibility (i.e. they are self-unfruitful) and accordingly commonly undergo at most only a slight degree of self-fertilization. The bulk of the fertilization which occurs in such sunflower plants must accordingly be the result of pollen derived from other sunflower plants growing in the same general area which is primarily transferred by insect vectors. See Page Nos. 18 and 19 of the Heiser treatise. Since normally occurring insect populations are commonly incapable of servicing literally billions of individual florets in a growing area where such sunflower plants are growing in large numbers, the resulting seed set commonly is poor among large concentrations of sunflower plants growing in nature. It additionally is recognized that the longevity of sunflower pollen is influenced by the environment it encounters following dehiscence. For instance, if the days are hot (e.g. 100.degree. F.) and the

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relative humidity low (e.g. 20 percent or less) the pollen may live for only a few hours at most once it is exposed to the environment. However, when the temperature is lower (e.g. 70.degree. to 75.degree. F.) and the relative humidity is higher (e.g. 40 to 45 percent), the sunflower pollen may live for several days (e.g. up to three days). There accordingly is recognized to be a finite period of time in which sunflower pollen can satisfactorily carry out its intended function. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04254580__ •

Seed meter disk for use with sunflower and other seeds of long, slender shape Inventor(s): Lundie; William R. (East Moline, IL), Olson; Jay H. (Rock Island, IL) Assignee(s): Deere & Company (moline, Il) Patent Number: 4,600,122 Date filed: March 23, 1984 Abstract: In a seed meter in which a pressure differential is utilized in conjunction with a rotating seed disk having a circumferential row of seed cells therein to pick up individual seeds from a seed mass and deliver the seeds to a seed discharge area, the seed cells are uniquely configured for use with seeds such as sunflower seeds which are of relatively long and slender configuration and of relatively low mass. Each seed cell includes a teardrop shaped recess in the side surface of the disk having an aperture extending through the disk from the bottom thereof to communicate the pressure differential to a seed held within the recess. The seed cell includes a projection extending outwardly from the side surface of the disk and having a surface generally continuous with the back wall of the seed cell so as to aid in picking up and retaining a seed within the recess in addition to providing agitation of the seed mass prior to pickup of the seed. The projection has a sloping top surface to facilitate removal of excess seeds, a beveled outer edge to avoid pressing a seed against the inner wall of the seed meter housing and a sharp inner front edge to prevent excess seeds from lodging between the projection and a fin disposed adjacent and radially inwardly from the recess of the seed cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to seed meters for metering individual seeds at a controlled rate into a seed furrow, and more particularly to a seed meter seed disk which can be advantageously used with sunflower seeds and other seeds of long, slender shape and low mass. Seed meters of various designs have been employed to dispense seeds at a controlled rate into a seed furrow as the seed meter is advanced along the furrow. In a typical arrangement a tractor is coupled to tow a tool bar to which are attached in generally parallel, spaced-apart relation a plurality of planting units with seed meter arrangements attached thereto. Each of the planting units includes a seed hopper for containing a quantity of the seed to be planted, a device for opening a furrow as the tractor drawn tool bar is advanced over the ground, a seed meter coupled to the seed hopper for metering or dispensing individual seeds into the furrow at a controlled rate and a further device for moving soil at the sides of the furrow to close the furrow over the seeds. The planting unit may further include containers for insecticide and herbicide together with apparatus for dispensing controlled amounts of each. Many seed meters are of the air type which use an air pressure differential to pick up and then discharge individual seeds from a seed mass in controlled fashion. Typically, a rotating seed disk having one or more circumferential rows of apertures therein is used to pick up and then discharge the individual seeds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04600122__

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Self cleaning bird feeder and method Inventor(s): Loiselle; Guy J. (1471 Greenville, Bellingham, WA 98226) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,758,596 Date filed: June 30, 1995 Abstract: A bird feeder having a containing section for sunflower seeds, such seeds having a meat portion and a surrounding husk.A lower platform with through openings surrounds the containing section, with the openings being sufficiently small to retain full seeds thereon, but large enough to permit husk fragments to drop through the openings. The bird feeder is thus self cleaning, with rain, wind and the movement of the birds causing husks to drop through the platform, while whole seeds can be retained thereon for feeding. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bird feeder and a method of feeding birds, and more particularly to such a bird feeder and method where the feed is in the form of seeds, such as sunflower seeds, millets, thistle seeds, and similar bird feed. One common type of bird feed is seeds where the meat of the seed is still within the husk. One common way of providing such bird seed is to place the bird seed in a bird feeder where there is a perforate sidewall that forms the seed containing chamber. There is commonly an imperforate base member which encloses the bottom of the containing area and also extends outwardly therefrom to form a perimeter platform on which the birds can perch. The birds perch themselves on the platform and use their beaks to withdraw the seeds from the containing area. The bird will commonly chew the seed to separate the meat of the seed from the husk and let the husk drop onto the platform. As the husks collect on the platform, it is generally necessary to clean the husks off the platform. Another problem is that if moisture collects in the bottom part of the container or possibly in the platform, and some of the seeds remain on the platform, these will sometimes sprout. This also require periodic cleaning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05758596__

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Sunflower harvester attachment for combines Inventor(s): Janzen; Samuel P. (Winkler, CA) Assignee(s): New J Industries Ltd. (winkler, Ca) Patent Number: 4,255,920 Date filed: April 23, 1979 Abstract: A plurality of divider pans are secured to the front of the header just above the reciprocating knife thereof, to collect the heads as they are severed. The pans are adjustable angularly relative to the ground and are supported by bracing means underneath the pans. Pan tail portions are adjustably secured to the underside braces and extend underneath and to the rear of the header where they are secured to the header. A reel and shield are secured over the auger and brushes extend across the gaps between the adjacent pans to catch sunflower seeds which separate from the heads as they are deposited onto the pans. Dividers are secured one to each end of the header and to the conventional reel arms which are disconnected when this attachment is secured to the header.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new and useful improvements in attachments to harvesters and is particularly designed to harvest sunflower seeds. This invention is an improvement over U.S. Pat. No.: 3,844,094 dated Oct. 29th, 1974. The present invention is designed to enable a conventional combine harvester to be readily adapted for use for harvesting sunflower seeds by means of an attachment which is easily secured and detached from an existing harvester. In accordance with the invention there is provided in a harvester which includes a header for feeding harvested crop to the interior thereof and which includes a transverse reciprocating knife assembly at the front thereof; an attachment for harvesting sunflowers, said attachment comprising in combination a plurality of crop divider pans secured by the rear end thereof in spaced and parallel relationship, to the front of the header immediately above the knife assembly, a substantially vertical divider at each side of said header extending forwardly parallel to said crop divider pans and means to secure said crop divider pans to said header thereby supporting same in cantilever fashion forwardly of said header. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04255920__ •

Sunflower seeds and oil having a high stearic acid content Inventor(s): Fernandez; Jose Maria (Cordoba, ES), Garces; Rafael (Seville, ES), Mancha; Manuel (Seville, ES), Osorio; Jorge (Seville, ES) Assignee(s): Consejo Superior DE Investigaciones Cientificas (seville, Es) Patent Number: 6,410,831 Date filed: July 30, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a sunflower seed, comprising a sunflower oil having an increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type seeds, obtainable by treating parent seeds with a mutagenic agent during a period of time and in a concentration sufficient to induce one or more mutations in the genetic trait involved in stearic acid biosynthesis resulting in an increased production of stearic acid, germinating the treated seeds and culturing progeny plants therefrom, collecting and analyzing progeny seeds, selecting seeds that have acquired the desirable genetic trait and optionally repeating the cycle of germination, culturing and collection of seeds. Preferably the seeds comprise an oil having a stearic acid content of between 19.1 and 35% by weight related to the total amount of fatty acids in the oil, and are obtainable by treating the parent seeds with an alkylating agent, such as ethyl methane sulfonate in water, or with sodium azide in water. The invention further relates to sunflower oil obtainable by extracting the sunflower seeds, to a method for preparing sunflower seeds having an increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type seeds, a method for preparing a sunflower oil having an increased stearic acid content sunflower plants produced from the seeds and the use of the sunflower oil in various products. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sunflower seeds comprising an oil having an increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type plants between 10% and 35% by weight related to the total amount of fatty acids in the oil. The invention also relates to sunflower seeds having a stearic acid content up to 54% by weight or more. The invention further relates to a sunflower oil extractable from the seeds of the invention, to sunflower plants produced from the seeds, to methods for preparing the seeds and the oil, as well as to the use of the oil in various products and to the products comprising the oil. Sunflower is generally cultivated for obtaining oil which has saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). The stearic acid content is always less than 10% (Gustone, F. D. et al. "The lipid handbook";

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Chapman and Hall 1986), normally comprised between 3% and 7%. In relation with the unsaturated fatty acids there are two different kinds of sunflower seeds: the normal sunflower which has a linoleic acid content between 50% and 70% (Knowles, P. F. "Recent advances in oil crops breeding"; AOCS Proceedings 1988) and the high oleic sunflower which has 2-10% of linoleic acid and 75-90% of oleic acid (Soldatov, K. I. "Chemical mutagenesis in sunflower breeding"; Int. Proc. 7th Intern. Sunflower Conference, 352-357, 1976). There is also a sunflower line having a high palmitic acid content, between 22% and 40% (R. Ivanov et al. "Sunflower Breeding for High Palmitic Acid Content in the Oil; Proc. of the 12th Intern. Sunflower Conference, Vol. II, 453-465, 1988) and another line with low saturated fatty acid content (6% or less) (EP-A-496504). Table 1 shows the fatty acid composition for some known sunflower oil varieties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410831__ •

Sunflower seeds with enhanced saturated fatty acid contents Inventor(s): Bidney; Dennis L. (Urbandale, IA), Coughlan; Sean (Des Moines, IA), Hastings; Craig (Perry, IA), Scelonge; Christopher J. (Des Moines, IA), Wang; Lijuan (Johnston, IA) Assignee(s): Pioneer Hi-bred International, Inc. (des Moines, Ia) Patent Number: 6,084,164 Date filed: March 25, 1996 Abstract: Antisense expression of a stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene in sunflower results in more than a four-fold increase in seed stearate, and can enhance palmitate content as well. Thus, sunflower oil containing over 40 percent saturated fatty acids can be produced, which is desirable in the context of various products, such as coating fat, margarine, soap and shortening. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to transgenic sunflower plants that make seeds having high levels of saturated fatty acids. More specifically, the invention relates to antisense expression of a DNA segment having a sequence prepared from the sunflower stearoylACP desaturase gene. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil is a major edible oil worldwide. The oil component of sunflower seeds typically contributes about 80 percent of the value of a sunflower crop and is mostly used as a cooking medium. Sunflower oil also is employed as salad oil, as well as in the manufacture of margarine, soap, and shortening. Shortening is a fat, such as butter or lard, used to make cake or pastry light or flaky. These uses of sunflower oil however, are restricted by the amount of processing needed to modify the fatty acid composition of sunflower oil to eliminate the problems of rancidity, odor and texture. Because of its high degree of unsaturation, sunflower oil is susceptible to oxidative changes during processing and storage as described, for example, by C. F. Adams, Nutritive Value of American Foods, Agricultural Handbook 456 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1975). The stability and flavor of sunflower oil is improved by hydrogenation, which chemically reduces fatty acid double bonds. But the need for this processing reduces the economic attractiveness of sunflower oil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06084164__

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Threshing method and equipment intended for its application Inventor(s): Rissanen; Vilppu U. (Mutainen, FI) Assignee(s): Oljynpuristamo OY (helsinki, Fi) Patent Number: 4,700,718 Date filed: May 19, 1986 Abstract: The invention concerns a threshing method and the threshing equipment needed in its application which operates as part of a combine harvester working in the field. Threshing is performed by means of a roll (12) rotating about its axle shaft (11) and the flail bridge (13) composed of a cylinder (14), by guiding the material to be threshed into the space between the roll and the cylinder and by gathering the seeds separated by the flail bridge from the axially transferred vegetable material in that space. It is fundamental to the invention that during threshing the cylinder (14) with which the flail bridge (13) is composed is rotated in the opposite direction to the rotation of the roll (12). In order to clean the seeds separated during threshing a rotating drum screen (16) can be located outside the flail bridge cylinder (14). The invention is intended especially for the harvesting of sunflower seeds but it can also be applied for the harvesting of other cultivated crops, for example grain harvesting. Excerpt(s): The subject of this invention is a threshing method for separating the seeds from the other parts of plants, in which method the separation is carried out by means of a cylindrical roller rotating about its axle shaft and with a cylinder surrounding the roller composing a flail bridge, by guiding the material to be threshed into the space between the roller and the cylinder, where the material is moved through axially and by taking up the seeds separated through the flail bridge outside the cylinder. In threshing with a combine harvester the crop plant is usually cut through the stem, affer which the part cut off is guided into the space between the rotating roller and the flail bridge, where the separation of seeds from other parts of the plant is carried out. The flail bridge is fundamentally a screenlike element which strikes through the loosening seeds while simultaneously the stem and other remaining parts are moved under the influence of the rotational motion of the roller to conveyors, which after a possible further seed separation stage are removed from the threshing machine. The rotating roller and the flail bridge opposing it are in most combine harvestors located transversely to the feeding direction of the material to be threshed. Thus the fundamental threshing stage which loosens the seeds is left short and the conveyors transferring the threshed material must have the capacity to take out unseparated seed before the material leaves the harvester. On the other hand there are certain known harvesting machines in which the roller and the cylindrical flail bridge are located internally, so that the material to be threshed is transferred axially in the space between them. In these types, known as harvesters operating on the axial flow principle, the material to be threshed is noticeably longer in contact with the rotating roller and the flail bridge, so that the loosening of seeds is more efficient and furthermore the material processing can be carried out more gently. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04700718__

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Treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material under the influence of an electric field Inventor(s): Oughton; Richard W. (Odessa, CA) Assignee(s): DU Pont of Canada, Limited (montreal, Ca) Patent Number: 4,208,260 Date filed: May 3, 1979 Abstract: A process for the separation of comminuted proteinaceous material from an admixture thereof with solvent is disclosed. An admixture of the material and the solvent is subjected to a high voltage electric field between an anode and a cathode, thereby depositing at least part of the material on at least the anode. The solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms or a normally liquid chlorofluorocarbon containing 1 or 2 carbon atoms. The proteinaceous material may be wheat, rye, barley, triticale, rice, peas, beans, soya beans, sesame seeds, peanuts, sunflower seeds, whey powder, corn, rapeseed, sorghum, flax and buckwheat. In an embodiment the fraction is in the form of a dispersion, e.g. fines, in the solvent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material and especially to a process for the treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material under the influence of an electric field. In particular the invention relates to the treatment of admixtures of comminuted proteinaceous material and a solvent, especially a hydrocarbon solvent, for oil in the proteinaceous material, such admixtures being treated under the influence of an electric field. As used herein proteinaceous material consists of wheat, rye, barley, triticale, rice, peas, beans, soya beans, sesame seeds, peanuts, sunflower seeds, whey powder, corn, rapeseed, sorghum, flax and buckwheat. The outer coat of the cereal grains viz wheat, rye, barley and triticale is also known as bran, such bran may have endosperm attached thereto, whereas the outer coat of peas, beans and buckwheat is also known as the seed coat. The endosperm of peas and beans is also known as the cotyledon. For the cereal grains and buckwheat the endosperm may include the germ. The expression "gum" used herein refers in particular to water-soluble gums, if present in the particular proteinaceous material. The proteinaceous materials are a potential source of a wide variety of useful products. Examples of such products are flour, starch, protein-enriched and proteindepleted products, bran, gum and oil, depending on the particular proteinaceous material. Traditional techniques used in the food processing industry, if available, for the treatment of proteinaceous material so as to effect the separation of the proteinaceous material into fractions of differing composition are capable of improvement, for example with respect to energy requirements, potential pollution problems and the taste and/or colour of products. In other instances techniques may not be available for the conversion of the proteinaceous material into commercially viable products for example products of increased protein content. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04208260__

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Unit for postharvest treatment of sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Alshits; Valentin V. (Orekhovy bulvar, 5, kv. 237, Moscow, SU), Bortnikov; Anatoly I. (Shkolnaya, 15, kv. 125, Krasnodar, SU), Efimchenko; Vladimir I. (Lenina, 70, kv. 42, Krasnodar, SU), Matjusha; Vladimir G. (Filatova, 17a, kv. 24, Krasnodar, SU), Shaforostov; Vasily D. (Pushkina, 35, kv. 34, Krasnodar, SU), Shkuratov; Jury T. (Voroshilova, 115, kv. 42, Krasnodar, SU), Tolstonosov; Leonty I. (Novorossiiskaya, 182, kv. 27, Krasnodar, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,936,978 Date filed: March 22, 1989 Abstract: The present invention provides containers or storage bins for separate storage of the seeds of each size fraction in the course of their postharvest ripening, interposed between the primary and secondary seed cleaners and connected to the secondary cleaner through a conveyer, which effects a separate feed of the seeds of each size fraction for further treatment. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to equipment for mass treatment of seeds and more specifically to a unit for postharvest treatment of sunflower seeds. The invention can find application in the food industry and in agriculture. At present sunflower seeds are treated in a technological plant, incorporating devices for preliminary, primary, secondary and special seed cleaning arranged in a sequence of technological procedures and interconnected through a system of conveyers. A seed store is provided in between the primary and secondary cleaning devices, wherein the seed mixture is kept within the period of postharvest ripening. Once the afterripening period has been over the seed mixture is subjected to laboratory analysis for condition, and lots of seeds exhibiting low sowing qualities are rejected, while good-quality seed lots are forwarded to the secondary and special cleaning devices, wherein the seeds are upgraded to good sowing conditions as for cleanness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04936978__

Patent Applications on Sunflower Seeds As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to sunflower seeds: •

Oil from seeds with a modified fatty acid composition Inventor(s): Fernandez Martinez, Jose M.; (Cordoba, ES), Garces, Rafael; (Sevilla, ES), Martinez Force, Enrique; (Sevilla, ES), Perez Vich, Begona; (Sevilla, ES) Correspondence: Christensen, O'connor, Johnson, Kindness, Pllc; 1420 Fifth Avenue; Suite 2800; Seattle; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20020183533 Date filed: February 14, 2002

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 47

Abstract: Sunflower seeds having an oleic acid content of more than 5% and less than 65%, a palmitic acid content of more than 20% and less than 40%, a stearic acid content of more than 3% and less than 15%, and a palmitoleic acid content less than 4%, all based on the total fatty acid weight, are disclosed, together with methods of obtaining the sunflower seeds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oil from seeds having a palmitic acid content of more than 20% and less than 40% by weight based upon the total fatty acid content, while the palmitoleic acid content is less than 4% based upon the total fatty acid content and the asclepic (n-7 isomer of oleic acid) acid content is less than 4%. In particular, the invention relates to sunflower oil comprising an oleic acid content of more than 5% and less than 65% by weight based upon the total fatty acid content, a linoleic acid content less than 65% by weight based upon the total fatty acid content, a palmitic acid content of more than 20% and less than 40% by weight based upon the total fatty acid content, a stearic acid content of more than 3% and less than 15% based upon the total fatty acid content, while the palmitoleic acid content is less than 4% upon the total fatty acid content and the asclepic acid content is less than 4% based upon the total fatty acid content. The oil of the invention may be used for applications in the food industry which require high thermostability or plastic fats. Sunflower is generally cultivated for obtaining oil which has saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic), the stearic acid content is always less than 10% (Gunstone, F. D. et al. "The lipid handbook"; Chapman and Hall 1986), normally comprised between 3% and 7%. In relation with the unsaturated fatty acids there are two different kinds of sunflower seeds: the normal sunflower which has a linoleic acid content between 50% and 70% (Knowles, P. F. "Recent advances in oil crops breeding"; ROCS Proceedings 1988) and the high oleic sunflower which has 2-10% of linoleic acid and 75-90% of oleic acid (Soldatov, K. 1. "Chemical mutagenesis in sunflower breeding"; Int. Proc. 7 th Intern. Sunflower Conference, 352-357, 1976). Another high oleic sunflower line has been referred by Fick (US-B 1-4627192), with oleic acid content of approximately 80% or greater. Referring to saturated fatty acids, high stearic sunflower lines are disclosed in WO 95/20313. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Plant, seeds and oil with saturated triacylglycerol content and oil having a high stearic acid content Inventor(s): Fernandez-Moya, Valle; (Cordoba, ES), Garces, Rafael; (Sevilla, ES), Martinez-Force, Enrique; (Sevilla, ES) Correspondence: Christensen, O'connor, Johnson, Kindness, Pllc; 1420 Fifth Avenue; Suite 2800; Seattle; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20020184673 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a sunflower seed, comprising sunflower oil having increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type seeds preferably between 19.1 and 35% by weight related to the total amount of fatty acids in the oil, obtainable by treating parent seeds with a mutagenic agent during a period of time and in a concentration sufficient to induce one or more mutations in the genetic trait involved in stearic acid biosynthesis resulting in increased production of stearic acid, germinating the treated seeds and culturing progeny plants therefrom, collecting and analyzing progeny seeds, selecting seeds that have acquired the desirable genetic trait and

48

Sunflower Seeds

optionally repeating the cycle of germination, culturing and collection of seeds. The invention further relates to oil extracted from the seeds, to a method for preparing the sunflower seeds, a method for preparing such sunflower oil, sunflower plants produced from the seeds and use of the oil. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/682,690, filed on Jul. 30, 1997, which is a 35 U.S.C.sctn. 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP95/00369, filed on Jan. 31, 1995, claiming priority from Spanish Application Nos. 9400177, filed Jan. 31, 1994; 9400178, filed Jan. 3 1, 1994; 9401383, filed Jun. 24, 1994; and 9401384, filed Jun. 24, 1994. The present invention relates to sunflower seeds comprising an oil having an increased stearic acid content as compared to wild type plants, namely, between 12% and 35% by weight related to the total amount of fatty acids in the oil. The invention also relates to sunflower seeds having a stearic acid content up to 54% by weight or more. The invention further relates to a sunflower oil extractable from the seeds of the invention, to sunflower plants produced from the seeds, to methods for preparing the seeds and the oil, as well as to the use of the oil in various products and to the products comprising the oil. Sunflowers are generally cultivated for obtaining oil which has saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). The stearic acid content is always less than 10% (F. D. Gustone, et al., The Lipid Handbook, Chapman and Hall, 1986), normally comprised between 3% and 7%. In relation to the unsaturated fatty acids, there are two different kinds of sunflower seeds: the normal sunflower which has a linoleic acid content between 50% and 70% (P. F. Knowles, "Recent Advances in Oil Crops Breeding, " AOCS Proceedings 1988) and the high oleic sunflower which has 2 to 10% of linoleic acid and 75 to 90% of oleic acid (K. I. Soldatov, "Chemical Mutagenesis in Sunflower Breeding," Int. Proc. 7.sup.th Intern. Sunflower Conference, 352-357, 1976). There is also a sunflower line having a high palmitic acid content, between 22% and 40% (R. Ivanov, et al., "Sunflower Breeding for High Palmitic Acid Content in the Oil," Proc. of the 12.sup.th Intern. Sunflower Conference, Vol. 11, 453-465, 1988) and another line with low saturated fatty acid content (6% or less) (EP-A-496504). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with sunflower seeds, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on sunflower seeds. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning sunflower seeds. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to sunflower seeds. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on sunflower seeds include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “sunflower seeds” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “sunflower seeds” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Sunflower Seeds by The Sunflower Seeds Research Group; ISBN: 0741829835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741829835/icongroupinterna

•

Sunflower seed collection by Peter Shotton; ISBN: 0950282901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950282901/icongroupinterna

•

Sunflower Seeds & Seoul Food by Frederick C. on Sports Klein; ISBN: 1566250757; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566250757/icongroupinterna

•

Sunflowers: Growing, Crafting, and Cooking With the Sunniest of Plants/Book and Sunflower Seeds by Diane Morey Sitton; ISBN: 0879056576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879056576/icongroupinterna

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•

The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sunflower Seeds in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Sunflower Seeds Research Group, The Sunflower Seeds Research Group; ISBN: 0741848392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741848392/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sunflower Seeds in Zimbabwe (World Trade Report) by The Sunflower Seeds Research Group; ISBN: 0597571236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597571236/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Sunflower Seeds Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Sunflower Seeds Research Group, The Sunflower Seeds Research Group; ISBN: 074183605X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074183605X/icongroupinterna

•

The 2003 World Forecasts of Sunflower Seeds Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSUBC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSUBC/icongroupinterna

•

The World Market for Crude Sunflower Seed Oil or Safflower Oil: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001349QC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001349QC/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Sunflower Seeds In order to find chapters that specifically relate to sunflower seeds, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and sunflower seeds using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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Sunflower Seeds

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 469 2 309 0 28 808

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on sunflower seeds can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to sunflower seeds. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to sunflower seeds. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “sunflower seeds”:

60

•

Sunflower Seeds

Other guides Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Smokeless Tobacco http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokelesstobacco.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on sunflower seeds. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Caregiver's Support Kit Source: McLean, VA: National Foundation for Medical Research. 1992. Contact: Available from National Foundation for Medical Research. 1360 Beverly Road, Suite 305, McLean, VA 22101. (703) 356-8417. PRICE: Free. Summary: This caregiver's support kit contains a variety of practical items and information to assist caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. The Caregiver's Resources section contains a caregiver's emergency ID card, a daily medication dispenser, a magnifying glass for reading small print, colored marking tape, a musical audiocassette, sunflower seeds, warning labels, yellow 'caution' tape for closing off areas of the home, a caregiver's guide to Alzheimer's disease, a caregiver's comment card, a caregiver's resource directory, a home health care catalog, a medic alert brochure, and a National Foundation for Medical Research brochure. The Patient Information section has several forms for sharing important information with others who interact with the patient and a plastic sleeve for storing the patient's medical records. A contents page describes the kit items and offers suggestions for their use. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an

Patient Resources

61

ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to sunflower seeds. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to sunflower seeds. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with sunflower seeds. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about sunflower seeds. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.

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The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “sunflower seeds”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

69

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

71

SUNFLOWER SEEDS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH]

Dictionary 73

Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH]

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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Castor Bean: Common name for Ricinus communis, a species in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the source of castor oil. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Chlorogenic Acid: A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits.

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The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements,

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megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decortication: Removal of part or all of the external surface of an organ. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH]

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DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dithionite: The dithionous acid ion and its salts. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and

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sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helianthus: A genus of tall, erect American herbs of the Compositae. The seeds yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosum (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH]

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Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU]

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Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isocitrate Lyase: A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1. [NIH] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactobacillaceae: A family of gram-positive bacteria found regularly in the mouth and intestinal tract of man and other animals, in food and dairy products, and in fermenting vegetable juices. A few species are highly pathogenic. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH]

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Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be

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induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

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Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perch: A common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes with many genera and species. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

Dictionary 85

regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]

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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protochlorophyllide: A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH]

Dictionary 87

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and

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methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is

Dictionary 89

referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

91

INDEX A Acceptor, 71, 81, 83 Acetylcholine, 71, 74 Acyl, 23, 71 Adenosine, 71, 84 Affinity, 71, 87 Aflatoxins, 10, 18, 71 Ageing, 10, 71 Airway, 5, 71 Albumin, 4, 11, 17, 23, 71, 85 Algorithms, 71, 73 Alkaline, 37, 72, 74 Alpha-Linolenic Acid, 22, 72 Alternative medicine, 72 Amino Acids, 72, 74, 77, 84, 86, 87 Anaerobic, 72, 78 Analogous, 72, 85, 88 Anatomical, 72, 84 Anesthesia, 71, 72 Anions, 71, 72, 81 Anode, 45, 72 Anthocyanins, 11, 72 Anticoagulant, 72, 85 Antihypertensive, 7, 72 Antioxidant, 72, 84 Anus, 72, 81, 86 Aperture, 40, 72 Aqueous, 29, 30, 72, 73, 80 Arginine, 72, 88 Aromatic, 72, 74 Arterial, 72, 85 Arteries, 72, 73, 76, 82 Ascorbic Acid, 38, 72 Aspiration, 26, 73 Atmospheric Pressure, 11, 73 Atypical, 31, 73 B Bacteria, 33, 34, 71, 73, 78, 79, 82, 83 Bactericidal, 73, 78 Base, 41, 73, 76, 81 Bezoar, 5, 6, 7, 22, 73 Bile, 73, 80, 81 Bilirubin, 71, 73 Biological Transport, 73, 77 Biosynthesis, 10, 19, 42, 47, 73, 86 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 55, 73 Biotin, 12, 73 Bladder, 73, 89

Blood pressure, 72, 73, 82, 87 Blood vessel, 73, 88, 89 Body Fluids, 73, 77, 87 Branch, 67, 73, 87 Breakdown, 73, 79 Breeding, 31, 32, 36, 43, 47, 48, 73 C Calcium, 74, 75 Carbohydrate, 74, 83 Carbon Dioxide, 38, 74, 86 Carcinogenic, 74 Castor Bean, 23, 74 Castor Oil, 74 Catalase, 74 Cathode, 45, 72, 74, 77 Cell, 10, 36, 40, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Cell Division, 73, 74, 82, 85 Cellulose, 74, 79, 85 Chlorogenic Acid, 10, 11, 29, 74 Chlorophyll, 74, 78, 86 Cholesterol, 15, 18, 22, 73, 74, 86 Choline, 22, 74 Chronic, 20, 74, 80 Chronic Disease, 20, 74 Chymotrypsin, 21, 74 Citric Acid, 38, 74 Citrus, 72, 74, 75 Claviceps, 75, 86 Clear cell carcinoma, 75, 77 Clinical trial, 3, 55, 75 Cloning, 11, 73, 75 Coenzyme, 72, 75 Cofactor, 75, 85, 88 Colloidal, 71, 75, 77 Communis, 74, 75 Complement, 75, 76, 79, 85 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 24, 75 Complementary medicine, 17, 76 Computational Biology, 55, 76 Concomitant, 39, 76 Conjugated, 21, 76 Connective Tissue, 72, 76 Consumption, 6, 28, 76, 86 Contraindications, ii, 76 Coronary, 76, 82 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 82

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Cortisol, 71, 76 Cutaneous, 6, 76 Cyclic, 11, 12, 76 Cysteine, 11, 76, 87 Cystine, 76 D Dairy Products, 76, 81, 86 Databases, Bibliographic, 55, 76 Decortication, 28, 76 Density, 26, 35, 76, 83 DES, 31, 32, 43, 77 Diagnostic procedure, 25, 77 Diarrhea, 7, 77 Dietary Proteins, 21, 77, 89 Diffusion, 28, 73, 77, 88 Diploid, 77, 85 Direct, iii, 36, 77, 86 Disinfectant, 77, 78 Dispenser, 60, 77 Dissociation, 71, 77, 81 Dithionite, 37, 77 Duct, 77, 80 Duodenum, 73, 74, 77, 84, 87 E Electrode, 72, 74, 77 Electrolyte, 6, 77, 79, 87 Electrons, 72, 73, 74, 77, 81, 83 Electrophoresis, 21, 77 Elementary Particles, 77, 81, 86 Embryo, 34, 78, 85 Enterobacteriaceae, 30, 78 Enteropeptidase, 78, 88 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 78 Enzyme, 34, 74, 75, 78, 81, 84, 85, 88, 89 Ergot, 78, 86 Erythema, 78, 89 Ethanol, 11, 12, 78 Extracellular, 76, 78, 87 Extraction, 11, 12, 34, 37, 78 F Family Planning, 55, 78 Fat, 10, 12, 18, 21, 33, 38, 43, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88 Fatty acids, 5, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 42, 47, 48, 71, 78, 85 Feces, 34, 78, 87 Fermentation, 29, 33, 78 Filtration, 38, 78 Flatus, 78, 79 Fold, 43, 78 Friction, 29, 78 Fungi, 75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89

Fungus, 36, 78, 86 G Gas, 6, 28, 38, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 87 Gastrointestinal, 7, 78, 79 Gastrointestinal tract, 78, 79 Gene, 4, 11, 30, 43, 73, 79, 87 Gene Expression, 79, 87 Genetic Engineering, 73, 75, 79 Glucose, 72, 74, 79 Governing Board, 79, 85 Gram-negative, 78, 79 Gram-positive, 79, 81 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 79, 81 Growth, 30, 36, 71, 73, 79, 84, 87 H Haploid, 79, 85 Helianthus, 19, 30, 31, 39, 43, 79 Hemodiafiltration, 79, 89 Hemodialysis, 79, 89 Hemofiltration, 79, 89 Hepatic, 71, 80 Herbicide, 40, 80 Heredity, 79, 80 Heterogeneity, 18, 71, 80 Hormone, 76, 77, 80, 87 Host, 80, 81, 86 Hybrid, 30, 32, 39, 80, 86 Hydrogen, 71, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86 Hydrogen Peroxide, 74, 80, 81 Hydrolysis, 80, 88 Hypothalamic, 80, 87 I Id, 13, 23, 61, 66, 68, 80 Imidazole, 73, 80 Immersion, 28, 80 Impaction, 6, 80 Indicative, 49, 80, 89 Infarction, 76, 80, 82 Infection, 80, 89 Inflammation, 71, 80 Inorganic, 34, 80, 82 Insect Vectors, 39, 81 Insecticides, 81, 84 Intestinal, 78, 81 Intestines, 78, 79, 81 Intoxication, 19, 81 Ionization, 11, 81 Ions, 73, 77, 80, 81 Isocitrate Lyase, 23, 81 Isocyanates, 29, 81 K Kb, 54, 81

Index 93

L Lactobacillaceae, 30, 81 Large Intestine, 81, 86, 87 Library Services, 66, 81 Lipid, 10, 42, 47, 48, 74, 81, 84, 88 Lipid Peroxidation, 81, 84 Liver, 71, 73, 78, 80, 81 Localized, 80, 81, 84, 86, 89 Locomotion, 81, 85 Lysine, 81, 88 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 81 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 22, 81 Malnutrition, 71, 82 Manifest, 36, 82 Mannans, 78, 82 Meat, 29, 38, 41, 82, 86 Medical Records, 60, 82 MEDLINE, 55, 82 Membrane, 34, 38, 75, 79, 82, 83, 84 Memory, 22, 82 Methionine, 4, 11, 12, 20, 82, 88 MI, 69, 82 Microbiology, 10, 18, 30, 73, 82 Micro-organism, 29, 82 Mitosis, 82, 87 Mobilization, 10, 82 Modification, 31, 79, 82 Molecular, 11, 12, 23, 55, 57, 72, 73, 76, 79, 82 Molecule, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83 Monitor, 82, 83 Morphological, 71, 78, 79, 82 Mucus, 73, 82 Mutagenesis, 11, 31, 43, 47, 48, 82 Mutagenic, 42, 47, 83 Mutagens, 83 Mycotoxins, 6, 71, 83 Myocardium, 82, 83 N Necrosis, 80, 82, 83 Need, 28, 33, 43, 50, 62, 83 Nitrogen, 28, 83 Nuclear, 22, 77, 83 Nuclei, 30, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86 Nucleic acid, 83 Nucleus, 76, 77, 83, 86 Nutritive Value, 4, 10, 11, 20, 43, 83 O Odour, 29, 72, 83 Opacity, 76, 83 Osmotic, 71, 83

Ovary, 83, 85 Oxidation, 71, 72, 76, 81, 83, 84 Oxidative Stress, 74, 84 P Palmitic Acid, 31, 43, 47, 48, 84 Pancreas, 73, 74, 84, 88 Pancreatic, 74, 84 Pancreatic Juice, 74, 84 Parenchyma, 39, 84 Particle, 26, 84 Patient Education, 60, 64, 66, 69, 84 Pepsin, 21, 84 Peptide, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87 Perch, 35, 41, 84 Perforation, 22, 72, 84 Pesticides, 20, 81, 84 Pharmacologic, 72, 84, 88 Phospholipids, 78, 84 Phosphorus, 37, 74, 84 Physiologic, 73, 84 Pigment, 29, 73, 84, 86 Plant Proteins, 84, 89 Plasma, 5, 71, 85 Plasma protein, 71, 85 Platelets, 6, 85, 88 Pollen, 18, 24, 30, 32, 39, 85 Polyunsaturated fat, 19, 85 Practice Guidelines, 56, 85 Precipitation, 37, 38, 85 Precursor, 74, 85 Prenatal, 78, 85 Progeny, 42, 47, 85 Progressive, 79, 83, 85 Projection, 40, 85 Prone, 37, 85 Prostaglandins, 72, 85 Protease, 37, 85 Protein C, 12, 21, 45, 71, 85 Protein S, 22, 29, 37, 73, 85 Proteins, 5, 6, 12, 22, 29, 33, 37, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89 Protochlorophyllide, 18, 86 Protons, 80, 81, 86 Psyllium, 24, 86 Public Policy, 55, 86 Publishing, 4, 86 R Radioactive, 80, 81, 83, 86 Raffinose, 29, 86 Rape, 13, 86 Rectal, 6, 7, 22, 86 Rectum, 72, 78, 79, 81, 86

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Refer, 1, 28, 75, 78, 81, 86 Respiration, 74, 82, 86 Rigidity, 85, 86 Rod, 78, 86 Rodenticides, 84, 86 Rye, 45, 75, 78, 86 S Saturated fat, 18, 42, 43, 47, 48, 84, 86 Screening, 17, 36, 75, 86 Serine, 74, 86, 88 Serum, 19, 71, 75, 87 Side effect, 87, 88 Small intestine, 77, 80, 81, 87, 88 Sodium, 12, 42, 87 Sodium Bicarbonate, 12, 87 Solvent, 45, 78, 83, 87 Somatotropin, 18, 21, 87 Soybean Oil, 85, 87 Specialist, 61, 87 Species, 21, 30, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88 Sperm, 85, 87 Spinal cord, 74, 87 Stimulus, 77, 87, 88 Stomach, 73, 79, 80, 81, 84, 87 Stool, 80, 81, 87 Stress, 28, 76, 84, 87, 89 Stroma, 84, 87 Subspecies, 87 Suction, 78, 87 Sulfur, 82, 87 Supplementation, 7, 19, 21, 22, 88 Systemic, 73, 80, 87, 88 T Thermal, 28, 77, 88 Thiamine, 14, 88

Threshold, 22, 88 Thrombin, 85, 88 Thrombocytes, 85, 88 Thrombomodulin, 85, 88 Thrombosis, 85, 88 Thyroxine, 71, 88 Tissue, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88 Topical, 20, 78, 80, 87, 88 Toxic, iv, 29, 30, 71, 75, 86, 88 Toxicology, 56, 88 Transfection, 73, 88 Triglyceride, 18, 88 Trypsin, 10, 12, 21, 74, 78, 88, 89 Tuberculosis, 76, 88 Tungsten, 74, 88 U Ultrafiltration, 37, 79, 88 Unconscious, 80, 89 Urethra, 89 Urine, 34, 72, 73, 89 Urticaria, 5, 89 V Vagina, 77, 89 Vascular, 30, 80, 89 Vegetable Proteins, 6, 33, 84, 89 Vein, 83, 89 Venous, 85, 89 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 89 X X-ray, 74, 83, 89 Y Yeasts, 78, 89 Z Zymogen, 74, 85, 89

Index 95

96

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