Tendinitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TENDINITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tendinitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84087-3 1. Tendinitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tendinitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TENDINITIS................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tendinitis ...................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TENDINITIS ...................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tendinitis..................................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TENDINITIS ............................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TENDINITIS ............................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Recent Trials on Tendinitis.......................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TENDINITIS ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patents on Tendinitis................................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Tendinitis ............................................................................................... 76 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TENDINITIS ................................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 83 Chapters on Tendinitis................................................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TENDINITIS ..................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Bibliography: Multimedia on Tendinitis...................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TENDINITIS .................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 91 Academic Periodicals covering Tendinitis ................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 93 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103

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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 108 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 118 TENDINITIS DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 119 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tendinitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tendinitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tendinitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tendinitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tendinitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tendinitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tendinitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tendinitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Local Injection Therapy: Rapid, Effective Treatment of Tendinitis/Bursitis Syndromes Source: Consultant. 37(5):1377-1378,1380,1386-1389; May 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals discusses the use of local injection therapy in the treatment of tendinitis/bursitis syndromes. Although local injection of corticosteroids and anesthetics offers short-term, sometimes definitive therapy for common tendinitis and bursitis syndromes, it is an often underused technique in treating these syndromes because of philosophic reasons, inappropriate use of the technique, misunderstanding of the agents, and jurisdictional uncertainties. To use the technique, a physician should delineate the site of tenderness as specifically as possible by palpation. For simple injection, the smallest gauge needle of an appropriate length should be chosen. For aspiration, an 18-, 19-, or 20-gauge needle is best. The two basic formulations of corticosteroids are the repository forms, which are suspensions and do

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not dissolve in the anesthetic, and the soluble forms. In soft tissue, the longer duration of the suspensions may offer an advantage. Any of the usual anesthetics may be used. A longer-acting agent, such as bupivacaine, may be preferable, but lidocaine is always available and is satisfactory for most purposes. These two agents can be mixed to provide immediate onset of action with prolonged therapeutic effect. The use of local injection therapy for patients who have chronic low back pain is generally not recommended. Patient education and follow-up is important to avoid unnecessary repeat visits. 11 references, 5 figures, and 2 tables. (AA-M). •

Bursitis and Tendinitis: Injection Therapy Basics Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 19(1): 13-16,21-23. January 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the assessment and management of the most common types of bursitis and tendinitis. Both conditions are identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness on palpation, and pain during stressful maneuvers. Laboratory and imaging studies have a limited role when the history and physical findings are consistent with the diagnosis of bursitis or tendinitis. For many patients, local corticosteroid injection offers effective relief when rest, physical therapy, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not enough. In some cases, such as de Quervain tenosynovitis, local administration of corticosteroids constitutes first line intervention. Before injection treatment, other causes for symptoms, such as infection, crystal deposition disease, and systemic rheumatic disease, must be ruled out. To avoid adverse local and systemic effects, injections must be limited to two or three, given every 4 to 6 months. Choosing a nonfluorinated corticosteroid preparation and injecting deeper than 5 millimeters beneath the surface reduces the potential for skin atrophy. Local side effects, such as postinjection flare, can be managed with ice packs and NSAIDs. The article presents specific injection methods for treating de Quervain tenosynovitis, trigger finger or thumb, lateral and medial epicondylitis, olecranon bursitis, supraspinatus tendinitis, subacromial bursitis, biceps tendinitis, trochanteric bursitis, anserine bursitis, and prepatellar bursitis. 8 figures, 1 table, and 21 references. (AA-M).

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Overuse Tendinosis, Not Tendinitis: Part 1: A New Paradigm for a Difficult Clinical Problem Source: Physician and Sportsmedicine. 28(5):. May 2000. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Healthcare Information. 4530 West 77th Street, Floor 3, Minneapolis, MN 55435. (800) 525-5003 or (609) 426-7070 (for subscriptions) or (952) 835-3222 (for back issues). Summary: This journal article, the first of two on tendinopathies, provides health professionals with information on overuse tendinosis to help physicians avoid common misconceptions about tendinopathies and their management. Research has shown that the pathology underlying overuse tendinopathies in the Achilles, patellar, medial and lateral elbow, and rotator cuff tendons is tendinosis or collagen degeneration. Attributing the pathology of tendinopathies to tendinitis rather than tendinosis may have contributed to the frustration experienced by both patients and physicians. The diagnosis of an injury due to collagen degeneration has clinical significance in at least eight areas, including diagnostic imaging, patient education, biomechanical deloading, antiinflammatory strategies, load decreasing devices, interaction with the physical therapist, appropriate strengthening, and surgery. The article discusses each of these

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areas and stresses the need for treating tendinosis using a different paradigm from the one used to treat tendinitis. 1 figure, 3 tables, and 35 references. •

Overuse Tendinosis, Not Tendinitis: Part 2: Applying the New Approach to Patellar Tendinopathy Source: Physician and Sportsmedicine. 28(6):. June 2000. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Healthcare Information. 4530 West 77th Street, Floor 3, Minneapolis, MN 55435. (800) 525-5003 or (609) 426-7070 (for subscriptions) or (952) 835-3222 (for back issues). Summary: This journal article, the second of two on tendinopathies, provides health professionals with information on using a tendinosis paradigm for the clinical evaluation and management of patellar tendinopathy. This condition is caused most often by collagen breakdown rather than inflammation, so it is tendinosis rather than tendinitis. The clinical assessment of patellar tendinopathy involves obtaining a history and performing a physical examination. Diagnostic imaging does not reflect function or predict prognosis, so it should be a supplemental aid to history and physical examination. Conservative therapies that may be useful for promoting healing in tendinosis include load reduction and relative rest, biomechanical correction, cryotherapy, massage, and therapeutic ultrasound. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids have been used in the tendinitis model of tendon treatment, but there is little research on their use in the tendinosis paradigm. Surgical treatment of patellar tendinopathy has an unpredictable outcome, and there is no consensus about the optimal surgical technique to use. Surgery should be considered only after a long term and appropriate conservative regimen has failed. The article also includes a discussion that distinguishes among the terms tendinitis, tendinosis, and tendinopathy and outlines a strengthening program for the patellar tendon. 3 figures, 3 tables, and 61 references.

Federally Funded Research on Tendinitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tendinitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tendinitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tendinitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tendinitis:

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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•

Project Title: TENDINITIS

A

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

STUDY

OF

MECHANISMS

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, James H.; Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The objective of this project is to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms for tendinitis using a novel in vitro model and an animal model. The central working hypothesis in this project is that tendon fibroblasts are responsible for the development of tendinitis by producing PGE2, which is upregulated by increased expression levels of PLA2, COX-1 and COX-2, and that high levels of PGE2 cause dysfunction of the tendon fibroblasts, thus resulting in pathophysiological changes in tendons. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to investigate the role of PLA2 and COX expression in the production of PGE2 by human tendon fibroblasts under repetitive mechanical stretching using a novel in vitro model; 2) to investigate the role of stretching-induced PGE2 in inflammatory gene expression, proliferation and collagen synthesis of the human tendon fibroblasts using a novel in vitro model; and 3) to determine the effect of repeated exposure of the patellar tendon to PGE2 on its biological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties in a rabbit model. To accomplish these aims, a multidisciplinary approach based on mechano-biology, molecular biology and biomechanics will be used.When completed, this project will provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms for tendinitis at the cellular and molecular levels. It will also provide clinically valuable data about the effect of repetitive inflammation due to PGE2 on the tendon structure and function, which will help develop strategies to prevent and treat tendinitis effectively. The findings from this study will also be useful in helping design experiments to study other repetitive motion disorders (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENGINEERED ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Altman, Gregory H.; Tissue Regeneration, Inc. 4 Colby St, Rm 125 Medford, Ma 02155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant): Each year more than 200,000 Americans tear or rupture their anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL). Due, in part, to the complex mechanical properties of the ACL, previous reconstructive techniques (e.g., artificial materials) have failed to provide fully restored function to the damaged knee. Tissue engineering avails new options to improve patient care by offering more rapid and effective replacements for damaged ligaments. In our preliminary studies we have addressed the hypothesis that mechanical forces that are physiological in nature, intensity and frequency can direct bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation into ligament-forming cells and result in the in vitro formation of functional equivalents of native ACLs. The results of our preliminary studies suggest that this is a new and viable approach to ACL formation in vitro. The overall objective of the Phase I study is to establish an engineered ligament with suitable mechanical, structural and biochemical properties for subsequent Phase II studies in vivo. In Phase I studies, we propose to extend our previous work of ligament formation in vitro to include matrices of biochemical parameters, mechanical loading regimes and time of culture, addressed sequentially to build on each round of data, in order to reach a 'go/no go decision. Assessment of ACLspecific markers, mechanical properties and morphological evaluation will be

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components of these studies. In vitro cultivation of progenitor BMSC cells embedded within a biodegradable matrix, in conjunction with mechanical forces could be a viable path toward functional replacements of native ligaments. Tissue engineered ACLs developed from the patient's own progenitor stem cells could potentially serve as an essentially unlimited pool of autologous tissue equivalents for in vivo transplantation, to replace damaged tissues in patients suffering from ligament tear or rupture. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: An immense need exists for ACL prostheses that do not result in the loss of autologous tissue or cause an immune response but rather fully restore knee functionality. An ACL engineered from a patient's own BMSCs in vitro, either prior to or immediately after knee joint trauma, would be marketable to at least the 200,000+ Americans a year who rupture or tear their ACL at an average cost of $25,000 per patient. The proposed technology would create an outpatient procedure and reduce surgical time, rehabilitation period and total cost cost by 80%. 80% and 40%, respectively, and eliminate tendinitis and arthritis associated with ACL autograph reconstruction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH GRADIENTS IN HOSPITAL WORKERS: THE Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanc, Paul D.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Taken from the Investigators' Abstract) Socioeconomic gradients in health status are ubiquitous in space, persistent in time, and pervasive across diverse health outcomes. Yet little is known of how they arise, and specifically, how great a contribution is made to them by working conditions during adult life. Existing occupational cohort studies, such as the landmark Whitehall publications, have failed to convince some observers that work-related "psychosocial" exposures, e.g., the degree of control felt by employees over their jobs, constitute the key causal influences responsible for socioeconomic gradients in the health of the general adult population, especially gradients in chronic disease. Largely missing in the debate thus far is high-quality evidence on gradients from workplaces with a wide range of jobs -- Whitehall, for example, is fundamentally an office worker study. The present proposal is premised on the view that rich insights into the genesis of such health "gradients" may be gained by studying in detail, over some years, a workplace, such as a hospital, that has a very wide range of jobs, and of employees from different social classes. By far the major "shortterm" occupational health problem of this workforce, and many others, is work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) -- a broad class of outcomes including low back pain and upper extremity injuries, such as tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Both psychosocial and physical-ergonomic exposures at work are now thought to be joint determinants of these musculoskeletal problems. Thus, psychosocial aspects of work are increasingly recognized as risk factors for both sorts of illness processes: traumatic and chronic disease. Yet there appears to be a dearth of research linking socioeconomic and job-category disparities in the risk of WRMSDs, with well-known gradients in many longer-term health outcomes, particularly coronary heart disease and its risk factors (such as hypertension). The investigators propose a study to shed light on the nature and multi-factorial etiology of hospital gradients, across job categories and employee social class backgrounds, in the occurrence of several potentially work-related health outcomes in hospitals. The outcomes studied will be lost-time, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, non-invasive measures of allostatic load (salivary cortisol

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and blood pressure), overall health-related quality-of-life and injury-specific functional status, mental health status, and total sickness/injury absence from work. The influence of both directly observed physical-ergonomic factors at work and psychosocial occupational exposures on socioeconomic gradients in the risk of these conditions will be assessed. Finally they propose to examine, through qualitative research methods, the social contextual factors within participating hospitals, which influence working conditions. The study team will also work with a labor-management team to develop possible interventions for the problems that are identified by this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT

OF

INJURED

EMPLOYEE

HEALTH

STATUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ross, Robert H.; Orthopedics and Rehabilitation; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-MAY-2003 Summary: This is pilot intervention study based on the recent emergence of patientbased health outcomes assessment and present availability of the Worker-based outcomes assessment system (WBOAS), a validated instrument developed at the New England Medical Center Health Institute which measures overall health, mental health, pain symptom and fear/avoidance attitudes, provider performance, and employee work role performance across five specific work task/activities. Study subjects are medical center employees of Fletcher Allen Health Care (Burlington, VT) with the workrelated musculoskeletal injuries including strain/sprain, cumulative trauma (upper extremity, lower extremity, lower back), tendinitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The study tests the utility of the WBOAS, the significance of which for workplace health improvement is great considering the nationwide rise in both injury incidence and injury management and lost productivity costs. The study aims (long term) to further the development and adoption of worker based outcomes assessment for the purpose of improving work role performance and reducing employee injury and re-injury rates and related employer treatment and lost productivity costs and (specific) to demonstrate the full effectiveness of a WBOAS based on the primary care provider as gatekeeper for occupational health care and for the management of work-related musculoskeletal injuries. The study employs a double cohort external control design, the strongest possible quasi-experimental (non-randomized control) design possible, staggered so as to strengthen inference such that in study phase 3 the phase 1-2 control cohort joins the test cohort as a test site as well. The intervention combines information and action. Physical/occupational therapists thus use the WBOAS a) to collect subject-reported baseline, treatment period, and post-treatment period data on the overall health, mental health, pain symptom and fear/avoidance attitudes, provider performance, and work role functioning of injured employees, b) to set and re-set injury treatment and re-injury prevention plans at each visit, and c) to refer subjects as indicated for adjunctive mental health care and workplace redesign. It is expected that, controlling for such covariates as subject demographics, injury severity, comorbidities, and practice variation, compared to control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WRIST FLEXION TO IDENTIFY CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Tuckett, Robert P.; Neuroscience Research 2381 Sheridan Rd Salt Lake City, Ut 84108

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Although most health care practitioners would define carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as an entrapment, or compression, of the median nerve at the level of the wrist (e.g. carpal tunnel), the diagnosis is often not clear cut. A major reason for ambiguity is that in its initial stages, CTS often involves inflammation of tendons transversing the wrist that control finger movement and grip. As tendinitis progresses, there is a constellation of inflammatory events including swelling, vascular stasis, and nociceptor sensitization, which account for many of CTS clinical signs. Hence, clinical signs do not clearly differentiate between tendinitis and CIS, which requires direct testing of median nerve function specifically localized to the wrist area. At present, only conduction latency across the wrist fulfills these criteria. The alternative of sensory testing (e.g., two-point discrimination, monofilament or vibratory threshold) lacks specificity; that is, sensory deficits can be attributed to other causes. More recently, a provocative technique has provided evidence of wrist level, median nerve entrapment before symptoms become unequivocal by more traditional procedures, and has been reported to be specific for CTS over other forms of peripheral neuropathy. Topical Testing proposes to investigate ways of improving the efficiency of the initially reported provocative procedure to improve the specificity and sensitivity of CTS diagnosis. If feasibility criteria are satisfied, Phase II will propose an equipment package designed specifically for improved evaluation of carpal tunnel status. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Medical market segments for the treatment and rehabilitation of carpal tunnel syndrome include hand surgery, hand therapy, physical therapy, physiatry (PM&R), neurology, and occupational medicine. Potentially large markets for noninvasive instrumentation to screen for carpal tunnel injury include human resources, safety, ergonomics, and industrial hygiene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for tendinitis in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

Recalcitrant Infrapatellar Tendinitis and Surgical Outcome in a Collegiate Basketball Player: A Case Report. by Klucinec B.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155530

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Tendinitis

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tendinitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tendinitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A conservative management protocol for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Gimblett PA, Saville J, Ebrall P. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 NovemberDecember; 22(9): 622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626706&dopt=Abstract

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A double blind, placebo controlled study of niflumic acid gel in the treatment of acute tendinitis. Author(s): Dreiser RL, Ditisheim A, Charlot J, Lopez A. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(2): 38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1365471&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind study of the effectiveness of low level laser treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Vecchio P, Cave M, King V, Adebajo AO, Smith M, Hazleman BL. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 August; 32(8): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348278&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind trial comparing subacromial methylprednisolone and lignocaine in acute rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Vecchio PC, Hazleman BL, King RH. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 August; 32(8): 743-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348279&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A promising novel therapy for Achilles peritendinitis: double-blind comparison of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate and high-dose indomethacin. Author(s): Sundqvist H, Forsskahl B, Kvist M. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 August; 8(4): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3312048&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective double blind dummy placebo controlled study comparing triamcinolone hexacetonide injection with oral diclofenac 50 mg TDS in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Adebajo AO, Nash P, Hazleman BL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 September; 17(9): 1207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2290163&dopt=Abstract

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Acetic acid iontophoresis and ultrasound for the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: a randomized control trial. Author(s): Perron M, Malouin F. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 April; 78(4): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111457&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles and suprapatellar tendinitis due to isotretinoin. Author(s): Hernandez Rodriguez I, Allegue F. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 October; 22(10): 2009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8992016&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles peritendinitis. A literature review with case report. Author(s): Lemm M, Blake RL, Colson JP, Ferguson H. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1992 September; 82(9): 482-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1403740&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: etiology and treatment. Author(s): Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984 May-June; 12(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6742297&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis and ruptures. Author(s): Kahn MF. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 September; 32(3): 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9773187&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis and tendon rupture due to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Author(s): Huston KA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 September 15; 331(11): 748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8058092&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis as a severe clinical feature of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Author(s): Gerster JC. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 June; 22(6): 1212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7674264&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis as the presentation form of Lofgren's syndrome. Author(s): Ortiz V, Holgado S, Olive A, Fite E. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(2): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791635&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis associated with fluoroquinolones. Author(s): van der Linden PD, van de Lei J, Nab HW, Knol A, Stricker BH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 September; 48(3): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510157&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis in ballet dancers. Author(s): Fernandez-Palazzi F, Rivas S, Mujica P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 August; (257): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379363&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis in running athletes. Author(s): Nichols AW. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1989 July-September; 2(3): 196-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2665426&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis in spondyloarthropathy. Author(s): McGonagle D, Emery P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 March; 26(3): 754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090200&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Scioli MW. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1994 January; 25(1): 177-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8290227&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Clain MR, Baxter DE. Source: Foot Ankle. 1992 October; 13(8): 482-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1483611&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific retropharyngeal tendinitis. Clinical presentation and pathological characterization. Author(s): Ring D, Vaccaro AR, Scuderi G, Pathria MN, Garfin SR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 November; 76(11): 1636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962023&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific retropharyngeal tendinitis: an unusual cause of neck pain. Author(s): Sarkozi J, Fam AG. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 June; 27(6): 708-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6732887&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific supraspinatus tendinitis in a three-year-old child. Author(s): Nutton RW, Stothard J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1987 January; 69(1): 148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818722&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis in a child: a case report. Author(s): Millon SJ, Bush DC, Harrington TM. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1993 July; 18(4): 592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349963&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis in children. Author(s): Lassoued S, Billey T, Millet JP, Henia AO. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 July-September; 66(7-9): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526384&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis in children. Author(s): Stothard J. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1994 March; 19(2): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201207&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis in the hand and wrist. Author(s): Dilley DF, Tonkin MA. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1991 May; 16(2): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2061669&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of peroneus longus. Author(s): Cox D, Paterson FW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1991 March; 73(2): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2005172&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the foot. Author(s): Schapira D, Scharf Y. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 November; 33(11): 1092-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7982002&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the hand and wrist: a report of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Moyer RA, Bush DC, Harrington TM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 February; 16(2): 198-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2664164&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the hip: case report with magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Chow HY, Recht MP, Schils J, Calabrese LH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 May; 40(5): 974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9153562&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the pectoralis major insertion associated with cortical bone erosion. Author(s): Durr HR, Lienemann A, Silbernagl H, Nerlich A, Refior HJ. Source: European Radiology. 1997; 7(8): 1215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9377503&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the popliteus tendon--an unusual site and clinical syndrome. Author(s): Tibrewal SB. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2002 September; 84(5): 33841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398128&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis of the rectus femoris. Author(s): Sarkar JS, Haddad FS, Crean SV, Brooks P. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 September; 78(5): 814-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8836078&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcific tendinitis simulating tendon sheath infection. Author(s): Omololu B, Alonge TO, Ogunlade SO. Source: West Afr J Med. 2001 January-March; 20(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505894&dopt=Abstract

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Acute calcifying tendinitis at the metacarpophalangeal joint--a case report. Author(s): Giannikas KA, el-Hadidi M. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1997 December; 68(6): 603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462366&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carpal tunnel syndrome caused by peritendinitis calcarea. Case report. Author(s): Bostrom L, Svartengren G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1993; 27(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8351500&dopt=Abstract

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Acute flexor calcific peritendinitis of the wrist after trauma. Author(s): Whittaker JP, Kelly CP, Gregson PA. Source: Injury. 2003 July; 34(7): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832182&dopt=Abstract

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Acute peritendinitis calcarea. Author(s): Daniel WW. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1989 June; 32(6): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2544188&dopt=Abstract

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Adductor tendinitis and musculus rectus abdominis tendopathy. Author(s): Martens MA, Hansen L, Mulier JC. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 July-August; 15(4): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2959165&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent trigger finger secondary to post-traumatic chronic calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Seiler JG 3rd, Kerwin GA. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1995 May; 20(3): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7642920&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of calcific deposits in calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Gartner J, Simons B. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 May; (254): 111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2157572&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopic management of calcific tendinitis of the popliteus tendon. Author(s): Tennent TD, Goradia VK. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 April; 19(4): E35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671610&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Jerosch J, Strauss JM, Schmiel S. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1998 January-February; 7(1): 30-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524338&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopic treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Ark JW, Flock TJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1992; 8(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637430&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical calcific tendinitis with cortical erosions. Author(s): Kraemer EJ, El-Khoury GY. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2000 December; 29(12): 690-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271549&dopt=Abstract

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Biceps tendinitis and subluxation. Author(s): Patton WC, McCluskey GM 3rd. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 July; 20(3): 505-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494838&dopt=Abstract

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Bicipital tendinitis. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1991 June; 20(6): 817. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1867597&dopt=Abstract

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Blueberry rakers' tendinitis. Author(s): Tanaka S, Estill CF, Shannon SC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 August 25; 331(8): 552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041434&dopt=Abstract

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Bursitis and tendinitis in the hand, wrist, and elbow. An approach to treatment. Author(s): Cooney WP 3rd. Source: Minn Med. 1983 August; 66(8): 491-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6633487&dopt=Abstract

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Bursitis and tendinitis. Author(s): Cunningham ME. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1994 September-October; 13(5): 13-6, 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7854823&dopt=Abstract

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Bursitis and tendinitis. Author(s): Matthews JH. Source: American Family Physician. 1981 October; 24(4): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7282510&dopt=Abstract

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Bursitis and tendinitis. Author(s): Buckingham RB. Source: Compr Ther. 1981 February; 7(2): 52-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214866&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific shoulder periarthritis (tendinitis) in adult onset diabetes mellitus: a controlled study. Author(s): Mavrikakis ME, Drimis S, Kontoyannis DA, Rasidakis A, Moulopoulou ES, Kontoyannis S. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1989 March; 48(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2930276&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific shoulder tendinitis: treatment with modified US-guided fine-needle technique. Author(s): Aina R, Cardinal E, Bureau NJ, Aubin B, Brassard P. Source: Radiology. 2001 November; 221(2): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687690&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis at the biceps brachii insertion of a child: a case report. Author(s): Sakamoto K, Kozuki K. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2002 January-February; 11(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845156&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis at the biceps insertion causing rotatory limitation of the forearm: a case report. Author(s): Murase T, Tsuyuguchi Y, Hidaka N, Doi T. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1994 March; 19(2): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201192&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis in the posterior proximal thigh as a self-limited condition: pathogenic role of inflammatory responses. Author(s): Watanabe H, Sano K, Shinozaki T, Shirakura K, Takagishi K. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 May; 25(5): 970-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598900&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis in the proximal thigh. Author(s): Hodge JC, Schneider R, Freiberger RH, Magid SK. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1993 October; 36(10): 1476-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8216407&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis in unusual sites associated with cortical bone erosion. Author(s): Hayes CW, Rosenthal DI, Plata MJ, Hudson TM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1987 November; 149(5): 967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3499803&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis mimicking acute sternoclavicular joint arthritis. Author(s): Hammoudeh M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 November; 40(11): 1316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709620&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of flexor carpi ulnaris: an easy misdiagnosis. Author(s): Ryan WG. Source: Arch Emerg Med. 1993 December; 10(4): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110324&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus maximus tendon with abnormalities of cortical bone. Author(s): Thornton MJ, Harries SR, Hughes PM, Whitehouse R, Carradine S. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1998 April; 53(4): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585048&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus maximus tendon with cortical bone erosion: CT findings. Author(s): Mizutani H, Ohba S, Mizutani M, Otake S, Otsuka T, Nakamura T. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1994 March-April; 18(2): 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126290&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus maximus tendon: CT findings. Author(s): Hottat N, Fumiere E, Delcour C. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(6): 1104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415243&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus maximus. Author(s): Ferraro A, Mercuri M, Ruggieri P, Casadei R. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1995 July-August; 80(3): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681685&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus medius tendon with bone marrow edema mimicking metastatic disease. Author(s): Yang I, Hayes CW, Biermann JS. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2002 June; 31(6): 359-61. Epub 2002 May 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073121&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the long head of the biceps brachii distal to the glenohumeral joint: plain film radiographic findings. Author(s): Goldman AB. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1989 November; 153(5): 1011-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2801418&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle. Author(s): De Maeseneer M, Vreugde S, Laureys S, Sartoris DJ, De Ridder F, Osteaux M. Source: Head & Neck. 1997 September; 19(6): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278764&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the pectoralis major insertion. A report of two cases. Author(s): Ikegawa S. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1996; 115(2): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063851&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff as a cause of drooping shoulder. Author(s): Prato N, Banderali A, Neumaier CE, Dahmane M, Martinoli C, Derchi LE. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2003 February; 32(2): 82-5. Epub 2002 September 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589486&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff with trochiteal osteolysis. A rare clinical radiologic complication. Author(s): Porcellini G, Campi F, Battaglino M. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1996 April-June; 81(2): 207-12. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8968123&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Speed CA, Hazleman BL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 May 20; 340(20): 1582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332023&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Berg E. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1997 November-December; 16(6): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416160&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the trapezius insertion. Author(s): Nofsinger CC, Williams GR Jr, Iannotti JP. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1999 March-April; 8(2): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226970&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis of the vastus lateralis muscle. A report of three cases. Author(s): Ramon FA, Degryse HR, De Schepper AM, Van Marck EA. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1991; 20(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2000500&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendinitis: a review of the usual and unusual. Author(s): Holt PD, Keats TE. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993; 22(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8430339&dopt=Abstract

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Calcifying tendinitis of the gluteus maximus. Author(s): Thomason HC 3rd, Bos GD, Renner JB. Source: Am J Orthop. 2001 October; 30(10): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683448&dopt=Abstract

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Calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Uhthoff HK. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1996; 85(2): 111-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817047&dopt=Abstract

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Calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Uhthoff HK, Sarkar K. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1989 December; 3(3): 567-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624948&dopt=Abstract

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Case report 733. Calcific tendinitis of the origin of the medial and lateral heads of the rectus femoris muscle and the anterior iliac spin (AIIS). Author(s): Pope TL Jr, Keats TE. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1992; 21(4): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1626298&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: can sacroiliac joint dysfunction cause chronic Achilles tendinitis? Author(s): Voorn R. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1998 June; 27(6): 43643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617730&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic Achilles peritendinitis and retrocalcanear bursitis. Long-term follow-up of surgically treated cases. Author(s): Lehto MU, Jarvinen M, Suominen P. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1994; 2(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7584203&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic adductor tendinitis in a female swimmer. Author(s): Tonsoline PA. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1993 November; 18(5): 629-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8268966&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder-therapy by percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage: a prospective open study of 62 shoulders. Author(s): Pfister J, Gerber H. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1997 May; 16(3): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184264&dopt=Abstract

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Cimetidine for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Yokoyama M, Aono H, Takeda A, Morita K. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 May-June; 28(3): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772145&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy and tolerability of tenoxicam in African patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis and/or bursitis: an open study. Author(s): Ibrahima K, Kodjo G, Issa S, Seye L, Cisse F, Eassey G, Rietiker S. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(7): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1778090&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of calcific tendinitis and rotator cuff tear: an arthrographic study. Author(s): Jim YF, Hsu HC, Chang CY, Wu JJ, Chang T. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993; 22(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8480205&dopt=Abstract

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Cold weather training: a risk factor for Achilles paratendinitis among recruits. Author(s): Milgrom C, Finestone A, Zin D, Mandel D, Novack V. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 May; 24(5): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801195&dopt=Abstract

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Common tendinitis problems in the hand and forearm. Author(s): Thorson E, Szabo RM. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1992 January; 23(1): 65-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729670&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative efficacy and safety of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide and diclofenac in patients with acute subdeltoid bursitis and bicipital tendinitis. Author(s): Wober W, Rahlfs VW, Buchl N, Grassle A, Macciocchi A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 April-May; 52(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684433&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of MR imaging and pathologic findings in athletes undergoing surgery for chronic patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Yu JS, Popp JE, Kaeding CC, Lucas J. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 July; 165(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7785569&dopt=Abstract

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Cryptococcal arthritis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Bruno KM, Farhoomand L, Libman BS, Pappas CN, Landry FJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 February; 47(1): 104-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932886&dopt=Abstract

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Decompressive surgery in the tendinitis and tear stages of rotator cuff disease. Author(s): Jalovaara P, Puranen J, Lindholm RV. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1989; 55(4): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2631551&dopt=Abstract

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Deep transverse friction massage for treating tendinitis. Author(s): Brosseau L, Casimiro L, Milne S, Robinson V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003528. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519601&dopt=Abstract

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Deep transverse friction massage for treating tendinitis. Author(s): Brosseau L, Casimiro L, Milne S, Robinson V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd003528. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869672&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of common tendinitis and bursitis syndromes. Author(s): Hoppmann RA. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1993 November; 89(11): 531-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8258969&dopt=Abstract

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Diclofenac in the treatment of painful joints and traumatic tendinitis (including strains and sprains): a brief review. Author(s): Machtey I. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4081796&dopt=Abstract

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Diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac/placebo in treating acute episodes of tendinitis/bursitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Zuinen C. Source: Drugs. 1993; 45 Suppl 1: 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7685684&dopt=Abstract

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Disorders of the Achilles tendon insertion and Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Myerson MS, McGarvey W. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1999; 48: 211-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098046&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis masquerading as tendinitis. Author(s): Fishco WD, Blocher KS. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2000 NovemberDecember; 90(10): 508-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107712&dopt=Abstract

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Does acetic acid iontophoresis accelerate the resorption of calcium deposits in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder? Author(s): Ciccone CD. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 January; 83(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495407&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, randomized crossover study of the percutaneous efficacy and tolerability of a topical indomethacin spray versus placebo in the treatment of tendinitis. Author(s): Ginsberg F, Famaey JP. Source: J Int Med Res. 1991 March-April; 19(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1864449&dopt=Abstract

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Eccentric exercise in chronic tendinitis. Author(s): Stanish WD, Rubinovich RM, Curwin S. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1986 July; (208): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720143&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic treatment of calcific tendinitis of gluteus medius and minimus. Author(s): Kandemir U, Bharam S, Philippon MJ, Fu FH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 January; 19(1): E4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522397&dopt=Abstract

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Epicondylopathia humeri (EPH) and peritendinitis humeroscapularis (PHS): evaluation of radiation therapy long-term results and literature review. Author(s): Seegenschmiedt MH, Keilholz L. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1998 April; 47(1): 17-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632288&dopt=Abstract

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Ergonomics considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis. Author(s): Armstrong TJ, Fine LJ, Goldstein SA, Lifshitz YR, Silverstein BA. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1987 September; 12(5 Pt 2): 830-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3655257&dopt=Abstract

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Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners. Author(s): McCrory JL, Martin DF, Lowery RB, Cannon DW, Curl WW, Read HM Jr, Hunter DM, Craven T, Messier SP. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 October; 31(10): 1374-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527307&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of eccentric exercise in treatment of patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Jensen K, Di Fabio RP. Source: Physical Therapy. 1989 March; 69(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2919192&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of abnormal anteroposterior patellar tilt in patients with patellar tendinitis with use of a new radiographic measurement. Author(s): Tyler TF, Hershman EB, Nicholas SJ, Berg JH, McHugh MP. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 May-June; 30(3): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016081&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with thymopentin in the treatment of periarthritis humeroscapularis, tendinitis, and gonarthrosis by local infiltration. Author(s): Pipino F, Vittore D. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 January; 38(1): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284530&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporal shock wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Rompe JD, Rumler F, Hopf C, Nafe B, Heine J. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1995 December; (321): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7497669&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: single blind study. Author(s): Cosentino R, De Stefano R, Selvi E, Frati E, Manca S, Frediani B, Marcolongo R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 March; 62(3): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594112&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulders: a functional and sonographic study. Author(s): Pan PJ, Chou CL, Chiou HJ, Ma HL, Lee HC, Chan RC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 84(7): 988-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881822&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Noel E, Charrin J. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 December; 66(12): 691-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649602&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Spindler A, Berman A, Lucero E, Braier M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 June; 25(6): 1161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632080&dopt=Abstract

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Fentiazac in the treatment of osteoarthritis and tendinitis. Author(s): Famaey JP, Gaci O, Ginsberg F. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1983; 8(9): 675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6365468&dopt=Abstract

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Flexor carpi radialis tendinitis caused by malunited trapezial ridge fracture in a professional baseball player. Author(s): Soejima O, Iida H, Naito M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2002; 7(1): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819149&dopt=Abstract

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Flexor carpi radialis tendinitis. Part I: Operative anatomy. Author(s): Bishop AT, Gabel G, Carmichael SW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 July; 76(7): 100914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8027107&dopt=Abstract

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Flexor carpi radialis tendinitis. Part II: Results of operative treatment. Author(s): Gabel G, Bishop AT, Wood MB. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 July; 76(7): 10158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8027108&dopt=Abstract

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Flexor hallucis tendinitis in a ballet dancer. A case report. Author(s): Garth WP Jr. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1981 December; 63(9): 1489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7320041&dopt=Abstract

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Flexor tendinitis and median nerve compression caused by gout in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Weinzweig J, Fletcher JW, Linburg RM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 December; 106(7): 1570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129187&dopt=Abstract

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Focussing of extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Haake M, Wirth T, Schmitt J. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 May; 69(3): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102289&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosaminoglycans of human rotator cuff tendons: changes with age and in chronic rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Riley GP, Harrall RL, Constant CR, Chard MD, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 June; 53(6): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037495&dopt=Abstract

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Gouty tendinitis revealing glycogen storage disease Type Ia in two adolescents. Author(s): Carves C, Duquenoy A, Toutain F, Trioche P, Zarnitski C, Le Roux P, Le Luyer B. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2003 March; 70(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713862&dopt=Abstract

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HLA specificities and calcifying tendinitis (CT) of the shoulder. Author(s): McKendry RJ, Sengar DP, Uhthoff H. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1983 December; 10(6): 1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6663590&dopt=Abstract

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Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis. A review. Author(s): Johnston CA, Wiley JP, Lindsay DM, Wiseman DA. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1998 April; 25(4): 271-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587184&dopt=Abstract

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Iliopsoas tendinitis after total hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Della Valle CJ, Rafii M, Jaffe WL. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2001 October; 16(7): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607911&dopt=Abstract

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Iliopsoas tendinitis and bursitis. Author(s): Broadhurst N. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 July; 24(7): 1303. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661787&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis and epicondylitis in a meat-processing factory. Author(s): Kurppa K, Viikari-Juntura E, Kuosma E, Huuskonen M, Kivi P. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991 February; 17(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047804&dopt=Abstract

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Increased frequency of HLA-A1 in calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Sengar DP, McKendry RJ, Uhthoff HK. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1987 March; 29(3): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3496685&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammation of vertebral bone associated with acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle. Author(s): Mihmanli I, Karaarslan E, Kanberoglu K. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 December; 43(12): 1098-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792053&dopt=Abstract

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Injection accuracy and clinical relief of de Quervain's tendinitis. Author(s): Zingas C, Failla JM, Van Holsbeeck M. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1998 January; 23(1): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523961&dopt=Abstract

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Injection for Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1992 June; 21(6): 798. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1622363&dopt=Abstract

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Inter and intraobserver variability in DePalma's classification of shoulder calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Maier M, Maier-Bosse T, Schulz CU, Steinborn M, Schmitt CA, Kleen M, Stabler A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 May; 30(5): 1029-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734901&dopt=Abstract

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Internal rotator-adductor tendinitis. Author(s): Jensen G. Source: Physical Therapy. 1979 September; 59(9): 1141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=472033&dopt=Abstract

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Internal rotator-adductor tendinitis: a shoulder injury analogous to tennis elbow. Author(s): Nolan MF. Source: Physical Therapy. 1979 May; 59(5): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=441114&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for treating acute and chronic Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): McLauchlan GJ, Handoll HH. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (2): Cd000232. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405956&dopt=Abstract

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Intrinsic risk factors for the development of patellar tendinitis in an athletic population. A two-year prospective study. Author(s): Witvrouw E, Bellemans J, Lysens R, Danneels L, Cambier D. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292044&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of multinucleated giant cells synthesizing cathepsin K in calcified tendinitis of the rotator cuff tendons. Author(s): Nakase T, Takeuchi E, Sugamoto K, Kaneko M, Tomita T, Myoui A, Uchiyama Y, Ochi T, Yoshikawa H. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 October; 39(10): 1074-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035125&dopt=Abstract

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Is impingement the cause of jumper's knee? Dynamic and static magnetic resonance imaging of patellar tendinitis in an open-configuration system. Author(s): Schmid MR, Hodler J, Cathrein P, Duewell S, Jacob HA, Romero J. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 May-June; 30(3): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016080&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated HLA-B27 associated Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Gemignani G, Gherardi S, Grassi L, Ciompi ML. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 August; 46(8): 626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3499125&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated HLA-B27 cross reactive group (CREG) associated Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Nolla Sole JM, Juanola Roura X, Valverde Garcia J, Roig Escofet D. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1988 July; 47(7): 615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261157&dopt=Abstract

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Kinematics of cycling in relation to anterior knee pain and patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Bailey MP, Maillardet FJ, Messenger N. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2003 August; 21(8): 649-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875315&dopt=Abstract

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Knee joint dynamics predict patellar tendinitis in elite volleyball players. Author(s): Richards DP, Ajemian SV, Wiley JP, Zernicke RF. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 September-October; 24(5): 67683. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883692&dopt=Abstract

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Lesions of the biceps and tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Neviaser RJ. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1980 April; 11(2): 343-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7001314&dopt=Abstract

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Local corticosteroid injections in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis (except for frozen shoulder and calcific tendinitis). Groupe Rhumatologique Francais de l'Epaule (G.R.E.P.). Author(s): Goupille P, Sibilia J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 September-October; 14(5): 561-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8913661&dopt=Abstract

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Localization and expression of osteopontin in the rotator cuff tendons in patients with calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Takeuchi E, Sugamoto K, Nakase T, Miyamoto T, Kaneko M, Tomita T, Myoui A, Ochi T, Yoshikawa H. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 June; 438(6): 6127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469694&dopt=Abstract

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Longstanding HLA-B27 associated Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Padula A, Lisanti ME, Braccini G. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1992 November; 51(11): 1265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1466609&dopt=Abstract

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Longstanding isolated bilateral Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Haberhauer G, Wandner G, Dax K. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1990 March-April; 49(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2349838&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Daecke W, Kusnierczak D, Loew M. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2002 September-October; 11(5): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378167&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of surgical management of Achilles tendinitis in runners. Author(s): Leach RE, Schepsis AA, Takai H. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1992 September; (282): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1516314&dopt=Abstract

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Longus cervicis colli “myositis” (syn: retropharyngeal tendinitis) Author(s): Pearce JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 September; 61(3): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8795610&dopt=Abstract

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Longus colli tendinitis causing acute neck pain. Author(s): Guss DA, Jacoby IJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 February; 22(2): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858932&dopt=Abstract

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Low energy extracorporeal shock-wave treatment for tendinitis of the supraspinatus. Author(s): Wiley P. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2002 July; 12(4): 262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150161&dopt=Abstract

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Low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave treatment (ESWT) for tendinitis of the supraspinatus. Author(s): Costa M, Donell S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 May; 84(4): 619-20; Author Reply 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12043790&dopt=Abstract

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Low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave treatment (ESWT) for tendinitis of the supraspinatus. A prospective, randomised study. Author(s): Schmitt J, Haake M, Tosch A, Hildebrand R, Deike B, Griss P. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 August; 83(6): 8736. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521932&dopt=Abstract

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Lysylhydroxylation and non-reducible crosslinking of human supraspinatus tendon collagen: changes with age and in chronic rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Bank RA, TeKoppele JM, Oostingh G, Hazleman BL, Riley GP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 January; 58(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343538&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance images of chronic patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Bodne D, Quinn SF, Murray WT, Bolton T, Rudd S, Lewis K, Daines P, Bishop J, Cochran C. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1988; 17(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358133&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging in retropharyngeal tendinitis. Author(s): Ekbom K, Torhall J, Annell K, Traff J. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1994 August; 14(4): 266-9; Discussion 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7954754&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging may be an asset to diagnose and classify fluoroquinolone-associated Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Gillet P, Blum A, Hestin D, Pourel J, Pierfitte C, Mainard D, Kessler M, Netter P. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 9(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7768488&dopt=Abstract

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Management of a patient with a diagnosis of bilateral plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis. A case report. Author(s): Riddle DL, Freeman DB. Source: Physical Therapy. 1988 December; 68(12): 1913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3194454&dopt=Abstract

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Management of acute calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Wainner RS, Hasz M. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1998 March; 27(3): 2317. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9513869&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging of patellar tendinitis. Author(s): el-Khoury GY, Wira RL, Berbaum KS, Pope TL Jr, Monu JU. Source: Radiology. 1992 September; 184(3): 849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1509078&dopt=Abstract

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Muscular compensatory mechanism in the presence of a tendinitis of the supraspinatus. Author(s): Michaud M, Arsenault AB, Gravel D, Tremblay G, Simard TG. Source: Am J Phys Med. 1987 June; 66(3): 109-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3605314&dopt=Abstract

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Nintendinitis. Author(s): Brasington R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 May 17; 322(20): 1473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2330022&dopt=Abstract

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Observer variabilities of radiological classifications of calcified deposits in calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Maier M, Maier-Bosse T, Veihelmann A, Pellengahr C, Steinborn M, Kleen M, Schulz CU. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 June; 69(3): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879703&dopt=Abstract

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Obturator internus tendinitis as a source of chronic hip pain. Author(s): Rohde RS, Ziran BH. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 April; 26(4): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722916&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of De Quervain's tendinitis during pregnancy. Author(s): Schumacher HR Jr, Dorwart BB, Korzeniowski OM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 November; 145(11): 2083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062462&dopt=Abstract

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on “Does acetic acid iontophoresis accelerate the resorption of calcium deposits in calcified tendinitis of the shoulder?”. Author(s): Tygiel PP. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 July; 83(7): 667-9; Discussion 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872777&dopt=Abstract

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Operative treatment and arthroscopic findings in chronic patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Griffiths GP, Selesnick FH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 November-December; 14(8): 836-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848595&dopt=Abstract

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Osgood-Schlatter lesion: fracture or tendinitis? Scintigraphic, CT, and MR imaging features. Author(s): Rosenberg ZS, Kawelblum M, Cheung YY, Beltran J, Lehman WB, Grant AD. Source: Radiology. 1992 December; 185(3): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1438775&dopt=Abstract

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Osseous involvement in calcific tendinitis: a retrospective review of 50 cases. Author(s): Flemming DJ, Murphey MD, Shekitka KM, Temple HT, Jelinek JJ, Kransdorf MJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 October; 181(4): 965-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500211&dopt=Abstract

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Osteopetrosis with calcifying tendinitis. Author(s): Quinn SF, Dyer R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 March; 77(3): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6701629&dopt=Abstract

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Overuse syndrome, alias tenosynovitis/tendinitis: the terminological hoax. Author(s): Fry HJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1986 September; 78(3): 414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3737766&dopt=Abstract

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Overuse tendinitis of the intrinsic muscles. Author(s): Silver JK, Rozmaryn LM. Source: Orthopedics. 1998 August; 21(8): 891-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731671&dopt=Abstract

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Overuse tendinitis. Author(s): Goldner JL. Source: Orthopedics. 1999 March; 22(3): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192258&dopt=Abstract

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Pac-Man tendinitis. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 October; 99(4): 571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6625399&dopt=Abstract

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Paradiaphyseal calcific tendinitis with cortical bone erosion. Author(s): Fritz P, Bardin T, Laredo JD, Ziza JM, D'Anglejan G, Lansaman J, Bucki B, Forest M, Kuntz D. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 May; 37(5): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8185699&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis ('jumper's knee'). Author(s): Young D. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1989 August; 18(8): 1021. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775029&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis in the recreational athlete. Author(s): Eifert-Mangine M, Brewster C, Wong M, Shields C Jr, Noyes FR. Source: Orthopedics. 1992 November; 15(11): 1359-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1461820&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis: MR imaging features, with suggested pathogenesis and proposed classification. Author(s): McLoughlin RF, Raber EL, Vellet AD, Wiley JP, Bray RC. Source: Radiology. 1995 December; 197(3): 843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480766&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis: pathology and results of treatment. Author(s): Martens M, Wouters P, Burssens A, Mulier JC. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1982 June; 53(3): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7090767&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis: the significance of magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Cook JL, Kiss ZS, Khan KM. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 November-December; 27(6): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10569375&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis: the significance of magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Shalaby M, Almekinders LC. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 May-June; 27(3): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352771&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinitis--a case report of elongation and ossification of the inferior pole of the patella. Author(s): Grossfeld SL, Engebretsen L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 October; 5(5): 30810. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8581575&dopt=Abstract

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Peritendinitis calcarea of flexor carpi ulnaris. Author(s): Colavita N, Solivetti FM, Vecchioli A, Bock E. Source: Diagn Imaging. 1983; 52(5): 284-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6617429&dopt=Abstract

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Peritendinitis calcarea of flexor carpi ulnaris. Author(s): Gandee RW, Harrison RB, Dee PM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1979 December; 133(6): 1139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=116507&dopt=Abstract

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Peroneus longus tendinitis: a possible biomechanical etiology. Author(s): Jackson MA, Gudas CJ. Source: J Foot Surg. 1982 Winter; 21(4): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7186926&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent local cutaneous atrophy following corticosteroid injection for tendinitis. Author(s): Lund IM, Donde R, Knudsen EA. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979 May; 18(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=451395&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis among 150 cases of seronegative spondarthritis. Author(s): Gerster JC. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1980 November; 19(4): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7209286&dopt=Abstract

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Popliteus tendinitis. Author(s): Olson WR, Rechkemmer L. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1993 September; 83(9): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8289145&dopt=Abstract

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Posterior tibial tendinitis. A literature review with case reports. Author(s): Blake RL, Anderson K, Ferguson H. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994 March; 84(3): 141-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040813&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative ultrasonographic mapping of calcium deposits facilitates localization during arthroscopic surgery for calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff. Author(s): Rupp S, Seil R, Kohn D. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 July-August; 14(5): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681552&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and risk factors of tendinitis and related disorders of the distal upper extremity among U.S. workers: comparison to carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Tanaka S, Petersen M, Cameron L. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 March; 39(3): 328-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241566&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and upper extremity tendinitis among dental hygienists. Author(s): Werner RA, Hamann C, Franzblau A, Rodgers PA. Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene : Jdh / American Dental Hygienists' Association. 2002 Spring; 76(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078576&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of tendinitis and related disorders of the upper extremity in a manufacturing workforce. Author(s): McCormack RR Jr, Inman RD, Wells A, Berntsen C, Imbus HR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 July; 17(7): 958-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2213764&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention! A new approach to tendinitis. Author(s): Peterson RR. Source: Occup Health Nurs. 1979 May; 27(5): 19-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255215&dopt=Abstract

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Primary tendinitis of the long head of the biceps. Author(s): Post M, Benca P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 September; (246): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766599&dopt=Abstract

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Progression from calcifying tendinitis to rotator cuff tear. Author(s): Gotoh M, Higuchi F, Suzuki R, Yamanaka K. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2003 February; 32(2): 86-9. Epub 2002 April 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589487&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy of persistent rotator cuff tendinitis. A doubleblind controlled assessment. Author(s): Binder A, Parr G, Hazleman B, Fitton-Jackson S. Source: Lancet. 1984 March 31; 1(8379): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6143039&dopt=Abstract

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Quadratus femoris tendinitis as a cause of groin pain. Author(s): Klinkert P Jr, Porte RJ, de Rooij TP, de Vries AC. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 December; 31(4): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429017&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic diagnosis of biceps tendinitis. Author(s): Ahovuo J, Paavolainen P, Slatis P. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1985 February; 56(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3984707&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic case study. Rectus femoris tendinitis (hydroxyapatite crystal deposition). Author(s): Bonnefil PL, Demos TC, Lomasney L, Yetter EM. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 May; 24(5): 441, 517-8, 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379991&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology forum: imaging quiz case 2. Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle. Author(s): Rosbe KW, Meredith SD. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 August; 126(8): 1031, 1035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10922241&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of acupuncture and a newly designed placebo needle in rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Kleinhenz J, Streitberger K, Windeler J, Gussbacher A, Mavridis G, Martin E. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534595&dopt=Abstract

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Recalcitrant patellar tendinitis. Magnetic resonance imaging, histologic evaluation, and surgical treatment. Author(s): Popp JE, Yu JS, Kaeding CC. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 March-April; 25(2): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9079177&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent tendinitis and achilles tendon nodule with positively birefringent crystals in a patient with hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Schumacher HR Jr, Michaels R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 October; 16(10): 1387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2810266&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between calcifying tendinitis and subacromial impingement: a prospective radiography and magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Loew M, Sabo D, Wehrle M, Mau H. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1996 July-August; 5(4): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8872930&dopt=Abstract

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Reoccurrence of levofloxacin-induced tendinitis by phenoxymethylpenicillin therapy after 6 months: a rare complication of fluoroquinolone therapy? Author(s): Schindler C, Pittrow D, Kirch W. Source: Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 49(1-2): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756981&dopt=Abstract

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Repeated achilles tendinitis after high dose methotrexate. Author(s): Toverud EL, Landaas S, Hellebostad M. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2001 August; 37(2): 156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496361&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Blome SA. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1987 May; 31(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3632521&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis: report of five cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Benanti JC, Gramling P, Bulat PI, Chen P, Lundstrom G. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1986; 4(1): 15-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461065&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal effusion in acute calcific prevertebral tendinitis: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Author(s): Eastwood JD, Hudgins PA, Malone D. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998 October; 19(9): 1789-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802506&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal tendinitis. Author(s): Fahlgren H. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1986 September; 6(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3768950&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal tendinitis. Author(s): Warrington G, Palmer MK. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1983 January; 56(661): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6821744&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal tendinitis. Author(s): Weinberg S, Scott RA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1982 February; 92(2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7162314&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal tendinitis: three probable cases with an unusually low epicentre. Author(s): Fahlgren H. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1988 June; 8(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401912&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of shoulder tendinitis in relation to shoulder loads in monotonous repetitive work. Author(s): Frost P, Bonde JP, Mikkelsen S, Andersen JH, Fallentin N, Kaergaard A, Thomsen JF. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 January; 41(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757051&dopt=Abstract

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Rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Onieal ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1994 July; 6(7): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946641&dopt=Abstract

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Rotator cuff tendinitis: basic concepts of pathoetiology. Author(s): Nirschl RP. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1989; 38: 439-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2649591&dopt=Abstract

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Rotator cuff tendinitis: comparison of subacromial injection of a long acting corticosteroid versus oral indomethacin therapy. Author(s): White RH, Paull DM, Fleming KW. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 June; 13(3): 608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3735283&dopt=Abstract

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Saphenous thrombosis mimicking adductor tendinitis. Author(s): Durnin RA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 February 1; 126(3): 232. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7059897&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidosis presenting as Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Crowder SW, Jaffey LH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1995 June; 88(6): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629765&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphy of posterior tibial tendinitis. Author(s): Groshar D, Liberson A, Alperson M, Mendes DG, Rozenbaum M, Rosner I. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 February; 38(2): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9025747&dopt=Abstract

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Semimembranosus tendinitis: an overlooked cause of medial knee pain. Author(s): Ray JM, Clancy WG Jr, Lemon RA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 July-August; 16(4): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189658&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory dysfunction associated with repetitive strain injuries of tendinitis and focal hand dystonia: a comparative study. Author(s): Byl N, Wilson F, Merzenich M, Melnick M, Scott P, Oakes A, McKenzie A. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 April; 23(4): 23444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775368&dopt=Abstract

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Seven Achilles tendinitis including 3 complicated by rupture during fluoroquinolone therapy. Author(s): Ribard P, Audisio F, Kahn MF, De Bandt M, Jorgensen C, Hayem G, Meyer O, Palazzo E. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 September; 19(9): 1479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433021&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: a prospective clinical study with two-year follow-up. Author(s): Wang CJ, Yang KD, Wang FS, Chen HH, Wang JW. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 May-June; 31(3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750138&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave therapy versus conventional surgery in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Rompe JD, Zoellner J, Nafe B. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 June; (387): 72-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400897&dopt=Abstract

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Shockwave application in calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder--prediction of outcome by imaging. Author(s): Maier M, Stabler A, Lienemann A, Kohler S, Feitenhansl A, Durr HR, Pfahler M, Refior HJ. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2000; 120(9): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011666&dopt=Abstract

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Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Loew M, Daecke W, Kusnierczak D, Rahmanzadeh M, Ewerbeck V. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1999 September; 81(5): 863-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530851&dopt=Abstract

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Shockwave therapy under ultrasonographic guidance in rotator cuff calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Charrin JE, Noel ER. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2001 May; 68(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394624&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder function after extracorporal shock wave therapy for calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Rompe JD, Burger R, Hopf C, Eysel P. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1998 September-October; 7(5): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814931&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder tendinitis and its relation to heavy manual work and exposure to vibration. Author(s): Stenlund B, Goldie I, Hagberg M, Hogstedt C. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993 February; 19(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8465171&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder tendinitis and osteoarthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint and their relation to sports. Author(s): Stenlund B. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 June; 27(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8358584&dopt=Abstract

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Slot-machine tendinitis. Author(s): Neiman R, Ushiroda S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 May 28; 304(22): 1368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7219501&dopt=Abstract

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Soap box tendinitis. Author(s): Weinberger KA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 August; 17(8): 1111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2213792&dopt=Abstract

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Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes. Author(s): Biundo JJ Jr, Irwin RW, Umpierre E. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2001 March; 13(2): 146-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224739&dopt=Abstract

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Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes. Author(s): Huang HH, Qureshi AA, Biundo JJ Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2000 March; 12(2): 150-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10751018&dopt=Abstract

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Sports medicine. Shoulder pain. Part II: Rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Brukner P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1996 November; 25(11): 1743-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8952110&dopt=Abstract

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Sports-related and other soft-tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupationrelated syndromes. Author(s): Biundo JJ Jr, Mipro RC Jr, Fahey P. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1997 March; 9(2): 151-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135920&dopt=Abstract

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Subacromial bursography and rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Resnick D, Sartoris DJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 February; 14(1): 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3572925&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of shoulder pain syndrome due to supraspinatus tendinitis with transdermal nitroglycerin. A double blind study. Author(s): Berrazueta JR, Losada A, Poveda J, Ochoteco A, Riestra A, Salas E, Amado JA. Source: Pain. 1996 July; 66(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857632&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Schepsis AA, Leach RE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 July-August; 15(4): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3661810&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: an analysis of 26 cases. Author(s): Rochwerger A, Franceschi JP, Viton JM, Roux H, Mattei JP. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468172&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical or conservative treatment for chronic rotator cuff calcifying tendinitis--a matched-pair analysis of 100 patients. Author(s): Wittenberg RH, Rubenthaler F, Wolk T, Ludwig J, Willburger RE, Steffen R. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001; 121(1-2): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195119&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of Achilles tendinitis by decompression of the retrocalcaneal bursa and the superior calcaneal tuberosity. Author(s): Yodlowski ML, Scheller AD Jr, Minos L. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 May-June; 30(3): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016069&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinitis. Author(s): Nelen G, Martens M, Burssens A. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 November-December; 17(6): 7549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624286&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Fritschy D, Wallensten R. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1993; 1(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536009&dopt=Abstract

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Sustained-release indomethacin in the management of the acute painful shoulder from bursitis and/or tendinitis. Author(s): Calabro JJ, Londino AV Jr, Eyvazzadeh C. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 October 25; 79(4C): 32-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904442&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic calcific tendinitis at unusual sites. Author(s): Archer BD, Friedman L, Stilgenbauer S, Bressler H. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1992 June; 43(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596765&dopt=Abstract

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Tamale foot: deposit of acid mucopolysaccharides in the synovial sheaths of extensor tendons of the foot, resembling tendinitis, in a patient with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Fernandez-Diez J, Fraga A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 July; 27(7): 1788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914870&dopt=Abstract

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Technique for treating calcific tendinitis. Author(s): Frazier CH. Source: Am J Orthop. 1997 April; 26(4): 292. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113298&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis and abnormal glucose tolerance. Author(s): Machtey I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1986; 15(2): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3749831&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis and bursitis of the shoulder. Anatomy and therapy. Author(s): Simkin PA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 May; 73(5): 177-9, 182-3, 186-9 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6844168&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis and other chronic tendinopathies. Author(s): Almekinders LC. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 May-June; 6(3): 157-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682077&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis and tendon ruptures in successful renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Agarwal S, Owen R. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 March; (252): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2302893&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis associated with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Carrasco JM, Garcia B, Andujar C, Garrote F, de Juana P, Bermejo T. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 January; 31(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997482&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis in golf. Author(s): Clancy WG Jr, Hagan SV. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1996 January; 15(1): 27-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903707&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis of the patellar ligament and quadriceps (jumper's knee) as an initial presentation of hyperparathyroidism. A case report. Author(s): Maddox PA, Garth WP Jr. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1986 February; 68(2): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3944166&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis of the patellar tendon. Author(s): Martens M. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1982 May-June; 48(3): 453-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7124368&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis of the pectoralis major insertion with humeral lesions. A report of two cases. Author(s): Chadwick CJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1989 November; 71(5): 816-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2584253&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis of the tibialis anterior with histologic documentation in a patient under fluoroquinolone therapy. Author(s): Benizeau I, Cambon-Michot C, Daragon A, Voisin L, Mejjad O, Thomine JM, Le Loet X. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 June; 64(6): 432-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9513620&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis, overuse syndromes, and tendon injuries. Author(s): Stern PJ. Source: Hand Clin. 1990 August; 6(3): 467-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211857&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis: the analysis and treatment for running. Author(s): Stanish WD, Curwin S, Rubinovich M. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1985 October; 4(4): 593-609. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3902252&dopt=Abstract

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Tendinitis--a common complication after renal transplantation. Author(s): Murison MS, Eardley I, Slapak M. Source: Transplantation. 1989 October; 48(4): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2799910&dopt=Abstract

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Tendon degeneration and chronic shoulder pain: changes in the collagen composition of the human rotator cuff tendons in rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Riley GP, Harrall RL, Constant CR, Chard MD, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 June; 53(6): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037494&dopt=Abstract

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Tendon problems of the foot and ankle. The spectrum from peritendinitis to rupture. Author(s): Plattner PF. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 September 1; 86(3): 155-62, 167-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2671965&dopt=Abstract

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Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii for chronic bicipital tendinitis. Longterm results. Author(s): Kumar VP, Satku K. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1990 June; 72(5): 78990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400428&dopt=Abstract

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Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii for chronic bicipital tendinitis. Longterm results. Author(s): Becker DA, Cofield RH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1989 March; 71(3): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2647750&dopt=Abstract

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Tenosynovitis, peritendinitis and the tennis elbow syndrome. Author(s): Viikari-Juntura E. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984 December; 10(6 Spec No): 443-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6398912&dopt=Abstract

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The correlation of bone scintigraphy and histological findings in patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Green JS, Morgan B, Lauder I, Finlay DB, Allen M, Belton I. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1996 March; 17(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692491&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of heel pads on the treatment of Achilles tendinitis: a double blind trial. Author(s): Lowdon A, Bader DL, Mowat AG. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984 November-December; 12(6): 4315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507711&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of medical exercise therapy on a patient with chronic supraspinatus tendinitis. Diagnostic ultrasound--tissue regeneration: a case study. Author(s): Torstensen TA, Meen HD, Stiris M. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1994 December; 20(6): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849752&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term outcome of rotator cuff tendinitis--a review study. Author(s): Chard MD, Sattelle LM, Hazleman BL. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 October; 27(5): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3179628&dopt=Abstract

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The pain of acute bursitis/tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Mena HR. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 March 24; 80(3A): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963021&dopt=Abstract

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The role of tendinitis in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Genc H, Saracoglu M, Duyur B, Erdem HR. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 August 30; 44(4): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950117&dopt=Abstract

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The surgical treatment of tendinitis. Clinical rationale and biologic basis. Author(s): Leadbetter WB, Mooar PA, Lane GJ, Lee SJ. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1992 October; 11(4): 679-712. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1423693&dopt=Abstract

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The terrier and the tendinitis. Author(s): McKinsey DS, Dykstra M, Smith DL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 February 2; 332(5): 338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7816084&dopt=Abstract

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The tibialis posterior tendinitis/dysfunction in either early or more advanced stages. Author(s): Oloff LM, Schulhofer SD. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1998 July-August; 37(4): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710792&dopt=Abstract

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The use of sign language as an aggravating factor in shoulder tendinitis, a case history of a deaf-mute cleaner. Author(s): Hagberg M, Stenberg B, Sundelin G. Source: J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1987 December; 16(2): 173-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3503083&dopt=Abstract

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Thermography of frozen shoulder and rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Vecchio PC, Adebajo AO, Chard MD, Thomas PP, Hazleman BL. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1992 September; 11(3): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458786&dopt=Abstract

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Tibialis posterior nerve schwannoma mimicking Achilles tendinitis: ultrasonographic diagnosis. Author(s): Cantos-Melian B, Arriaza-Loureda R, Aisa-Varela P. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1990 October; 18(8): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2172317&dopt=Abstract

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Time to abandon the “tendinitis” myth. Author(s): Khan KM, Cook JL, Kannus P, Maffulli N, Bonar SF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 16; 324(7338): 626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895810&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute supraspinatus tendinitis: physiotherapy or steroid injection? Author(s): Saab M, Randall PE. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1997 September; 4(3): 176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427003&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of calcific tendinitis and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Noel E. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 November; 64(11): 619-28. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413886&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff by extracorporeal shock waves: a preliminary report. Author(s): Loew M, Jurgowski W, Mau HC, Thomsen M. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1995 March-April; 4(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7600159&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder by acetic acid iontophoresis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Leduc BE, Caya J, Tremblay S, Bureau NJ, Dumont M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 October; 84(10): 1523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586921&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder with shock wave therapy. Author(s): Wang CJ, Ko JY, Chen HS. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 June; (387): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400899&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of peritendinitis calcarea of the shoulder by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Author(s): Kaada B. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1984; 9(2): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6148845&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tendinitis and bursitis: a comparison of nimesulide and naproxen sodium in a double-blind parallel trial. Author(s): Lecomte J, Buyse H, Taymans J, Monti T. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1994; 14(4): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601179&dopt=Abstract

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Ulcerative “nintendinitis”: a new kind of repetitive strain injury. Author(s): Koh TH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 December 4-18; 173(11-12): 671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379534&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of iliopsoas tendinitis: a case report. Author(s): Fredberg U, Hansen LB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 December; 5(6): 36970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775723&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Chaudhry HJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 October 14; 341(16): 1237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523158&dopt=Abstract

•

Ultrasound therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Ebenbichler GR, Erdogmus CB, Resch KL, Funovics MA, Kainberger F, Barisani G, Aringer M, Nicolakis P, Wiesinger GF, Baghestanian M, Preisinger E, FialkaMoser V. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 May 20; 340(20): 1533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332014&dopt=Abstract

•

Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Davies SG, Baudouin CJ, King JB, Perry JD. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1991 January; 43(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1999074&dopt=Abstract

•

Upper extremity tendinitis and overuse syndromes in the athlete. Author(s): Kiefhaber TR, Stern PJ. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1992 January; 11(1): 39-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1544186&dopt=Abstract

•

Upper-extremity tendinitis and overuse syndromes in the athlete. Author(s): Fulcher SM, Kiefhaber TR, Stern PJ. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1998 July; 17(3): 433-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700413&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of angulation in the detection of tendinitis with US. Author(s): Lehtinen A, Bondestam S, Taavitsainen M. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1994 August; 18(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7957286&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tendinitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tendinitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tendinitis” (or a synonym): •

A promising novel therapy for Achilles peritendinitis: double-blind comparison of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate and high-dose indomethacin. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sabbatberg's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Sundqvist, H Forsskahl, B Kvist, M Int-J-Sports-Med. 1987 August; 8(4): 298-303 0172-4622

•

Acetic acid iontophoresis and ultrasound for the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: a randomized control trial. Author(s): Clinique de Physiotherapie de Charny, Canada. Source: Perron, M Malouin, F Arch-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 1997 April; 78(4): 379-84 00039993

•

Achilles tendonitis: are corticosteroid injections useful or harmful? Author(s): Herzl Family Practice Centre, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Shrier, I Matheson, G O Kohl, H W Clin-J-Sport-Med. 1996 October; 6(4): 245-50 1050-642X

•

Acute Achilles tendonitis following oral isotretinoin therapy for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Leeds Foundation for Dermatological Research, Leeds General Infirmary. Source: Bottomley, W W Cunliffe, W J Clin-Exp-Dermatol. 1992 July; 17(4): 250-1 03076938

•

Bicipital tendinitis. Source: Murtagh, J Aust-Fam-Physician. 1991 June; 20(6): 817 0300-8495

•

Calcific tendinitis of the gluteus maximus. Author(s): Clinica Ortopedica dell'Universita, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna. Source: Ferraro, A Mercuri, M Ruggieri, P Casadei, R Chir-Organi-Movolume 1995 JulAugust; 80(3): 335-40 0009-4749

•

Diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac/placebo in treating acute episodes tendinitis/bursitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Centre de Medecine et de Traumatologie du Sport, Charleroi, Belgium. Source: Zuinen, C Drugs. 1993; 45 Suppl 117-23 0012-6667

•

Does acetic acid iontophoresis accelerate the resorption of calcium deposits in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder? Author(s): Department of Physical Therapy, Ithica College, NY, USA. Source: Ciccone, C D Phys-Ther. 2003 January; 83(1): 68-74 0031-9023

•

Double-blind, randomized crossover study of the percutaneous efficacy and tolerability of a topical indomethacin spray versus placebo in the treatment of tendinitis. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Medicosurgical Centre Assubel, Brussels, Belgium. Source: Ginsberg, F Famaey, J P J-Int-Med-Res. 1991 Mar-April; 19(2): 131-6 0300-0605

•

Experience with thymopentin in the treatment of periarthritis humeroscapularis, tendinitis, and gonarthrosis by local infiltration. Author(s): 1st Clinic of Orthopedics, University of Bari, Italy. Source: Pipino, F Vittore, D Arzneimittelforschung. 1988 January; 38(1): 116-9 0004-4172

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Glycosaminoglycans of human rotator cuff tendons: changes with age and in chronic rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Source: Riley, G P Harrall, R L Constant, C R Chard, M D Cawston, T E Hazleman, B L Ann-Rheum-Dis. 1994 June; 53(6): 367-76 0003-4967

•

Injection for Achilles tendinitis. Source: Murtagh, J Aust-Fam-Physician. 1992 June; 21(6): 798 0300-8495

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Local corticosteroid injections in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis (except for frozen shoulder and calcific tendinitis). Groupe Rhumatologique Francais de l'Epaule (G.R.E.P.). Author(s): Service de Rhumatologie, C.H.U., Hopital Trousseau, Tours, France. Source: Goupille, P Sibilia, J Clin-Exp-Rheumatol. 1996 Sep-October; 14(5): 561-6 0392856X

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Lysylhydroxylation and non-reducible crosslinking of human supraspinatus tendon collagen: changes with age and in chronic rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Gaubius Laboratory TNO Prevention and Health, Division of Vascular and Connective Tissue Research, Leiden, The Netherlands. Source: Bank, R A TeKoppele, J M Oostingh, G Hazleman, B L Riley, G P Ann-RheumDis. 1999 January; 58(1): 35-41 0003-4967

•

Patellar tendonitis: clinical and literature review. Author(s): Wellington Knee Surgery Unit, London, UK. Source: Duri, Z A Aichroth, P M Knee-Surg-Sports-Traumatol-Arthrosc. 1995; 3(2): 95100 0942-2056

•

Quadratus femoris tendinitis as a cause of groin pain. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Westeinde Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands. Source: Klinkert, P Porte, R J de Rooij, T P de Vries, A C Br-J-Sports-Med. 1997 December; 31(4): 348-9 0306-3674

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Ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of iliopsoas tendinitis: a case report. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark. Source: Fredberg, U Hansen, L B Scand-J-Med-Sci-Sports. 1995 December; 5(6): 369-70 0905-7188

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to tendinitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Naproxen/naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tendinitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tendinitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tendinitis: •

.And for rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Lunt MJ, Barker AT. Source: Lancet. 1984 June 9; 1(8389): 1295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6144996&dopt=Abstract

•

A conservative management protocol for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Gimblett PA, Saville J, Ebrall P. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 NovemberDecember; 22(9): 622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626706&dopt=Abstract

•

A topically applied quaternary ammonium compound exhibits analgesic effects for orthopedic pain. Author(s): Hadley HW, Fischer LA, Whitaker J.

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Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 October; 3(5): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804681&dopt=Abstract •

Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock (Arctium lappa). Author(s): Rodriguez P, Blanco J, Juste S, Garces M, Perez R, Alonso L, Marcos M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 August; 33(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8549139&dopt=Abstract

•

Career hazards for the dancer. Author(s): Garrick JG, Lewis SL. Source: Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2001 October-December; 16(4): 60918, Iv. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567921&dopt=Abstract

•

Chronic lateral humeral epicondylitis--a double-blind controlled assessment of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. Author(s): Devereaux MD, Hazleman BL, Thomas PP. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985 October-December; 3(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4085165&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical use of topographic multiple needling. Author(s): Ji X, Zhang Y. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 March; 10(1): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2362461&dopt=Abstract

•

Consistency of rotator-cuff calcifications. Observations on plain radiography, sonography, computed tomography, and at needle treatment. Author(s): Farin PU. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1996 May; 31(5): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8724130&dopt=Abstract

•

Deep transverse friction massage for treating tendinitis. Author(s): Brosseau L, Casimiro L, Milne S, Robinson V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003528. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519601&dopt=Abstract

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Deep transverse friction massage for treating tendinitis. Author(s): Brosseau L, Casimiro L, Milne S, Robinson V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd003528. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869672&dopt=Abstract

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Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of primary bone sarcoma of the pelvis. Author(s): Wurtz LD, Peabody TD, Simon MA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1999 March; 81(3): 317-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10199269&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (chronic tendoperiostitis) of the mandible. An 11year follow-up report. Author(s): Groot RH, van Merkesteyn JP, van Soest JJ, Bras J. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 November; 74(5): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1437057&dopt=Abstract

•

Elbow injuries in golf. Author(s): Stockard AR. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001 September; 101(9): 509-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575037&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulders: a functional and sonographic study. Author(s): Pan PJ, Chou CL, Chiou HJ, Ma HL, Lee HC, Chan RC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 84(7): 988-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881822&dopt=Abstract

•

Fabricating a splint for deep friction massage. Author(s): Steward B, Woodman R, Hurlburt D. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1995 March; 21(3): 1725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742843&dopt=Abstract

•

Fibroblast responses to variation in soft tissue mobilization pressure. Author(s): Gehlsen GM, Ganion LR, Helfst R. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 April; 31(4): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211847&dopt=Abstract

•

Heat therapy and ultrasonics. Author(s): Buchan JF. Source: The Practitioner. 1972 January; 208(243): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4536904&dopt=Abstract

•

Hyperthermia at 434 MHz in the treatment of overuse sport tendinopathies: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Giombini A, Di Cesare A, Casciello G, Sorrenti D, Dragoni S, Gabriele P.

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Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 April; 23(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914985&dopt=Abstract •

Influence of anthropometric and psychological variables pain and disability on isometric endurance of shoulder abduction in patients with rotator tendinosis of the shoulder. Author(s): Brox JI, Brevik JI, Ljunggren AE, Staff PH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1996 December; 28(4): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122646&dopt=Abstract

•

Intrathoracic cardiac resuscitation in the horse. Author(s): de Moor A, Verschooten F, Desmet P, Muylle E, Steenhaut M. Source: Equine Veterinary Journal. 1972 January; 4(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4650885&dopt=Abstract

•

Jumper's knee and ultrasonography. Author(s): Fritschy D, de Gautard R. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 November-December; 16(6): 63740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3071153&dopt=Abstract

•

Manual treatment at the knee. Author(s): MacGregor M. Source: Physiotherapy. 1971 May; 57(5): 207-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5087442&dopt=Abstract

•

Myofascial release of carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Sucher BM. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 January; 93(1): 92-4, 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8423131&dopt=Abstract

•

Nursing assessment of injuries to the lower extremity. Author(s): Wassel A. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1981 December; 16(4): 739-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6799939&dopt=Abstract

•

Overuse injuries in classical ballet. Author(s): Khan K, Brown J, Way S, Vass N, Crichton K, Alexander R, Baxter A, Butler M, Wark J. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1995 May; 19(5): 341-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618011&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendinopathy. Author(s): Warden SJ, Brukner P. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2003 October; 22(4): 743-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14560545&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for knee pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1675-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589643&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors as mediators of acupuncture therapy. Author(s): Berk SN, Moore ME, Resnick JH. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1977 August; 45(4): 612-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=886043&dopt=Abstract

•

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy of persistent rotator cuff tendinitis. A doubleblind controlled assessment. Author(s): Binder A, Parr G, Hazleman B, Fitton-Jackson S. Source: Lancet. 1984 March 31; 1(8379): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6143039&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative characterization of rat tendinitis to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Author(s): Wetzel BJ, Nindl G, Swez JA, Johnson MT. Source: Biomed Sci Instrum. 2002; 38: 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085595&dopt=Abstract

•

Randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of acupuncture and a newly designed placebo needle in rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Kleinhenz J, Streitberger K, Windeler J, Gussbacher A, Mavridis G, Martin E. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534595&dopt=Abstract

•

Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes. Author(s): Huang HH, Qureshi AA, Biundo JJ Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2000 March; 12(2): 150-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10751018&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of peritendinitis calcarea of the shoulder by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Author(s): Kaada B.

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Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1984; 9(2): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6148845&dopt=Abstract •

Unresolving hip tendonitis leads to discovery of malignant tumor. Author(s): Farrar KL, Gardiner L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 March-April; 26(3): 207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704314&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

• Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/ The following is a specific Web list relating to tendinitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Tendinitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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•

Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html

•

Herbs and Supplements Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boswellia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dmso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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White Willow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning tendinitis.

Recent Trials on Tendinitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to tendinitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Work and Health Disparities Among Rural Women Condition(s): Tendonitis; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Cumulative Trauma Disorders; Overuse Syndrome Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study of the effects of fast paced assembly line work on women. We are studying problems women in poultry processing have with their muscles, tendons, and nerves as well as acute injuries they have in the workplace. We are also studying how their work affects the quality of their lives. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): Robin Argue, MPH 919 286-1722 [email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042419

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “tendinitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TENDINITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tendinitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tendinitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tendinitis By performing a patent search focusing on tendinitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tendinitis: •

Finger extender Inventor(s): Kuiken; Paul A. (104 - 4th St. NW., Aitkin, MN 56431), Murray; Michael K. (504-1/2 Abrams St., Green Bay, WI 54309) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,113,849 Date filed: April 2, 1991 Abstract: A device for strengthening extensor muscle groups of the forearms and hand consisting of a leaf spring with a generally planar portion and an integrally formed arcuate portion containing a plurality of tines. The user straps the device onto the posterior surface of the forearm and inserts his/her fingers into the finger sleeves resulting in a closed fist position of the hand. The user uses the exterior muscle group to straighten his/her hand against the spring force of the device. The device is intended as a therapeutic implement for individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome, elbow and wrist tendinitis and similar injuries or for general muscle strengthening. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to device for treating tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and more particularly to a device for strengthening the extensor muscles in the forearm and hand which operate to extend or straighten the fingers and wrist. The invention works to achieve a balance between the extensor and flexor muscle groups of the forearm and hand. Previous devices for exercising the muscles of the hand and forearm have generally been limited to the flexor muscles which operate to close the fingers and wrist to form a fist. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,108,236 to Scott describes a mitten or strap arrangement which resists the ability to form the hand into a fist. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,360 to Carr teaches an orthopedic exercise glove containing resilient biased tubes which resist the forming of the hand into a fist. Similar devices exert opposing forces to finger movement. See for example, Stefanski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,729, which utilizes an adjustable resilient elastomeric band surrounding the user's fingers. The fingers exert opposing forces to the band. Krizek, U.S. Pat. No. 867,981, pertains to a device which straps onto the user's arm. A plurality of resilient bands which create tension connect the wrist strap to a plurality of loops in which the user inserts his or her fingers. Each resilient band is selectively adjustable for tension on its respective finger. A similar device can be found in the Bonasera U.S. Pat. No. 4,765,608. This finger exerciser straps on to the user's wrist and contains an arcuate-shaped tined section which wraps around the other hand. Fingers are strapped to the tines with a resilient component. The individual resilient components are selectively adjustable for different tensions. It is primarily designed to fit on the wrists and fingers of a musician so as to develop the hand and fingers for better speed and coordination in playing instruments such as a guitar or keyboard. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05113849__

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Foot alleviator Inventor(s): Graham; Michael E. (39 Fourth St., Suite 204, Laurel, MD 20707) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,558,339 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is a removable semi-elastic brace which may alleviate heel and arch pain. The present invention provides support to the heel and arch of the foot to aid in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, heel spur syndrome, calcaneal apophysitis, and Achilles tendinitis and tibialis posterior dysfunction. The device is adjustable to accommodate small changes in foot size. The device may also be used in conjunction with other treatment modalities including night or rest splints and custommolded orthotics. Excerpt(s): The present invention aids in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. More particularly to a foot brace that aids in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. There is a growing number of the population developing a severe inflammation of a long thick ligament on the bottom of the foot. This ligament, plantar fascia, has three bands, inner, central and outer. The inner and central bands are the thickest and most used portion of the ligament. The plantar fascia originates on the plantar, bottom, of the calcaneus, heel bone, and inserts in the area of the ball of the foot. The function of the plantar fascia is to maintain an arch in the foot. Usually, injury occurs to this ligament due to the foot type, either a high or low arch, tight Achilles tendon, poor shoe gear, obesity, and overuse such as prolonged standing or walking over a long period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06558339__

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Foot pedal computer mouse including modular auxiliary unit Inventor(s): Price; Jonathan (4326 Lorcom La., Arlington, VA 22207), Prince; Peter M. (1258 Spring Hill Rd., McLean, VA 22102-2300), Wujcik; David C. (8102 Falstaff Rd., McLean, VA 22102-2300) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,611,250 Date filed: June 21, 2000 Abstract: A mouse assembly includes a modular auxiliary unit that is operable in complement with a floor or pedal assembly. The modular auxiliary unit includes structure for conveniently securing the unit as well as a mouse functionality section, such as a track ball or the like. The floor or pedal assembly includes one or more clicking pedals and a scrolling wheel for foot-operated mouse manipulations. The assembly facilitates mouse-type operations while reducing risks of injury associated with repetitive motions such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a computer mouse apparatus and, more particularly, to a computer mouse apparatus that is adapted for use by a user's feet and including a modular auxiliary unit for additional functionality. Conventional hand mouse operation can be uncomfortable particularly over extended periods of time and has been known to be the cause of stress injuries or repetitive motion injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis. It is desirable to perform computer mouse manipulations with a user's feet to reduce such stress injuries and increase the user's

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comfort. A number of existing foot pedal mouse devices have appreciated the desirability of performing mouse operations with the user's feet. These devices, however, are typically multi-pedal systems that are bulky and uncomfortable to use as well as being expensive. The existing foot mouse pedals are also limited in mouse operation functionality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06611250__ •

Keyboard support platform Inventor(s): Hogle; Glenn (La Mesa, CA), Hogle; Sherri (La Mesa, CA), Roeder; Michael (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Active Input Solutions, LLC (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,579,022 Date filed: March 9, 2000 Abstract: A keyboard support platform includes a keyboard support plate hingedly attached to a base. A motorized drive assembly or an inflatable bladder urges the keyboard support plate to move from a position below horizontal, through a horizontal position, to a position above horizontal. A computer keyboard may be placed on the keyboard support plate. Accordingly, as the keyboard support plate moves the keyboard will also move. While a user is typing, he or she will have to follow the motion of the keyboard thereby causing the position of his or her wrist to continuously change. As such, the risk of developing computer-related hand and wrist injuries such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, tendinitis, and static muscle fatigue from keeping the wrist motionless while typing for extending periods of time is reduced. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to computer keyboard support structures. With increased computer usage in the home and office, a very common injury is repetitive stress injury, including Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). A major cause of CTS is repetitive motion, e.g., typing at a computer for an extended period of time. During the act of typing, the flexor tendons leading from the forearm to the thumb and fingers rub against the interior wall of the carpal tunnel. Without breaks in the movement or changing wrist position, tendons become inflamed due to an increase in intracarpal pressure (ICP) which, in turn, leads to a lack of proper blood flow. If the tendons in the carpal tunnel become inflamed, pressure may be put on the medial nerve at the wrist thereby causing pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the thumb and fingers. In order to provide the most beneficial range of motion, it happens that a device such as the '844 patent should move the wrist through what is known as the "neutral zone." The neutral zone is a zone of wrist movement in which the wrist is moved from a point of flexion approximately thirty-five degrees (35.degree.) below horizontal, across the horizontal (zero degrees), to a point of extension fifteen degrees (15.degree.) above horizontal. On the other hand, wrist movement outside the neutral zone, i.e., beyond thirty degrees below horizontal or fifteen degrees above horizontal, excessive flexion without opposing extension, or excessive extension without opposing flexion, can cause unacceptable ICP greatly increasing the likelihood of developing CTS. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579022__

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Method of treating pain cause by bursitis tendinitis arthritis Inventor(s): Pak; Kyoungsik (371 Sweetbriar Rd., King of Prussia, PA 19406) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,952,367 Date filed: April 25, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of treating pain caused by bursitis, tendinitis, arthritis, and the like, comprises ingesting an effective amount of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, and ingesting an effective amount of L-or DL-Methionine and a sugar which provides relief from stomach discomfort caused by the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug and which in combination with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug results in relieving the pain more effectively than the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug alone. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of treating pain caused by bursitis, tendinitis, arthritis, and the like, and is specifically concerned with a composition for treating such pain, a dosage unit for treating such pain, and a method of treating such pain. To ease the pain suffered by bursitis, tendinitis, arthritis, and the like, millions of people ingest daily high doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (hereinafter called "NSAIDs") such as ibuprofen. Unfortunately, NSAIDs irritate the stomach and the intestines in many people causing ulcers and bleeding. It has been reported in the Archives of Internal Medicine that ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding caused by NSAIDs lead to as many as 20,000 deaths each year. It is an object of the invention to provide a composition, a dosage unit thereof, and a method for treating pain caused by bursitis, tendinitis, arthritis, and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05952367__

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Noninvasive infrared blood flow detector Inventor(s): Baratta; Francis I. (138 Ridge St., Arlington, MA 02174-1737) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,740,809 Date filed: October 26, 1994 Abstract: This invention detects blood flow disorders by comparing the core body temperature, defined by a tympanic membrane measurement, to temperature measurements at various locations within the eye. The differential between the temperature measurement of the core body and that of selected site locations can yield an accurate indication of blood flow disorder within the eye. Areas at the back of the eye can be scanned at selected sites to obtain a temperature measurement profile, and again these temperatures will provide a difference when compared to the core body temperature and that can indicate abnormal blood flow. The use of additional instrumentation via computer technology or photography can be employed to map the fundus area of the eye and produce hard copies of results. The same principle can be utilized to determine abnormal blood flow patterns at subsurface skin locations caused by infections, disease, peripheral circulation, soft tissue intimation due to sprains, arthritis tendinitis, etc., vasodilation, and exposure to external environment.

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Excerpt(s): U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,686, December 1986, Pompei, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,436, April 1993, Pompei, et al. Gray's Anatomy, 35th British Edition, eds. R. Warwick and P. L. Williams, W,B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1973. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05740809__ •

Physiology based wrist support Inventor(s): Klimoski; David B. (P.O. Box 21641, Concord, CA 94521) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,865,783 Date filed: March 10, 1997 Abstract: This invention relates to a finger restraint device to be worn by sufferers of hand and wrist injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, arthritis, and wrist sprain. The device comprises a finger restraining system in the form of a finger, hand and wrist covering which will support the wearer's fingers in a curled position, or to provide a core around which the fingers would normally grasp and be restrained by the covering. This places flexor and extensor tendons in a state of isotonic tension, and promotes a natural position with alignment of the wrist and tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels in the hand and wrist. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/016,854, filed May 3, 1996. This invention relates to the field of medical devices for treatment, and alleviation of symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, tendinitis, and wrist sprain. Common methods of treatment of these injuries and to alleviate symptoms are to restrict movement or immobilize the wrist using splits or external compression thus reducing trauma caused by bending the wrist. Prior art devices allow the fingers to move and flex. This means tendons, and ligaments can rub against nerves, bone structures, and blood vessels that may be further injured. This inappropriate movement may exacerbate the existing injury because the wrist is restrained from assuming a natural position. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05865783__

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Pyramid shaped ergonomic keyboard Inventor(s): Danziger; Paul (11807 Bunker Hill Cir., Houston, TX 77024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,426,449 Date filed: April 20, 1993 Abstract: A pyramid shaped ergonomic keyboard comprised of three sets of keys or three keypads. A front keypad faces the operator and contains number keys, specialty keys, function keys and a trackball/mouse. The left and right keypad are at approximately a 45.degree. angle positioned in a tripod fashion substantially meeting at a vertex and substantially forming a pyramid with the front keypad. The left keypad and right keypad each contain the key in standard QWERTY layout (albeit split and positioned at a 45.degree. angle). The front, left and right keypads may be mounted or attached to a support frame. The keypads are adjustable in a horizontal and vertical manner relative to each other allowing individual adjustment of each keypad for the

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convenience of the operator. Protruding from the frame between the front keypad and the left keypad and the front keypad and the right keypad are handrests to support the hands when typing. The handrests may be adjusted in a horizontal and vertical manner to provide greater support and comfort for the operator while typing. Both hands are in a natural and relaxed position, substantially facing together with wrists straight and the thumbs up. The handrests further facilitate maintaining the wrists in a substantially neutral or relaxed arc. The resulting natural and relaxed hand and wrist positions reduce the likelihood of repetitive stress injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, flexor tendinitis, extensor tendinitis, and DeQuervain's Disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to keyboards, and more particularly to ergonomically designed keyboards for use with computers, electronic typewriters and other electronic data input devices. The present invention relates to keyboards for computers, electronic typewriters, data entry units, and other similar apparatus. In particular this invention provides a unique keyboard comprised of three angled sets of keys which are ergonomically positioned to form a pyramid-shaped keyboard. The present invention allows an improved and more natural hand, arm and position when typing, and thereby reduces repetitive stress injuries (RSI) such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), flexor tendinitis, extensor tendinitis, and DeQuervain's disease. Frequent use of a conventional horizontal keyboard results in injuries due to the unnatural angle the hands are required to assume to operate the keyboard when typing. An operator of a conventional keyboard must rotate his arms so as to dispose his hands are in a palms-down position, by pronation, and align his fingers with the rows of keys by twisting each hand outward at the wrist, by ulnar deviation. Conventional horizontal keyboards result in the operator's arm and hand muscles operating outside their natural and ideal range, and thus functioning poorly and increasing risks of injury. Tendons and nerves are adversely affected, and over time this abuse can lead to repetitive stress injuries. For example, an operator of a conventional horizontal keyboard often types with bent wrists, resulting in irritation and bunching of the sheaths surrounding the tendons. This bunching affects the sensitive median nerve in the carpal tunnel, and may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Symptoms of CTS are "shooting" pains from the wrists to the forearms, palms or fingers. In extreme cases, CTS and other RSI are permanently debilitating. In a significant number of cases, repetitive stress injuries force keyboard operators or other workers which frequently use a keyboard to an alternative type of employment that does not require use of a keyboard. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05426449__ •

Tendon decompression device Inventor(s): Bartlett; Margaret D. (28273 Tampico Rd., Corvallis, OR 97330) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,155,999 Date filed: May 26, 1999 Abstract: A tendon decompression device for alleviating tendinitis pains, such as tennis elbow. The device is comprised of an adhesive tape base strip which can be adhered to the skin. The base strip has a buckle subassembly at one end and a tensioning strap subassembly at the other end. A tensioning strap passes through an opening in the buckle, permitting the buckle subassembly to be pulled towards the tensioning strap subassembly. Locking means are provided for locking the tensioning strap in place once sufficient tension has been achieved.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a tendon decompression device useful in alleviating the pains associated with tendinitis, particularly that associated with "tennis elbow" and similar syndromes. Tennis elbow is a strain of the lateral forearm muscles or their tendinous attachments near their origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. "Golfer's elbow" is a comparable syndrome involving forearm pronators and their attachments. According to the Merck Manual (15th edition, 1987, pages 1269 and 1270), treatment for alleviating the symptoms of tennis elbow involves wrapping a four inch strap tightly around the forearm, the strap being worn just distal to the elbow. Other devices similarly involve applying pressure to the forearm with various straps and bands wrapped around the forearm. Likewise, devices available for tendinitis at the knee involve straps applied circumferentially around the fibia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06155999__ •

Therapeutic elbow support method Inventor(s): Lehr; Jay H. (2268 Worthingwoods Blvd., Powell, OH 43065) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,624,388 Date filed: March 7, 1995 Abstract: A therapeutic device for treating tendinitis and epicondylitis of the elbow is provided. The device comprises a loop of elastic material, wherein the loop has a 360degree twist built therein so as to provide distinct first and second surfaces on the loop. The device is employed by positioning the loop about the elbow joint in a figure-8 formation, such that the loop is divided into an upper-band and a lower-band. The upper-band encircles the arm above and adjacent the elbow joint, the lower-band encircles the arm below and adjacent the elbow joint. The user then permits the loop to remain positioned about the elbow joint for a period sufficient to provide the desired relief. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a therapeutic device for the elbow joint, as well as a therapeutic method utilizing this device. More specifically, this device alleviates the discomfort associated with tendinitis and epicondylitis of the elbow by providing gentle pressure around the circumference of the elbow both above and below the joint. Athletes participating in a variety of sports including tennis, other racket sports, baseball, golf and weight lifting, to name but a few, often experience discomfort in and around the elbow joint. Many of these ailments can be directly attributed to frequent rotation of the elbow, particularly when the arm is fully extended. Thus, while participants in racket sports are especially prone to such problems, even the continued use of hand-tools may cause similar discomfort. Often the discomfort experienced is attributed to "tennis elbow," a term which is loosely employed to describe a number of different elbow complaints. Primarily, however, the term is used to describe lateral or medial epicondylitis or tendinitis of the associated tendons in the region. In the elbow joint, the flexor muscle of the forearm connects to the medial epicondyle (inside elbow protrusion of the humerus), and the extensor muscle connects to the lateral epicondyle (outside elbow protrusion of the humerus). These muscles are connected by tendons to the respective epicondyles of the humerus. Excessive tension in the flexor and extensor muscles (such as that caused by the activities describes previously) puts tremendous stress on the connection between the tendons and the epicondyles. The result can be inflammation of the epicondyles, also known as epicondylitis. Alternatively, or simultaneously, the tendons themselves may become inflamed, particularly if the

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tendon begins to pull away from the bone. This inflammation of the tendons is termed tendinitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05624388__ •

Therapeutic support glove Inventor(s): Picchione, II; Nicholas (East Greenwich, RI) Assignee(s): Data Building, Inc. (Warwick, RI) Patent Number: 6,029,277 Date filed: March 18, 1999 Abstract: A therapeutic support glove for providing relief for such things as hand fatigue, carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, tendinitis and other known ailments associated with the human hand including a cuff portion having two pockets defining corresponding cavities at the opposite interior surfaces thereof. The pockets are positioned in opposing relation to each other so that when the glove is worn on the user's hand, one of the pockets is adjacent the outer portion of the user's wrist, and the other pocket is adjacent the inner portion of the user's wrist no matter which of the user's hand the glove is worn on. An elongated opening extends along the top edge of the pockets for insertion of a selected therapeutic pack within the pocket cavity. The arrangement is such that the therapeutic pack may preferably be positioned adjacent the inner portion of the user's wrist for implementation of the desired therapeutic process. The glove further includes a hand portion secured to the cuff portion providing means for covering the inner palm portion and back portion of the user's hand. The hand portion has openings formed therein at the terminal end thereof for insertion of the user's fingers when putting the glove on the user's hand, so that the user's fingers remain uncovered and unrestricted when the glove is in use. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to gloves, and more particularly, to a therapeutic hand glove which helps produce relief from hand fatigue, carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, tendinitis and other uncomfortable aches and pains associated with the human hand. Specifically, the glove has pockets formed on both sides of the glove cuff for insertion of a selected heat pack, cold pack, or magnetic pack for the desirable therapeutic purpose. The dual pocket construction allows the glove to be worn on either of the user's hand wherein the inserted therapeutic pack is located adjacent the user's wrist for implementing the desired therapy. Various types of gloves having pouches or pockets formed therein have heretofore been known in the prior art. In this regard, the majority of these type of gloves are contemplated for use in cold weather and provide varying means for distributing heat to portions of the human hand, including the fingers and finger tips. One problem traditionally associated with these type of heating gloves is the difficulty with inserting and removing varying heating elements which are retained within the cavity of the pocket incorporated into the glove. A number of gloves have pocket flaps or releasable securing means for retaining the heating element within the cavity of the pocket of the glove. However, these securing means often times provide awkward and frustrating obstacles for quickly and easily replacing and removing the heating element from the pocket of the glove. Further, these types of gloves usually have a number of layers incorporated therein for better protection against the cold outdoor winter elements. The instant invention is directed to a therapeutic support glove for providing relief for such things as hand fatigue, carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, tendinitis and other known ailments associated with the human hand. The support glove comprises a cuff portion which entirely surrounds the user's wrist, and a hand

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portion which covers the inner palm portion and back portion of the user's hand. The cuff portion has two pockets at the interior surface of the cuff of the glove. The pockets are positioned in opposing relation to each other so that when the glove is worn on either of the user's hands, one of the pockets is always adjacent the outer portion of the user's wrist, and the other pocket is adjacent the inner portion of the user's wrist. An elongated opening extends along the top edge of the pockets for insertion of the selected therapeutic pack within the pocket cavity, so that the therapeutic pack may be positioned adjacent the inner portion of the user's wrist for implementation of the desired therapeutic process. The hand portion of the glove is stitched to the cuff portion and has openings formed therein at the opposite end thereof for insertion of the user's fingers when putting the glove on the user's hand, so that the user's fingers remain uncovered and unrestricted when the glove is in use, as is well known in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06029277__ •

Wrist/hand mobility enhancer/exerciser Inventor(s): Chermak; Eugene F. (323 Bordic Rd., Reading, PA 19606-3606) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,422,975 Date filed: August 8, 2001 Abstract: An exercise device for enhancing the mobility of a user who may be suffering from tendinitis of the wrist. The device includes a forearm brace portion that is hingeably connected to a hand brace portion with a spring element connecting the two brace portions together. The spring element can be changed to vary the resistance against which the user works. Straps and loops connect portions of the user's hand and forearm to the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the general art of exercise and kinestherapy devices, and to the particular field of hand and/or wrist devices. Today, more and more people are engaging in a wider and wider variety of physical activities. As more people engage in such activities, the incidence of injuries increases. Such injuries range from "weekend warrior" bumps and bruises and sprains to extremely serious injuries. Furthermore, many occupations create situations where a worker is in danger of suffering an injury. Such injuries include repetitive stress injuries as well as sprains, bruises and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06422975__

Patent Applications on Tendinitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tendinitis:

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Custom-moldable support for patellar tendinitis Inventor(s): Darcey, Thomas D.; (Mooresville, NC) Correspondence: Joel Petrow; Smith & Nephew, INC.; 1450 Brooks Road; Memphis; TN; 38116; US Patent Application Number: 20020147421 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: A knee pad assembly for relieving the symptoms of patellartendinitis, including a pad adapted for being positioned against and molded onto a lower leg in the region of the knee for lying in closely-conforming relation against and applying radiallydirected pressure to the attachment site of the patellar tendon to the patella, to the knee joint, and to at least one epicondyle of the tibia. The pad is hardened into a rigid structure for therapeutic use and includes an initially flexible inner substrate impregnated or coated with a reactive system. The system remains stable when maintained in substantially moisture-free conditions and hardens upon exposure to moisture to form a rigid, self-supporting structure having a shape conforming to the lower leg to which the pad is molded during curing. A flexible cover encloses the substrate, and cooperates with the pad for maintaining the pad in its closely-conforming position against the lower leg. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a custom-molded pad for relief of the symptoms of patellar tendinitis. Patellar tendinitis is the inflamation of the patellar tendon at the point at which it attaches to either the inferior pole of the patella or the tibial tuberosity, or the inflamation of the quadriceps tendon at the point at which it attaches to the superior pole of the patella. Patellar tendinitis is primarily caused by continued stress on the patellar or quadriceps tendons. Although repetitive jumping, such as that which occurs while playing volleyball, is an activity commonly associated with aggravating the onset of patellar tendinitis, there are several other activities that can cause the condition, such as running, walking or bicycling. As discussed below, each of these activities involves repetitive use of the same muscle groups and tendons in the legs, which often leads to the inflammation and tearing of the tendons associated with patellar tendinitis. Standard treatment for a typical case of patellar tendinitis involves resting and applying ice to the affected knee. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also be prescribed to alleviate swelling and pain in the affected area. In many cases, an external device will also be prescribed for use by the patient to support the affected muscles and tendons during normal activities. Such devices help reduce the risk of further injury to the knee. Although it is rare, some severe or chronic cases of patellar tendinitis require arthroscopic or open surgical treatment for tendon decompression or tenodesis. Prior art methods available for treating patellar tendinitis often fail to provide adequate pain relief. A typical elastic strap used to treat patellar tendinitis extends around the lower leg beneath the knee and seeks to provide concentrated support directly over the patellar tendon. While such devices may provide some degree of generalized support to the injured area, they have limited effectiveness because they provide such support in a manner that inhibits adequate blood flow to the lower limb, and fails to direct concentrated support to the injured area. Any palliative benefits which are actually achieved are quickly offset by the increased pain and numbness in the lower leg caused by pulling the strap too tightly around the leg in an attempt to achieve some degree of support from the device. Those straps which do provide additional padding over the inflamed area are likewise inadequate because the padding is typically so thick that the strap will not conform to the shape of the lower leg without applying an increased amount of pressure over the injured area. This increased pressure causes the padding to

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compress against the lower leg, and can compromise circulation in the same manner as seen with unpadded straps. Such padded and unpadded elastic straps not only fail to provide concentrated support directly over the injured area, but also fail to provide a secure, custom fit which addresses the unique anatomical needs of the individual wearer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Tendon-inducing compositions Inventor(s): Celeste, Anthony J.; (Hudson, MA), Melton, Douglas A.; (Lexington, MA), Rosen, Vicki A.; (Brookline, MA), Thomsen, Gerald H.; (Port Jefferson, NY), Wolfman, Neil M.; (Dover, MA), Wozney, John M.; (Hudson, MA) Correspondence: American Home Products Corporation; (attn: Kay E. Brady); Patent & Trademark Office; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020160494 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: Compositions of proteins with tendon/ligament-like tissue inducing activity are disclosed. The compositions are useful in the treatment of tendinitis and tendon or ligament defects and in related tissue repair. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/217,780, filed Mar. 25, 1994, 08/164,103, filed on Dec. 7, 1993 and 08/333,576, filed on Nov. 2, 1994. The present invention relates to a novel family of purified proteins, and compositions containing such proteins, which compositions are useful for the induction of tendon/ligament-like tissue formation, wound healing and ligament and other tissue repair. These proteins may also be used in compositions for augmenting the activity of bone morphogenetic proteins. The search for the molecule or molecules responsible for formation of bone, cartilage, tendon and other tissues present in bone and other tissue extracts has led to the discovery of a novel set of molecules called the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). The structures of several proteins, designated BMP-1 through BMP-11, have previously been elucidated. The unique inductive activities of these proteins, along with their presence in bone, suggests that they are important regulators of bone repair processes, and may be involved in the normal maintenance of bone tissue. There is a need to identify additional proteins which play a role in forming other vital tissues. The present invention relates to the identification of a family of proteins, which have tendon/ligament-like tissue inducing activity, and which are useful in compositions for the induction of tendon/ligament-like tissue formation and repair. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Use for pain management Inventor(s): Isacsson, Goran; (Ronninge, SE), Selander, Dag; (Goteborg, SE) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020156101 Date filed: April 24, 2002

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Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the intramuscular use of ropivacaine for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of muskuloskeletal pain, in particular myofascial pain and tendinitis. The most common diagnosis in most pain clinics is a disorder of skeletal muscle and connective tissue origin, which may stem from previous trauma, muscle tension or postural abnormalities. The two dominating muscle pain disorders are the generalized condition fibromyalgia and the mainly localized myofascial pain. Myofascial pain conditions are characterized by discrete tender loci known as trigger points or tender points. These points are located by several methods including digital palpation or pressure pain threshold algometer testing and sometimes detection of skin loci with lowest electrical independence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tendinitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tendinitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tendinitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TENDINITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tendinitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tendinitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on tendinitis: •

Podiatry Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc. 2001. 392 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI. (800) 2341340. Fax (800) 875-1340. Website: www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00 plus shipping. ISBN 0780802152. Summary: This book provides the general public and the layperson who has been diagnosed with a serious disease or disorder with general information about the practice of podiatry and health information about foot conditions, diseases, and injuries. Part 1 offers general information about foot care, including tips on selecting a podiatrist, facts about problems associated with shoe fit, and an overview of treatments for foot problems. The chapters in part 1 also provide information for special populations, such as pregnant women, the elderly, people who have diabetes, children, and athletes. Part 2 discusses the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common foot conditions, including

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athlete's foot, ingrown toenail, onychomycosis, skin disorders, foot odor, clawtoes, hammertoes, bunions, burning feet, peripheral neuropathy, Morton's neuroma, tarsal tunnel syndrome, clubfoot, pigeon toes, genetic foot disorders, and structural deformities. Part 3 presents information about foot-related problems caused by diseases such as diabetes, neuropathic arthropathy, gout, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, and AIDS. Part 4 offers facts about the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of foot injuries, including heel pain, Sever's disease, overuse injuries, foot and ankle fractures, ankle sprains, great toe and midfoot injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and sports-related injuries. The final chapter in part 4 presents information for amputees. Part 5 provides a glossary of podiatry terms, lists medical resources for foot care, and offers a directory of resources specific to foot safety. 55 figures, 11 tables, and numerous references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tendinitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tendinitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tendinitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Dr. Scott's Knee Book : Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Knee Problems Including Torn Cartilage, Ligament Damage, Arthritis, Tendinitis, Arthroscopic Surgery, and Total Knee Replacement by W. Norman Scott (Author); ISBN: 0684811049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684811049/icongroupinterna

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Hank E. O'Panky's Little Black and Blue Book: Lesions and Tendinitis from a Life in Golf by Ormeaux Paul Des, et al (2000); ISBN: 0595098681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595098681/icongroupinterna

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Healthy Bones & Joints: A Natural Approach to Treating Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Tendinitis, Myalgia & Bursitis by David Hoffmann, David Hoffman; ISBN: 1580172539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580172539/icongroupinterna

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Shoulder Tendinitis by Louis Patry, et al; ISBN: 292114672X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/292114672X/icongroupinterna

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Tendinitis : its etiology and treatment by Sandra Curwin; ISBN: 0669073946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669073946/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Shoulder Tendinitis by Icon Health Publications, et al (2002); ISBN: 0597831912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831912/icongroupinterna

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The Water Workout Recovery Program: Safe and Painless Exercises for Treating Back Pain, Muscle Tears, Tendinitis, Sports Injuries, and More by Bill Buhler (Contributor), et al; ISBN: 0809246368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809246368/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Subacromial triamcinolone hexacetonide and methylprednisolone injections in treatment of supra spinam tendinitis: a comparative trial Author: Valtonen, Erkki J.; Year: 1976; Uppsala: Almqvist; Wiksell, 1976

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Tendinitis: its etiology and treatment Author: Stanish, William D.; Year: 2000; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN: 0192632582 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192632582/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Tendinitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tendinitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tendinitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on tendinitis: •

Regional Problems of the Arm and Leg in Adults Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 70-79. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals describes regional problems of the arm and leg in adults. General features of discomfort in the arm or leg are highlighted. Common causes of pain in the arm and leg are identified. The principal regional musculoskeletal conditions of bursitis, tendinitis, enthesitis, capsulitis, and nerve entrapment are discussed. The features of these conditions as they affect the arm and leg are detailed, focusing on the features of bicipital tendinitis, rotator cuff syndrome, lateral and medial epicondylitis, trigger finger, De Quervain's disease, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, reflex algodystrophy, frozen shoulder, and Dupuytren's contracture. Features of entrapment of various nerves in the arm and leg are also highlighted. 62 references, 12 figures, and 1 table.

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapter 8-D: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Regional Rheumatic Pain Syndromes Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 174-188. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management of regional rheumatic pain syndromes, focusing on disorders involving the muscles, tendons, entheses, joints, cartilage, ligaments, fascia, bone, and nerves. Disorders of the shoulder region include rotator cuff tendinitis, rotator cuff tear, bicipital tendinitis, adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular neuropathy, long thoracic nerve paralysis, brachial plexopathy, and thoracic outlet syndrome. Various conditions affect the elbow region, including olecranon bursitis, lateral and medial epicondylitis, tendinitis of musculotendinous insertion of biceps, and ulnar nerve entrapment. Disorders affecting the wrist and hand include ganglion, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, tenosynovitis of the wrist, pronator teres syndrome, anterior and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial nerve palsy, superficial radial neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist, volar flexor tenosynovitis, and Dupuytren's contracture. Disorders of the hip region include trochanteric, iliopsoas, and ischial bursitis; piriformis syndrome; and meralgia paresthetica. Disorders affecting the knee region include popliteal cysts, anserine and prepatellar bursitis, medial plica syndrome, popliteal tendinitis, Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, patellar tendinitis, rupture of the quadriceps tendon and infrapatellar tendon, peroneal nerve palsy, and patellofemoral pain syndrome. Disorders of the ankle and foot include Achilles tendinitis, retrocalcaneal and subcutaneous Achilles bursitis, plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendon rupture, tarsal tunnel syndrome, posterior tibial tendinitis, peroneal tendon dislocation and peroneal tendinitis, hallux valgus, bunionette, hammertoe, Morton's neuroma, metatarsalgia, pes planus, pes cavus, and posterior tibialis tendon rupture. Various disorders may affect the anterior chest wall, among them Tietze's syndrome, costochondritis, xiphoid cartilage syndrome, and conditions affecting the sternoclavicular joint. The chapter also identifies general causative factors and presents general management concepts, focusing on drug therapy, intralesional injections, and physical therapy. 3 figures and 26 references.

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Chapter 55: Disorders of the Muscles, Bursas, and Tendons Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 6 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have disorders of muscles, bursas, and tendons with information on their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Spasmodic torticollis is a painful intermittent or continuous spasm of the neck muscles that forces the head to rotate and tilt forward, backward, or sideways. Torticollis varies from mild to severe, and it may persist for life. Diagnosis is based on the medical history, a physical examination, and imaging tests. When a cause is identified, the torticollis can usually be treated successfully. However, treatment is less likely to be effective when the cause is a nervous system disorder or is unknown.

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Physical therapy or massage can sometimes relieve the spasm temporarily. Drugs such as anticholinergics and benzodiazepines are commonly used. Muscle relaxants and antidepressants may also be prescribed. Fibromyalgia syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by achy pain and stiffness in soft tissues throughout the body or only in certain locations. Widespread fibromyalgia is more common in women, whereas localized fibromyalgia is more common in men. The cause is unknown. The most commonly affected areas include the fibrous tissues or muscles of the neck, shoulders, chest, rib cage, lower back, and thighs. Diagnosis is based on the pattern and location of the pain. Nondrug treatments are usually more effective than drugs. Bursitis, which may be either acute or chronic, is the painful inflammation of a bursa caused by chronic overuse, injury, gout, pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or infections. General symptoms include pain and limited movement. Specific symptoms depend on the location of the inflamed bursa. Bursitis is suspected if the area around a bursa is sore when touched and specific joint movements are painful. Antibiotics are used to treat infected bursas, whereas conservative measures and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are usually used to treat noninfectious acute bursitis. Chronic bursitis is treated similarly. Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon, and tenosynovitis is tendinitis accompanied by an inflammation of the sheath around the tendon. Symptoms of both disorders include pain and swelling. Treatment options that may alleviate the symptoms of tendinitis include conservative measures, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and injection of corticosteroids and local anesthetics. 1 figure. •

Section Six: Knee and Lower Leg Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 340-405. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the knee and lower leg, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a knee or lower leg complaint, focusing on inspection, palpation, range of motion, muscle testing, and special testing. This is followed by a description of an anterior cruciate, collateral, and posterior cruciate ligament tear; arthritis and bursitis of the knee; bipartite patella; fractures about the knee; a meniscal tear; osteochondritis dissecans; osteonecrosis of the femoral condyle; patellofemoral instability and malalignment; patellofemoral pain; patellar or quadriceps tendinitis; plica syndrome; popliteal cyst; prepatellar bursitis; and quadriceps and patella tendon ruptures. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include acute and chronic leg pain and knee joint aspiration and injection. 48 figures.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tendinitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Tendinitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in tendinitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on tendinitis: •

Functional orthopedic rehabilitation of rotator cuff tendinitis [videorecording] Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; developed in conjunction with the Orthopedic Rehabilitation Association; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; [Rosemont, Ill.]: AAOS, c1994

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Orthopaedic management of bursitis and tendinitis [slide] Source: [the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons]; Year: 1972; Format: Slide; [Chicago, Ill.]: The Academy, [1972]

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TENDINITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tendinitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tendinitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tendinitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tendinitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tendinitis: •

Shock wave therapy beneficial for calcific tendonitis of the shoulder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 2003

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Ultrasound effective in treating calcific tendinitis of the shoulder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 1999

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Ultrasound helps shoulder tendinitis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 19, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tendinitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tendinitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tendinitis” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on tendinitis: •

Bursitis and Tendonitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Lupus News. 17(3):10-11; Autumn 1997. Contact: Lupus Foundation of America, Inc., 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (301) 670-9292. (301) 670-9486 (fax). Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with lupus discusses the occurrence of bursitis and tendinitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It describes both conditions and identifies their causes. The article presents the signs and symptoms of tendinitis and bursitis and describes the features of olecranon bursitis, trochanteric bursitis, Achilles tendinitis, and tenosynovitis of the fingers. In addition, the article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of tendinitis and bursitis, and it explains tendon rupture, a serious but rare complication of SLE.

Academic Periodicals covering Tendinitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tendinitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering tendinitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for tendinitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with tendinitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to tendinitis: Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB; Excedrin IB Caple http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html

Lidocaine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lidoderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500058.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “tendinitis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Foot Care: Tendonitis Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 6 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated brochure provides people who have tendonitis with information on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition, which causes pain and swelling in the tendons. Depending on the causes of stress or overuse, tendons in the back, sides, or front of the foot may hurt. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination and imaging. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms by using ice and heat, taking antiinflammatory medications, and limiting activities. Staying pain free involves avoiding overuse, wearing the right shoe for the activity, using an ankle brace or orthoses as directed, and varying an exercise routine. 4 figures.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2665 16 15 5 1 2702

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “tendinitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tendinitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tendinitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tendinitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tendinitis”:

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•

Guides on tendinitis Tendinitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html

•

Other guides Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Bursitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bursitis.html Connective Tissue Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/connectivetissuedisorders.html Hand Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html Heart Valve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Shoulder Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to tendinitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Tendinitis http://rehabworks.ksc.nasa.gov/pamphlets/tendinitis.pdf Tendinitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00153

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Hand/Wrist/Arm Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/526.xml

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MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm •

Treatment Injections (for Pain Control) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046 What Are NSAIDs? Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=398&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Achilles Tendon Rupture Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00160 Biceps Tendinitis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=209&topcategory=Arm Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand http://www.assh.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Patients_and_Public/Hand_Pro blems_and_Diseases/Lateral_Epicondylitis/Lateral_Epicondylitis.htm Overuse Injuries Associated with Hobbies Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AR00020 Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Source: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=336&topcategory=Foot &all=all Preventing Swimmer's Shoulder Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/popupinvoker.cfm?objectid=EE65FB23-244D-40BC863B992F497A0670&method=full Questions and Answers About Knee Problems Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/kneeprobs/kneeqa.htm Questions and Answers about Shoulder Problems Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/shoulderprobs/shoulderqa.htm Rupture of the Biceps Tendon Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=234&topcategory=Arm

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Shin Splints Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=135&topcategory=Sport s Shoulder Impingement (Bursitis, Tendinitis) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=133&topcategory=Shoul der Trigger Finger Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand http://www.assh.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Patients_and_Public/Hand_Pro blems_and_Diseases/Trigger_Finger/Trigger_Finger.htm •

Latest News Shock Wave Therapy Helps with Bad Shoulder Source: 11/18/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14728 .html

•

Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ American College of Rheumatology http://www.rheumatology.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Taking Care of Your Hand, Wrist, and Elbow Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/Consumer/ptandyourbody/hand

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tendinitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html.

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In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Tendinitis/Bursitis Source: American College of Rheumatology. 2000. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Website: www.orthoinfo.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of tendinitis and bursitis, two of the most common musculoskeletal problems across age groups. Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon (the fibrous cord that connects the bone to the muscle). Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa (small sacs located between the bone and muscles, skin, or tendons). Pain and stiffness are symptoms of both conditions, and both are often mistaken for arthritis. Overuse and trauma are the most common causes of both bursitis and tendinitis. Diagnosis is based on medical history and physical examination. The underlying cause for bursitis and tendinitis must be discovered before the conditions can be treated. Splinting, icing, application of heat, and physical therapy can be used after injury occurs. NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections will help reduce pain. An antibiotic may be necessary if infection occurs. To prevent overuse or injuries from occurring, warm-up before exercise and proper positioning during exercise should be performed. Ergonomically-designed work stations, proper joint positioning, splints, and pads can help avoid bursitis and tendinitis from occurring in the workplace. If these methods and reduction of the activity do not help, the activity should be avoided. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

deQuervain's tendinitis Summary: deQuervain’s tendinitis is a condition brought on by irritation or swelling of the tendons found along the thumb side of the wrist. Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7418

•

Patient Guide to Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) Summary: Tennis elbow is a condition in which there is inflammation of the tendons (tendinitis) attached to the outside, or lateral side, of the elbow at a bony prominence of the arm bone (humerus). Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6880

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tendinitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tendinitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tendinitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tendinitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tendinitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tendinitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tendinitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tendinitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

113

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

114 Tendinitis

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

115

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

116 Tendinitis

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

117

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tendinitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Tendinitis Tendonitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001229.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Tendinitis Elbow pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003172.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Hip pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003179.htm Knee pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003187.htm

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Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Shoulder pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003171.htm Wrist pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003175.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Tendinitis Contraction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003405.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm

•

Background Topics for Tendinitis Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

119

TENDINITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acromioclavicular Joint: The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. [NIH] Acromion: The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula and the highest point of the shoulder. [NIH] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

120 Tendinitis

Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line. [NIH]

Dictionary 121

Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]

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Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH]

Dictionary 123

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bunion: A swelling of the bursa mucosa of the ball of the great toe, with thickening of the overlying skin and forcing of the toe outward. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH]

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Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH]

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Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2.

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Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH]

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Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein

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metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH]

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Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duke: A lamp which produces ultraviolet radiations for certain ophthalmologic therapy. [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service

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produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elbow Joint: A hinge joint connecting the forearm to the arm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epicondylitis: Inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the humerus. [EU] Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's behavior. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and

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in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far

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forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foot Injuries: General or unspecified injuries involving the foot. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated

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with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Storage Disease: A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallux Valgus: Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony

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prominence. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Humeri: A condition similar to tennis elbow involving the flexor origin at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, characterized by pain in or near the medial epicondyle of the humerus as a result of unusual strain. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires

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and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]

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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischial: A pointed projection on the posterior margin of the ischium. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a

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net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without

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fracture. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Matched-Pair Analysis: A type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls). [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metacarpophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx. [NIH]

Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

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Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes,

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digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH]

sternohyoid(eus),

Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU]

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Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteochondritis Dissecans: A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Patellar Ligament: The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the patella and to the lower part of the tubercle of the tibia. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment

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for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Podiatrist: A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. [NIH] Podiatry: A specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Cyst: A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]

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Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Pronator: A muscle which turns a part into the prone position. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]

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Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand. [NIH]

Radial Neuropathy: Disease involving the radial nerve. Clinical features include weakness of elbow extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction. Sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal forearm. Common sites of compression or traumatic injury include the axilla and radial groove of the humerus. [NIH]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

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Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Sacroiliac Joint: The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the sacrum and ilium. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath

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(protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for

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oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand". [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH]

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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supination: Applies to the movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward and when applied to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion of the foot. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal

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accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A syndrome produced by entrapment neuropathy of posterior tibial nerve. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon Injuries: Injuries to the fibrous cords of connective tissue which attach muscles to bones or other structures. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Tennis Elbow: A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs in tennis players as well as housewives, artisans, and violinists. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome), anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymopentin: N-(N-(N-(N2-L-Arginyl-L-lysyl)-L-alpha-aspartyl)-L-valyl)-L-tyrosine. Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and

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other primary immunodeficiencies. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Extracts: Preparations made from animal tissues or organs; they usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active; extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions. [NIH]

Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

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Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

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Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Lifting: A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wrist Injuries: Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

155

INDEX A Abduction, 60, 119, 144, 145 Acne, 54, 119, 137 Acne Vulgaris, 54, 119, 137 Acromioclavicular Joint, 42, 119 Acromion, 119 Acupuncture Therapy, 61, 119 Adjustment, 72, 119 Adrenal Cortex, 119, 127, 128, 143 Adverse Effect, 119, 137, 147 Aerosol, 119, 149 Affinity, 119, 147 Age Groups, 107, 119 Aged, 80 and Over, 119 Algorithms, 119, 123 Alimentary, 119 Alkaline, 119, 124 Allergen, 120, 147 Alpha Particles, 120, 145 Alternative medicine, 90, 120 Alveolar Process, 120, 146 Amino Acids, 120, 142, 143, 144, 150 Anaesthesia, 120, 135 Analgesic, 57, 120, 128, 134, 140 Analogous, 29, 120, 134, 151 Anaphylatoxins, 120, 126 Anatomical, 78, 120, 129, 135 Androgens, 119, 120, 128 Anesthesia, 21, 120, 143 Anesthetics, 3, 85, 120 Aneurysm, 120, 152 Angina, 120, 140 Angulation, 51, 120 Animal model, 6, 121 Ankle, 13, 22, 47, 49, 82, 84, 100, 105, 121, 141 Anomalies, 121, 150 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 6, 121 Antiallergic, 121, 128 Antibacterial, 121, 148 Antibiotic, 107, 121, 148 Antibody, 119, 121, 126, 134, 135, 139, 145, 147, 148 Anticholinergics, 85, 121 Antigen, 119, 121, 126, 133, 134, 135, 147 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 121, 126 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 22, 71, 77, 121, 128, 133, 134, 135, 140

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 121, 128 Antimicrobial, 121, 125 Antineoplastic, 121, 128 Antipyretic, 121, 128 Anus, 121, 123 Aponeurosis, 121, 132 Aqueous, 121, 122 Arterial, 121, 133, 134, 140, 144, 150 Arteries, 121, 122, 123, 127, 139 Arterioles, 122, 123 Arthropathy, 82, 122 Arthroplasty, 27, 122 Articular, 122, 141 Articulation, 122, 138, 139 Aspiration, 3, 21, 85, 122 Atrophy, 4, 36, 122 Auditory, 122, 138, 152 Autacoids, 122, 135 Autologous, 7, 122 Axilla, 122, 123, 145 B Bacteria, 121, 122, 139, 148, 152 Bacterial Infections, 122, 137 Basal Ganglia, 122, 132 Base, 70, 73, 122, 137 Benign, 122, 132, 140, 145, 147 Benzene, 122 Benzodiazepines, 85, 122 Bilateral, 30, 32, 122, 141, 147 Bile, 122, 132, 137, 149 Biochemical, 6, 122, 141 Biomechanics, 6, 122 Biopsy, 122, 142 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 83, 90, 99, 123 Bladder, 70, 123, 132, 152 Blood Coagulation, 123, 124 Blood pressure, 8, 123, 133, 134, 148 Blood vessel, 72, 123, 134, 136, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152 Body Fluids, 123, 129, 148 Bone Marrow, 6, 19, 122, 123, 135, 138, 149 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, 78, 123 Bowel, 123, 129, 136 Bowel Movement, 123, 129 Brachial, 84, 123, 134, 138, 145, 150, 152 Brachial Plexus, 123, 138, 145, 150, 152 Brachytherapy, 123, 136, 145

156 Tendinitis

Branch, 115, 123, 138, 140, 141, 148, 150, 151 Breakdown, 5, 123, 129, 132 Buccal, 123, 137 Bunion, 123, 133 Bupivacaine, 4, 123, 137 C Calcaneus, 69, 124, 150 Calcium, 24, 33, 36, 54, 124, 126, 141 Calculi, 124, 133 Carbohydrate, 124, 127, 133, 143 Carcinogenic, 122, 124, 149 Cardiac, 60, 124, 133, 137, 139, 146, 149 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 22, 37, 60, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 84, 124 Case report, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 26, 32, 35, 36, 46, 50, 55, 124, 125 Case series, 124, 125 Caudal, 124, 143 Causal, 7, 124 Cell, 6, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 146, 149 Cell Death, 124, 133, 140 Cell membrane, 124, 137 Central Nervous System, 122, 124, 132, 133 Cervical, 123, 124, 138, 140, 145, 150, 151, 152 Cervix, 124, 125, 132 Character, 125, 128 Chemotactic Factors, 125, 126 Chest wall, 84, 125 Cholesterol, 122, 125, 127, 134, 149 Chronic, 4, 7, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55, 58, 59, 77, 85, 119, 125, 135, 137, 147, 149, 150 Chronic Disease, 7, 125 Ciprofloxacin, 45, 125 Clavicle, 119, 125 Clinical study, 41, 125, 127 Clinical trial, 5, 38, 61, 65, 66, 99, 125, 127, 144, 145 Cloning, 123, 125 Clubfoot, 82, 125 Coccidioidomycosis, 23, 125 Cofactor, 125, 144 Cohort Studies, 7, 125 Collagen, 4, 5, 6, 32, 47, 55, 125, 131, 144 Collapse, 123, 125 Colloidal, 126, 130, 149 Complement, 69, 120, 126, 147

Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 64, 126 Complementary medicine, 57, 126 Compress, 78, 126 Computational Biology, 99, 126 Computed tomography, 51, 58, 126, 127 Computerized axial tomography, 126, 127 Computerized tomography, 126, 127 Conduction, 9, 127 Connective Tissue, 55, 79, 104, 123, 125, 127, 131, 132, 133, 146, 150 Connective Tissue Cells, 127 Consciousness, 120, 127, 146 Contact dermatitis, 58, 127 Contracture, 83, 84, 127 Contraindications, ii, 127 Controlled clinical trial, 59, 127 Controlled study, 10, 11, 17, 127 Coordination, 68, 127 Cornea, 127, 133 Coronary, 7, 127, 139, 140 Coronary heart disease, 7, 127 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 139 Cortex, 127, 141 Cortical, 14, 16, 18, 34, 127 Corticosteroid, 4, 30, 36, 40, 54, 55, 107, 127 Cortisol, 7, 128 Cryotherapy, 5, 128 Curative, 128, 150 Cutaneous, 36, 127, 128, 137, 141, 145 D Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 128 Decompression, 44, 73, 74, 77, 128 Decompression Sickness, 128 Degenerative, 85, 128, 141, 146 Dental Hygienists, 37, 128 Dermatitis, 58, 128 Diabetes Mellitus, 17, 128, 133, 136 Diagnosis, Differential, 85, 128 Diagnostic Imaging, 4, 128 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 90, 128 Diastolic, 128, 134 Diclofenac, 11, 22, 23, 54, 128 Diclofenac Sodium, 128 Dicyclomine, 121, 129 Diffusion, 129, 135 Digestion, 119, 122, 123, 129, 136, 137, 149 Digestive system, 66, 129 Dilatation, 120, 129, 152 Dilatation, Pathologic, 129, 152 Dilation, 129, 152

Index 157

Dilator, 129, 140 Direct, iii, 6, 9, 77, 93, 129, 139, 145, 149 Discrimination, 9, 129 Dislocation, 84, 129, 148 Distal, 19, 37, 74, 129, 142, 144, 150 Dorsal, 129, 143, 145, 150 Dorsum, 129, 132 Drive, ii, vi, 53, 70, 91, 129 Drug Interactions, 94, 129 Duct, 129, 146 Duke, 65, 129 Duodenum, 122, 129, 149 Dystonia, 41, 129 E Edema, 19, 127, 129, 150 Effector, 126, 129 Efficacy, 21, 22, 24, 54, 61, 129, 152 Effusion, 39, 130 Elastin, 125, 130 Elbow Joint, 74, 130, 141 Electrolyte, 128, 130, 139, 148 Electrons, 122, 130, 136, 145 Embryo, 130, 135 Endotoxins, 126, 130 Enhancer, 76, 130 Environmental Health, 65, 98, 100, 130 Enzymatic, 124, 126, 130 Enzyme, 129, 130, 135, 138, 144, 149, 153 Eosinophilia, 130, 131 Epicondylitis, 4, 28, 58, 74, 83, 84, 105, 107, 130 Ergonomics, 9, 24, 130 Erythema, 117, 127, 130 Erythrocytes, 123, 130, 147 Esophagus, 129, 130, 149 Exercise Therapy, 48, 130 Extender, 68, 130 Extensor, 45, 68, 72, 73, 74, 130, 145, 150 External-beam radiation, 130, 145 Extracellular, 127, 130, 131, 148 Extracellular Matrix, 127, 130, 131 Extracorporeal, 25, 26, 31, 50, 59, 131 Extremity, 7, 8, 37, 51, 60, 119, 123, 131, 138, 141, 145, 147, 150, 152 F Family Planning, 99, 131 Fasciitis, 32, 36, 69, 83, 84, 131 Fat, 123, 127, 131, 133, 146, 147, 148, 152 Fatigue, 75, 131, 139 Femoral, 85, 131 Femur, 121, 131, 143 Fibroblasts, 6, 127, 131

Fibrosarcoma, 131 Fibrosis, 127, 131 Fibula, 131, 143 Fixation, 131, 147 Flexion, 70, 131, 145 Flexor, 15, 18, 26, 35, 36, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 84, 130, 132, 134, 150 Foot Care, 81, 100, 132 Foot Injuries, 82, 132 Forearm, 18, 22, 68, 70, 74, 76, 123, 130, 131, 132, 138, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152 Fossa, 132, 146 Friction, 23, 58, 59, 132 Fundus, 71, 132 Fungus, 125, 132 G Gallbladder, 129, 132 Gamma Rays, 132, 145 Ganglia, 132, 140, 142 Ganglion, 84, 132 Gas, 128, 129, 132, 134, 149 Gastrointestinal, 71, 125, 129, 132 Gene, 6, 83, 123, 132, 134 Gene Expression, 6, 132 Genital, 125, 132 Gestures, 132, 147 Giant Cells, 29, 132 Glucocorticoids, 119, 127, 133 Glucose, 45, 128, 133, 136, 146 Glucose Intolerance, 128, 133 Glucose tolerance, 45, 133 Glucose Tolerance Test, 133 Glycogen, 27, 133, 139 Glycogen Storage Disease, 27, 133 Glycoprotein, 133 Glycosaminoglycan, 11, 54, 133 Gonadal, 133, 149 Gout, 26, 82, 85, 133 Governing Board, 133, 143 Groin, 38, 55, 133 Growth, 120, 121, 123, 124, 131, 133, 138, 140, 142, 152 H Hallux Valgus, 84, 133 Health Status, 7, 134 Hemolytic, 131, 134 Hemorrhage, 134, 149 Hepatic, 133, 134 Heredity, 119, 132, 134 Heterodimer, 123, 134 Homologous, 134, 147 Hormonal, 122, 128, 134

158 Tendinitis

Hormone, 127, 128, 134, 136, 143, 146, 150 Humeral, 46, 58, 134, 150 Humeri, 24, 134 Hydrogen, 122, 124, 134, 139, 140, 144 Hydroxylysine, 125, 134 Hydroxyproline, 125, 134 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 38, 134 Hyperostosis, 12, 134 Hypersensitivity, 120, 134, 146, 147 Hypertension, 7, 134 Hyperuricemia, 133, 134 I Ibuprofen, 71, 94, 134 Id, 56, 62, 104, 105, 108, 114, 116, 134 Idiopathic, 12, 85, 135 Immune response, 7, 121, 128, 135, 147, 153 Immune system, 135, 152 Immunization, 135, 147 Immunomodulator, 135, 150 Impairment, 135, 138 Implant radiation, 135, 136, 145 In vitro, 6, 135 In vivo, 6, 135 Incision, 135, 136 Indicative, 82, 135, 141, 152 Indomethacin, 11, 24, 40, 44, 54, 63, 135 Induction, 78, 120, 135 Infant, Newborn, 119, 135 Infarction, 127, 135, 139 Infection, 4, 15, 107, 125, 131, 135, 138, 140, 146, 149 Infiltration, 25, 54, 135, 143 Inflammation, 5, 6, 9, 28, 69, 74, 77, 85, 107, 119, 121, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 148, 150 Ingestion, 133, 135 Inhalation, 119, 125, 136 Innervation, 123, 136, 138, 142, 145, 147, 151, 152 Insulin, 133, 136 Intermittent, 84, 136 Internal Medicine, 33, 34, 71, 136, 146 Internal radiation, 136, 145 Intervertebral, 136, 137 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 136, 137 Intestinal, 133, 136 Intestine, 121, 123, 136, 137 Intracellular, 135, 136 Intramuscular, 79, 136 Intrinsic, 29, 34, 119, 136

Invasive, 7, 136, 138 Involuntary, 136, 139, 145, 148 Ion Exchange, 136 Ionization, 136 Ions, 122, 130, 134, 136 Iontophoresis, 11, 24, 33, 50, 54, 136 Ischemia, 122, 136, 150 Ischial, 84, 136 Isotonic, 72, 136 Isotretinoin, 11, 54, 137 K Kb, 98, 137 L Labile, 126, 137 Large Intestine, 129, 136, 137, 145, 147 Latency, 9, 137 Lavage, 21, 137 Lesion, 34, 137, 149 Leukocytes, 123, 125, 135, 137 Levofloxacin, 39, 137 Library Services, 114, 137 Lidocaine, 4, 94, 137 Ligament, 6, 69, 78, 82, 121, 137, 143, 148 Liver, 122, 129, 132, 133, 134, 137 Localization, 30, 36, 137 Localized, 4, 9, 79, 85, 131, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 147 Loop, 74, 137 Low Back Pain, 4, 7, 137 Lumbar, 136, 137, 147, 151 Lupus, 91, 137, 150 Luxation, 129, 137 Lymphatic, 135, 138 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 29, 35, 39, 51, 138 Malignant, 62, 121, 131, 138, 140, 145, 146, 147 Malignant tumor, 62, 138 Malnutrition, 122, 138 Mandible, 59, 120, 138, 146 Matched-Pair Analysis, 44, 138 Meat, 28, 138 Meatus, 138, 152 Medial, 4, 21, 41, 70, 74, 83, 84, 134, 138, 143, 150, 151, 152 Median Nerve, 9, 26, 73, 124, 138 Medicament, 79, 138 MEDLINE, 99, 138 Membrane, 124, 126, 131, 138, 139, 152 Mental Disorders, 66, 138

Index 159

Mental Health, iv, 5, 8, 66, 98, 101, 138, 140 Metabolic disorder, 133, 138 Metacarpophalangeal Joint, 15, 138 Metastasis, 138 Metastatic, 19, 138 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 133, 139 MI, 81, 118, 139 Microorganism, 125, 139, 153 Mineralocorticoids, 119, 128, 139 Mobility, 76, 139 Mobilization, 59, 139 Molecular, 6, 99, 101, 123, 126, 130, 139 Molecule, 78, 121, 122, 126, 129, 133, 139, 145 Monoclonal, 139, 145 Mononuclear, 131, 139 Morphological, 6, 130, 132, 139 Motility, 135, 139 Mucinous, 132, 139 Mucosa, 123, 137, 139 Muscle Fatigue, 70, 139 Muscle tension, 79, 139 Myocardium, 139 Myositis, 31, 139 N NCI, 1, 66, 97, 139 Neck Muscles, 84, 139 Neck Pain, 13, 31, 140 Necrosis, 131, 135, 139, 140 Need, 3, 5, 7, 78, 81, 83, 91, 100, 109, 130, 133, 140, 151 Neoplasm, 140, 146, 152 Nervous System, 84, 124, 140, 142 Neurology, 9, 31, 140, 150 Neuroma, 82, 84, 140 Neuropathy, 84, 140, 142, 150 Neutrons, 120, 140, 145 Niflumic Acid, 10, 140 Nitroglycerin, 43, 140 Nuclear, 41, 47, 122, 130, 132, 140 Nuclei, 120, 130, 138, 140, 144 O Occupational Exposure, 8, 140 Occupational Health, 7, 8, 140 Occupational Medicine, 9, 58, 140 Onychomycosis, 82, 140 Ophthalmologic, 129, 140 Ossification, 35, 141 Osteoarthritis, 21, 26, 141 Osteochondritis Dissecans, 85, 141 Osteolysis, 19, 141

Osteomyelitis, 59, 141 Osteonecrosis, 85, 141 Outpatient, 7, 141 P Pain Threshold, 79, 141 Palliative, 77, 141, 150 Palpation, 3, 4, 79, 85, 141 Palsy, 84, 141 Pancreas, 129, 136, 141 Paralysis, 84, 141, 150 Paresis, 141, 150 Paresthesia, 141, 150 Patch, 141, 151 Patella, 35, 77, 85, 141 Patellar Ligament, 46, 141 Pathogenesis, 35, 141 Pathologic, 22, 122, 127, 134, 141, 146, 147 Patient Education, 4, 106, 112, 114, 118, 142 Peptide, 142, 143, 144 Percutaneous, 21, 24, 54, 142 Periarthritis, 17, 25, 54, 142 Pericardium, 142, 150 Peripheral Nervous System, 141, 142, 146 Peripheral Neuropathy, 9, 82, 142 Peroneal Nerve, 84, 142, 147 Pharmacologic, 120, 122, 142, 151 Phonophoresis, 136, 142 Phosphorus, 124, 142 Physical Examination, 5, 84, 100, 107, 142 Physical Fitness, 130, 142 Physical Therapy, 4, 9, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 48, 54, 59, 61, 84, 106, 107, 142 Physiologic, 128, 137, 142, 146 Pituitary Gland, 127, 142 Plants, 133, 142, 146, 148, 151 Plasma, 124, 130, 133, 134, 139, 142 Platinum, 137, 142 Podiatrist, 81, 143 Podiatry, 81, 143 Polypeptide, 125, 143 Polysaccharide, 121, 133, 143 Popliteal, 84, 85, 143 Popliteal Cyst, 84, 85, 143 Posterior, 18, 36, 41, 49, 68, 69, 84, 85, 105, 129, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 150 Posterior Cruciate Ligament, 85, 143 Postnatal, 143, 148 Post-traumatic, 15, 143 Postural, 79, 143 Practicability, 143, 152 Practice Guidelines, 61, 101, 143

160 Tendinitis

Precursor, 123, 129, 130, 143, 152 Procaine, 137, 143 Progesterone, 143, 149 Progression, 37, 121, 143 Progressive, 133, 140, 141, 143, 152 Projection, 136, 143 Proline, 125, 134, 144 Pronation, 73, 144 Pronator, 84, 144 Prone, 74, 144 Prone Position, 144 Prophylaxis, 128, 144 Prospective study, 29, 144 Prostaglandins, 135, 144 Prostaglandins A, 135, 144 Protein S, 83, 123, 144 Proteins, 78, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 134, 139, 142, 144, 147, 151 Proteolytic, 123, 126, 144 Protocol, 10, 57, 144 Protons, 120, 134, 144, 145 Proximal, 18, 129, 144 Public Policy, 99, 144 Publishing, 9, 144 Pulmonary, 123, 144 Pulmonary Artery, 123, 144 Pustular, 119, 145 Pyogenic, 141, 145 Q Quaternary, 57, 145 R Radial Nerve, 84, 145 Radial Neuropathy, 84, 145 Radiation, 24, 130, 132, 136, 145, 153 Radiation therapy, 24, 130, 136, 145 Radioactive, 134, 135, 136, 140, 145 Radiography, 39, 58, 145 Radiolabeled, 145 Radiological, 33, 105, 142, 145 Radiology, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 51, 55, 58, 105, 145 Radiotherapy, 24, 123, 145 Randomized, 8, 11, 24, 50, 54, 130, 145 Rectum, 121, 123, 129, 132, 137, 145 Refer, 1, 8, 123, 126, 131, 137, 140, 145, 148 Reflex, 83, 145 Refraction, 145, 148 Regeneration, 6, 48, 146 Regimen, 5, 129, 146 Resorption, 24, 33, 54, 146 Respiration, 146

Restoration, 142, 146, 153 Resuscitation, 60, 146 Retrospective, 34, 146 Rheumatism, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 34, 134, 146 Rheumatoid, 21, 26, 85, 104, 140, 146, 150 Rheumatoid arthritis, 21, 26, 85, 140, 146, 150 Risk factor, 7, 22, 29, 37, 144, 146 S Sacroiliac Joint, 21, 146 Saliva, 146 Salivary, 7, 129, 146 Salivary glands, 129, 146 Saponins, 146, 149 Sarcoma, 59, 131, 146 Schwannoma, 49, 146 Sciatic Nerve, 142, 147, 151 Scleroderma, 131, 147 Screening, 125, 147 Sebum, 119, 147 Secretion, 119, 128, 129, 133, 139, 147 Sensitization, 9, 147 Serum, 120, 126, 137, 139, 147 Shock, 25, 26, 27, 31, 41, 42, 50, 59, 89, 106, 147, 151 Shoulder Pain, 43, 47, 147 Side effect, 4, 93, 119, 134, 147, 151 Sign Language, 49, 147 Signs and Symptoms, 84, 91, 147 Skeletal, 12, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 37, 79, 120, 147, 148, 150 Skeleton, 131, 137, 147 Small intestine, 129, 134, 136, 147 Smooth muscle, 120, 122, 127, 140, 147, 148 Social Class, 7, 147 Sodium, 50, 56, 128, 133, 139, 147 Soft tissue, 4, 43, 59, 61, 71, 85, 123, 131, 147, 148 Soft Tissue Injuries, 43, 61, 148 Somatic, 142, 148 Sound wave, 127, 148 Spasm, 84, 148 Specialist, 108, 129, 148 Species, 64, 139, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153 Specificity, 9, 119, 148 Spectrum, 47, 148 Spinal cord, 123, 124, 125, 132, 138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152 Splint, 59, 148 Spondylitis, 45, 148

Index 161

Spores, 125, 148 Sprains and Strains, 104, 137, 148 Stasis, 9, 148 Stem Cells, 7, 148 Steroid, 49, 128, 146, 149 Stimulus, 129, 136, 137, 145, 149, 150 Stomach, 71, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 147, 149 Stress, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 100, 128, 146, 149 Stroke, 66, 98, 149 Stromal, 6, 149 Subacute, 135, 149 Subclavian, 149, 150 Subclavian Artery, 149, 150 Subclavian Vein, 149, 150 Subclinical, 135, 149 Subcutaneous, 84, 129, 149 Subspecies, 148, 149 Substrate, 77, 149 Supination, 145, 149 Suppression, 128, 149 Suspensions, 3, 149 Syncytium, 133, 149 Synovial, 45, 143, 149 Synovial Cyst, 143, 149 Systemic, 4, 91, 94, 118, 123, 135, 145, 147, 150 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 91, 150 Systolic, 134, 150 T Tarsal Bones, 124, 150 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome, 82, 84, 150 Tendon Injuries, 46, 150 Tendonitis, 54, 55, 62, 65, 89, 91, 100, 117, 150 Tennis Elbow, 29, 47, 73, 74, 105, 107, 134, 150 Tenosynovitis, 4, 22, 28, 34, 47, 84, 85, 91, 150 Teratogenic, 137, 150 Therapeutics, 10, 50, 57, 62, 94, 150 Thigh, 18, 131, 133, 150 Thoracic, 84, 123, 138, 145, 149, 150, 152 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 84, 150 Threshold, 9, 134, 150 Thrombosis, 40, 144, 149, 150 Thymopentin, 25, 54, 150 Tibial Nerve, 147, 150, 151 Tin, 70, 124, 141, 142, 151 Tissue Extracts, 78, 151 Tolerance, 133, 151

Tomography, 18, 151 Tonicity, 129, 137, 151 Topical, 9, 24, 54, 94, 137, 151 Torticollis, 84, 151 Toxic, iv, 122, 140, 151 Toxicity, 129, 151 Toxicology, 100, 151 Toxins, 121, 130, 135, 151 Trace element, 151 Transcutaneous, 50, 61, 151 Transdermal, 43, 151 Transfection, 123, 151 Transfusion, 130, 151 Transplantation, 7, 47, 135, 151 Trauma, 7, 8, 15, 19, 42, 44, 65, 72, 79, 107, 140, 151 Treatment Outcome, 85, 152 Triglyceride, 134, 152 Tryptophan, 125, 152 Tubercle, 141, 152 Tuberculosis, 137, 152 Tumour, 132, 152 Tympanic membrane, 71, 152 Tyrosine, 150, 152 U Ulnar Nerve, 84, 152 Ultrasonography, 60, 152 Unconscious, 120, 134, 152 Uric, 133, 134, 152 Urinary, 124, 125, 129, 152 Urine, 123, 152 Uterus, 124, 125, 131, 132, 143, 152 V Vaccine, 144, 152 Vascular, 9, 55, 135, 152 Vasodilation, 71, 152 Veins, 123, 138, 152, 153 Venous, 140, 144, 152 Venules, 123, 153 Vertebrae, 136, 148, 153 Vertebral, 28, 153 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 153 Viral, 133, 153 Virus, 130, 133, 153 Viscera, 148, 153 Vitro, 6, 153 Vivo, 7, 153 W Weight Lifting, 74, 153 Wound Healing, 78, 153 Wrist Injuries, 70, 72, 153

162 Tendinitis

X Xenograft, 121, 153

X-ray, 126, 127, 132, 140, 145, 153

Index 163

164 Tendinitis