Tobacco - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tobacco: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83643-4 1. Tobacco-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tobacco. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TOBACCO .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tobacco........................................................................................ 27 E-Journals: PubMed Central ..................................................................................................... 145 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .............................................................................. 171 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TOBACCO ...................................................................................... 301 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 301 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tobacco ...................................................................................... 301 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 307 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 307 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TOBACCO ................................................................ 309 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 309 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 309 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 324 General References ..................................................................................................................... 331 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TOBACCO .................................................................................. 333 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 333 Dissertations on Tobacco ........................................................................................................... 333 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 351 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TOBACCO ............................................................................. 353 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 353 Recent Trials on Tobacco ........................................................................................................... 353 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 361 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON TOBACCO ............................................................................................. 363 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 363 Patents on Tobacco..................................................................................................................... 363 Patent Applications on Tobacco................................................................................................. 433 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 483 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON TOBACCO ................................................................................................ 485 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 485 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 485 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 491 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 511 Chapters on Tobacco .................................................................................................................. 512 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 514 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON TOBACCO...................................................................................... 519 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 519 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 519 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 522 Bibliography: Multimedia on Tobacco ....................................................................................... 524 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TOBACCO ................................................................... 527 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 527 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 527 Newsletters on Tobacco.............................................................................................................. 530 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 532 Academic Periodicals covering Tobacco..................................................................................... 534 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 539 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 539 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 539

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NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 541 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 551 The Genome Project and Tobacco .............................................................................................. 551 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 557 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 557 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 557 Associations and Tobacco........................................................................................................... 586 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 586 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 589 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 589 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 589 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 589 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 589 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 595 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 597 TOBACCO DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 599 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 689

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tobacco is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tobacco, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tobacco, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tobacco. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tobacco, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tobacco. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tobacco.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tobacco, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Tobacco Consumption and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly People: A PopulationBased Study Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 4(6): 449-454. November 1994. Summary: This study examined the relationship between tobacco consumption and Alzheimer's disease (AD), global cognitive deficit, and memory performances in older community residents of southwestern France. A cohort of 3,770 subjects aged 65 years and older were analyzed. Of this group, 9.4 percent (356) were current smokers, 26.5 percent (998) were past smokers, and 64.1 percent (2,416) never smoked. Results were in agreement with earlier studies suggesting that tobacco consumption is associated with a significantly lower risk of AD. Current and past smokers also had lower risk of global cognitive deficit than did those who never smoked. The same apparently protective effect existed in nondemented subjects for cognitive defect and for poor memory

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performance. However, this relationship seems to be explained by a confounding effect of educational level and occupational category. Results indicate that the protective effect of tobacco appears illusory; the effects of smoking habits on cognitive abilities could be due to a confounding effect of occupational category. 5 tables, 24 references. (AA-M). ·

Association of Parental Tobacco Use and SLI Source: International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 33(4): 357368. October-December 1998. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007. Summary: Studies on specific language impairment (SLI) have shown that SLIs group in families. This may be due to the presence of prenatal and postnatal features of a shared environment such as parental smoking, which has been associated with lowered cognitive and language outcomes in children of smokers. This article reports on a study that explored the relationship between parental smoking and SLI in children. Using a case control design, data on 177 children with SLI and 925 who were developing typically were collected using a parental questionnaire concerning parental smoking habits. Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy, during children's development, and continuous smoking during pregnancy and development were significantly related to SLI. However, when parental education was controlled for, these significant associations no longer existed. The authors suggest that parental smoking, although not independently associated with SLI, may be an indicator of a parenting environment that places children at risk for language impairments. An appendix reprints the interview questions about parental smoking. 3 tables. 31 references.

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Otitis Media Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 111(1): 6-8. July 1994. Summary: Although the role of environmental tobacco smoke in the genesis of pulmonary disease in children is recognized, less attention has been paid to the role of environmental tobacco smoke in the development of childhood otitis. This article reviews current data regarding environmental tobacco smoke, with particular emphasis on its effects on the ear and eustachian tube. The author also discusses current American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation educational efforts in this area. 18 references. (AA-M).

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Tobacco Cessation Services in Dental Offices: Are We Doing All We Can? Source: New York State Dental Journal (NYSDJ). 68(7): 34-40. August-September 2002. Contact: Available from Dental Society of the State of New York. 7 Elk Street, Albany, NY 12207. (518) 465-0044. Summary: Approximately 8,000 people die of oral and pharyngeal cancers every year in the United States. Approximately 70 percent of these deaths are related to smoking and other forms of tobacco use. Previous studies have shown that tobacco cessation services are underutilized in dental practice. This article reports on a study in which a survey was mailed to 700 dentists in New York State. A total of 364 dentists (58.5 percent) responded to the either the long survey or postcard. Although over 90 percent of dentists had asked at least one patient in the prior three months about his or her smoking status, only 37 percent had asked this question of most or nearly all patients. Variables that were associated with the provision of tobacco cessation services included

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level of preparedness, training, and being a periodontist. Perceived barriers included lack of time and reimbursement, and patient resistance. These results suggest that training programs and professional perceptions of responsibilities are related to dentists' provision of tobacco cessation services, findings that could have a significant impact on future policy initiatives and educational endeavors. 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references. ·

Tackling Tobacco Dependency: The Dental Team Approach Source: New York State Dental Journal (NYSDJ). 68(7): 56-58. August-September 2002. Contact: Available from Dental Society of the State of New York. 7 Elk Street, Albany, NY 12207. (518) 465-0044. Summary: Tobacco use causes approximately 440,000 premature deaths in the United States annually. The U.S. Clinical Practice Guideline on Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence encourages clinicians to: Ask about tobacco use; Advise patients to stop; Assess willingness to quit; Assist in treatment; and Arrange for follow up. This article explores how dentists can apply these five A's to the dental team by implementing a system to collect the necessary information while providing multiple and reinforcing messages to help tobacco-using patients progress toward abstinence. The author contends that an integrated approach that takes advantage of other health providers who interact with the patient will likely have the greatest impact. 10 references.

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Addressing Tobacco in Managed Care: A Survey of Dentists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Source: American Journal of Public Health. 92(6): 997-1001. June 2002. Contact: Available from American Public Health Association (APHA). Subscriptions, Department 5037, Washington, DC 20061-5037. (202) 777-2462. Fax (202) 777-2534. Website: www.apha.org. Summary: This article reports on a study that assessed the tobacco cessation knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dentists participating in a large managed care dental plan. Participating dentists in 4 states were surveyed via mail. Dentists' perceived success in helping patients quit using tobacco was highly correlated with discussion of specific strategies for quitting, advice about the use of nicotine gum, and time spent counseling patients. Dentists who were confident about their smoking cessation knowledge frequently advised patients to quit and spent more time counseling patients about tobacco cessation. The authors conclude that tobacco cessation is not a routine part of dental practice. Knowledge, time spent counseling patients, and specific strategies for quitting were associated with dentists' perceptions of success. 1 figure. 1 table. 24 references.

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Practical Guide to Tobacco Cessation in Dental Offices Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 67(3): 153-157. March 2001. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Tobacco use is an important risk factor for advanced periodontitis, poor response to periodontal therapy, oral neoplasms, and dental implant failure. Given the effect of tobacco use on oral health, the dental office may be an ideal place for tobacco cessation intervention, especially since a large proportion of smokers visit their dentist on a regular basis. This article reviews various tobacco cessation strategies for the dental

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office. The author first describes nicotine dependency and then provides practical information on assessing patients' readiness to quit and in choosing appropriate tobacco cessation intervention. The strategies used in clinical tobacco intervention depend on the user's level of addiction. Patients who do not smoke, especially young patients, should be complimented and encouraged never to begin. Dentists and dental hygienists should check the status of patients' tobacco use at every visit and continue to provide current information. Patients who are not ready to quit should be asked to at least consider tobacco cessation. Patients should not feel as if they are being pressured, but should be encouraged and offered help in making the final decision to quit. Counseling based on the stages of behavioral change has been successfully applied in tobacco cessation treatment. Heavy tobacco users, particularly those with co morbidity including clinical depression and advanced social and emotional conflicts, will require intensive behavioral interventions. These patients should be referred to family practice clinics dealing with addiction issues. 2 figures. 4 tables. 18 references. ·

Tobacco Cessation: Isn't It Time for Dentistry to Become More Involved? Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 67(3): 139-140. March 2001. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: This editorial stresses that the role of dentistry in tobacco cessation efforts should be ongoing and increasing. The author comments on the policy statements of the Ontario Dental Association (ODA) regarding tobacco and smoking cessation, then reports on the Clinical Tobacco Initiative (CTI), a program of the ODA and other medical and pharmaceutical professional organizations in Canada. The author reports positive dentist attitudes toward the CTI and the likelihood that CTI training will increase the intervention activities of dentists and dental staff. The author stresses that with the emerging information on patient acceptance of smoking cessation advice and the increasing evidence that tobacco use is a causal factor for a number of oral health conditions, dentists have more reason than ever to become informed participants in tobacco intervention techniques. When it comes to the prevention of cancer related deaths, reducing the use of tobacco products should be a priority for all dental professionals. Even brief interventions can help. Indeed, there is a comprehensive range of CTI and smoking cessation services that fit with dentistry, including the recommendation of nicotine replacement and prescription therapies. 7 references.

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Addressing Oral Disease: The Case for Tobacco Cessation Services Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 67(3): 141-144. March 2001. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: There is strong scientific evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies that tobacco use, particularly cigarette smoking, is linked to periodontal disease as well as other serious but less common oral health diseases. Given the strength of this evidence, dentists must include tobacco cessation strategies (TCS) as part of their routine care. This article describes barriers to the adoption of TCS as identified by Alberta (Canada) dentists participating in a randomized intervention trial. The authors discuss strategies for overcoming these barriers. In addition, suggestions are provided for professionals associations and educational institutions on ways to increase the incorporation of tobacco cessation into professional practice standards. The authors note that adding or expanding TCS is very much like adding other new services. It takes time

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before the new service becomes part of a comfortable routine. And while the dentist must provide the impetus behind TCS, the whole staff must be invested in the decision, as it is often the hygienist or assistant who will provide the actual TCS. Deciding on the range of services to offer is a key factor. At a minimum, displaying self help cessation materials in the reception area will provide interested quitters with resources they may not access otherwise. At the other end of the spectrum, it is possible to establish a full scale cessation clinic. In between, there is a level of service that fits with the practice patterns and patient needs of every office. One sidebar lists the 23 items included in the Canadian Dental Association's information package on smoking cessation. 1 figure. 16 references. ·

Practice Behaviors of Alumni Trained as Students in Tobacco Use Cessation Interventions Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene. 75(2): 165-169. Spring 2001. Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association. 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-8900. Website: www.adha.org. Summary: Tobacco use has been identified as the leading public health problem in the United States, and tobacco related diseases account for the most preventable cause of death. Because tobacco use not only has a significant adverse effect on overall health, but also contributes to many oral diseases, major dental and dental hygiene organizations and groups of dental related programs and agencies recognize the importance of becoming involved in tobacco control issues. This article describes a study that looked at the practice behaviors of alumni trained as students in tobacco use cessation interventions. A total of 113 dental hygiene and 338 dental alumni who graduated between 1993 and 1997 were surveyed; a total of 161 surveys were returned (response rate of 42.4 percent from dental hygienists and 33.4 percent from dentists). The authors caution that with a total response rate of 35.8 percent, it is possible that respondents to this survey represent a sample biased with respect to alumni that offer tobacco use cessation services (TUCS). However, results demonstrate an encouraging increase in the numbers of dental practitioners who are involved in TUCS. In this study, 100 percent of the dental hygienists and 87.6 percent of the dentists asked their patients about tobacco use, and almost all document tobacco use in the patients' charts. Equally encouraging, 97.9 percent of the dental hygienists and 87.4 percent of the dentist alumni advised patients to quit tobacco. The authors discuss the impact of dental education programs and continuing education courses on practice behaviors. 2 tables. 24 references.

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Dentistry's Role in Tobacco Control Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 132 (Supplement): 30S-35S. November 2001. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Cigarette smoking remains the nation's leading preventable cause of premature mortality (death). Tobacco use also is responsible for 75 percent of deaths resulting from oral and pharyngeal cancer, more than half of the cases of periodontitis, and numerous other oral health effects. The article on dentistry's role in tobacco control is included in a special supplement to the Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) that presents eight articles on the topic of the dentist's role in preventing and detecting oral cancer. In this article, the author summarizes the prevalence of tobacco

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use in the United States, evaluates recent literature on the status of tobacco control activities in dental schools and dental practice, and reviews new guidelines on clinical and community based interventions for tobacco use. Nearly 25 percent of adults and 35 percent of high school students smoke cigarettes, and many use other forms of tobacco. More than one-half of adult smokers and nearly three-fourths of adolescents see a dentist each year. However, more than 40 percent of dentists do not routinely ask about tobacco use, and 60 percent do not routinely advise tobacco users to quit. Meanwhile, less than half of dental schools and dental hygiene programs provide clinical tobacco intervention services. The author concludes that although at least 50 dental organizations have adopted policy statements about tobacco use, much work still needs to be done in translating these policy statements into action. The recently issued U.S. Public Health Service guidelines on treating tobacco use and dependence provides evidence-based, practical methods for dentists and other primary care providers to incorporate into their practice. Because dentists and dental hygienists can be effective in treating tobacco use and dependence, the identification, documentation, and treatment of every tobacco user they see needs to become a routine practice in every dental office and clinic. 2 tables. 27 references. ·

Tobacco Smoking and Periodontal Hemorrhagic Responsiveness Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 28(7): 680-685. July 2001. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018. (781) 388-8273. Fax (781) 388-8274. Summary: This article reports on a study in which the influence of smoking on the periodontal hemorrhagic (bleeding) responsiveness was investigated in 2 different populations: one exclusively consisting of patients with established periodontal disease, the other of dental hospital admissions in general. The hemorrhagive responsiveness of the patient was clinically found from 'bleeding on gentle probing' expressed as the relative frequency of bleeding sites. Smokers exhibited a significantly lower hemorrhagic responsiveness than nonsmokers. This held principally true for both populations, but the effect was much more clearly detectable in periodontal patients than in dental hospital patients in general. A dose response effect was typically evident in the periodontal patient population. Accounting for the periodontal disease severity, however, the effect of smoking became clearly detectable also in the general patient population. The authors conclude that tobacco smoking is associated with a clinically suppressed hemorrhagic responsiveness of the periodontium. The clinical implications of the results include an increased risk of not detecting early stages of periodontal disease in smokers as well as an increased likelihood for false negative outcomes when evaluating disease severity or activity by means of diagnostic tests. 2 figures. 6 tables. 23 references.

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Oral Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(1): 22-25. January 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Smokeless tobacco (ST) use has increased rapidly in North America. This form of tobacco use has many oral effects including leukoplakia, oral cancer, loss of periodontal support (recession of the gums), and staining of teeth and composite restorations. Systemic effects such as nicotine dependence, transient hypertension (high blood pressure), and cardiovascular disease may also result from smokeless tobacco use.

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This article guides dental practitioners in the identification of oral lesions that occur due to the use of ST. The authors also offer guidelines on how to counsel patients who express a desire to stop using ST products. If the health risks and periodontal risks are explained to patients, particularly young patients, the result may be many long term benefits and a prevention of future oral carcinomas. 47 references. ·

Tobacco-Associated Lesions of the Oral Cavity: Part I. Nonmalignant Lesions Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(5): 252-256. May 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: The excessive use of tobacco products has been associated with various lesions in the oral cavity. This article, the first in a two part series, outlines the significance and treatment of nonmalignant tobacco associated lesions. Tobacco associated lesions include tooth stains, abrasions, smoker's melanosis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and other periodontal conditions, burns and keratotic patches, black hairy tongue, nicotinic stomatitis, palatal erosions, leukoplakia, and epithelial dysplasia. A routine intraoral examination by a dental health professional can reveal most of these lesions at an early stage, and early intervention may prevent serious sequelae. Thus, detection of tobacco associated lesions in conjunction with tobacco use counseling by dental professionals has become the standard of care. Patients with mild or moderate dysplasia have a significant, but not absolute, potential for reversibility and can be managed with the elimination of the suspected etiologic factors. However, patients with severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ have a low potential for reversibility and should be managed by complete surgical excision of the lesion(s) followed by histologic examination of the excised tissue. 6 figures. 2 tables. 26 references.

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Tobacco-Associated Lesions of the Oral Cavity: Part II. Malignant Lesions Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(6): 308-311. June 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Nonmalignant tobacco associated lesions of the oral cavity were discussed in the first part of this two part article. In this follow up article, the authors describe malignant lesions associated with tobacco use, basic biopsy principles for such lesions, and intervention strategies that dental professionals may use to reduce the chances of their patients developing precancerous lesions or primary malignancies. Any chronic nonhealing ulcer present for two or more weeks must be biopsied to rule out squamous cell carcinoma. In most cases treatment of oral cancers is best achieved by surgery or radiation, or a combination of these two methods. The authors highly recommend that tobacco and alcohol histories be a part of all initial and follow up appointment protocols and that dentists become familiar with referral mechanisms to local or national foundations that treat addiction. 3 figures. 2 tables. 14 references.

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Tobacco-Use Control and Cessation Resources Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(8): 1144-1145. August 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611.

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Summary: This two page item from the Journal of the American Dental Association lists tobacco use control and cessation web sites, resource materials, and strategies for finding local support programs. The first page lists 12 web sites for tobacco use control and cessation; each is described with a one line abstract. The resource materials listed include the telephone number to use to order the materials; most are from the American Dental Association (800-947-4746). The section on locating support programs encourages dentists to refer patients to local support or cessation programs in their own state or community. Resources suggested include the local American Cancer Society office, the local American Lung Association office, and state or local health departments and tobacco control offices. ·

Tobacco-Use Prevention and Cessation: Dentistry's Role in Promoting Freedom from Tobacco Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(8): 1137-1143. August 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: This article presents a panel discussion of five dental professionals known for their work in tobacco use cessation who share their thoughts on the roles that dentists and organized dentistry play in helping patients on the way to being tobacco free. Topics include why a dentist should get involved in tobacco use cessation, how tobacco use cessation programs can improve the dental practice, why dentists are often reluctant to discuss tobacco use with their patients, the role of organized dentistry in curbing tobacco use and encouraging dentists to become involved in tobacco use cessation programs, and ideas for use of the tobacco settlement money. Panel members are William Benson, Arden G. Christen, Karen M. Crews, Theresa E. Madden, and Robert E. Mecklenburg. One sidebar discusses an updated clinical practice guideline, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence, that offers interventions for current and former tobacco using patients. The article is available from the United States Public Health Service by calling (800) 358-9295.

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Tobacco or Oral Health: Past Progress, Impending Challenge Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(8): 1130-1136. August 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: A number of significant events and research findings during the past 15 years have led to the dental profession's growing involvement in tobacco use intervention activities. In this article, the author presents an overview of events and people responsible for the progress in furthering the cause of dentistry's activism in tobacco use prevention and control. The author contends that dentistry has led the health professions in establishing a protocol for the prevention of tobacco use, a health behavior that causes or contributes to various oral diseases and adverse conditions. Treatment prognoses for periodontal therapy, wound healing, dental implants, cosmetic treatments, and cancer therapy all are compromised by patients' tobacco use. Dentists must know what to do and say to prevent patients' tobacco use and aid patients in its cessation. 2 figures. 21 references.

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Cytologic Study of Oral Mucosal Cell Alterations in Smokeless Tobacco Users and Efficacy of a Related Cessation Program Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene. 73(1): 12-16. Winter 1999. Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association. Subscription Department, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 3400, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-8900. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine if oral tissue changes, as documented by cytologic study and reported to the smokeless tobacco (ST) user, provide incentive to discontinue use of ST products. ST users who presented for treatment in a dental hygiene clinic served as the 10 subjects for this one year study. Cellular specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of subjects at the site of ST placement and a clear site as control. Specimens were collected by a moistened tongue blade scrape, then fixed, stained, and diagnosed by faculty in the department of pathology (University of Arkansas). Subjects participated in a cessation program: a standardized session in which results of the cytologic findings and risks of ST usage were discussed, using visuals and pamphlets. The subjects, with the exception of the last, were contacted at three and six month intervals to determine their compliance with cessation recommendations. Three of the 10 subjects displayed significant tissue changes; these subjects discontinued ST use. The cytologic studies of the other seven subjects revealed only various amounts of hyperkeratosis. The authors note that while their sample size of 10 is certainly not large, a trend was noted that provides support for the hypothesis of the study. Patients with the greatest oral tissue changes, as identified by cytologic study, were the ones who discontinued ST use upon being informed of those changes. The authors consider this work a pilot study but still conclude that including a cytologic study and presenting results to the patient is a valuable component of an ST cessation program. 1 table. 22 references. (AA-M).

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Strategies for Curing Tobacco Addiction Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 7(2): 79-83. April 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 637-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. Summary: Tobacco use is the number one preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of nicotine addiction that have given rise to new therapeutic approaches. New pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of tobacco addiction include nicotine replacement products (transdermal patch, nasal spray, and inhaler) and the use of antidepressant drugs (buproprion). The authors stress that pharmacologic treatments should be used in combination with behavioral counseling to increase effectiveness. Guidelines exist for the incorporation of tobacco cessation practices into the physician's daily practice, and physicians are urged to offer tobacco cessation programs to all patients suffering from nicotine addiction. Effective and timely use of smoking cessation programs can significantly reduce the number of smokers and smoking related diseases. 22 references (8 annotated). (AA-M).

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Patient Perceptions of Tobacco Cessation Services in Dental Offices Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 130(2): 219-226. February 1999.

12 Tobacco

Summary: Tobacco use is a leading cause of periodontitis and other oral diseases. Dental professionals can help patients quit, but few routinely offer tobacco cessation services (TCS). In this article, the authors examine dental professionals' attitudes toward offering TCS and patients' attitudes toward receiving TCS from their dental offices. Fifty two dental offices in rural communities completed a questionnaire asking for demographic and professional information about their offices, usual TCS offered, barriers to providing TCS, and their views on patient receptivity to TCS. A random sample of patients seen during one month were interviewed over the telephone about the TCS provided during their last visit and their comfort in receiving such services from their dental offices. The authors found that 58.5 percent of the 3,088 dental patients surveyed believed that dental offices should provide TCS to patients. There was equal support among tobacco users and nonusers. Male patients (60.8 percent) and younger patients (69.6 percent) were more likely to believe that dental offices should provide TCS than were female patients (56.8 percent) and older patients (57.3 percent). The authors also found that patients who had an interest in quitting were more likely to feel comfortable receiving TCS than were those patients who were not interested in quitting. A total of 61.5 percent of dentists, however, thought patients did not expect such services. When dentists were asked about barriers to providing TCS, 94.3 percent listed patient resistance as a barrier, and 53.9 percent were concerned that patients would leave their practices. The authors conclude by stressing that advising patients to quit is a professional responsibility; it is up to dental professionals to overcome their concerns about patient receptivity and provide these services. 3 figures. 2 tables. 45 references. (AA-M). ·

When It Comes To Fighting Tobacco, Doctor, You Don't Have to Go It Alone, But You Do Have to Go! Source: NDA Journal. National Dental Association Journal. 49(2): 14-17. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from National Dental Association. 3517 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010. (202) 588-1697. (202) 588-1244. Summary: Dentists are recognized as leaders in preventing and treating oral diseases and conditions. This article reminds dentists of their important role in fighting tobacco use in their patients. The author first reports on statistics regarding the health hazards of tobacco use, particularly those related to oral health, oral cancer, periodontal disease, risk factors for adolescents and African Americans, spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco), and the expectations of patients and dentists regarding discussions about tobacco use. The author then outlines several tobacco related dimensions of a dentist's responsibilities, including the dentist as skilled and caring clinician, the dentist as health scientist, the dentist as ethical business person, and the dentist as citizen. The article concludes with a section reminding dentists of the resources available to help them educate themselves and undertake a program of educating their patients. 20 references.

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Periodontal Screening and Recording Assessment of Periodontal Disease in Tobacco Users Source: NDA Journal. National Dental Association Journal. 49(2): 26-31. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from National Dental Association. 3517 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010. (202) 588-1697. (202) 588-1244. Summary: Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) is a periodontal evaluation system that provides a rapid, effective method of screening patients for periodontal disease. Because periodontal disease is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults, and

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because its early detection can ensure successful treatment outcomes, use of the PSR system can result in tooth retention rather than loss. This article reports on a study that investigated the correlation of periodontal disease status, as determined by the PSR system, with a history of tobacco use. Comparisons were made among tobacco usage, gender, race, age, and PSR scores. Review of 426 patients' charts revealed that 315 (74 percent) were not tobacco users and 111 (26 percent) were tobacco users. The results indicated that PSR codes of 3 and 4 were found more frequently in tobacco users, whereas PSR codes of 0 and 1 were more frequently recorded in non-tobacco users. Three conclusions were reported. PSR scores were significantly higher in older patients than in younger patients; PSR scores were significantly lower in whites than in nonwhites; and there was a correlation for higher PSR scores in tobacco users and males. 7 tables. 24 references. (AA-M). ·

Oral Leukoplakia Status Six Weeks After Cessation of Smokeless Tobacco Use Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 130(7): 945-954. July 1999. Summary: This article reports on a study that evaluated the prevalence and risk of developing oral leukoplakia in smokeless tobacco (ST) users, and the response of these leukoplakia lesions after six weeks of involuntary tobacco cessation. U.S. Air Force basic military training provided an environment of a mandatorily tobacco free setting. The authors designed their investigation as a case control study with a nested cohort study. The principal investigator conducted oral examinations of 3,051 male military trainees. Using a questionnaire, the investigator obtained detailed information concerning subjects' ST use patterns before basic training. Clinical photos were taken of all leukoplakia lesions identified in ST users at the initial examination and again six weeks later. Of the 3,051 male trainees examined (mean age = 19.5 years), 9.9 percent (302 men) were identified as current ST users. Among these current users, 39.4 percent (119 out of 302 men) had leukoplakia versus 1.5 percent (42 out of 2,749 men) of nonusers of ST. At the end of the involuntary cessation of tobacco use, 97.5 percent of these leukoplakia lesions had complete clinical resolution. The type of ST used (snuff versus chewing tobacco), the amount used, length of use, number of days since last use, and brand of snuff used were significantly associated with the risk of developing leukoplakia lesions among ST users. The authors conclude that the important new finding from this investigation is that if a young, otherwise healthy man with leukoplakia lesions stops using tobacco for six weeks, most of his leukoplakia lesions will resolve clinically. Use of ST, specifically snuff, is strongly associated with development of oral leukoplakia in young adult men. 4 tables. 37 references.

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Oral Spit Tobacco: Addiction, Prevention, and Treatment Source: Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 1(1): 21-44. March 1999. Contact: Available from Carfax Publishing. Taylor and Francis Ltd., Customer Service Department, Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 8PR, United Kingdom. +44 (0)1256 813000. Fax +44 (0)1256 330245. Summary: The prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) is significant and reaches as high as 17 percent use in the past month in white males aged 18 to 25 years. ST is of concern because of the potential for addiction and the associated negative health consequences. This article reviews the basis for addiction, examining the nicotine content in ST products, pharmacokinetics, psychoactive effects, tolerance, and withdrawal. The authors also explore the negative health consequences, which include a number of oral pathologies and increased cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, they examine the

14 Tobacco

factors associated with the initiation of ST use and current prevention programs that address these factors. Current treatment approaches, as well as predictions for abstinence, are also discussed. Finally, the authors note future directions in light of the limited amount of research conducted in the ST area, particularly related to prevention and treatment. 4 tables. 173 references. ·

Dental Hygienists Effective as Antitobacco Messengers Source: Access. 13(8): 44, 46. September-October 1999. Contact: American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 847-6718 or (312) 440-8900. Fax (312) 440-8929. Website: www.adha.org. Summary: This article from a dental hygienist newsletter explores the role of dental hygienists as effective antitobacco messengers. The effects of smokeless tobacco use manifest in the oral cavity (bleeding and receding gums, mouth sores) and as a result, dental hygienists are able to point out these symptoms to their patients, forcing them to confront these realities. The authors discuss the dental hygiene visit as a teachable moment for patients who are tobacco users, the link between smokeless tobacco (ST) use and cancer of the mouth (and other cancers), the use of simple intervention techniques, and the role of the hygienist in patient attempts to quit tobacco use. The authors report briefly on one study in which quit rates for ST users tripled for those who participated in intervention programs administered by their dental hygienist.

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Chewing Tobacco Use and Dental Caries Among U.S. Men Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 130(11): 1602-1610. November 1999. Summary: Chewing tobacco contains high levels of sugars and may be cariogenic, but few studies have investigated such an association. This article reports on a study undertaken to examine the relationship between chewing tobacco use and dental caries among U.S. adult men. Participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted from 1988 to 1994 were interviewed about tobacco use and examined by dentists. The authors included in their analysis dentate (with teeth) men 18 years of age or older. The authors calculated the mean number of decayed or filled permanent teeth (DFT), and decayed or filled coronal tooth surfaces (DFS), as well as the mean number and percentage of decayed or filled root surfaces (RDFS), and decayed root surfaces (RDS) by tobacco use status. Men who currently used only chewing tobacco had a higher adjusted mean number of DFT than did those who currently used only snuff, only cigarettes, or more than one form of tobacco, or who never used tobacco. Mean DFS also was higher among chewing tobacco users than among those who used only snuff, only cigarettes, or more than one form of tobacco. Chewing tobacco users had a higher mean RDFS and RDS than did the users of other forms of tobacco or nonusers. Current users of chewing tobacco were more than four times as likely as those who never used tobacco to have one or more RDFS or RDS, with a dose response relationship between number of packages used per week and odds of having root surface caries. The authors conclude that, in addition to its established role as a carcinogen, chewing tobacco may be a risk factor in the development of root surface caries and, to a lesser extent, coronal caries. This may be due to high sugar content, increased gingival (gum) recession, and enhanced collagenase activity. The authors emphasize that interventions by dentists and other members of the oral health

Studies 15

care team to prevent tobacco use and help users quit can reduce the risk of developing oral and systemic disease. 4 tables. 34 references. ·

Smokeless Tobacco (Shamma) and Oral Cancer in Saudi Arabia Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 27(6): 398-405. December 1999. Contact: Available from Munksgaard, International Publishers Ltd. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018. (781) 388-8273. Fax (781) 388-8274. Summary: Oral use of smokeless tobacco (ST) has been associated with the development of oral cancer. Shamma is a preparation of smokeless tobacco. This article reports on a study undertaken to explore the possible relationship between shamma and oral cancer, among the provinces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 26,510 Saudi cancer patients were referred over a 20 year period (1976 to 1995). The frequency of oral cancer was investigated, specifically for those primary sites located near the habitual placement of this smokeless tobacco product. Notably, 35.4 percent of these oral cancers were referred from one province (Jizan). The percentage of oral cancer cases from this province is significantly higher than the percentage of total malignant cases referred to the hospital and research center from this province, and the Saudi population of this province when compared to the whole of the KSA. These data suggest that there is a relationship between the factors smokeless tobacco product (shamma), frequency of oral cancer, and Jizan province; oral cancer appears to be more common in this province where shamma is also common. 8 tables. 27 references.

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Tobacco Use and the Periodontal Patient: Position Paper Source: Journal of Periodontology. 70(11): 1419-1426. November 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Periodontology. Subscription Department, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611-2690. (312) 7875518. Fax (312) 573-3225. Website: www.perio.org. Summary: This article was prepared by the Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of Periodontology and is intended for the information of the dental profession. The article provides the reader with a general overview of the interrelationship between tobacco use and periodontal diseases. The authors review the epidemiological and clinical findings that have led to the understanding of the role of tobacco use in relation to periodontal diseases and their treatment. In addition, the authors review the possible underlying mechanisms for these effects from tobacco use. The practitioner can use this information in treatment decisions and in giving advice to their patients who use tobacco products. Clinical and epidemiological studies support the concept that tobacco use is an important variable affecting the prevalence and progression of periodontal diseases such as adult periodontitis, refractory periodontitis, generalized early onset periodontitis, and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). In general, the periodontal status of former smokers is intermediate between that of never smokers and current smokers. A previous history of smoking does not appear to be prevent a response to periodontal therapy. 100 references.

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Relationship Between Tobacco Use and Self-Reported Oral Hygiene Habits Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 129(3): 313-320. March 1998. Summary: This article reports on a study in which a sample of 34,897 dental patients completed written surveys assessing their tobacco use, frequency of brushing and flossing, and perception of oral health problems. Brushing two times per day was

16 Tobacco

reported by 73.5 percent of the patients; flossing one time per day was reported by 35.6 percent. Tobacco users brushed and, particularly, flossed much less frequently than did nonusers. Compliance with daily flossing regimens was particularly low among smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco) users. Tobacco users also reported more oral health problems. Although smokeless tobacco users perceived that they have more serious oral health problems than do cigarette smokers or nonusers, they do not compensate for these problems by increasing their compliance with oral hygiene regimens. The authors conclude with a discussion of incorporating tobacco use cessation and oral hygiene education into regular dental care. 4 figures. 46 references. (AA-M). ·

Dental-Based, Athletic Trainer-Mediated Spit Tobacco Cessation Program for Professional Baseball Players Source: CDA Journal. California Dental Association Journal. 26(5): 365-376. May 1998. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: During 1997 spring training, the National Spit Tobacco Education Program provided a spit (smokeless) tobacco intervention program to 16 professional baseball clubs. The program consisted of an awareness raising presentation and an opportunity to discuss quitting spit tobacco use with an expert cessation counselor. For two clubs, however, a more extensive intervention was pilot-tested for feasibility and acceptability among their major and minor league teams during their regularly scheduled health examinations at the beginning of spring training. The intervention included an oral exam by a dentist; brief cessation counseling by a specially trained dental hygienist; and ongoing support and follow up by the certified athletic trainer to promote cessation. Findings from this pilot study indicate that this intervention, which is dependent upon the involvement of dental professionals, was feasible to implement during spring training and appeared to be well-received by the athletes. Dental professionals are in an excellent position to advise and help spit tobacco users to quit and can have an important role in helping youth overcome this rapidly growing addiction. 3 tables. (AA).

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Incidence and Predictors of Smokeless Tobacco Use Among US Youth Source: American Journal of Public Health. 88(1): 20-26. January 1998. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to provide estimates of the cumulative incidence of initiation of smokeless tobacco use in a cohort of young persons. The researchers also explored sociodemographic, environmental, behavioral, and personal predictors of experimentation with and regular use of snuff or chewing tobacco. The data for the study were derived from the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey and its 1993 followup. The study included 7,830 young people 11 through 19 years of age at baseline. During the 4 years, 12.7 percent of participants (20.9 percent of male participants) first tried spit (smokeless) tobacco, and 4 percent (8 percent of boys) became self-classified regular users. This suggests that, each year, approximately 824,000 young people in the U.S. in this age group experiment with smokeless tobacco and about 304,000 become regular users. Cumulative incidence was highest for male non-Hispanic Whites. Predictors of regular use included age, geographic region, cigarette smoking, participation in organized sports, and perceived friends approval or indifference. The authors conclude that public health approaches to preventing use of smokeless tobacco should include development of skills for responding to pressures to use tobacco. 2 figures. 2 tables. 53 references. (AA-M).

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Nicotine and Smokeless Tobacco Effects on Gingival and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 25(3): 246-252. March 1998. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018. (781) 388-8273. Fax (781) 388-8274. Summary: The pathogenesis of tobacco-related periodontal diseases is not well understood. This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate smokeless tobacco (ST) extract and nicotine effects on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-1beta (IL1beta) secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, consisting of monocytes and lymphocytes) and gingival mononuclear cells (GMC). Both peripheral blood and gingival tissue adjacent to the alveolar crest were taken from nonsmoking adult periodontitis patients and studied. Tissue was cultured with ST extract, nicotine, and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatments were compared by repeated analysis. Results showed that 100 micrograms per ml nicotine and 1 percent ST significantly increased secretion of PGE2 by PBMC relative to control cultures. The same amounts of nicotine and ST however, had no effect on IL-1beta secretion by PMBC. Enhanced PGE2 secretion also was seen when PBMC were treated with P. gingivalis and nicotine, relative to P. gingivalis alone. These data indicate that while nicotine and ST can stimulate PBMC to secrete PGE2, they cannot activate further mononuclear cells extracted from gingiva, possibly due to maximal previous stimulation in the periodontitis lesion. 4 figures. 43 references. (AA-M).

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Spit Tobacco Intervention in Dental Practice: Recommendations for Clinicians Source: Texas Dental Journal. 115(6): 59-63. June 1998. Contact: Available from Texas Dental Association. 1946 South Interregional Highway, Austin, TX 78704-3698. Summary: This article outlines some recommendations aimed at more effective and practical smokeless tobacco (ST or spit tobacco) intervention strategies used by clinicians in dental practice. The authors undertook a critical review of the ST literature, including evaluation of clinic and school based smoking prevention and cessation programs (due to the small number of ST-specific intervention studies). After the review, techniques and strategies for ST intervention were developed. This process established varying levels of scientific evidence in support of the recommendations. Evidence ranged from strong (research studies with an ST focus) to relatively weak (professional opinion or anecdotal evidence from clinicians and tobacco prevention or cessation investigators). The recommendations for clinicians integrate prevention and cessation strategies. The strategies are categorized into six components: Ask, Advise, Assist, Arrange, Adopt, and Act. This article discusses each of these components briefly. The authors conclude that in order to address ST use effectively, awareness regarding its harmful effects and addictive nature needs to be raised. Although many of the strategies require training and time, the authors emphasize that even minimal intervention can be effective in combating ST use. 29 references.

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Prevalence of Spit Tobacco Use Across Studies of Professional Baseball Players Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 26(5): 358-364. May 1998. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505.

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Summary: This article reports on a review of published data which, together with previously unpublished information, shows that the use of spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco, or ST) among professional baseball players continues to be alarmingly high. In spite of efforts to make players aware of the harmful effects, approximately 35 to 40 percent of professional baseball players still use ST, and about half of them have associated lesions. The authors report on the history of research into ST use in this population. When the authors first began to look into this problem in 1986, major league baseball locker rooms were stocked with free samples of dip and chewing tobacco provided by the tobacco companies. In addition to tobacco use, the prevalence of tobacco-related oral lesions in professional baseball players continues to be very high among current users, regardless of their major or minor league status. The authors note that one of the reasons that change seems slow to come in this population is that an attempt is being made to change the social norms of an essentially closed society where spit tobacco use has been commonplace and condoned for many year. However, current efforts of the National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP), Major League Baseball, the Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers Society and the Major League Baseball Players Association are expected to result in a significant reduction in spit tobacco use in this population in the next decade. 2 figures. 2 tables. 15 references. ·

Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx in Nonsmokers Who Drink Alcohol and in Nondrinkers Who Smoke Tobacco Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 90(24): 1901-1903. December 16, 1998. Summary: In developed countries, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx is rare in individuals who do not smoke and do not drink alcohol. Few studies, however, have included large enough groups of case and control subjects to provide useful information on the effect of alcohol consumption in the absence of tobacco smoking and vice versa. This article briefly reports the results of a large study (754 case subjects and 1,775 controls) conducted from 1992 through 1997. The case subjects had incident, histologically confirmed cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. The control subjects were in the hospital for acute non neoplastic conditions that were unrelated to alcohol consumption or tobacco use. Sixty case subjects and 692 control subjects were 'never smokers' and 3 case subjects and 224 control subjects were 'never drinkers.' The data confirms that there is a statistically significant risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx associated with heavy alcohol intake in 'never smokers.' The same risk is associated with heavy tobacco smoking in 'never drinkers.' Tobacco smoke contains a number of carcinogenic substances and comes in direct contact with the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. Consequently, the increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx associated with tobacco use in 'never drinkers' is not surprising. However, the association with alcohol intake in 'never smokers' is more difficult to interpret, because ethanol per se is not a proven carcinogen in animal experiments. The authors also note that women may be more vulnerable than men to alcohol induced carcinogenesis. 2 tables. 12 references.

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Use of Smokeless Tobacco by Young Adult Females Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 10(1): 19-25. 1998. Contact: Available from Ablex Publishing Corporation. 100 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 811, Stamford, CT 06904-0811. (203) 323-9606. Summary: In contrast to the well documented use of smokeless tobacco (ST) by men, far less is known about ST use by women. In part, this is due to the small overall prevalence

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of ST use among women. This article offers a descriptive report of the use of ST by young adult women in the upper midwest. Twenty women, identified as ST users, completed a tobacco questionnaire and brief interview. The majority (80 percent) were introduced to ST by friends and 60 percent had tried cigarettes before using ST. Almost all used ST daily, averaging 3.6 dips per day. The number of dips per day was significantly correlated with salivary cotinine. Subjects listed relaxation and pleasure most frequently as reasons for using ST. Twenty five percent reported using ST to quit smoking and a similar percentage reported using ST to curb their appetite. The women consumed less tobacco than male ST users and, although aware of health risks, were unconcerned about their present use of ST. The authors note that with the introduction of new flavored snuff products, ST may become more appealing to the tastes of diverse groups of people, including women. The potential acceptance of ST among women should be the focus of further research. 19 references. ·

Office-Based Training in Tobacco Cessation for Dental Professionals Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 128(2): 216-224. February 1997. Summary: This article reports on a continuing education program for dental professionals. During 90-minute on-site training sessions, a dentist who is a tobaccocessation educator trained 293 dental professionals from 57 offices. The authors report statistically significant increases between the pre-training and follow-up surveys for 12 tobacco-cessation activities and the amount of time spent on such activities. Using participants' estimates, taken at three months after the training, the authors calculated that an average of two patients per office had stopped using tobacco, two had stopped and relapsed, and eight patients were considering stopping tobacco usage. The officebased model of providing tobacco-cessation training appears to offer a successful alternative training model to more traditional discipline-specific or geographically centralized training models. On-site training provides convenience for trainees and allows the entire office staff to become involved, as has been recommended in the dental tobacco-cessation literature. 3 tables. 33 references. (AA-M).

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Legal and Scientific Basis for FDA's Assertion of Jurisdiction Over Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 277(5): 405-409. February 5, 1997. Summary: This article outlines the legal and scientific basis for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) assertion of jurisdiction over cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco). On August 28, 1996 the FDA determined that the nicotine in cigarettes and spit tobacco does 'affect the structure or any function of the body' (as required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) because nicotine causes addiction and other pharmacologic effects. The FDA then determined that these pharmacologic effects are 'intended' because a scientific consensus has emerged that nicotine is addictive. Recent studies have shown that most consumers use cigarettes and spit tobacco for pharmacological purposes, including satisfying their addiction to nicotine. Newly disclosed evidence has revealed that the manufacturers know that nicotine causes pharmacological effects, including addiction, and design their products to provide pharmacologically active doses of nicotine. The FDA thus concluded that cigarettes and smokeless tobacco are subject to FDA jurisdiction because they contain a 'drug,' nicotine, and a 'device' for delivering this drug to the body. 60 references. (AA).

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Position Paper on Tobacco Cessation Source: ORL-Head and Neck Nursing. 15(3): 20. Summer 1997. Summary: This article presents the Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Nurses' official position on tobacco cessation. The position paper is designed to help ensure that the voice of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) nursing is heard as the fight for a smoke-free America continues. The paper defines the issue as follows: tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death in the U.S., yet tobacco is the most unregulated product in the U.S. In addition to the direct use of tobacco, there is growing recognition of the health risks associated with passive smoking. Tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and smokeless tobacco products (i.e., chewing or spit tobacco and snuff). The position paper then outlines the resolutions that the Society supports, including efforts to achieve a smoke-free environment; age-specific consumer education regarding tobacco use, prevention, and cessation; legislative initiatives aimed at tobacco regulation; nursing assessment of tobacco use by every client and family; nursing interventions which assist people to quit their tobacco habits; and research initiatives aimed at tobacco prevention and cessation strategies. (AA-M).

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Tobacco Control Activities in U.S. Dental Practices Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 128(12): 1669-1679. December 1997. Summary: The authors of this article surveyed general dentists, periodontists, pediatric dentists, and dental hygienists in three U.S. geographical regions to estimate the percentage who practiced tobacco use cessation activities in their dental offices. A total of 1,746 dentists and 723 dental hygienists completed either a long or short version of a mailed survey or telephone interview. The authors found that tobacco cessation activities are not a routine part of dental practice and that tobacco control activities and training vary by dentist type and geographical region. While 89 percent of all dentists and 87 percent of dental hygienists asked at least one patient they had seen in the previous three months whether or not he or she smoked, only 33 percent of all dentists and 25 percent of dental hygienists asked most or nearly all of the patients they had seen in the previous three months if they smoked. Almost all of the dental practices who responded to the survey had a policy banning tobacco use anywhere in the office by staff members (91 percent) or by patients (97 percent). The authors conclude with a discussion of current guidelines for the dental-based delivery of tobacco use cessation education. The authors note that their results suggest that the dental profession will not meet the Healthy People 2000 objective to increase to at least 75 percent, the percentage of primary care and oral health care providers who routinely advise cessation and provide assistance and follow up for all of their tobacco-using patients. 1 figure. 4 tables. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Prevention and Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Use Source: Advances in Dental Research. 11(3): 342-349. September 1997. Contact: Available from International Association for Dental Research. 1619 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3406. (703) 548-0066. Fax (703) 548-1883. Summary: This article is a review of the literature examining school-based prevention and treatment intervention programs for smokeless tobacco users. Although few schoolbased prevention studies have been conducted, the results are promising. Many of the treatment studies that have been conducted are limited due to the sample size and the

Studies 21

lack of a control group. However, of the studies that have not had these limitations, the results are also promising. In general, studies show that intervention in the dental office can be effective and that group behavioral treatment may also improve cessation rates over minimal contact. On the other hand, pharmacological treatment, which has primarily focused on 2 mg nicotine gum, has not been found to be an effective treatment. Dentists are in an ideal position to advise and assist smokeless tobacco users to quit. The majority of smokeless tobacco users want advice and help from their dentists, and a significant number indicate that discussion of the negative oral effects from the use of smokeless tobacco has an impact on their desire to quit. 2 tables. 24 references. (AA-M). ·

Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Systemic Effects Associated with the Use of Smokeless Tobacco Source: Advances in Dental Research. 11(3): 313-321. September 1997. Contact: Available from International Association for Dental Research. 1619 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3406. (703) 548-0066. Fax (703) 548-1883. Summary: Persons who use chewing tobacco and snuff (spit tobacco or smokeless tobacco) experience an increased risk of oral cancer. This article describes recent research on cardiovascular disease, oral and other cancers, and other potential long term or chronic systemic effects of smokeless tobacco (ST). The relatively few human population studies to date conflict with respect to whether ST use elevates cardiovascular risk factors or leads to cardiovascular disease or death from cardiovascular causes. Hemoglobin adducts to carcinogens present in ST products are measurable in the blood of ST users, indicating the ST related carcinogens circulate throughout the body. This prompts a concern that ST may increase risks of other cancers as well. The evidence to date from epidemiologic studies indicates no relationship between ST and bladder cancer, but there is suggestive evidence linking ST use to prostate cancer risk. Only single studies have been conducted of some cancers, and inconsistencies among studies of the same cancer site have been reported. Molecular epidemiologic studies may help identify markers of malignant transformation in ST users; this identification may help in early intervention to prevent or reduce the consequences of oral cancer. The author concludes with a call for further studies to determine more clearly the cardiovascular and non-oral cancer risks potentially associated with ST use. 56 references. (AA-M).

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Role of Tobacco Use in Periodontal Diseases: A Literature Review Source: General Dentistry. 45(5): 449-460. September-October 1997. Contact: Available from Academy of General Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60611-2670. (888) 243-3368 or (312) 440-4300. Fax (312) 440-0559. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.agd.org. Summary: This article surveys early and current research on the relationship between smoking and various aspects of dental health. The author briefly discusses results of early studies on the prevalence of periodontal disease in smokers, which were often contradictory. The author then presents results of more recent research on the effects of tobacco on the peritoneum. This includes research examining the relationship between smoking and the various indicators of periodontitis, such as bone and tooth loss. Studies examining the effect of smoking on the outcome of periodontal therapy, and ways in which tobacco may be harmful are also reviewed, as are the effects of smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco or ST) on the periodontium. It is clear that smoking cessation following

22 Tobacco

treatment for periodontitis will significantly improve the prognosis for periodontal health. The author suggests that a separate category for smoking associated periodontitis be created. In addition, the author emphasizes the important role of dental team members in helping their patients stop the use of tobacco. 96 references. (AA-M). ·

Oral Lesions Associated with Betel Quid and Tobacco Chewing Habits Source: Oral Diseases. 3(3): 204-205. September 1997. Contact: Available from Stockton Press. Marketing Department, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. (800) 747-3187. Summary: A variety of oral mucosal lesions and conditions associated with betel leaf or inflorescence, areca nut and tobacco habits have been reported in the literature. This article reprints consensus guidelines and recommendations arising from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in November 1996. The workshop was held to encourage uniformity in reporting betel quid or tobacco chewing habits and associated oral mucosal lesions. The article offers definitions of chewer's mucosa, areca nut related lesions, quid-induced lesions, oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), and betel quid lichenoid lesions. The authors conclude that appropriate classification and recognition of other betel quid induced lesions and conditions as defined in this report implies a narrowing of the definition of leukoplakia and lichen planus.

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Oral Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Use By Professional Baseball Players Source: Advances in Dental Research. 11(3): 307-312. September 1997. Contact: Available from International Association for Dental Research. 1619 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3406. (703) 548-0066. Fax (703) 548-1883. Summary: This review article covers studies conducted from 1988 to 1990 on the oral consequences of snuff and chewing tobacco use among professional baseball players. About half of the players studied were smokeless tobacco (ST) users, the majority of whom used snuff. Compared with nonusers, players who used ST showed a significantly higher prevalence of leukoplakia, which was related to placement of the ST quid, and the frequency, amount, duration, and type of ST used. Sites adjacent to these mucosal lesions showed an increased prevalence of gingival recession with associated attachment loss, cervical abrasion, and root caries than did comparable sites in nonusers. Extrinsic stain and occlusal attrition were also more frequent in ST users than in nonusers. While ST use placed players at significantly increased risk for mucosal lesions and other oral problems, no differences were found between ST nonusers and users in measurements of batting, fielding, and pitching performance during the baseball season. 3 figures. 18 references. (AA).

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Smokeless (Spit) Tobacco: A Review of the State of the Science Source: Advances in Dental Research. 11(3): 305-359. September 1997. Contact: Available from International Association for Dental Research. 1619 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3406. (703) 548-0066. Fax (703) 548-1883. Summary: This report summarizes a symposium organized to cover a wide range of topics related to spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco, or ST), including: the clinical and pathologic effects of spit tobacco use; the epidemiology of oral cancer and other systemic effects; the chemical composition of the products and mechanisms of carcinogenesis; bioavailability and nicotine addiction research; the systemic absorption

Studies 23

and effects of nicotine; and spit tobacco prevention and cessation programs. The papers in the report note that ST use is prevalent and increasing. ST is a continuing major public health problem in the United States and other countries. The authors contend that the tobacco industry has been able to accomplish this increase by its successful use of the 'graduation process,' in which it tries to get youngsters to start with milder brands and then gradually move up to stronger and stronger brands. Each of the articles includes references. ·

Effects of Tobacco Excise Taxes on the Use of Smokeless Tobacco Products in the USA Source: Health Economics. 6(4): 525-531. July-August 1997. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Journals Subscription Department, 1 Oldlands Way, Bogner Regis, West Sussex PO22 9SA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: In this report, data from the September 1985 Current Population Survey are used to estimate the effects of tobacco excise taxes and state laws restricting smoking in public places on the likelihood of current use of cigarettes or smokeless tobacco (ST) products (moist snuff or chewing tobacco) among males in the U.S. The results indicate that higher ST excise tax rates are associated with a reduced probability of ST use, whereas higher cigarette excise tax rates are associated with an increased probability of ST use, holding other factors constant. State laws restricting smoking have no apparent affect on ST use. The authors caution that these estimates are obtained from data that pre date the passage of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Act of 1986 and the proliferation of restrictive smoking laws. Estimates obtained from more recent data might yield different conclusions. Nonetheless, the results reported here will provide a useful reference point for future research. 1 appendix. 2 tables. 16 references.

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Do Dentists and Physicians Advise Tobacco Users to Quit? Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 127(2): 259-265. February 1996. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to examine dentists' and physicians' effectiveness in advising patients who use tobacco to quit. The authors estimated the percentages of smokers in the U.S. who visited a dentist or physician in the preceding year, the percentages of those who were advised by their health care provider to stop smoking, and the percentages of those who planned to quit smoking. The authors also estimated the percentage of smokeless tobacco users who were ever advised by their dentist or physician to quit. The results of the study indicate that dentists and physicians may not be maximizing their opportunities to advise their patients who use tobacco to quit, or they are not adequately communicating to their patients the importance of quitting. 4 tables. 29 references. (AA).

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Smokeless Tobacco: From Backyard to Boardroom? Source: Texas Dental Journal. 113(6): 21-22. June 1996. Contact: Available from Texas Dental Association. 1946 South Interregional Highway, Austin, TX 78704-3698. (512) 443-3675. Summary: This article reports on recent indications from a Texas epidemiological study that spit tobacco (ST or smokeless tobacco) use is increasing, particularly in settings where cigarette smoking is no longer permitted. Data from the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) was used to estimate the ST use prevalence from

24 Tobacco

years 1987 and 1988. ST use was assessed by asking questions during a telephone interview about previous and current use of ST. Overall ST use prevalence for Texas during 1987 and 1988 was 4.6 percent. This compares with a median national ST use prevalence of 3.1 percent in 1987 and 3.0 percent in 1988. The authors discuss other findings that did not reach statistical significance (perhaps due to sample size), but that may be of particular interest for evaluating trends. Findings of interest include the considerable differences in ST use prevalence among different household income levels. Respondents who reported more than $50,000 per year in total household income showed a ST use prevalence of 6.2 percent. This compares with a 4.1 percent prevalence among persons reporting less than $10,000 per year total household income. This finding seems contrary to the widely reported finding that persons of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to use ST. In addition, ST users reported ST use to cut down on or avoid smoking. More and more Texas cities (approximately 233 to date) are enacting smoking ordinances restricting smoking in public places and access by minors to cigarettes. This trend may actually be encouraging an increase in ST use, especially by those who choose to treat their nicotine addiction with ST rather than by lighting up. Also of concern are statements by ST users who believe ST decreases their risk of cancer compared to smoking. What these ST users do not know is that ST contains considerably more nicotine and nitrosamines than cigarettes. The authors conclude by encouraging further research in this area and by providing the contact information for the Smokeless Tobacco Education Program (888-443-CHEW). 8 references. ·

Effect of Cessation of Tobacco Use on the Incidence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in a 10Year Follow-Up Study of 12,212 Users Source: Oral Diseases. Volume 1: 54-58. 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to study the effect of cessation of tobacco use on the incidence of lichen planus, leukoplakia and other oral mucosal lesions. The 10-year cohort study included interviews and examinations of 12,212 tobacco users at baseline and annually. At each examination, they were exposed to health educational programs to encourage them to quit their tobacco use. A total of 77,681 person-years of observation accrued among men and 32,544 among women. The incidence of oral lichen planus did not show any consistent association with cessation of tobacco habits, but for leukoplakia there was a substantial drop in the incidence after cessation. Several other tobacco-associated and oral mucosal lesions such as oral lichen planus-like like lesion, smoker's palate, preleukoplakia, central papillary atrophy of the tongue, and of the tongue, and leukoedema showed either zero, or very small incidence, after cessation. 2 figures. 4 tables. 19 references. (AA-M).

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Effective Smokeless Tobacco Intervention for Dental Hygiene Patients Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene. 66(4): 185-190. May 1992. Summary: This article reports on a study designed to test the effectiveness of a smokeless tobacco (ST) intervention delivered in the oral health care office setting. A total of 518 male ST users were identified by questionnaire in clinic waiting rooms and then randomly assigned to either a usual-care control group or a special intervention group. Dental hygienists took the primary role in delivering the intervention, which consisted of a soft-tissue examination with special attention to oral lesions, advice to quit ST, distribution of self-help materials, a short video on why and how to stop using ST, and encouragement to set a quit date. Follow-up assessments conducted three months after the office visit showed that a significantly greater proportion of

Studies 25

intervention group patients had stopped using ST (32 percent of the intervention group participants versus 21 percent of control group patients). The intervention protocol is described in detail so that dental hygienists may adapt it for use in their practice. 4 tables. 45 references. (AA). ·

Abrasive Particles in Tobacco Products: A Possible Factor in Dental Attrition Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 126(3): 327-331. March 1995. Summary: Tobacco products are known to cause oral soft-tissue lesions, but they may also directly affect the teeth. Abrasive particles contained in tobacco products may contribute to dental attrition. This article reports on a study of tobacco samples from 16 brands of cigars, eight brands of snuff, four brands of chewing tobacco, and several unprocessed tobacco leaves used as cigar wrappers. Insoluble particulate matter made up about 0.5 percent of the weight of an average tobacco sample. The study confirms that tobacco contains tiny silica particles, supporting the possibility that oral forms of tobacco can abrade the dentition of chronic users. 5 figures. 1 table. 16 references. (AAM).

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Smokeless Tobacco: Epidemiology, Health Effects and Cessation Strategies Source: American Family Physician. 52(5): 1421-1430. October 1995. Summary: This article examines the epidemiology of smokeless or spit tobacco use and its adverse health consequences. The authors also present prevention and cessation strategies that may be incorporated into family practice. Health risks of smokeless tobacco include leukoplakia, oral cancer, and systemic nicotine effects such as elevated blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. To avoid or control these effects, family physicians should identify patients who use smokeless tobacco and encourage and support cessation efforts. Patients who are unsure about quitting need the risks of their habit personalized, and those who are actively trying to stop using smokeless tobacco need emotional and, in some cases, therapeutic support (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy). The authors conclude that all smokeless tobacco users, regardless of their motivation to quit, need to be followed to ensure compliance with cessation advice or to detect medical complications from use of this form of tobacco. 8 figures. 1 table. 36 references. (AA-M).

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Tobacco Usage: A Serious Health Hazard Source: NDA Journal. National Dental Association Journal. 46(1): 32. Summer 1995. Summary: This brief article summarizes the health hazards associated with tobacco usage. Topics covered include the forms of tobacco, the role of advertising, statistics on smoking in adults and youth, oral cancer, and the morbidity and mortality resulting from tobacco use. The author also relays the goals and strategies of the National Dental Tobacco Free Steering Committee (NDTFSC), a group established in 1989 to ensure that the oral health team and dental organizations are involved in influencing patients and the public to avoid and discontinue the use of tobacco. The author calls for the National Dental Association to support the NDTFSC by adopting a formal resolution regarding tobacco and its use and by recommending to its members the importance of pursuing positive efforts to educate their patients regarding the adverse health effects of tobacco. 4 references.

26 Tobacco

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Report of a Pilot Study: A Program to Help Major League Baseball Players Quit Using Spit Tobacco Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 125(5): 559-568. May 1994. Summary: This paper reports data from a pilot study undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two dental-oriented interventions to promote cessation of smokeless tobacco (ST) use among major league baseball players. A total of 96 players who used ST were placed into a minimum intervention group (n = 50) or an extended intervention group (n = 46). The article describes the interventions used and the success rates obtained. The authors conclude that interventions involving an oral examination and advice to quit, combined with behavioral counseling, may effectively decrease ST use among professional baseball players. 6 tables. 34 references. (AA-M).

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Model Curriculum for Tobacco Use Cessation and Prevention Intervention Source: Health Values. 18(1): 96-101. January-February 1994. Summary: In this article, the authors present a model curriculum for tobacco use cessation and prevention intervention. They note that few oral health care providers intervene in any more substantive way than simply telling patients that they should stop smoking. The authors then present an 8-hour curriculum that addresses the goals of having oral health care providers routinely assess tobacco use, advise cessation, and provide assistance and follow-up for tobacco-using patients. The article discusses the curriculum's goals and objectives, the core content outline, implementation issues, and a clinical teaching component. The article includes a chart outlining the eight sections covered in the curriculum, including the role of the oral health care provider in tobacco use prevention and cessation; epidemiology; the health effects of tobacco use and the benefits of cessation; the dynamics of tobacco use and cessation; an overview of smoking cessation interventions, including pharmacotherapeutic strategies; the prevention of tobacco use; social-political issues; and the integration of tobacco interventions into dental practice settings. 1 figure. 4 references.

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Use of Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Strategies and Techniques in the Dental Office Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 121(11): 1475-1484. November 1994. Summary: In order to establish a uniform method of determining dental team members' involvement in tobacco prevention and cessation, the National Cancer Institute developed assessment guidelines. The Minnesota Department of Health Dental Health Program was named to design and implement the first major study using these guidelines. This article reports on that study and makes recommendations for action based on research findings. A questionnaire was mailed to random samples in Minnesota; the survey instrument was composed of 32 question categories that requested information about a broad range of demographic, practice profile, dental office procedure, and patient management issues related to tobacco control. Usable questionnaires were received from 73 percent of dentists (462/630), 79 percent of hygienists (479/610), and 62 percent of dental assistants (436/700). Results are discussed in the areas of personal tobacco use, office tobacco policies, office procedures, tobacco control activities with smokers and smokeless tobacco users, and tobacco use cessation activities. The authors conclude that most Minnesota dentists and staffs have not received formal training in this area, but want to learn how to help their patients. 1 figure. 3 tables. 36 references. (AA-M).

Studies 27

Federally Funded Research on Tobacco The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tobacco. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tobacco. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tobacco. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tobacco: ·

Project Title: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL TO REDUCE ETS IN CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lanphear, Bruce P. Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, OH 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The objective of this proposal is to improve our understanding of the role that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) plays in asthma. Asthma, a disease characterized by increased airway reactivity and inflammation in response to a variety of stimuli, is emerging as the most prevalent and serious environmental health problem among children in the United States. Numerous studies, both prospective and cross-sectional, suggest that exposure to ETS is one of the predominate risk factors for childhood asthma, but this has not been confirmed in a controlled trial. This proposed study will be the first large scale, controlled trial utilizing passive controls designed to test the effects of reducing indoor ETS on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, airway inflammation (as measured with expired nitric oxide), and health services utilization. We request 48 months of support to conduct a randomized, double-blind prospective trial involving 240 children with doctordiagnosed asthma who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, to test the efficacy of reducing such exposure on asthma symptoms. The intervention consists of placement of 2 high efficiency air filtration with activated carbon, potassium permanganate and zeolite filter insert (HEPA-CPZ) to reduce exposure to ETS in the experimental homes and inactive (placebo) units in the control group homes. We will test the following hypotheses: (1.0) Children assigned to the ETS reduction group will have significant improvements in asthma symptoms and pulmonary function compared with children in the control group. (1.1) Children assigned to the ETS reduction group will have >25 percent reduction in exacerbations of asthma during one year of follow-up compared with those in the control group. (1.2) Children assigned to the ETS reduction group will have improvement in pulmonary function as measured by >10 percent difference in forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV 1) and >15 percent difference in forced

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

28 Tobacco

expiratory fraction of 25 percent-75 percent (FEF25-75 percent) at 12-month follow-up compared with those in the control group. (1.3) Children assigned to the ETS reduction group will have > 10 percent reduction in exhaled nitric oxide, a measure of airway inflammation during one year of follow-up compared with the control group. (1.4) Children assigned to the ETS reduction group will have a >20 percent reduction in health services utilization for asthma during one-year follow-up compared with those in the control group. (2.0) Children who are exposed to higher levels of ETS, as measured by cotinine, will experience higher rates of asthma symptoms and diminished pulmonary function in a dose-response relationship. Our proposed randomized, controlled trial, consisting of biologic markers of exposure, will provide evidence of a causal pathway between the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and asthma, substantially improve our understanding of the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to childhood asthma, and provide important information to develop prevention strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: A SIMULATION OF TOBACCO POLICY, SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Levy, David T. Professor; Pacific Institute for Res and Evaluation Calverton, MD 207053102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Because over 85% of lung cancer is caused by smoking, we focus on the effect of tobacco policies on lung cancer. We will extend a previously developed macro-simulation model, known as SimSmoke, to predict smoking-attributable lung cancer the effect of tobacco control policies on those deaths. The first major aim of this project is extending SimSrnoke to estimate and predict smoking-attributable lung cancer deaths. The model will be programmed to estimate the number of smoking-attributable lung cancer deaths to smoker and non smokers during the past ten years and predict deaths over the next 35 years, and to distinguish the number of deaths by age, gender and by racial/ethnic group, and distinguish the effects of quantity smoked and smoking prevalence. We will also distinguish the effect on lung cancer of factors other than smoking, other such as other risks and the effects of treatment. We also propose to determine the impact of tobacco control interventions on observed trends in mortality; and to determine if the interventions are having their expected population impact. Specifically, SimSmoke will be used to estimate the number of smoking-attributable deaths in the United States averted as a result of policies implemented in the last ten years, and estimate the number of smoking deaths that have been averted as a result of policies implemented in the last ten years in three states with proactive tobacco control policy. We will also consider the potential impact of policies in the future. In examining the effect of tobacco control policies, we will distinguish their effects on smoker and non-smoker deaths, their effects by age, gender, and racial/ethnic group, and their effects in terms of quantity reduction and smoking cessation. We will also add a new module to examine the effect of new tobacco products (low tar and cigarettes without certain additives) and non-tobacco products (inhalers) which may reduce lung cancer risk, and a module to consider how improved lung cancer detection and treatment may reduce smoking-attributable lung cancer deaths, and how they might be coordinated with tobacco control policies. A final goal of this project will be to critically examine the methods that are traditionally used to project lung cancer deaths, and determine how the estimates depend on the sensitivity to key parameters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A SMOKING INTERVENTION FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Helstrom, Amy W. Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The persistence and prevalence of adolescent substance use has become a national health problem. Tobacco use in particular is increasing among adolescents. Nearly two-thirds of all adolescents smoke at least one cigarette before the age of 18, more than doubling an adolescent's risk for regular adult smoking (USDHHS, 1994). While the problem is known to be pervasive, there has been much less research on the development of effective treatments for this heterogeneous population, particularly sub-groups within the substance using adolescent population, such as juvenile offenders. Research with adult substance users has shown that Motivational Interviewing is effective in reducing the severity and frequency of substance use. MI has also shown promise with particular types of adolescent substance use, such as cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. It has not yet been tested with delinquent adolescents, a group for whom developing successful treatments has been particularly difficult. The proposed study will test the effectiveness of a brief intervention, Motivational Interviewing (MI), for tobacco-using juvenile offenders and will test whether comorbid problems, such as depression, moderate outcomes. In a controlled, randomized 2 (Intervention: Motivational Interviewing vs. Standard Education) x 3 (Time: Baseline, 30 day, 6 month) mixed factorial design we will test the hypothesis that MI will increase motivation to change tobacco use and reduce frequency and quantity of tobacco use at follow-up intervals. Dependent variables include frequency and quantity of tobacco use, motivation to change behavior, and biochemical measures of tobacco use such as expired CO and salivary cotinine. We will also test our second hypothesis that comorbid problems moderate treatment outcome. Long term objectives include learning more about the effectiveness of MI as a cost-effective, widely applicable technique to increase motivation to reduce substance use and advancing a conceptualization of how comorbid problems may influence the course and outcome of treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREVENTION

ACTIVATING

MULTIETHNIC

YOUTH

FOR

SMOKING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Glanz, Karen; Professor; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, HI 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Achieving significant reductions in tobacco use by children and youth is one of the most important challenges in cancer prevention today. There is a pressing need to develop and evaluate innovative strategies that stimulate youth involvement, link prevention programs with today's dynamic tobacco control policy environment, and are effective in multiethnic populations. The aims of this study are to: 1) Evaluate the impact of a school-based smoking prevention intervention that emphasizes active involvement of middle school students, on rates of regular smoking and smoking initiation in a multiethnic cohort of youth in Hawaii; 2) investigate cultural factors associated with tobacco use among Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, and Caucasian youth; and 3) determine the relationships among access to tobacco products, youth smoking rates, and sources of tobacco among youth in Hawaii. We will conduct a randomized trial of a Student Involvement Intervention (SII) with its foundations in a conceptual

30 Tobacco

framework that blends Social Cognitive Theory, Social Action Theory and the Sense of Coherence construct from Antonovsky's salutogenic model of health behavior. Twenty middle schools in Hawaii will be randomly assigned to the SII or a Standard Prevention Program (SPP). The SII has three main components: Virtual Tobacco-Free Classroom, Youth Drama Education, and Youth Advocacy Training. The 2 year intervention will be evaluated prospectively in a cohort of 7th graders, with surveys at baseline, one year, and two years. The main outcome will be mean 30 day smoking prevalence rates in each school. The final outcome will also be measured with biochemical assessments using saliva continine in a sub-sample of schools in both study arms. Cultural influences will be examined using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Access-use associations will be assessed by ecological analyses comparing individuals' reports with compliance check findings. The proposed study fills important research gaps concerning young people's smoking. It leads a new generation of prevention trials by testing innovative, creative, relevant strategies while increasing our understanding of cultural influences on youth smoking and of the impact of tobacco control policies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ACUTE NICOTINE ABSTINENCE IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The applicants will conduct a detailed, prospective examination of tobacco withdrawal symptoms of male and female adolescents who are either heavy users, light users or nonusers of tobacco products (including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco). In adults, physical dependence as documented by the presence of withdrawal symptoms, is known to be an important factor in the maintenance of cigarette smoking, and the intensity of nicotine withdrawal has been shown to be directly correlated to the intensity of nicotine use. It has been suggested that like adults, adolescents may also be physically dependent on nicotine. However, all the studies examining incidence of nicotine withdrawal in adolescents have been retrospective in nature, but they suggest that selfreports from adolescents indicate that they also experience withdrawal during abstinence from nicotine. The specific aims of this proposal are (1) to conduct a prospective and systematic study of nicotine withdrawal symptomatology in adolescents who differ in amount of tobacco use (heavy users, light users, nonusers) using standard nicotine withdrawal measures as well as the Clinical Institute for Narcotic Assessment (CINA) scale-(2) to evaluate gender differences in the incidence of nicotine withdrawal in adolescents, (3) to determine if adolescents experience cognitive performance deficits during nicotine withdrawal and if these deficits are greater in heavy users compared with light users of tobacco products, (4) to evaluate alterations in responsivity to both physical and mental stress during nicotine withdrawal, in heavy and light users of tobacco products, compared with nonusers of tobacco and (5) to document alterations in responsivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic system during nicotine withdrawal and exposure to stress. The results of this study would have substantial implications for the use of nicotine substitution and other treatments in adolescents for the pharmacological management of withdrawal, and could also help elucidate the role of cognitive deficits and stress in maintaining cigarette smoking in adolescents. Determining physical dependence and related changes in adolescent tobacco users may also provide valuable information regarding the process of development and maintenance of nicotine dependence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ADENOCARINOMA OF THE LUNG IN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Ann G. Associate Professor and Associate Dir.,; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: In 1998, 80,000 women in the US were diagnosed with lung cancer and incidence rates, particularly of adenocarcinoma, continue to increase among women. Many pieces of evidence suggest that there are gender differences in susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens. Several studies have shown that DNA adducts, p53 mutations, CYP1A1 expression in the lung, and GSTM1 null genotypes are more frequent in females than in males. Reasons for differential susceptibility by gender might be explained by variations in metabolic enzyme functioning or hormonal differences. Some of the same enzymes involved in the metabolism of carcinogens in tobacco smoke are involved in the metabolism of estrogen. The goals of the proposed study are two-fold. First, we will evaluate the role of tobacco smoke and estrogens in determining risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung among women. Secondly, we will evaluate the role of estrogen receptors and c-erbB-2 in lung tumors to further understand the pathways through which estrogen may be acting in the lung. The specific aims are: 1) To conduct a population-based case-control study of the contribution of tobacco exposure, estrogen use, and reproductive history in determining risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung in women. 716 cases will be identified through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System of the Karmanos Cancer Institute (a SEER participant). An equal number of controls will be selected through random digit dialing. 2) To determine if genotype at the metabolic enzyme loci CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP17, CYP19, GSTM1, GSTP1, COMT, and NQO1 are associated with risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung in women. These enzymes are active in both the metabolism of tobacco smoke carcinogens and the synthesis and metabolism of estrogens. 3) To examine gene-gene and geneenvironment interactions, focusing on tobacco and estrogen effects. 4) To determine estrogen receptor status (alpha and beta) and c-erbB-2 levels in the lung tumors of women with adenocarcinoma and evaluate risk associated with tobacco exposure, estrogen use, reproductive history, and genotype at metabolic enzyme loci by tumor characteristics. The proposed study represents a focused approach to defining the contribution of genes and environments in risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung in women. The interview component of the study will provide data about individually measured environmental risk factors. Genotypes have been chosen which impact on biologically effective dose of tobacco carcinogens and estrogens in the lung. The study of tumor characteristics will provide insight into mechanism of action. This large, population-based study should provide clues for important prevention and therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALLELIC DELETION IN LUNG CANCERS OF SMOKERS & NONSMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bennett, William P. Associate Research Scientist; Beckman Research Inst of City of Hope Helford Building Duarte, CA 910103000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background. Carcinogens leave their "signatures" in tumors in the form of characteristic genetic damage. One of the best examples is a molecular "signature" of tobacco smoke in the p53 tumor suppressor gene from lung cancers. Although highly specific, this imprimatur occurs in less than 20% of tumors, so

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a more common marker is needed. A recent report showed that allelic deletion occurs more often in lung cancers from smokers than nonsmokers, that the distribution of damage differs in these groups, and that statistically meaningful differences could be discerned in studies of modest size. If confirmed and extended, this approach might define a useful genetic marker for tobacco carcinogens as well as a new tool for investigating cancer etiology.Principal Hypothesis. Carcinogens in tobacco smoke cause recognizable patterns of allelic deletion at characteristic chromosomal locations.Specific Aims. [I] Determine patterns and frequencies of allelic deletion in early stage, lung adenocarcinomas from forty white women including 20 smokers and 20 never-smokers. [II] Analyze data from Aim I to assess the feasibility and cost of developing a sensitive and specific signature of genetic damage caused by tobacco smoke. [III] Compare the character of allelic deletion at chromosome 9p in early stage lung adenocarcinomas from smokers and nonsmokers.Samples & Laboratory Methods. Twenty, early stage lung adenocarcinomas from smoking women will be matched by age, stage, histology, gender and ethnicity to 20 lung cancers from never-smokers. Allelic deletion will be tested at 16 chromosomal loci commonly lost in lung cancers from smokers and neversmokers.Data Analysis. Multivariate analysis will test coordinate genetic losses for power to discriminate prior exposure to tobacco smoke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ANALYSIS FOR NITROSAMINES, CHANGING CIGARETTE, ADDITIVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffman, Dietrich K. Associate Director of Research; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) We propose to exhaustively search and evaluate the rich databases that exist in the form of tobacco litigation documents in the state of Minnesota, and in Guildford, England; as well as the Internet Sites dealing with tobacco and tobacco smoke of the four major U.S. tobacco companies, the Tobacco Institute, the Council for Tobacco Research, the U.S. House of Representatives Commerce Committee, the State of California, and Online Tobacco Documents of Michael ("Tac") Tacelosky. We specifically intend to extract citations of industry research on carcinogenic Nnitrosamines, especially the nicotine-derived N- nitros-amines in the changing cigarette (cigarette engineering and its consequences for the smoker), and on tobacco additives. Since the first epidemiologic documentation of a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in 1950, the make-up of the U.S. cigarette has undergone drastic changes. It has been established that the addictive nature of nicotine is a major reason for sustained habitual use of tobacco, and that nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines are major carcinogens. The tobacco industry over many decades publicly denied that the nicotine dependency exists. It also rejected the fact that cigarette smoking is causally associated with the risks for cancer of the lung, upper respiratory tract, pancreas, renal pelvis, and urinary bladder, and that it increases the risk for coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive lung disease and stroke. In spite of this official stance, industry scientists have undertaken research that is germane to the study of nicotine addiction, and to product changes designed to "minimize" health risk for the smoker. This required increased use of flavor additives and it is undocumented whether combustion products of such agents add to the toxic and genotoxic potential of cigarette smoke. We plan to extract from the cited documents information on invaluable baseline research that points the way to future research needs; whereby we aim to reduce tobacco addiction and

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tobacco smoking, and to minimize the risks associated with tobacco use while addiction persists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ARAB AMERICAN YOUTH: TOBACCO USE AND INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Virginia H. None; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Research studies have shown cigarette-smoking rates in middle-eastern adolescents to range from 33 to 58 percent. The aims of this community-based, theory-driven research are (a) to examine cultural, personal, social, and environmental forces operating in at risk for habitual tobacco use Arab American youths and (b) to test the effects of a cessation intervention on smoking behavior at three, six, and twelve months post intervention. Cigarette smoking is the chief avoidable cause of death and disease in the United States and in Michigan. In 1996, 25.9 percent of the Michigan adult population smoked cigarettes; Michigan has the 10th highest smoking rate in the nation (Michigan Critical Health Indicators, 1996). Direct medical care costs attributable to smoking were nearly $940 million in 1994. Contributing to tobacco use statistics in Michigan is a rapidly growing Arab American immigrant population. The highest concentration of Arab Americans, with an estimated population of 300,000, live in Michigan; more than 36 percent were born outside the United States. Pilot data showed a 25 percent smoking rate in Arab American youths ages 14-18. Arab Americans are one of the fastest growing cultural minorities in the U.S. and the health consequences of continued tobacco use in this population in terms of human suffering from tobacco-related illnesses and health care dollars is potentially very high. The setting for this study is the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS) Teen Health Center which services almost 2500 youth (visits each year). The majority of the people the clinic serves are poor, under-educated, live in extended families of 3-5 adults, are immigrants, and speak Arabic as a first language. A total of 2900 adolescents over 13 years will be asked to provide information on demographic and cultural variables, self-esteem, stress, family and peer tobacco use, intention to use tobacco, history of tobacco use, initial stage of change, and perceived health over three years. Youths with the highest risk for habitual tobacco use will be randomly assigned to Project Toward No Tobacco Use (Project TNT) intervention or Wait List Control. Further information will be obtained on stress, self-efficacy, barrier to cessation, and social support. A sample size of N=450 will be sought to test the study hypotheses. Project TNT was designed to target the primary causes of tobacco use among adolescents and has been shown to be effective in diverse cultural groups. It will be delivered in a small group basis by a bilingual health educator. An Arab American physician will provide the health education content. Follow up data will be collected at Sessions 1 & 4 and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-intervention. The hierarchical linear model, ordinal logistic regression and paired t-tests will be used to analyze the data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASIAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS' HEALTH RISK BEHAVIORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hahm, Hyeouk C. None; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, NY 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2002

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Summary: This dissertation research will identify the risk and protective factors associated with the use of tobacco and alcohol and involvement with risk sexual behaviors among Asian American adolescents using National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Although Asian American adolescents' overall rates of drug use and risky sexual behaviors tend to be lower than other ethnic adolescents, those who are already involved in heavy drinking tends to have higher daily alcohol consumption than other ethnic adolescents, and those who have been sexually experienced exhibit as high risk as those of White adolescents. The prevention of psychopathology and health risk behaviors in Asian American adolescents requires an understanding of the interplay between socio-cultural risk factors and parental protective factors. In addition, there are evidences that acculturation is central to psychosocial functioning and play a leading role in ethnic minority groups' health risk behaviors, but the studies on this topic is still inconclusive and fragmentary. The specific aims of this study are (1) to determine the predictive role of a) level of acculturation, and b) parent-adolescent attachment on Asian American adolescents' use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol, and involvement with risky sexual behaviors, (2) to determine the degree to which strong parent-adolescent attachment buffers the relationship between acculturation and Asian American adolescents' use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol, and involvement with risky sexual behaviors. _ The nationally representative sample of 1584 Asian American adolescents grade 7 to 12 will be analyzed using a longitudinal design (two waves). Multiple regression and logistic regression will be used to predict Asian American adolescents' use of tobacco and alcohol and involvement with sexual activities at Wave lI. Findings from this study may offer important steps toward developing culturally appropriate substance use and sexual education programs for Asian American adolescents and provide new insights into the protective role of the family. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ASIAN LEADERSHIP TRAINING FOR TOBACCO CONTROL RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferry, Linda H. Center for Health Research; Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA 92350 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) "one in four of all tobacco related deaths occurs in the Western Pacific Region" (WPR) which also has the highest prevalence of male smoking in the world. The paucity of reliable information on the rapidly growing tobacco epidemic compounded by the lack of local trained researchers in tobacco control in three WPR countries (Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Mongolia) serves as the major impetus and basis for this proposal. Building on strong, existing relationships, Loma Linda University (LLU) will collaborate with the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) in each country to address these needs by integrating capacity building and research in the context of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Specific Aims: 1. Design and conduct in Cambodia an innovative, transdisciplinary, competency based GlobalTobacco Control Methods certificate program (220 didactic and 200 field practicum hours) using a modular curriculum that develops tobacco control research leadership skills in health professionals. We will use distance learning and web based methods to facilitate communication and mentoring. 2. Conduct research to:(a) Monitor tobacco use prevalence and attitudes regarding tobacco prevention counseling amongCambodian

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medical students "Healthy Doc-Healthy Patient" (Year 1); (b) Estimate national prevalence of tobacco use among adults (>21 years of age) and identify predictors in a defined subset (21-39 years) of regular users (Years 2-3); and (c) Assist trainees in designing a comprehensive five year national research plan (Years 4-5). Impact: The proposed sustainable model, potentially replicable in other countries, creates a new cadre of local researchers who will effectively respond to the tobacco challenge, locally and regionally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ASIAN TOBACCO EDUCATION & CANCER AWARENESS RESEARCH INIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ma, Grace X. Associate Professor for Public Health; Health Studies; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, PA 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The purpose of this project is to establish a public health infrastructure to foster comprehensive tobacco control and cancer prevention for Asian Americans by forming strategic partnerships between Temple University, the Health Promotion Council, the Cancer Information Service (CIS), Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), the American Cancer Society, city and county health departments, and community-based agencies in the greater Philadelphia region. The goals are to reduce incidence and risk behaviors of cancer among Asian Americans, stimulate participation in community tobacco control and other cancer prevention programs, reduce barriers and improve access to tobacco and cancer resources with Asian American populations, and to increase diagnosis of cancers at earlier stages. Proposed aims to accomplish these goals include formation of an Asian Community Coalition, a comprehensive local needs assessment of smoking and cancer awareness, increase the number of and opportunities for Asian Health professionals to be trained in cancer control, to provide a variety of community-based tobacco education and cancer awareness programs, to use all forms of the media to increase the number of calls to the CIS and enhance Asian accrual to FCCC's clinical intervention trials, to facilitate development of pilot programs, and to nationally disseminate the findings of this project. These aims will be achieved in three phases over five years: Phase I (Year 1) Infrastructure Capacity Building. Needs Assessment, Planning, and Strategy Selection; Phase II (Years 2- 3) Program Development Implementation and Establishment of Academic/Clinical Partnerships; and Phase III (Years 4 and 5) Grant Application, Evaluation, and Dissemination. The Health Communication Model will be used as a guide to provide a circular process starting from understanding the needs and perceptions of the target population, planning, to program development, implementation, tracking progress, evaluation of effectiveness, and obtaining feedback which further informs the first stage planning process. All activities will be evaluated using appropriate process, impact, and outcome evaluations. Multiple evaluation research designs and methods will be employed, including cross-sectional survey for needs assessment, quasi- experimental design, focus group, face-to-face interviews, record tracking/logging and documentation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASSIMILATION AND TOBACCO USE AMONG U.S. IMMIGRANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Assistant Professor; Health Policy and Management; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent immigrants to the U.S. constitute an increasingly significant demographic group and overall have lower socioeconomic status (SES) than the native-born. It is known that tobacco use is a major health risk for groups with low SES. On the other hand, there is some evidence that within certain ethnic/racial groups in the U.S., tobacco use is lower among the foreign-born than among the US-born, and that tobacco use is positively correlated with measures of immigrant assimilation. Previous analyses of tobacco use among immigrants have been fragmentary, i.e. have focused on a single state/community, a single national origin/ethnic group, and/or convenience samples. Research on tobacco use among immigrants is urgently needed, given its implications for preventative action and cancer incidence reduction. We seek to examine tobacco outcomes among immigrants to the United States, and to investigate the role of assimilation in these outcomes, using the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS, 1995-96), a data set that is representative at the national and state level. The combination of information on tobacco outcomes and immigrant status makes the CPS a uniquely valuable resource for studying tobacco outcomes among the U.S. immigrant population. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous national-level study of tobacco outcomes among immigrants. The specific aims of this study are to assess the role of assimilation in tobacco use; attitudes towards tobacco; and household, workplace, and community tobacco control among immigrants to the U.S. We will also examine whether age, gender, race/ethnicity, SES, state-level tobacco control policy, and smoking prevalence and tobacco control in the country of origin mediate (moderate) the effect of assimilation on tobacco outcomes. The proposed multilevel logistic regression analyses are grounded on the segmented assimilation theory and the context of reception framework. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ASSORTMENT AND TRANSMISSION OF ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynolds, Chandra A. Psychology; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, CA 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Studies of spouse similarity for alcohol and tobacco consumption find correlations that are moderate to strong in magnitude. The assessment of assortative mating for alcohol- and tobacco-related behaviors is critical for obtaining unbiased estimates of genetic and shared environmental effects in quantitative behavioral genetic studies; however, assortment effects have rarely been taken into account. Furthermore, many earlier studies of assortment lacked comprehensive testing of alternative explanations of spouse similarity to that of phenotypic assortment, including social homogamy. We propose to use a genetically informative twin-kinship design, including monozygotic and dizygotic twins, their spouses, and offspring, to resolve the mechanisms of assortment as well as models of parent-offspring transmission. The study will focus on data collected in 1977 from a population-based sample of 138 Swedish twin pairs and their spouses born between 1911 and 1935. The twin-kinship sample will be augmented with 745 same-sex twin pairs from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). Assessments of tobacco and alcohol use were made by self-report questionnaire surveys. Information on other substance use (e.g., caffeine, tranquilizers) and socioeconomic indicators was also gathered. Behavioral genetic analyses will be utilized to address the following six questions: (1) What

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mechanisms of assortment account for spouse similarity for alcohol and smoking consumption? (2) What is the impact of assortment on estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences on alcohol and tobacco consumption under various models? (3) Is the assortment for alcohol and tobacco consumption primary or does it occur secondarily to assortment for education or other socioeconomic factors? (4) Is there a more complex phenotype of substance use on which assortment takes place? (5) What model of parent-offspring transmission accounts for familial similarity given an appropriate model of assortment? (6) To what relative extent do common genetic and environmental influences account for the bivariate relationship between alcohol and tobacco consumption? This study will also investigate potential generation and gender differences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ATTEN ALLOCATION AND CONJOINT TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kassel, Jon D. Psychology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Individuals who smoke cigarettes are more likely to drink alcohol and, conversely, those who drink tend to smoke. Moreover, alcohol and tobacco are frequently used at the same time. The relationship between these drugs, however, is not presently well understood. Given the synergistic health risks posed by the joint use of these substances, research on tobacco-alcohol interactions is urgently needed as it can inform prevention, treatment, and policy at multiple levels. There is reason to believe that both of these drugs are frequently used as a means of coping with stress. Moreover, recent work examining the parameters of alcohol/stress and tobacco/stress interactions has implicated the role of cognitive processes. One line of research suggests that both drugs' anxiolytic effects are attentionally mediated. Specifically, both smoking's and drinking's calming effects may depend on the presence of benign distraction: Each drug appears to narrow the focus of attention (through a reduction in cue utilization), thereby reducing anxiety by facilitating distraction from stressful cognitions. A different cognitive perspective posits that people use tobacco when they drink in order to counteract alcohol's depressant effects with nicotine's stimulant effects, thereby compensating for alcohol-related performance decrements. Both of these cognitively based theories provide excellent conceptual frameworks for assessing alcohol/tobacco interactions. Alcohol and tobacco may be used concurrently (1) for their additive, attentionally mediated effects on stress reduction, and/or (2) because nicotine's enhancement of attentional processing capacity compensates for processing capacity reductions induced by alcohol. Working from this theoretical base, the overall objective of the proposed project is to assess the separate and combined effects of alcohol and nicotine both on emotional response in stressed participants and on attentional processing capacity. The primary hypothesis being tested is that two genuinely different cognitive mechanisms work simultaneously to account for the covariance in use of alcohol and tobacco. Results provided from this study should improve our understanding of the link between tobacco and alcohol use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ATTENTIONAL SUPPORTS OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Atchley, Paul; Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, KS 66045

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco use represents one of the most preventable causes of death nationally. The choice to smoke is often preceded by a response chain in which the smoker first notices smoking-related information (such as the presence of cigarettes) which is followed by initiation of smoking behavior. Underlying the detection of visual information is the attentional orienting system. This system includes both exogenous attentional orienting (or stimulus driven orienting) and endogenous attentional orienting (or goal-directed attentional orienting). Understanding the attentional contingencies of smoking would help us to develop more effective treatments for tobacco addiction. However, we know little about how tobacco intake interacts with attention, particularly attentional orienting. The goal of this research is to examine how smoking and withdrawal from smoking influence the manner in which visual information is extracted from the environment via smoking-related changes in attentional orienting. The proposed study will have two phases. In the first phase, an eye-tracking methodology will be employed to investigate the effects of tobacco on exogenous attentional capture by new objects. In this case, exogenous capture results in automatic eye-movements to a new object location. Phase 2 will use pictures of real scenes with and without tobacco-related information. A change blindness paradigm will be used to determine to which sources of information smokers, non-smokers and deprived smokers observers endogenously direct their attention. The results of these studies will allow for a more complete account of how smoking produces cognitive changes which maintain and support addiction by understanding how smoking influences information extraction from the visual environment. This, in turn, will ultimately allow for the creation of more effective treatment strategies for smoking addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BIOBEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS OF TOBACCO EXPOSURE AND HARM Principal Investigator & Institution: Shields, Peter G. Professor & Chief; Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Previous data suggest that genetic polymorphisms within dopaminergic pathways (i.e., SLC6AC, DRD2, and D4D2) are related to smoking risk. We plan to explore associations of these genes with smoking behavior and exposure (i.e., smoking topography, carbon monoxide and nicotine boost) and resultant harm from tobacco (i.e., carcinogen DNA adducts). Our specific aims are to: (1) compare the harmful biological effects of tobacco smoke exposure in smokers with different genetic predispositions; (2) evaluate whether smoking topography mediates the influences of genetic predisposition on nicotine and carbon monoxide boosts, and the harmful effects of tobacco exposure (i.e., carcinogen- DNA adducts). This will provide support for a mechanism and establish a phenotype of smoking behavior; and (3) explore racial differences in smoking topography and the harmful effects of tobacco smoke exposure. We propose to study approximately 400 population-based smokers, including 200 Caucasians and 200 African Americans in a smoking laboratory. The subjects will smoke two of their own cigarettes, one hour apart, and we will measure smoking topography for the second cigarette. They will undergo an extensive interview and we will determine nicotine and CO boosts, genetic polymorphisms and two different carcinogen- DNA adducts (i.e, BPdG and 4ABP-dG). This study is important, because it will link genetic predisposition for tobacco addiction to cancer risk by studying smoking behavior. The data also can

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show the relative contribution on DNA damage of smoking topography and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and identify which components of smoking topography (e.g., puff duration or volume) most greatly affect carcinogen- DNA adduct formation. We will have new insights into carcinogenic mechanisms due to behavior by using DNA damage as an intermediate biomarker of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BRIEF INTERVENTIONS FOR ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND OTHER DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Svikis, Dace S. Associate Professor of Psychology; Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: Prenatal substance use is associated with a number of neonatal consequences, including low birthweight and increased mortality. Some women spontaneously quit substance use on learning they are pregnant. Others continue substance use throughout pregnancy, thus increasing risk of medical and developmental problems in their infants. Better interventions are needed to enhance medical and developmental problems in their infants. Better interventions are needed to enhance prenatal substance use quit rates. Currently the most widely used strategy is brief professional advice (BPA), which has only limited clinical effectiveness. The proposed research will conduct a randomassignment clinical trial to assess effectiveness of three interventions of increasing clinical intensity on reducing prenatal substance use. Subjects will be pregnant women enrolled in a hospital obstetrical clinic (estimated gestational age less than twenty-eight weeks). They will be selected from patients reporting alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug use during the past thirty days or testing positive for such use on toxicological screens at the time of the first prenatal visit. One group of subjects (N=270) will receive BPA only, which is standard medical practice. A second group (N=270) will receive BPA in combination with behavioral incentives (BI). A third group (N=270) will receive BPA and BI in combination with Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET). Effects of the interventions will be evaluated on both clinical and economic measures. The study will also collect epidemiological data to identify factors (including depression, family history, level of dependence) associated with quitting of prenatal alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. Results from subjects with prenatal substance use will be compared to community-based controls without prenatal substance use (N=270). Possible interactions between prenatal substance use will also be investigated. Subjects will be followed from the first prenatal visit to three mo post partum, employing self-report, toxicological, and collateral-report measures of substance use. The subjects will be lower socioeconomic status urban women with a high school or less education with high rates of prenatal substance use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CARCINOGEN/OXIDANT SYNERGISM IN ORAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Mallery, Susan R. Professor; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has a multifactorial etiology with putative initiating and/or promoting agents comprised of both extrinsic (tobacco/alcohol) and intrinsic (host immune status, Fe deficiency, anemia) risk factors. Paradoxically, two host defense mechanisms (the P450 family of microsomal enzymes

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and host phagocytic cells), which function to detoxify xenobiotics and microbes respectively, can also result in cancer promoting effects, e.g., P450 conversion of the tobacco associated carcinogens (TAC) to activated forms which bind to DNA and the mutagenic effects of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) released beyond the phagolysosome. Both of these host defense systems employ oxidative pathways, resulting in increased to the constitutive levels of oxidant challenge that are present due to normal cellular oxidative carcinogens as well as the formation and degradation of RO1 are critical determinants which dictate whether the overall outcome of P450 or phagocytic activation will be cytoprotective or injurious. We maintain that sustained P450 activity (augmented by risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco) in conjunction with cellular oxidant stress is integral in instigating cellular perturbations which result in the initiation phase of oral SCC. Four general questions are addressed in this study: 1) What enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of tobacco associated carcinogens in the oral activity? 2) How does ethanol modulate oral mucosal carcinogen metabolism? 3) How do oral mucosa cells cope with oxidant challenge? 4) What are the in vitro cellular and in vivo tissue responses to oxidant challenge? These questions will be addressed by the following Specific Aims. Aim I: Determine the capacity or oral mucosal tissue to metabolize tobacco-associated carcinogens (TAC). Aim II: Determine the effects of ethanol and specific complex mixtures of carcinogens on normal, dysplastic, and SCC oral mucosa. Aim III: Evaluate cellular capacity to inactivate and bioenergetically respond to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Aim IV: Evaluate in vivo cellular capacity to express cytoprotective enzymes in response to pro-inflammatory local mediators in inflamed normal oral mucosa, dysplastic oral mucosa, and oral SCC explants. Our Research Project is designed to provide insight into the cellular events that occur during the initiation phase of oral cancer. Hopefully, our data will result not only in an understanding of pre- neoplastic/neoplastic cellular biochemistry, but will provide a basis for specific chemoprevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CESSATION RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN INDIA AND INDONESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lando, Harry A. Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant):Tobacco use is one of the greatest causes of preventable death and disease in human history. Over the next two decades, deaths due to tobacco will soar to 4.2 million annually in Asian countries, nearly twice that of developed regions. India and Indonesia are especially hard hit by the tobacco epidemic and cigarette consumption is actually increasing in both countries. Tobacco cessation capacity is in its infancy in India and virtually nonexistent in Indonesia. Cessation represents the only realistic means of significantly reducing the toll of death and disease from tobacco in the first part of this century. The current project will emphasize capacity building in both of these countries and will focus on creating an infrastructure to promote cessation among tobacco users. We have brought together an outstanding team of international experts in a cross-disciplinary effort to do needed formative research, cessation trials, and training. Key objectives of the project include: developing knowledge capacity through intensive training in state-of-the-art research in tobacco cessation for collaborating researchers, fostering experiential capacity through formative research and expanding educational system capacity. A major objective will be

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widespread dissemination of study findings both during and following the conclusion of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CHANGING PEDIATRIC PRACTICE TO ADDRESS PARENTAL SMOKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Overview. Jonathan P. Winickoff MD, MPH, an academic pediatrician, is applying for a Cancer Prevention, Control, Behavioral and Population Sciences Career Development Award (K07) to develop and enhance the skills necessary to become a successful independent investigator in the field of cancer prevention and control. His long-term goal is to develop a multidisciplinary research program dedicated to improving the health of parents who smoke and the children exposed to their environmental tobacco smoke. Career Development Plan. Central to Dr. Winickoff's career development are the strong institutional commitments and mentoring team that he has assembled. His multidisciplinary education plan is built upon acquiring new skills in organizational effectiveness theory, advanced biostatistics, bioethics, models of tobacco control and preventive services delivery, and policy research. In addition to formal coursework, the plan includes local seminars, national scientific meetings, and peer-reviewed publication of results. Research Plan. The goal of this research plan is to develop and test an office system to enhance the delivery of evidence-based tobacco treatment services to parents of children seen in pediatric practice. In three phases, the research plan uses exploratory, descriptive, and intervention designs to address parental tobacco control in the pediatric outpatient setting. Each phase of the research builds on what has been learned in the prior phase. Phase 1 is an exploratory study consisting of the preliminary adaptation of an evidencebased tobacco control strategy to the pediatric outpatient setting. Phase 1 is grounded on the Solberg and Wagner theoretical models, multiple interviews with each of several leaders in the field of outpatient preventive services implementation, and iterative adaptation of the proposed tobacco control office system based on these key interviews. Phase 2 is a qualitative study using focus groups from 8 pediatric practices to elicit pediatrician and key staff responses, barriers, and solutions to implementing the proposed tobacco control office system. Phase 3, an intervention study, examines the feasibility and efficacy of implementing within the pediatric office setting the tobacco control system that was developed in Phase 1 and refined in Phase 2. The design is a before-after design with one practice serving as the control. The primary outcome is the enrollment of identified parental smokers into centralized tobacco control infrastructure increasingly available throughout the United States. Results should justify a larger trial with randomization at the practice level. In summary, the research plan will provide critical information about evidenced-based tobacco control within pediatric practice, and crucial experience for Dr. Winickoff in qualitative data analysis, survey methods, primary data collection, database management, statistical analysis, and intervention research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

42 Tobacco

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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoner, Gary D. Professor and Chairman; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cancers of the human esophagus are the eighth most common malignancy. Worldwide, greater than 90% of esophageal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs); a multifactorial disease with a significant behavioral component. A large majority of esophageal SCC patients present with advanced, metastatic disease. Five year survival rate in such cases is less than 10%. Epidemiological studies have identified tobacco use and alcohol consumption as the two main risk factors for esophageal SCC in developed countries. Recent evidence suggests that the risk for esophageal SCC remains high for almost a decade in smokers even after they quit tobacco use. There is a necessity for developing effective strategies that inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to clinical disease in this high risk population of former tobacco smokers. Primary chemoprevention is a viable approach in achieving this important health objective. N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in the Fischer 344 rat is a valuable animal model to identify putative chemopreventive agents against this disease. The multistep process of tumor development in this model closely mimics the progression of human esophageal SCC in former tobacco smokers. Therefore, this animal model is an ideal surrogate to identify agents that can inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to malignant tumors. In this proposal we outline our strategy to identify compounds that inhibit tumor development when given subsequent to carcinogen exposure. These agents will potentially inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to frank tumors and may be valuable for use as chemopreventive agents in former tobacco smokers. During the course of these studies, we will also identify morphological and molecular markers that may help assess the efficacy of these compounds. Studies in Specific Aim 1 will evaluate the effects of a known chemopreventive, freeze-dried strawberries on several known morphological and molecular markers to validate their use in human clinical studies. In Specific Aim 2, we will determine the efficacy of three additional chemopreventive agents against tumor progression. Further studies will be undertaken to develop a combination of agents that may have synergistic activity. In Specific Aim 3 we will identify novel biomarkers for future use in human clinical studies. Overall, the results from this proposal will provide important data to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of malignant progression of esophageal precancerous lesions and will identify candidate chemoprevention agents to reduce esophageal cancer risk in former tobacco smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION TUMORIGENESIS.

OF

EXPERIMENTAL

TOBACCO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gupta, Ramesh C. Professor of Toxicology; Prev Med & Environmental Hlth; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, KY 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Development of chemopreventive strategies for tobacco-related cancers has become a priority since smoking remains the major risk

Studies 43

factor for lung cancer and the number of former smokers continues to increase in the US. The established A/J mouse model of cigarette smoke-mediated lung tumorigenesis, in which an increase in lung tumors occurs after the cessation of smoke exposure, provides a unique opportunity to develop preclinical chemopreventive regimens for former smokers. The hypothesis of the proposed studies is that tobacco carcinogenesis is the result of multiple synergistic, additive and antagonistic interactions among various tobacco smoke constituents. It then follows that exposure to multiple chemopreventive agents will be required to protect against smoke-induced DNA damage and tumor development. We propose to utilize the cigarette smoke-mediated lung tumorigenesis mouse model to identify intermediate endpoints or biomarkers of disease and test the efficacy of mixtures of chemopreventive agents in inhibiting molecular and cellular events associated with lung carcinogenesis. In Aim 1, numerous naturally occurring, and synthetic agents will be screened in vitro for their ability to inhibit oxidative DNA damage induced by cigarette smoke. Agents showing promise in these experiments will be tested in vivo for their effect on stress-related gene expression and DNA repair. Based on the resulting data, three mixtures of chemopreventive agents will be selected and tested in the A/J mouse model for their efficacy in inhibiting lung tumor indices (multiplicity and incidence) when administered following smoke cessation. The impact of smoke and/or the chemopreventive agent mixture on gene expression profiles, oxidative DNA damage burden, DNA repair and the frequency of gene mutations will also be evaluated. It is anticipated that these comprehensive analyses will provide the basis for the future development of a clinical regimen for the chemoprevention of lung tumors in former smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COUNTERING POPULATIONS

TOBACCO

ADVERTISING

IN

DIVERSE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cruz, Tess; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: Phase One of this Study is designed to examine the independent and interactive effects of pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure on tobacco- related outcomes in diverse groups of adolescents and adults in California. Data will be drawn from the California Independent Evaluation in-school surveys of approximately 40,000 adolescents and phone surveys of approximately 20,000 adults, to explore the roles of ethnicity and acculturation in the exposure-outcome relationships, and to determine whether there are stronger or weaker relationships among certain populations. This phase will result in the identification of specific ethnic, are stronger or weaker relationships among certain population. This phase will result in the identification of specific ethnic, gender, acculturation level, and age specific groups that are more or less responsive to pro- and anti-tobacco media, and potential moderators of outcomes in these groups. Phase Two will involve development of culturally grounded media materials and programmatic applications for four specific groups, and testing of the effectiveness of these approaches. An experimental trial will test the effectiveness of four ethic-specific approaches, compared with established general-audience approaches. The specific aims of this study are the following: 1. Determine the relationship between exposure to the California anti- tobacco media campaign and tobacco-related outcomes, including attitudes, policy support, refusal sell-efficacy, smoking-related behaviors and ETS exposure for adolescents and adults in diverse ethnic populations. 2. Determine the relationship between exposure to pro-tobacco marketing and tobacco-related outcomes,

44 Tobacco

including attitudes, policy support, refusal self-efficacy, smoking-related behaviors and ETS exposure for adolescents and adults in diverse ethnic populations. 3. Determine the interactive effects of pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure related outcomes in these same populations. 4. Determine how acculturation influences the relationships between pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure and tobacco related outcomes in these populations. 5. Using the information from this analysis, develop culturally grounded educational materials that can be used to inoculate youth and adult groups at highest risk to the effects of tobacco marketing. 6. Conduct an experimental trial to determine whether these culturally relevant media materials are more effective in influencing tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors among difficult-to-each groups than the generalaudience media materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AND XENOBIOTICS IN VASCULAR INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Weksler, Babette B. Professor; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Smoking increases the risks of vascular disease, cancer, and pulmonary dysfunction. Xenobiotic substances in cigarette smoke and tars induce both cancer and atherosclerosis in humans and animals. This proposal aims to define new pathways by which tobacco smoke contributes to cardiovascular disease. In the previous grant period, benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon procarcinogen present in cigarette smoke, was shown to induce the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human vascular cells by a transcriptional mechanism. Moreover, vascular tissues from smokers were shown to contain detectible DNA adducts of benzo{a]pyrene. COX-2, up regulated in inflammation and cancer, is increased in atherosclerotic lesions. We predict that tobacco smoke mediates additional pathways besides that demonstrated for BP to up regulate COX-2 and other early response genes that promote progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, our preliminary data indicate that unfractionated tobacco smoke strongly potentiates the action of inflammatory cytokines to increase COX-2 and other key genes that contribute to atherogenesis. BP itself potentiates the capacity of cytokines to activate COX-2 expression. These novel findings of interactions between tobacco smoke components and natural cellular mediators indicate that the tissue toxicities of smoking should be strongly increased in the setting of inflammation. The major aim of this continuing grant proposal is to study the synergy between BP and cytokines, and between tobacco smoke and cytokines, in activation of genes such as COX-2 in vascular cells, tissues and animal models. Such synergy offers a new approach in understanding the noxious effects of smoking on health. Characterizing tobacco smoke/cytokine effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells will permit new preventive strategies. To this end, modulation of effects of tobacco/cytokine synergy on gene activation by peroxisome proliferator ligands and by COX-2 inhibitors will be studied both in cells and in animal models as potential means to counteract the damaging effects of smoking on the arterial wall. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DENTAL TOBACCO CONTROL NET IMPROVING PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Houston, Thomas K. Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294

Studies 45

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco control in dental practices is both important and under-used, in part because not enough is known about effective methods for translating tobacco counseling guidelines into practice. We propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test an interactive, multimodal intervention designed to increase tobacco cessation counseling in dental practices. Methods: Using advanced Internet programming, and informed by focus groups with dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants we will develop DentalTobaccoControl.Net (DTC.Net) to deliver the intervention. The intervention will include case-based training, online opinion leader statements, a downloadable tobacco cessation toolbox, an "Ask the Expert" function, and a "collaboratory" where dental providers can communicate. DTC.Net will be available for 24 months, with updates and email reminders. In our RCT, we will test Hypothesis 1: The proportion of patients receiving provider tobacco cessation counseling will be greater in dental practices randomized to DTC.Net, compared with controls. Hypothesis 2: The proportion of tobacco using patients who quit will be greater in those enrolled from intervention dental practices compared with those at controls. We will recruit 100 practices from the Alabama Dental Practice Research Network, a unique, state-wide network of community-based dental practices; and survey patients with brief exit cards at time of dental visit. Fifty practices will be randomized to the DTC.Net intervention, and fifty to a control continuing dental education website unrelated to smoking. We will obtain the exit cards, assessing provider counseling behavior, from cohorts of unique patients, at 2, 8, 14, and 26 months after practice enrollment (Hypothesis 1). We will contact for follow-up telephone survey at 6 and 12 months after exit cards a random sample of 40 patients per practice, to assess tobacco quit rates (Hypothesis 2). Significance: By combining rigorous methodology, state-of-the-art technology, an experienced research team, and a unique communitybased dental network, we will advance our understanding of tobacco control through dental practice and provide clinicians with an innovative and easily replicable approach to tobacco control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CIGARETTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Connolly, Gregory N.; Massachusetts State Dept of Pub Health of Public Health Boston, MA 02108 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The long term objective of this project is to advance scientific understanding about the design and function of tobacco products through the acquisition, analysis and reporting of internal tobacco industry documents held in the Minnesota and other court depositories. Particular attention will be paid to the use of additives and the design of low yield cigarettes. The specific aims of this project include understanding how changes in cigarette design contribute to youth smoking and nicotine dependence. Another aim is to determine how cigarettes are designed to reduce non-smokers' perception of second hand smoke. The project also hopes to improve scientific knowledge about the toxic and addictive properties of cigarettes by reviewing tobacco industry research on smoker behavior, changes in toxic constituents in mainstream and side stream smoke and changes in nicotine delivery over time. This project is relevant to national health policy. The Food and Drug Administration has declared tobacco products to be drug delivery devices and other govemments have proposed regulating tobacco products as drugs to reduce death and diseases associated with their use. This project will provide important scientific infonnation for the better

46 Tobacco

characterization of tobacco product perfonnance and such characterization is essential to tobacco product regulation. The project will electronically access documents from the Minnesota and other depositories for selected topic areas. Relevant documents will be indexed using a standard thesaurus and placed both on the internet as well as searchable CD roms and made available to policy makers and the scientific community. Documents will be analyzed and scientific reports will be written on tobacco product design, regulation and characterization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DEVELOPING MEDICATION FOR TOBACCO ADDICTION: NMDA AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bisaga, Adam A.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco addiction is an enormous public health problem. Recent advances in understanding the effects of nicotine on the brain and behavior present an opportunity to advance medication development. Neurotransmission at NMDA receptors is involved in many of nicotine's effects and it is postulated that modulation of NMDA neurotransmission may be effective in the treatment of tobacco addiction. We propose to develop and implement human laboratory models to screen promising medications and establish whether modulation of the NMDA receptor system with memantine, a non-competitive NMDA antagonist, has beneficial effects in the treatment of tobacco addiction. For comparison we will test bupropion, an antidepressant with proven efficacy in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Inpatient laboratory studies will include paradigms designed to model several dimensions of tobacco addiction using non-treatment seeking, nicotinedependent smokers. We will assess the effect of chronic treatment with bupropion and memantine in two paradigms that model two main components of tobacco addiction that can be a target for pharmacological modulation. In Study 1 we will model maintenance of cigarette smoking, and assess how medications affect: early tobacco withdrawal, effects of cigarettes in smoking-deprived and non-deprived smokers, reactivity to cigarette cues, and cigarette smoking under unlimited choice conditions and under operational conditions (cigarettes versus money choice). In Study 2 we will develop a laboratory model of smoking relapse induced by cigarette exposure in abstinent smokers, and will compare self-administration behavior after the exposure to the neutral or active cigarette stimulus. In Study 3, we will use a smoking relapse model to assess how medication affects extended withdrawal, the effects of cigarettes in deprived smokers, and self-administration behavior in abstinent participants following cigarette re-exposure. At the conclusion of 5 years, we will be able to develop laboratory models for early-stage testing of new and/or existing compounds for the treatment of tobacco addiction and to further elucidate the neurobiology of nicotine dependence in humans, particularly the contribution of NMDA receptor neurotransmission. This application represents, to our knowledge, the first attempt to systematically evaluate the contribution of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission on nicotine's action in humans from the perspective of medication development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies 47

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Project Title: DEVELOPMEMT OF NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR NICOTINE ADDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Dwoskin, Linda P. Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, KY 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco smoking is the number one health problem accounting for more illnesses and deaths in the US than any other factor. Despite efficacy of some current pharmacotherapies (i.e., nicotine replacement and bupropion), relapse rates continue to be high, indicating that novel medications are needed. Research in the current application proposes to develop a new class of subtype-selective nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonists as therapeutic agents with efficacy for tobacco use cessation and for treatment of nicotine dependence. As much as tobacco use behavior and nicotine addiction have links to depression, these novel drug candidates may also prove to be new treatments for depression. Based on the observations that the bupropion acts as a nAChR antagonist and that the nonselective nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine, has some efficacy as a tobacco use cessation agent, but is limited by its peripherally-mediated side-effect of constipation, we predict that the subtype-selective nAChR antagonists, which we propose to develop, may have therapeutic advantages and efficacy as tobacco use cessation agents in the treatment of nicotine addiction. We hypothesize that quaternizing the pyridine-N atom of the nicotine molecule with a lipophillic N-substituent to afford N-nicotinium analogs and/or by connecting these quaternary ammonium moieties with a lipophillic linker to afford N,N'-bis-analogs will result in subtype-selective nAChR antagonists, which will inhibit either nicotine-evoked dopamine, norepinephrine or serotonin release, and thus, inhibit nicotineinduced behaviors, indicating their potential as nicotine addiction treatments. Brain bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the lead candidates will also be evaluated. Comparison of results using native and recombinant nAChRs will provide new insights into the subunit composition of nAChRs mediating these functions. Drug candidates will be assessed for their ability to decrease nicotine self-administration, to decrease nicotine-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking behavior, and to precipitate withdrawal in nicotine-dependent animals. Thus, an integrative approach (i.e., medicinal chemistry, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, pharmacology, psychology and neuroscience) will be used to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tobacco use and nicotine addiction, with focus on pharmacotherapeutic candidate development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB BASED TOBACCO CESSATION CURRICULUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Spangler, John G. Family and Community Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., and despite its known health hazards many individuals continue use. In fact, use may increasing among certain demographic groups, and the national per capita consumption of smokeless tobacco has tripled in the past several decades. Nonetheless, a large proportion of smokers would like to quit smoking but are not advised to do so by their physicians. Clinicians, on the other hand, note that a major impediment to successfully counseling patients to quit using tobacco is a lack of training. Indeed,

48 Tobacco

national research has documented that US medical schools are deficient in adequately preparing graduates to deal with tobacco dependence. Explicit national guidelines are available to train physicians in tobacco cessation. In addition, patients centered methods have been developed to train medical students in smoking cessation. Using a combination of these guidelines, methods, standardized patient instructors, role playing, and specific instruction, medical educators have shown that smoking cessation training can be easily inserted into medical school curricula and that students retain this information for the near term. Lacking in these tobacco educational interventions, however, have been attempts: 1) to integrate tobacco dependence throughout all 4 years of medical school curricula; 2) to include specific training in smokeless tobacco use and cessation given this product's unique addictive and epidemiology characteristics; and 3) to develop culturally relevant tobacco cessation materials for health care providers. To address these gaps in medical school curricula on tobacco cessation, nationally, we propose: 1) to develop a comprehensive web-based and culturally relevant tobacco cessation curriculum that is highly portable; 2) to implement the tobacco cessation curriculum within all four years of the medical school curricula; and 3) to evaluate the tobacco cessation curriculum through process, impact, and outcome evaluations. The ultimate goal will be to develop a highly portable tobacco cessation curriculum that can be used a variety of educational settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO NICOTINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Poland, Russell E. Professor and Director of Research; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) This is an R21 application to explore the development of an animal model to study the effects of parental and peripuberal exposure to nicotine. Nicotine remains an important drug of abuse worldwide. In the United States (U.S.), tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death. However, despite considerable negative publicity and health warnings, approximately 25 percent of the U.S. population still smoke. Aside from producing profound behavioral effects in the adult organism, nicotine also disrupts developmental processes in many species. Recent epidemiologic data suggest that fetal exposure to nicotine increases the risk for tobacco use during adolescence and adulthood, particularly in females. In addition, 75 percent of adult tobacco users report their first tobacco use occurred when they were "youngsters" (childhood or adolescence). In order to study this issue further, as well as to develop an animal model to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms, the effects of nicotine exposure during gestation on nicotine selfadministration in adult male and female rat offspring will be studied. In addition, the effects of nicotine exposure during the periadolescent period on nicotine selfadministration in adult offspring will be ascertained. It is hypothesized that nicotine exposure in utero will increase nicotine self-administration in adult offspring. Similarly, peripuberal exposure to nicotine also will increase nicotine self-administration during adulthood. The proposed studies will characterize the relationships between exposure to nicotine during critical periods of development and the acquisition, maintenance, extinction and re-initiation phases of nicotine self-administration. The results of these experiments should provide new and important insights on the relationships between prior nicotine exposure and nicotine-seeking behavior. In addition, since nicotine is considered as a "gateway" drug for the subsequent use of alcohol and other illicit drugs,

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the results of the proposed studies will lay the groundwork to further understand the factors which might increase vulnerability to drug addictions in general, and to nicotine abuse, in particular. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DISEMINATING A TOBACCO CURRICULUM FOR PHARMACY SCHOOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudmon, Karen S. Assistant Clinical Professor; Clinical Pharmacy; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research shows that providing pharmacists with specialized tobacco cessation counseling training leads to significant increases in counseling activities. Although fewer than 8 percent have had formal training in tobacco cessation counseling, 87 percent are interested in receiving formal training, 70 percent believe that training will increase the number of patients that they counsel, and 94 percent believe that training will increase the quality of the assistance that they provide to patients (Hudmon et al., 2000). In response to this interest and lack of expertise, a group of pharmacy faculty members in California and leading tobacco researchers have created a 6-8 hour modular tobacco cessation counseling curriculum for pharmacy students, entitled "Prescription for Change: Pharmacist-Assisted Tobacco Cessation." The training, which has been incorporated as required coursework at all four California schools of pharmacy, equips students with the ability to intervene with all tobacco users-including patients who are not yet considering quitting. The program reaches nearly 600 students annually. Based on an enormously positive response to the program, we are proposing to disseminate the tobacco curriculum to other schools of pharmacy across the country. The specific aims of the project are to: AIM 1. Recruit two faculty members from each of the 81 U.S. pharmacy schools to attend a two-day trainthe-trainer program, to be held in San Francisco, California. AIM 2. Provide faculty participants with sufficient knowledge and skills to implement the Prescription for Change curriculum at their schools. AIM 3. Attain a high level of curriculum implementation at pharmacy schools across the U.S. AIM 4. Evaluate the curriculum using a four-tiered approach that incorporates process and outcome measures. AIM 5. Publicize and make the curriculum materials available to other allied health professions, thereby minimizing the level of effort that others must expend in order to undertake a similar effort. The primary goal of this dissemination project is to provide pharmacy instructors with in-depth training, enabling them to effectively implement the Prescription for Change curriculum at their schools. Faculty and student support will be offered through a curriculum Web site, to be housed at and maintained by the UCSF School of Pharmacy. Curriculum implementation, utilization of the Web site, and impact of the curriculum will be evaluated. Incorporating comprehensive tobacco cessation training as part of coursework for pharmacy students will ensure that licensed pharmacists of the future will be well equipped, and effective, in addressing tobacco use issues with patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA CARCINOGENESIS

DOUBLE

STRAND

BREAK

REPAIR

IN

TOBACCO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bedford, Joel S. Professor; Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523

50 Tobacco

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite strong epidemiological data associating tobacco smoke to lung cancer, the mechanism of carcinogenesis by tobacco chemicals is not well understood. Among those exposed to tobacco smoke, only a certain portion develop lung cancer suggesting the involvement of genetic factor(s) in the susceptible population. A difference in DNA repair ability has been suggested for the explanation of the susceptibility. Of the various DNA repair pathways, a relationship between nucleotide excision repair and tobacco carcinogens (e.g. benzo[a]pyrene) has been well documented. However, DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, another important repair pathway, has rarely been studied with tobacco chemicals in mammalian systems. Since a recent study revealed a positive association between lung cancer and the reduced activity of a protein involved in DNA DSB repair, this application is initiated to confirm and extend the study on the role of DNA DSB repair in tobacco carcinogenesis. DNA DSB is the most destructive form of DNA damage and can lead to cell death, mutation and transformation if not repaired or mis-repaired. An efficient way to study the role of DNA DSB repair is to use DNA DSB repair deficient mutant cell lines exposed to tobacco chemicals. Specific Aim 1 addresses: Various rodent and human DNA DSB repair deficient cell lines will be treated with several tobacco carcinogens and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), and comparisons will be made to wild type cells with regard to cell survival and mutation frequency. This is to test the hypothesis "Mammalian cells utilize DNA DSB repair mechanism or protein(s) associated with DNA DSB repair in the recovery process of DNA damage induced by tobacco carcinogens". Further molecular studies are suggested based on the cell line studies. These studies have the potential to identify a new tobacco sensitive sub-population. The experiments in Specific Aim 2 are proposed based on our recent finding that lung cancer sensitive BALB/c mice showed a mild DNA DSB repair defect. Specific Aim 2 puts forward the studies on the cell viability, DNA DSB formation and chromosome rearrangements in alveolar macrophage (AM), lymphocytes and lung epithelial cells from BALB/c and C57BL/6 (control) mice exposed to tobacco carcinogens. Two hypotheses will be tested in this aim: (1) Cells from BALB/c mice show a higher level of chromosome misrejoining which is detected by a sensitive premature chromosome condensation (PCC) assay in interphase chromosomes combined with/without fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)." (2) There is a good correlation between the sensitivity data with lymphocytes and those with AM and/or lung epithelial cells. The proposed experiments not only provide new mechanistic insight on the initial step for tobacco carcinogenesis, but also help furnish sensitive diagnostic tools to identify lung cancer susceptible individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECT OF EXPRESSIVE WRITING ON CESSATION OF TOBACCO USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wallston, Kenneth A. Professor of Psychology in Nursing; None; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the last fifteen years, investigators have explored empirically the value of talking or writing about emotional experiences and have found a link between emotional disclosure about traumatic events and health outcomes. Dozens of well-controlled experimental studies have demonstrated the psychological and physical health benefits of an expressive writing task first developed and extensively investigated by the social psychologist, James Pennebaker. Using

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Pennebaker's programmed disclosure paradigm, individuals are asked to write about their thoughts and feelings in regard to a significant traumatic event in their lives. Compared to individuals instructed to disclose about trivial or superficial topics, those writing about emotional reactions to traumatic events have significantly better psychological, behavioral, and physiological outcomes. The studies that have been done to date support the notion that disclosure of emotions about deeply personal issues can have an impact on physical health, perceived well being, and certain adaptive health behaviors (Smyth & Pennebaker, 2001). The purpose of this exploratory study is to extend this programmed disclosure intervention to the arena of cancer prevention, namely tobacco-cessation. Participants in three tobacco-cessation treatment programs will participate in one of six quasi-experimental conditions crossing three Types of Programmed Disclosure Topics with two Modes of Disclosure. Change in tobacco usage at the end of the treatment program and at a three month follow-up will be the key dependent variable. Participants' socioeconomic status along with tobacco use history will be examined as potential moderator variables. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECT OF SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTIONS IN A CHINESE * Principal Investigator & Institution: Fahs, Marianne C. Professor; Hlth Svcs Management & Policy; New School University 66 W 12Th St New York, NY 10011 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-JUN-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Description (provided by applicant): Tobacco use is the most important cause of preventable death in this country for all racial/ethnic groups. Over $70 billion in direct medical costs is a t tributable to tobacco-related disease. Chinese Americans may be at particularly high risk for excess tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 73% of men in China smoke. Yet, smoking behaviors, attitudes and beliefs among Chinese Americans remain largely undocumented. The New York City Department of Health Tobacco Control Program (NYCTCP) together with their community partners is developing and implementing an innovative community-based intervention, tailored to Chinese Americans. The principle aim of thisresearch is to test the hypothesis that culturally and linguistically appropriate media campaign, plus increased access to onsite community-based cessation services, will be more effective, and more cost-effective, in positively influencing tobacco-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among a minority population, than will be culturally appropriate media approaches alone. We will assess age-specific prevalence rates, and tobacco-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, among two Chinese American communities in New York City. The research design is a quasi-experimental pre- post-test design with nonequivalent intact comparison groups from two geographically d i s t inct Chinese communities. The sample design will consist of a cross-sectional component to estimate smoking prevalence and a longitudinal study of baseline respondents. Individual-level data will be obtained from face-to-face interviews with representative individuals using standardized survey instruments. In addition, process evaluation methods will be used to assess the intervention implementation. Study results will provide important information on how to allocate limited resources for community tobacco control interventions, designed to influence an Asian American population, in the most costeffective manner. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF TOBACCO AT THE STATE LEVEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Glantz, Stanton A. Professor of Medicine; Institute for Health Policy Studies; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death. This application seeks funding to continue and extend our research on how the tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates seek to influence state and local policy making with the overall goal of developing knowledge that will lead to more effective tobacco control policies, taking into account changes that have taken place in the last two years, such as the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) that ended state tobacco litigation. The specific aims are: (1) Document and analyze the evolution of policy making with regard to tobacco control programs in a variety of states, including some with "mature" tobacco control programs that were created before the recent round of litigation as well as "new" states with tobacco control programs funded with money from the MSA. (2) Identify and describe new tobacco industry strategies for using surrogates to oppose state and local tobacco control efforts, beginning with the hospitality industry and claims that smoke free workplace laws hurt the hospitality business. (3) Understand the increasing importance of tobacco marketing to 18-24 year olds (as opposed to 12-17 year olds) for recruitment and retention of new smokers, with particular emphasis on bars as marketing venues. (4) Conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different tobacco control strategies. While the tobacco industry and its allies have attempted to present legitimate public health activities as unwarranted government intrusion into personal freedom, the underlying goal has been to prevent or delay the implementation of public policies to reduce cancer and heart disease. As with any disease, it is important to understand the vector of the disease in order to develop and implement effective control strategies. In the case of preventing lung and other cancer, as well as heart disease, it is necessary to understand the activities of the tobacco industry. This research will use case study and other methodologies to further this understanding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF COOKING SMOKE ON HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Mishra, Vinod K.; East-West Center 1601 East-West Rd Honolulu, HI 96848 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Available studies suggest that indoor air pollution from cooking and space heating causes substantial ill health in developing countries where a majority of households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, crop residues, and dung cakes, but research on this subject is limited and many uncertainties remain. The objective of the proposed research is to assess the effects of exposure to cooking smoke on a number of health outcomes including tuberculosis, asthma, acute respiratory infections, anemia, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The primary data source for the project is India's 1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), comprising more than 90,000 households throughout the country. This survey, which two members of the proposed research team helped design, contains detailed information on cooking fuels, fuel mix, tobacco smoking, and a number of relevant health outcomes, as well as information on many individual and household characteristics that may potentially confound the relationships between cooking smoke, tobacco smoke, and health. The research will also utilize data from India's 1992-93

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National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1), which also covered about 90,000 households throughout India; but the use of NFHS-1 data will be limited because it did not collect data on asthma, anemia, and some other key variables including tobacco smoking. Data from these surveys are unique in that they include questions on both cooking fuel type and a number of health outcomes, as well as data on tobacco smoking, from a large national sample, making it possible to explore the relationships between cooking smoke, tobacco smoke, and these health outcomes. The principal method of analysis will be logistic regression, with presence or absence of a particular health condition (e.g., active tuberculosis) as the response variable. The principal predictor variable will be exposure to cooking smoke, measured indirectly by type of cooking fuel used by the household (biomass fuels, cleaner fuels, mix of biomass and cleaner fuels). The regressions will include a number of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental control variables, including both active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE FROM TOBACCO BURNING CIGARETTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopez, Manuel; Professor; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, LA 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: In recent times, there has been increasing concern with regard to the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the health of non-smokers. These concerns have resulted in restrictions of smoking in many public places in the U.S. RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co. has recently developed the New Cigarette which by heating rather than burning tobacco produces emissions with substantially reduced smoke components. The environments generated by these new cigarettes apparently contain much lower concentrations of combustion and pyrolysis products and therefore, may have reduced adverse effects on non-smokers as compared to tobacco burning cigarettes. Project 2 of this study will examine smokers after 12 week periods of smoking the new cigarette and standard cigarettes. Project 4 will be identical to Project 2, with the addition of Bronchoalveolar Lavages (BAL) during screening, at weeks 12 and 24. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF GRAPHIC WARNING LABELS ON ADOLESCENT SMOKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fong, Geoffrey T. Associate Professor; University of Waterloo Waterloo N2l 3G1, Canada Waterloo, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad objective of the proposed research is to evaluate and understand the impact of a national tobacco control policy. Specifically, the proposed research will evaluate the psychosocial and behavioral effects of the new graphic cigarette package warning labels that were introduced in Canada in December 2000. These labels contain vivid photographs of the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking, with text messages inside the package that include efficacy messages for reducing the threat depicted on the package. In a quasi-experimental design, the participants will be a total of 12,000 students at 9 high schools in Canada and 6 high schools in the United States. Schools in the United States are matched so that they are similar to the Canadian schools. Baseline data confirm that the Canadian and U.S. schools do not differ in smoking behavior. Students will participate in a 30-minute

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classroom administered survey 2 times a year for 3 academic years. The first wave of data collection was conducted prior to the introduction of the new warning labels. There are six specific aims: (1) to examine whether the graphic warning labels have any effects on smoking behavior; (2) to examine whether the graphic warning labels enhance labelrelevant psychosocial variables (e.g., label salience); (3) to examine whether the graphic warning labels diminish general psychosocial variables that are related to smoking behavior; (4) to examine whether the effects of the graphic warning labels will vary as a function of exposure to the labels; (5) to examine whether the effects of the graphic warning labels will vary as a function of individual difference variables such as sensation seeking and time perspective; and (6) to examine whether the effects of the graphic warning labels on smoking behavior are mediated by variables that have been identified by theory to be important in predicting and understanding smoking behavior. Data-analytic methods will be employed that take into account the clustered nature of the data (e.g., random-effects regression models). The proposed research takes advantage of a "natural experiment" in an important tobacco control policy, and thus has the potential to gain insight into the effectiveness of these and other efforts by governments to reduce tobacco use, and could provide an empirical basis for future tobacco control policies in the U.S. and other countries. Moreover, the simultaneous focus on policy evaluation and theory testing may yield insights into the underlying mechanisms that would explain how and why the policy achieved its desired effects (or why it failed to achieve its desired effects). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECTS OF MN STATE & LOCAL PROGRAMS ON YOUTH TOBACCO US Principal Investigator & Institution: Forster, Jean L. Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The Minnesota Legislature has allocated up to 25 million dollars per year in interest revenues from the Minnesota (MN) tobacco settlement endowments to the MN Department of Health (MDH) for tobacco-use prevention. These funds are designated for comprehensive programs at the local and state levels to reduce tobacco use by adolescents. This longitudinal study proposes to use a combination of cohort, crosssectional, and time-series designs to measure adolescent tobacco-use patterns and tobacco- related attitudes and perceptions over time at the community and individual level. The purpose of this study is to relate implementation of programs funded by the MN tobacco prevention endowment to changes in tobacco-use behaviors and attitudes of youth within individuals, communities, and the state. This study will help to identify the most beneficial strategies and methods for local and state tobacco control programs, and to measure the overall effect of the MN tobacco prevention endowment on youth. The main outcome measures collected from telephone surveys will be tobacco-use behaviors and attitudes among adolescents, and the progression of tobacco use for individuals within cohorts; these will be aggregated at the state and local level. Measures of susceptibility to tobacco use, ever use of tobacco, frequency, quantity, duration and regularity of tobacco use, and attempts to quit using tobacco will be obtained. The natural history of tobacco-use behaviors in youth is not well understood. By collecting data every six months over three years on the youth cohort, the developmental patterns of tobacco use and the predictors of changes in these patterns will be defined more precisely. The aims of the study are to document the implementation of the comprehensive tobacco prevention and control program at the

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state and local level; to analyze the effects of the program over three years on adolescents age 12-18; to collaborate with MDH to integrate findings into the overall evaluation of the MN program, and to identify "best practices" for tobacco control at the local and statewide level; and to further describe and define the developmental process of transition from nonsmoker to smoker. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE ON AIRWAY BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Di, Yuan-Pu P. Environ & Occupational Health; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) Environmental stresses such as microorganisms and toxic chemicals have profound effects on lung injury and pulmonary disease. Airway bacterial infection has been associated with various lung diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and tuberculosis. Tobacco smoke (TS) is known to induce pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and lung cancer and has effects on the host defense mechanism against pathogens, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is not completely understood. The long-term goal of this proposal is to investigate the functional characteristics of a novel airway specific gene, DD4, its regulation and its potential role in health and human lung diseases that relate to tobacco smoke. The human DD4 gene is specifically expressed in serous cells of submucosal glands where bactericidal proteins such as lysozyme and lactoferrin are secreted. This novel gene has exhibited significant response to promoting agents of mucous cell differentiation such as UTP and retinoids, as well as to several mediators of inflammation and proliferation such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Of potential significance, the candidate?s preliminary studies revealed that DD4 has antibacterial properties and that its secretion varied dramatically between different lung diseases. In addition, the candidate?s laboratory also observed that human DD4 MRNA expression is elevated upon TS stimulations in both time and dose dependent manner. The objective of this application is to elucidate effects of TS on the regulatory mechanism of DD4?s gene expression and to examine DD4?s function after TS exposure both in vitro and in vivo. The central hypothesis to be tested is that DD4 is a secreted bactericidal protein that plays a role in airway defense mechanisms against pathogens. The rationale behind this research is that modulation (such as TS exposure) of the secretary DD4 protein is one means of directly affecting host defense response against human airway infection. Therefore, regulation of DD4 gene expression and protein secretion in response to pathological stimuli must be understood before the mobilization of host defenses and the pathogenesis of airway diseases that are related to DD4 can be fully appreciated. To accomplish the objectives of this application, they will pursue three specific aims: (1) to characterize the bactericidal activity of DD4; (2) to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of TS exposure on DD4?s bactericidal function; (3) to evaluate DD4?s antibacterial effect in vivo. At the completion of this research, the candidate expects to have determined the bactericidal potency of DD4 and the regulation by TS of the antibacterial defense mechanism of DD4. The candidate expects that regulation of DD4 will prove to be related, at least in part, to the inflammatory response and tobacco smoke exposure. Finally, the candidate may obtain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in certain lung diseases under effects of tobacco smoke, and the development of new therapeutic strategies.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFECTS OF TOBACCO-INDUCED MEDIATORS IN DEVELOPING LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Haley, Kathleen J.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Maternal smoking, particularly during pregnancy, is a risk factor for early childhood wheezing and/or asthma. Little is known about the mechanisms that link maternal smoking and abnormal lung development and/or function. However, smoking is known to alter cytokine expression in smokers, and several mediators with proinflammatory actions in adults function as growth factors during development. We propose that the link between maternal smoking and postnatal lung dysfunction is an alteration in the expression of mediators affecting pulmonary organogenesis. Our central hypothesis is that maternal tobacco smoking increases the expression of proinflammatory mediators that act as growth factors in the lung during gestation. Although many mediators are probably affected by maternal smoking, we will focus on one proinflammatory chemokine, eotaxin, as a paradigm for effects of maternal smoking on lung development. While eotaxin is associated with adult asthma, the function of eotaxin in the developing lung is not known. We will use eotaxin as a candidate mediator to test our central hypothesis, addressing three specific aims. The first aim is to confirm that eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3, are expressed in specific temporal and anatomic patterns within the developing lung, and that these patterns differ between lungs exposed to tobacco smoke byproducts and lungs without such exposure. The second aim is to determine whether activation of transcription factors is the mechanism of the increased expression of eotaxin, a chemokine that has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated, in lungs exposed to tobacco byproducts. The third aim is to investigate whether maternal smoking alters lung growth and/or differentiation through an eotaxin-responsive mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFICACY OF BUPROPION FOR TREATING SPIT TOBACCO USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dale, Lowell C.; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, MN 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Although overall rates of cigarette smoking have declined over the past 40 years, the use of spit tobacco (ST) has tripled. The use of ST can lead to nicotine addiction and physical dependence. ST use is known to increase the risk of periodontal disease and oral cancer. Moreover, ST use increases the risk for cancer of the esophagus, larynx, stomach and pancreas and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Effective interventions are needed to assist ST users to stop. Bupropion, a monocyclic antidepressant that inhibits the neuronal re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine and may also selectively inhibit neuronal nicotinic receptors, has demonstrated efficacy for smoking cessation. In a placebo-controlled pilot study, we have shown possible treatment effects of sustained release bupropion (SR) in ST user. Our aims are: 1) To evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week course of bupropion SR rates of abstinence from all tobacco use; 2) To evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week course of bupropion SR compared to placebo on the end of treatment and 12- month rates of abstinence from all tobacco use; 2) To evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week course of bupropion SR compare to placebo

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on the end of treatment and 12-month rates of abstinence from ST; 3) To determine what baseline characteristics in addition to medication assignment are associated with abstinence from all tobacco and from ST, at the end of treatment and at 12 months; 4) To determine the association between baseline urine tobacco alkaloids with self-reported tobacco use behavior and level of nicotine dependence assessed using the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire modified for ST users; 6) To determine if ST users successful in abstaining from ST switch to a nicotine-replacement product or a different tobacco product (cigarettes, pipe, or cigars). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we will compare bupropion SR to placebo in 320 regular users of ST. Active or placebo bupropion will be taken for a total of 12 consecutive weeks starting one week before the target quit date. Behavioral intervention will be provided for all subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EFFICACY STUDY OF AN INTERNET TOBACCO NONUSE PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Copeland, Liesel H.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States, with four out of five persons beginning tobacco use as children or adolescents. The literature suggests that programs for school-age children have an impact by reducing tobacco use and decreasing initiation of tobacco use. Further research is required to determine how to improve this reduction as well as how to increase dissemination of proven interventions that will have a significant impact on tobacco use. This application examines how Internet technology can be used to improve dissemination of a tobacco-use prevention curriculum for elementary students. The first study year involves development and analysis of an Internet delivered computer-based program for fifth grade students. This includes examining presentation and educational strategies for the Internet as well as identifying environmental barriers that may impede use of the Internet technology. The second study year is an evaluation of the expected educational outcomes (e.g., increased knowledge and non-use intentions, confidence in refusal/decision making skills) from the Internet-based curriculum. Additionally, analysis will be done on how effective the Internet program is in delivering different health information messages. Study designs include a descriptive, qualitative study in the first year and a pre-post comparison group experimental research design in the second year. The development study for the Internet-based program will occur in one suburban and one urban school of similar size. In study year two, the Internet-based and health educator-based schools will continue to receive the intervention and an additional matched suburban school will continue to serve as a comparison. Data collection includes observations, focus groups, questions in the computer program, and a questionnaire designed for the study that has content validity and produces consistency in response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EGYPT SMOKING PREVENTION RESEARCH INITIATIVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Israel, Ebenezer; Director; Epidemiology and Prev Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, MD 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East. It serves as a bridge between the West and the Arab countries. Cigarette and water pipe smoking and medical complications of tobacco use are increasing at an alarming rate. Half of male Egyptian physicians are smokers. The overall goal of this initiative is to establish research and capacity building projects to reduce tobacco use in Egypt. We propose to carry out observational, interventional and policy research in Egypt and build capacity for smoking prevention. Specific Aims are: 1) create the Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute (ESPRI) to perform smoking prevention research within the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) and to become a World Health Organization Collaborating Center; 2) implement epidemiological surveillance and research on tobacco use, tobacco harm and risk factors for tobacco use including studies of special relevance to Egypt, e.g. smoking water pipes and monitoring the high smoking rate among physicians; 3) conduct molecular epidemiology research to identify genetic and environmental risk factors associated with addiction and tobacco harm; 4) conduct intervention research to reduce community second-hand tobacco smoke in villages and reduce cigarette and water pipe smoking in physicians and young adults; 5) carry out policy research to study implementation, enforcement, and enactment of laws and regulations to protect the public from tobacco harm; 6) build capacity and strengthen infrastructure by long- and short-term training of health care providers, health educators, government workers, laboratory personnel and non-governmental organizations. Lasting partnerships will be established between U.S. and Egyptian investigators. Research associates will be trained on tobacco-related issues through their work on these projects. Training workshops will be conducted for MOHP staff and media groups. In addition, the formation of a tobacco control coalition will strengthen the role of non-governmental organizations as partners in tobacco control. The proposed studies will add significantly to the current knowledge base in tobacco control efforts specific to Egypt. The establishment of the ESPRI and the professional development of Egyptian investigators and Research Associates will accelerate Egypt's efforts to become tobacco free. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS--TOBACCO TREATMENT GUIDELINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevens, Victor J. Professor; Center for Health Studies 1730 Minor Ave, Ste 1600 Seattle, WA 98101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 03-JUN-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Although tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, implementation of proven tobacco-cessation treatments developed specifically for primary care settings has been disappointingly slow. In response to the implementation problem, a clear set of evidence-based practice guidelines have been developed for primary care providers (the "five As"). These guidelines have been strongly endorsed by health care organizations, many of which have conducted dissemination programs. However, evaluation of guideline implementation, and routine assessment of the quality of tobacco-cessation services in primary care, has been hampered by imprecise and costly patient questionnairc methods currently used for measuring treatment delivery. The rapidly growing use of electronic medical records (EMRs) offers an attractive alternative for evaluating guideline implementation and quality of care. This study will begin with the development of a method for coding tobacco-cessation activities (the five A's) in four HMOs using EMRs. Data from coded fields (check boxes, standardized diagnosis &

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treatment codes, and prescriptions) will be taken directly from the EMR, and information entered in free-text fields (e.g. progress notes) will be coded using a natural language processing program. (Such automated methods can be comprehensively applied to large populations at a much lower cost than reviewing a sample of records by hand.) Data extraction and coding procedures will be standardized across the four participating health care systems, with validity assessed by comparing automated coding to coding by medical record technicians. Next, a random sample of primary care providers will be selected for an effectiveness trial in which half will be provided regular feedback on their adherence to the tobacco control guidelines and the other half will not receive feedback. Feedback will also include information about patient followthrough on treatment rccommcndations as recorded in the EMR. The effect of this feedback on practice patterns will be assessed over a 2-year follow-up period. Study results will help to improve nlethods for monitoring quality of care using EMRs, help improve programs designed to increase adherence to national tobacco treatment guidelines, and provide useful intbrmation for EMR developers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ELUCIDATION OF EPOXIDE HYDROLASE POLYMORPHISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Park, Jong Y. Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, FL 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by Applicant) Genetic variations in genes involved in the metabolic activation and/or detoxification of tobacco carcinogens are likely to be a major source of inter-individual and inter-racial variation in cancer susceptibility. These metabolic differences are often associated with genetic polymorphisms in genes coding for carcinogen metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, the carcinogenic capacity of tobacco and tobacco smoke may be dependent upon the genetic composition of enzymes responsible for metabolizing of these carcinogens, thereby affecting individual susceptibility to tobacco- related cancers. One of the important enzymes involved in the metabolism of major tobacco-smoke carcinogens including | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is epoxide hydrolase (EH). The EH enzyme catalyzes the conversion of BaP-(7,8)-epoxide to BaP-(7,8)-diol, which is the direct precursor metabolite of BaP-(7,8)-diol-(9,10)-epoxide, the ultimate carcinogen of BaP. Previous studies have implicated EH polymorphisms in increased risk for lung as well as oral cancer in Caucasian cohorts but have not included an | assessment of EH polymorphisms and cancer risk in other racial groups. We have established the presence of other EH gene polymorphisms that could potentially play a role in EH activity. As EH plays a key role in the activation of PAHs, a full exploration of EH genetic variants must be performed and the role of polymorphic EH alleles on EH activity. Our hypothesis is that newly-identified EH genetic polymorphisms play an important role in affecting enzyme activity. The goal of the present study is to elucidate novel and examine known or newly-identified polymorphisms present in the EH gene. In this proposal, we intend to examine the prevalence of newly identified as well as known polymorphisms in Caucasians as well as African Americans. In addition, we will examine the potential role of these polymorphisms in EH activity by functional analysis of each allele. These studies will provide baseline information for future large-scale case:control studies regarding the potential of these polymorphisms to affect cancer risk and influence our strategies in terms of cancer prevention for smoking-related cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE REDUCTION IN PRETEENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hovell, Melbourne F. Professor and Director; Graduate School of Public Hlth; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised proposal is based on reviewers' advice and updated pilot data. Parent counseling reduced children's ETS exposure in our previous studies. This study will determine if interventions directed to preteens alone can reduce ETS exposure. Our original pilot study showed that counseling reduced preteen's ETS exposure. New analyses showed that counseling reduced exposure to preteens in our NIH asthma study. A third pilot showed that counseling plus feedback and incentives reduced preteens' ETS exposure. Based on these results, we decreased the number of counseling sessions to 10, liberalized inclusion criteria, and added recruitment sources to assure feasibility. This trial will determine the effects of counseling+feedback vs. counseling+ feedback+incentives on ETS exposure and susceptibility to smoking among high-risk preteens. 300 youth 9-12 years old, including African-American, Latino, Anglo, and other racial/ethnic groups, will be recruited. Preteens must be nonsmokers who are exposed to ETS in their home. Youth will be recruited sequentially and assigned to usual education, counseling plus cotinine feedback, or counseling, cotinine feedback and incentives. Outcome measures will be obtained prior to intervention, at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 18 months. Urine samples will be analyzed for cotinine using highly sensitive (detection limit.05 ng/ml) and reliable procedures as employed by CDC (ID-LC/MS/MS). The same measures will be used for cotinine feedback. Repeated measures analyses of differential exposure to ETS will be employed. Mixed effect regression (REML) and GEE models will be used for outcome analyses. Exploratory analyses will address questions about the environmental and social determinants of tobacco use and ETS exposure based on our Behavioral Ecological Model. We also will explore the feasibility of conducting a genetic study of tobacco addiction, and we will collect personnel and other cost data from which later cost/utility analyses can be computed. With increased fidelity, additional recruitment sources, and our past successful ETS studies, we are confident that this trial will be completed successfully and contribute to ETS exposure reduction and possibly smoking prevention in high-risk youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGIC, MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL DETERMINANTS OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Baez, Adriana; Professor; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Worldwide, head and neck cancer is a major health problem. The incidence rate of head and neck squamous carcinoma (SCCHN) is higher among Puerto Rican Hispanics than among Hispanics living in the US. Advances in the locoregional control of SCCHN have not increased patients' survival due to recurrence, metastases or second primary tumors (SPTs). Development of SCCHN involves the interplay between genetic events and environmental factors. Tobacco and alcohol are the main risk factors. Tobacco and alcohol are the main risk factors. Recently, human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) has been implicated in the etiology of 20-30% SCCHNs. Gene-environment interactions play a significant role in determining susceptibility to SCCHNs. Gene-

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environment interactions play a significant role in determining susceptibility to SCCHN. Variants in DNA repair genes, and metabolic genes associated with tobacco and alcohol metabolism could be associated with the individual's susceptibility to SHHN. Variants in DNA repair genes, and metabolic genes associated with tobacco and alcohol metabolism could be associated with the individual's susceptibility to develop cancer. The underlying hypothesis is that individuals with susceptible genotypes and behavioral risk factors are at greater risk of disease progression and SPTs. In HPV16positive SCCHN patients, HPV16 DNA serum levels may be a potential biomarker for metastasis. To test our hypothesis we plan a follow-up study of 250 Puerto Rican patients with the following specific aims: 1) Gather baseline and follow-up epidemiological and clinical data on Puerto Rican SCCHN patients (200 new patients and 50 already accrued); 2) Determine HPV16 positive tumors and specific variants; 3) Measure the serum levels of HPV16 DNA in HPV16 DNA in HPV16-positive patients; 4) Correlate HPV16 infection and p53 mutations with clinical data of SCCHN Puerto Rican patients; 5) Analyze selected constitutional polymorphic genes associated with tobacco and alcohol metabolisms, and DNA repair (e.g. GSTs, ADH3, XRCC1, XPD, and p53); and 6) analyze epidemiological and biomarker data as predictors of recurrence and development of SPTs. These patients will be followed for the development of recurrences, metastasis and SPTs. We will be able to obtain preliminary data and to compare lifestyle characteristics and molecular markers in this Hispanic population. The long-term goal of this line of research is to identify markers for predicting the risk of recurrence of STP in these patients could be used to develop specific intervention strategies to target high-risk patients. This project will provide the opportunity to develop the infrastructure for an epidemiological study at UPRCC. These preliminary data will be basis for an R01 proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY & INTERVENTION RESEARCH FOR TOBACCO CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Samet, Jonathan M. Chair and Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The low and middle-income countries of the world face a rising threat to public health from the rapidly escalating epidemic of tobacco use. Strong evidence based programs are urgently needed to promote tobacco control. However, few less developed countries have sufficient infrastructure or capacity for tobacco control research, and funding for such research may be unavailable or extremely limited. This application builds on the strong partnerships already established by the Institute for Global Tobacco Control of the Bloomberg School of Public Health and sets out a strategy for enhanced tobacco control research and capacity building in Asia and Latin America. The overall goal is to train tobacco control researchers who can work individually and collaboratively to carry out tobacco control research and use the evidence to implement effective interventions that will result in policy and behavioral change. The core elements of the program will include in-depth training of tobacco control leaders in the regions, regional training and policy relevant epidemiologic and intervention research. Established researchers will receive in-depth training at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health to equip them not only with needed research competencies but also with an understanding of the relationship between tobacco control evidence and effective policy. Regional training workshops will focus on key regional needs and help to establish a network of tobacco control experts

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within and between countries who can develop and implement collaborative research projects. Research needs will be established through interactions with stakeholder groups and policy makers in each region. For the initial year, research projects are proposed based on research needs identified as policy relevant through prior collaborations. In Brazil, a national survey of tobacco use and tobacco related knowledge, attitudes and behavior is proposed in collaboration with the National Cancer Institute. In China, the proposed research effort is a community intervention trial focusing on the creation of smoke free homes with the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. In Mexico, the Institute plans to work with its partner, the National Institute for Public Health, to estimate smoking attributable morbidity and mortality, and associated costs. Additional projects will be developed by research associates and supported with funds from this grant. Our partner institutions are well positioned to sustain this project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ORAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Nazar-Stewart, Valle; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Although tobacco smoke and alcohol account for most cases of oral cancer, few smokers and drinkers eventually acquire this disease. The main goal of this study is to determine whether differences in constitutive function of certain biotransformation enzymes (which metabolize tobacco smoke and alcohol) modify risk for oral cancer among smokers and drinkers, and thereby account for some of the observed differences in susceptibility. To meet this goal, we will conduct a case-control study of oral cancer in the Pittsburgh area. Cases (N=244) will be men and women identified through the Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Oncology Offices at UPMC with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity newly diagnosed between 01/01/99 and 12/31/02, who are 18-74 years of age, and reside in one of 16 counties in the Tri-State area (including western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northeastern Western Virginia). Neighborhood controls (N=488) will be men and women identified through Voters' Registration lists (for Allegheny County in Pennsylvania) or Motor Vehicle Drivers' License lists (for all other counties) who are without oral cancer and match the cases on age, gender, race and zip code. Two controls will be matched to each case. Eligible cases and controls will have a history of cigarette use (at least 10 pack-years) or alcohol use (at least 1 alcoholic beverage per week). In person interviews will cover demographic variables, detailed history of tobacco and alcohol use, diet, ethnic background and family history of cancer. Blood will be drawn, and DNA extracted and analyzed for genetic variants of the following polymorphic biotransformation enzymes: CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, mEH, MPO, NAT2, ALDH2, ADH2 and ADH3. Each of these enzymes is important in the metabolism of either alcohol or tobacco smoke, or both. We will measure relationships between each genetic enzyme variant and risk for oral cancer, as well as the joint effects of these polymorphisms on risk. We will also examine exposures, e.g. diet, that may modify or confound these relationships. Identification of genetic biomarkers for susceptibility to oral cancer could be used to focus screening and intervention efforts on individuals who at highest risk for this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOLOGY

EPITHELIAL

ACETYLCHOLINE

ORAL

BIOLOGY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Grando, Sergei A. Dermatology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): PURPOSE: To identify the medical and biological significance of the novel non-neuronal cholinergic system of the upper digestive tract, and elucidate the effects of pure nicotine (Nic) vs. tobacco products on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR and mAChR) expressed by oral and esophageal keratinocytes (KC). BACKGROUND: ACh regulates vital functions of KC including proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. The alpha3, alpha5, alpha7, alpha9, beta2, and beta4 nAChR subunits, the m2, m3, m4 and m5 mAChR subtypes, as well as the synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase and the degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase are expressed and function in human oral KC, and may target KC for direct effects of Nic. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS: Concomitant emergence of different ACh receptors in the course of KC differentiation allows ACh to exhibit diverse and temporally regulation of the developing mucosal epithelium. A stimulatory effect of ACh on Ca2+ influx, mediated by nAChR, balances an inhibitory effect, mediated by mAChR, and simultaneous activation of both receptors produces a kind of a yin yang regulatory balance in KC. HYPOTHESES: 1) Each ACh receptor expressed by oral KC regulates uniquely the cell cycle progression so that the differentiation-determined changes in the repertoire of ACh receptors in a single keratinocyte can diversify the biological effects of ACh. 2) Chronic exposure to Nic disturbs the dynamic equilibrium between the nicotinic and the muscarinic pathways of keratinocyte control by ACh, leading to an aberrant cell cycle. SPECIFIC AIMS: 1) Identify contribution of each ACh receptor to the cell cycle progression using subtypeselective agonists and antagonists, antisence oligonucleotides, and knockout mice. 2) Identify long-term effects of Nic vs. aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco vs. environmental tobacco smoke on expression/function of keratinocyte ACh receptors and the Ca2+ pathways subserving ACh signaling in KC. METHODOLOGY: A combination of molecular biological (RT-PCR, real-time TaqMan PCR, Northern blots), immunological (immunohistochemistry, Western blots, ELISA), pharmacological and biological assays will be employed to quantitate ACh receptor-mediated changes of the cell cycle progression (Aim #1) as well as effects of Nic and tobacco products on the structure and function of keratinocyte ACh receptors (Aim #2). SIGNIFICANCE: The role of non-neuronal ACh in oral cell biology and pathology will be elucidated, which will help explain some of the mechanisms of deleterious effects of tobacco products in the upper digestive tract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SYRIAN CENTER FOR TOBACCO STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Ward, Kenneth D. Center for Community Health; University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco use is becoming epidemic in developing countries. Unless current trends are reversed, tobacco will kill 10 million people annually by the decade of 2020-2030, with a staggering 70% of these deaths in developing countries. This epidemic has been curbed in the US and other developed

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countries with intensive scientific study of tobacco use, but developing nations often lack the capacity and infrastructure for such scientific efforts. This is especially true in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region, where the tobacco epidemic is largely unchecked in countries such as Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. This application's overarching goal is to establish a center for the study, treatment, and prevention of tobacco dependence in the EM. The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies will serve as a national and regional resource for tobacco control efforts, including epidemiological study, clinical research, and prevention and cessation intervention development. The Center also will serve as a focal point for dissemination of information relevant to tobacco control efforts in the EM region. In its first five years, the specific aims of the Center are to: 1. Learn methods for studying tobacco use and local smoking practices using key informant interviews and focus groups to guide the development of epidemiological, clinical laboratory, and treatment strategies. This Year 1 effort will provide the SCTS's foundation. Second, an epidemiological study during Years 1 and 2 will detail the patterns and determinants of tobacco use and cessation in Aleppo (Syria's second-largest city), focusing on cigarette and narghile (water pipe) use. 2. Describe, in a clinical laboratory established in Aleppo, the subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of smoking systems that are popular in, and in some cases unique to, the EM. This laboratory will be established in the first 12 months of the project and two detailed studies of tobacco use will occupy the laboratory during Years 2-5 of the funding period. 3. Test a primary-care based smoking cessation intervention tailored to the Syrian setting based on data from epidemiological and clinical laboratory results. This intervention will be developed during Year 2 and implemented and tested in Years 3-5. 4. Train Syrian tobacco researchers so that the expertise and resources necessary for sustaining and expanding the SCTS will be in place locally at project's end. Training components will include a fellowship program for study in the United States, sponsorship of an annual regional tobacco control conference, and expert consultation and resource-sharing via Internet for other researchers and institutions in the EM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FOLLOW UP OF THE COMMIT COHORT PARTICIPANTS 13 YEARS LAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Cummings, Michael K. Professor and Chairman; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, NY 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This proposal outlines a plan for ascertaining the vital status and re- interviewing the original 22,046 U.S. cohort participants in the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation study (COMMIT). Data collected on the cohort will be used to assess mortality outcomes, changes in tobacco use behaviors, and exposure and response to community/state tobacco control programming and policies implemented since 1993. Follow-up of the original participants of the COMMIT smoker cohort will allow testing of the long-term impact of the COMMIT intervention on community tobacco control policies and the tobacco use practices of adult smokers. This project also offers an opportunity to quantify the impact of recently implemented state-based programs such as those implemented in California [1989], Massachusetts [1994], and Oregon [1998]. Variation in the public policies governing tobacco use across the 20 U.S. COMMIT communities also will permit us to investigate the impact of tobacco control policies such as boosting tobacco excise taxes, public smoking regulations, insurance coverage for smoking cessation on adult smoking behavior. By the year 2001, 13 years will have passed from

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the recruitment of the cohort and enough deaths will have occurred to give us adequate statistical power to do a mortality analysis. The proposed study is unique in its capacity to investigate the contribution of individual-level and community-level predictors of mortality in a population-based sample of smokers. We have retained Westat to conduct the follow-up survey work for this project. Westat conducted the original survey work for the COMMIT study. Telephone interviewing operations will be conducted in Westat's Telephone Research Centers and will take place over a five-month period between January and May, 2001. Westat will also ascertain the vital status of cohort members using the National Death Index. In summary, the proposed study represents a highly cost-effective way to utilize data from previously conducted community-level study to investigate the impact of ongoing tobacco control programming and policies on the tobacco use practices and mortality outcomes in a large cohort of adult smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FUNCT. CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CYP2A6 GENETIC VARIANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hong, Jun-Yan; Associate Professor; Environmental & Community Med; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, NJ 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor of human cancers. Human cytochrome P4502A6 (CYP2A6) plays a predominant role in the metabolic activation of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone (NNK), two major carcinogenic tobaccospecific nitrosamines, as well as in the metabolism of nicotine which is responsible for smoking addiction. Existence of functional genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 is strongly suggested by the reports on large inter-individual variations (up to 170-fold) in CYP2A6 activity (assayed as coumarin 7-hydroxylase) in general populations, and on bimodal activity distribution. There area a total of 6 genetic variants on human CYP2A6, including 3 missense variants we recently identified. One of the reported missence variants (2A6v1, leu160His) lacked coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. However, the activities of 2A6v1 and other variants in metabolizing NNN, NNK, and nicotine as well as their importance in tobacco-related carcinogenesis have not been investigated. Our working hypothesis is that functional genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6, such as 2A6v1, significantly affects an individual's ability to metabolize NNN, NNK, and nicotine. Therefore, it could be an important determinant in human susceptibility to tobacco-related carcinogenesis. As an essential step to our working hypothesis, the present proposal focuses on the functional characterization of CYP2A6 genetic variants with the following specific aims: 1. To characterize the functional significance of CYP2A6 missense genetic variants through: (a) generation of the variant proteins by site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression; (b) comparison of the enzyme kinetics of the variants with the wild-type protein in metabolizing NNN, NNK and nicotine; (c) comparison of NNN- or NNK-induced cytotoxicity in cells transfected with either wild-type or variant CYP2A6 cDNAs; and (d) determination of protein stability of the missense variants. 2. To determine the allelic frequency distribution of functional CYP2A6 polymorphisms in different ethnic populations. This study will provide background information for future epidemiological studies, and provide the genotyped subjects for the human study proposed in specific aim 3. 3. To determine the impact of functional YCP2A6 genetic polymorphisms on the in vivo metabolism of nicotine and coumarin, both probe drugs of CYP2A6, by correlating the urinary metabolic ratio (MR)

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of nicotine and coumarin with the CYP2A6 polymorphic genotypes in volunteer subjects. Individuals with significant MR alterations not without known CYP2A6 polymorphisms will be used to identify new CYP2A6 variants. Our proposed studies are critical to elucidate the functional importance of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism and help asses the possibility of using CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism as a susceptibility marker of tobacco-related human carcinogenesis, which could contribute significantly to cancer prevention by identifying susceptible subpopulations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENDER & NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL--A PLACEBO CONTROL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Buchhalter, August R. Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2001 Summary: Understanding factors that influence drug withdrawal in men and women is an essential component of successful drug abuse treatment. This within-subjects study will explore the time course of tobacco withdrawal in men and women over a 5-day period using a placebo control design. Smokers will participate in three, 5-day conditions separated by a minimum 48-hour washout period. Conditions will span Monday-Friday and subjects will attend the research facility for about one hour on each weekday for periodic monitoring on various measures (e.g., subjective, physiological, behavioral, compliance). Weekends will serve as washout periods during which subjects will smoke their usual brand of cigarettes. Conditions vary by the cigarettes to be smoked: in one condition subjects will smoke denicotinized cigarettes, in another they will smoke control (nicotinized) cigarettes, and in the third they will abstain from smoking. Smoking conditions will be double-blind and all these conditions will be ordered by Latin Square. Each condition will include periodic monitoring of subjective symptoms of tobacco withdrawal, performance measures, levels of urinary cotinine (a nicotine metabolite), expired air carbon monoxide (CO), and several physiological variables. Subjective and performance measures will be administered daily, MondayFriday. Monitoring levels of urinary cotinine and expired CO will be done thrice weekly (i.e., Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) and will be used to assess compliance with smoking restrictions. Additionally, compliance with smoking restrictions will be reinforced monetarily twice weekly (i.e., Wednesday and Friday). Results from this study will help to determine: a) the extent to which cigarette smokers are physically dependent on nicotine, the long-term contribution of non-nicotine, tobacco-related factors in the withdrawal suppression produced by denicotinized cigarettes, and c) whether men and women differ in their response to the nicotine/tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE-BY-SMOKING ATHEROSCLEROSIS

INTERACTION

AND

RISK

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: North, Kari E. Epidemiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): While cigarette smoking is a well-established and potent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, individual susceptibility to smoking varies considerably, suggesting modifiers such as genomic variation. Several

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key enzymes involved in the activation and detoxification of mutagenic tobacco smoke compounds, oxidative stress, and DNA damage are expressed in the tissues of the heart and vasculature and represent mechanistic pathways for tobacco-induced pathology. Many of these enzymes have common polymorphisms (greater than or equal too 10% prevalence in the population) with known functional effects. Although restricted to a few enzymes and hampered by shortcomings in design, a small number of studies have suggested that enzymatic activation and detoxification of tobacco smoke modifies the risk of certain cardiovascular outcomes associated with cigarette smoking. The main goal of the proposed study is to evaluate common genetic polymorphisms that, in combination with exposure to tobacco smoke, may modify the risk of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae. An average of six polymorphisms, selected on the basis of their prevalence and functional significance, expression in relevant tissues, evaluation in previous studies and biologic plausibility, within 19 genes involved in activation, detoxification, oxidative stress, and DNA repair pathways will be evaluated as an ancillary study to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. In this wellcharacterized, bi-ethnic cohort of 15,792 men and women under active follow-up since 1987-89 (completeness of follow-up 96%), five endpoints quantifying subclinical atherosclerosis and validated clinical atherosclerotic events will be studied in casecohort/case-control mode: incident coronary heart disease, carotid atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease, incident stroke, and MRI-detected cerebral infarcts. The proposed investigation is well designed to study how DNA sequence polymorphisms can promote or inhibit the atherogenic effects of smoking and the risk of clinical events, and to contribute new knowledge on the role of genetic variation in the response to environmental insults and toxicants. The findings are expected to be of clinical and public health significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENES, DIET AND CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION IN SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Le Marchand, Loic; Professor; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, HI 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This research will investigate genetic and dietary influences on the Phase I metabolism of tobacco smoke carcinogens and on lung cancer risk. Based on recent findings, we hypothesize that, in smokers: 1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco smoke are the primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, whereas nitrosamines in tobacco are the primary cause of lung adenocarcinoma; 2) the metabolic activation of PAHs is mainly carried out by CYPIA1, with more minor roles for CYP3A4 and CYP1B 1, and the activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) is mainly carried out by CYP2E1, CYPlA2 and CYP2A6; and 3) the activation of these carcinogens is modified by polymorphic genes and dietary inhibitors/inducers. We will use genomic DNA samples from a completed case-control study of lung cancer among Japanese, Caucasians and Hawaiians (341 cases, 456 controls) to test the independent and joint associations of these polymorphisms with lung cancer risk. We will also conduct a cross-sectional study (n=600) among Japanese, Hawaiian and Caucasian smokers participating in our Multiethnic Cohort Study to test associations of: 1) urinary NNAL (the main metabolite of NNK) and TSNA globin adducts with the high activity genotypes for CYP2E1, CYIA2 and/or CYP2A6; 2) urinary total 1-hydroxypyrene and levels of PAH DNA adducts in circulating lymphocytes with the high activity genotypes for CYPIAI, AhR and CYPIBI; and 3) intake and urinary levels of phytochemicals (specific flavonoids, total

68 Tobacco

isothiocyanates) and plasma levels of micronutrients with these markers of activation. Finally, two feeding studies (n=50 each) will use a randomized cross-over design to test the effect of selected foods on markers of PAH or TSNA metabolism and on metabolizing enzymes in smokers with high and low activity genotypes. The elucidation of the main enzymes responsible for carcinogen activation and of the impact of dietary factors on these enzymes would have important implications for cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BLADDER CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Xifeng; Associate Professor; Cancer Prevention and Control; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 22-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: We propose to use a molecular epidemiologic approach in a case-control study to identify interindividual differences in susceptibility to tobacco-induced carcinogenesis as predictors of BC risk. This will include assessing susceptibility at several aspects of tobacco-induced carcinogenesis, including the genetically modulated activation and detoxification of tobacco mutagens and chromosome sensitivity to these mutagens. We will accrue 200 patients with superficial BC and 200 patients with invasive BC of any age and ethnicity and of either sex who have not received chemotherapy or radiotherapy. We will also prospectively select 400 controls from a potential large control pool identified from the rosters of the largest multispecialty healthcare group practice in the Houston metropolitan area. These controls will be matched to the patients by sex, age (plus /minus 5 years), and ethnicity. Comprehensive epidemiologic profiles will be constructed for these patients and controls. The specific aims are: 1) To assess in patients with BC and in controls two mutagen sensitivity susceptibility assays performed in parallel, one that quantifies the number of lymphocytic chromatid breaks induced by in vitro exposure to bleomycin (a radiomimetic agent) and another that quantifies the number of breaks induced by in vitro exposure to benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE; the activated form of benzo[alpha]pyrene, a tobacco carcinogen). Our hypothesis is that subjects who show increased bleomycin- and BPDE- chromosome sensitivity are at greater risk for BC than are those who do not show these sensitivities. Using the two tobacco mutagen sensitivity assays in parallel will improve our ability to identify populations at high-risk for BC (case-control analysis) and for invasive compared with superficial BC (case-case analysis); 2) To determine in patients and controls the frequencies of polymorphisms in those genes that regulate the metabolism of carcinogens in tobacco smoke, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP2E1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) mu and theta, epoxide hydrolase 3 (EPHX3) EPHX4, myeloperoxidase (MPO), N-acetyltransferase (NAT)1, and NAT2. Our hypothesis is that an inherent susceptibility to BC is associated with metabolic enzyme genetic polymorphisms that modulate activation and detoxification of tobacco carcinogen. 3) To explore the associations between the cytogenetic and molecular components and epidemiologic covariates (age, sex, ethnicity, cigarette smoking status, alcohol use and dietary intake, and family history of cancer) in risk of BC overall and by subtype. We will integrate epidemiologic data with the genetic data from the studies described in Specific Aims 1 and 2. Our long-term plan is to refine our risk assessment in patients with BC so that we can identify high-risk subgroups of candidates for primary and secondary prevention measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETICS OF ADOLESCENT TOBACCO USE AND DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Madden, Pamela A. Research Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Despite the importance of adolescent smoking from a public health perspective (including its association with teenage alcohol and drug involvement), and the evidence from adult twin studies for a strong genetic influence on smoking behavior, there has been little research designed specifically to understand the genetic contribution to risks of becoming a regular tobacco user, and of developing nicotine dependence, and to difficulties with quitting tobacco use. The classical twin study, comparing MZ and DZ twins reared together, is a powerful behavioral genetic design for analyzing the joint effects of genes and environment on behaviors such as the onset of regular tobacco use and transitions in the tobacco habit which are subject to rapid developmental and secular changes. Using a prospective cohort sequential design, we will ascertain cohorts of adolescent same sexed male twins, 11, 13, 15 and 17 years of age, including minority pairs, over a 2-year period, and continue to identify new cohorts of 11-year old twins in years 3, 4 and 5. Each twin and one parent or guardian (whenever possible the biological mother) will be sent a questionnaire and by telephone given an interview that includes assessments of patterns of tobacco use and nicotine dependence, alcohol use and dependence, illicit drug use, other axis I disorders, perceived tobacco, alcohol and drug use and attitudes towards use in peers and parents, and about other pertinent risk factors. There will be brief annual follow-up of the twins. Analyses will include data from an ongoing longitudinal study of female adolescent twins (AA09022; Heath, PI) using similar assessments, allowing us to examine the following issues for cigarette use in adolescent boys compared with girls: (i) genetic influences on tobacco use; (ii) possible mediators of genetic influences on use of and the development of dependence on nicotine; i.e., personality, lifetime depression and anxiety disorders, and adolescent conduct disorder; (iii) the relationship between genetic influences on smoking behavior, and genetic influences on alcohol and illicit drug- related problems; (iv) possible environmental mediators (e.g., perceived smoking in peers); and (v) protective factors (e.g., parental monitoring) which may modify a genetic predisposition to tobacco use and to nicotine dependence in adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETICS OF NICOTINE ADDICTION-EXAMINING ETHICS & POLICY Principal Investigator & Institution: Koenig, Barbara A. Acting Associate Professor and Executive; Center for Biomedical Ethics; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Studies are underway to examine the genetic factors contributing to smoking initiation, nicotine dependence, and inability to quit. Other studies use DNA array technologies to map nicotine-induced alterations in the brain. By providing a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in nicotine addiction, this unfolding body of genetic research is expected to fuel developments in pharmacogenetics, to create new genetic tests, and ultimately, to provide the basis for innovative strategies for smoking cessation and preventive interventions. Translating the results of genetic research into public health or treatment programs will require the resolution of a host of complex ethical, legal, social, and policy issues. The "geneticization" of smoking may cast additional stigma on smokers, or shift

70 Tobacco

responsibility for addiction away from the cigarette (and the tobacco industry) and onto individuals' genetic make-up. Crucial issues will accompany testing: Who should be considered at risk? Will racial groups be targeted? How will access to services be affected? Should we use psychotropic drugs to prevent smoking? The proposed research will combine empirical investigation with ethical and policy analysis, employing a range of methods: systematic review of the scientific literature and of tobacco industry documents, interviews with stakeholders, ethnographic research at scientific meetings, and a multi-disciplinary, national Advisory Board. The project's empirical aims are to: 1) assess the state of scientific knowledge about the genetic basis of smoking behaviors and susceptibility to nicotine addiction, 2) anticipate and characterize clinical and preventive health applications based on this knowledge, and 3) examine the emergence of a genetic understanding of smoking among key stakeholders in tobacco control. Informed by our empirical work, and in consultation with the project's Advisory Board, the ethical and policy aims are to: 4) delineate and evaluate the foreseeable impact of genetic explanations on existing smoking control policies, such as public health strategies and treatment programs, and, 5) identify and analyze key ethical, legal, and social consequences of a genetic understanding of smoking behaviors. The goal of the project is to provide policy makers with a clear understanding of the potential impacts and limitations of genetic research, ensure that genetics will integrate harmoniously in measures to reduce tobacco use, and contribute to the public policy debate about the genetics of addiction, by providing a comprehensive analysis of nicotine addiction - an illustration of the ethical complexities inherent in behavioral genetics research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETICS OF TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL RELATED CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brennan, Paul J.; World Hlth Org Intl Agcy Res on Cancer Int'l Agency for Res on Cancer Lyon, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Even though lung and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancers are predominantly caused by tobacco and alcohol, only a minority of heavy smokers and heavy drinkers will develop lung or UADT cancer. A possible explanation for this is that the metabolisation of carcinogenic products, the level of internal dose and subsequent DNA repair and cell cycle control mechanisms vary widely between individuals because of genetic factors. The broad long-term goal of this project will be to investigate in two separate studies the role of 45 genes which are potentially involved in the susceptibility of lung and UADT cancers. The first is a study of lung and UADT cancers in Central Europe, involving approximately 2300 lung cancer cases, 1200 UADT cancer cases and 2800 controls. The second is a separate study of UADT cancer in South America involving approximately 2100 cases and 1700 controls. Both studies are conducted to an identical protocol involving the collection of high quality detailed information on lifestyle and occupational history, as well as blood collection for DNA extraction. Genotyping of 108 SNPs for the 45 genes will be conducted using automated and pre-validated DNA microarrays. The genes comprise those involved in the metabolism of tobacco products, alcohol and other potential carcinogens (e.g. CYPs, GSTs, ADH2, ADH3, MPO), as well as genes involved in DNA repair (e.g. XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, XPF), tumour suppression (p53, p16, CCND1 ) and nicotine addiction (dopamine D2 and D4 receptor genes). Using these large sample sizes, we will accurately measure the overall effect of each gene in lung and UADT cancer. Subsequently, the effect of combinations of genes will be measured (gene-gene interaction), as well as the effect of individual genes in specific subgroups identified by

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alcohol and tobacco consumption and occupational history (gene-environment interaction). Statistical techniques will include haplotype reconstruction, empirical Bayes and semi-Bayes analysis to control for false positive results, and modeling of complex pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GLOBALIZATION, THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND POLICY INFLUENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Kelley; U of L London Sch/Hygiene & Tropical Med Hygiene & Tropical Med London, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The purpose of this project is to analyze efforts by the tobacco industry to influence tobacco control policies in selected countries, regions and globally primarily using industry documents located at Guildford, UK. The project will compile country profiles of tobacco industry activities in 14 countries, and use these profiles to analyze: (a) transnational activities of the tobacco industry in relation to themes of global relevance; (b) efforts to influence public policy making; (c) efforts to influence the conduct, interpretation and dissemination of scientific research. This analysis will be used to draw conclusions about the links between globalization, the tobacco industry and policy influence, and to make recommendations on how to develop more effective tobacco control strategies and policies to improve public health. The project will locate and index tobacco industry documents relevant to these aims from the Guildford depository, and supplement them with web-based searches of the Minnesota documents. To facilitate the use of the Guildford documents by other investigators and the public, the physical copies of all Guildford documents obtained will be archived in the Contemporary Archives collection of The Wellcome Trust Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine. The digital copies of the documents will be located in the University of California San Francisco Library Tobacco Control Archives. The project will also host up to two visiting scholars each year to facilitate their use of the Guildford documents for research contributing to strengthening tobacco control policies and programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEALTHCARE TEAM APPROACH TO TOBACCO CESSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Prokhorov, Alexander V. Associate Professor; Behavioral Science; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Description (provided by applicant): Physicians are in a unique position to serve as a cornerstone for the nation's tobacco prevention and cessation efforts, having both access to the entire inventory of quitting aids and commanding a level of respect which makes them particularly influential. While influential, however, studies show that the majority of physicians report not counseling patients in smoking cessation due to lack of time, training and reimbursement. Increased physician/pharmacist collaboration can be used to address time constraints, since pharmacists have been identified as the most accessible health care providers in the community. In addition, training of physicians, their support staff, and pharmacists has been shown to improve skills and motivation for cessation counseling. The proposed project, a collaborative effort of researchers at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) and SRI International (Menlo Park,

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CA), will integrate and enhance three existing initiatives for training health care providers in effective tobacco cessation counseling. The creation and implementation of specialty-specific training modules (one for physicians and their staff, one for pharmacists) will establish a network of trained providers, and a linkage system facilitated by media communications will be used to facilitate referrals and support among providers. Additional media will be used to inform community members (potential patients in need of cessation support) of the availability of the trained healthcare provider network. This combination of training health care providers and informing all levels of patient and provider networks is expected to greatly increase both delivery and utilization of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Cohort, cross-sectional and pre-post measures will be used. Health care provider practices, patient tobacco use behavior change, and communitylevel outreach will be examined. Specific aims of this study are: AIM 1: To develop an accredited continuing education training program for each of the target health care provider groups. AIM 2: To implement the training program among a minimum of 560 providers (280 physicians and 280 pharmacists) in seven communities located throughout Texas, using live presentations, broadcasts via satellite, videotaped presentations, and web-based training. AIM 3: AIM 3: To evaluate the impact of the training program in group-randomized trials among healthcare providers and their patients, comparing seven trained and networked intervention communities to seven control communities. AIM 4: To use media and opinion leader networking channels to facilitate linkages among health care practitioners and between practitioners and the community publicizing a web of trained and accessible tobacco cessation counselors. Also, to encourage and facilitate health care provider outreach in the community. AIM 5: To evaluate the proposed tobacco cessation counseling strategies for their costs and benefits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HIGH DOSE NICOTINE PATCH THERAPY FOR SPIT TOBACCO USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ebbert, Jon O.; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, MN 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): According to the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, an estimated 7.6 million of the United States population 12 years of age and older (3.4%) currently use spit tobacco (ST). Long-term ST use increases the risk of developing oral leukoplakia, oropharyngeal cancer, and periodontal disease. Few studies of interventions for ST users have been conducted. A novel treatment approach for ST users employing existing pharmacotherapeutic agents is high dose nicotine patch therapy. Nicotine replacement therapy using standard dose nicotine patch therapy has not been shown to be effective for increasing tobacco abstinence rates in ST users. Our previous research in smokers shows that a high proportion of tobacco users have inadequate replacement of baseline serum nicotine levels with a standard nicotine patch dose and that higher doses (up to 44 mg/d) reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms and increase tobacco abstinence rates. Since total daily nicotine exposure among ST users may be higher than in smokers, we propose that high dose nicotine patch therapy will improve withdrawal symptom relief, be safe and well-tolerated, increase tobacco abstinence rates and increase the replacement of baseline serum nicotine levels in ST users. To test these hypotheses, we will conduct a 3-phase study in which 60 adult ST users will be randomized to placebo or 3 different nicotine patch doses (21, 42, or 63

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mg/d) with monitoring in our General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Withdrawal symptom data will be collected using an Electronic Diary (ED). All subjects will receive a behavioral intervention during participation in the study. This ROl pilot study will serve as the foundation upon which the Principal Investigator will build a line of research committed to the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of Healthy People 2000. Our goal is to reduce the prevalence of ST use and decrease the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer through the development of effective treatment options for ST users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HIGH RISK TEEN TOBACCO USE PREVENTION THROUGH ADVOCACY Principal Investigator & Institution: Winkleby, Marilyn A. Associate Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Teen tobacco use has been rising steadily since the early 1990's after a decade of relative stability. Compared with teens in traditional high schools, smoking rates for teens in alternative high schools are alarmingly high; approximately 80 percent have ever-smoked cigarettes and of these, 70 percent are experimental or light smokers. Because schools are the most efficient way to reach teens, it is critical to find effective school-based strategies that reach teens who are at the highest risk of becoming addicted to tobacco. Using a randomized trial, we propose to develop and evaluate a new tobacco prevention curriculum (Youth Advocacy Program) for very high-risk, ethnically diverse 11th and 12th grade students attending 10 alternative high schools in the San Jose area of California. The Youth Advocacy Program curriculum (treatment) will be tested against a placebo-attention substance abuse curriculum (control). The intervention offers the first empirical test of an intervention that seeks to prevent longterm addiction to tobacco by teens who have high rates of experimental smoking by: 1) modifying proximal social influences on smoking, e.g., perceived norms and values about smoking; 2) building awareness of distal environmental influences on smoking that stimulate teen tobacco use by increasing acceptability and availability of cigarette use in the community, and 3) engaging youth in devising and implementing strategies to modify pro-smoking community influences. Our aim is to reverse the usual progression from experimental smoking to regular smoking by teens in the Youth Advocacy Program. Our primary hypothesis is that experimental/light smokers in the treatment schools will experience a 35 percent quit rate at the end of the semester-long intervention compared with a 5 percent quit rate among experimental smokers in the control schools, and that the reduction in smoking will be maintained for 6 months following the intervention. Twenty-five students will be recruited from each of the 10 alternative schools. Five schools will be randomly assigned to the Youth Advocacy Program curriculum and five to the placebo-attention curriculum. The intervention will be repeated for 4 semesters (2 years), resulting in 500 treatment and 500 control students. The intervention will be intensive and will include 25 hours of classroom activities, 15 hours of a weekend Youth Advocacy Institute, and 20 hours of communitybased advocacy activities. To assess change, teens at the treatment and control schools will complete three surveys; at pre- intervention, post-intervention, and 6 months postintervention. We will test our primary hypothesis using a logistic regression analysis, with current smoking (yes/no) as the dependent measure and treatment (T/C), schoolwithin-treatment, and semester-within-school-within-treatment as the effects of interest.

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The results will be confirmed using a logistic regression analysis that incorporates a fixed-within-analysis correlation (intraclass correlation). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HUMAN MIS CANCER DRUG PRODUCED IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oishi, Karen K.; Croptech Corporation 1800 Kraft Dr, Ste 200 Blacksburg, VA 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS), a member of the TGF-beta family, has advantages as a potential, non-toxic therapeutic to treat certain cancers originating in human reproductive tissues. Recent research results show that MIS can elicit a similar apoptotic response in cancer cells as it does in normal embryonic tissues causing regression of the Mullerian duct during early fetal development. Development of MIS as an anticancer drug has been inhibited, however, by the inability of CHO cell cultures to yield adequate levels of rhMIS protein for clinical and commercial development. The research proposed here, therefore, aims to develop an alternative tobacco plant-based expression system for commercial production of human MIS. CropTech has previously expressed several other bio-active human proteins in its proprietary plant expression system and our preliminary work in collaboration with the MIS research group at Massachusetts General Hospital has, likewise, generated transgenic tobacco lines that express and process the human MIS protein. The next steps that need to be accomplished are proposed as the objectives of this Phase I SBIR project; namely, to purify and further characterize the biochemistry of the plant produced hrMIS, to analyze the bio-activity of plant hrMIS, and to develop new rhMIS tobacco plant lines that incorporate recent technical advances that enhance tobacco-based production and purification of complex recombinant proteins. Completion of these objectives would lay a solid foundation for a follow-up Phase II program focused on scaling up MIS production, animal studies, toxicology trials and initiation of clinical trials with tobaccosynthesized MIS protein. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Development of MIS as an anti-cancer drug is currently limited by the inadequacy of existing biopharmaceutical technology to meet MIS product requirements for clinical and commercial development. This project could help fill this need and simultaneously develop an alternative economically viable healthy use for tobacco. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFYING HIGH LEVERAGE TOBACCO POLICIES AND RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Tengs, Tammy O. Associate Professor; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, CA 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant?s Description) The primary objective of this research is to inform the development of high-leverage tobacco policies and research. High-leverage policies are those that maximally improve public health or dramatically reduce the economic burden of tobacco use. High-leverage applied research is designed to reduce uncertainty about the critical factors upon which real policy decisions depend. There are many policies and interventions that might reduce tobacco use. Short of performing expensive time-consuming studies, it is difficult to know which policy options are most promising. In the present research, we take a progressive approach toward informing policy. We

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will develop a rigorous system dynamics computer simulation model which will harness available science to predict the public health and economic consequences of any change in tobacco use in any demographic population and geographical area. Our approach to informing policy is unique in that we abstract away from the myriad of specific policy options to answer more fundamental questions. For example, we will determine which demographic groups are likely to realize the greatest public health gains for a fixed change in tobacco use. This will help decision makers to understand the tradeoffs between policies directed at the young vs. the old, men vs. women, or different racial/ethnic groups. We will also contrast the long term public health and economic consequences of efforts aimed at preventing tobacco use with efforts aimed at the reduction or cessation of tobacco use. To help communities prioritize scarce resources, the model will predict public health gains in all 50 states as well as counties and cities within those states. In addition, we will simulate the long-range outcomes of alternate approaches to safer cigarettes over different time-frames. These include lowering the nicotine content of cigarettes, removing carcinogens, improving access to non-tobacco nicotine delivery devices, and various combinations. Finally, through determining the sensitivity of outcomes to uncertain model parameters, we will identify those parameters that may prove to be good candidates for future high-leverage research. By synthesizing available scientific evidence into a single model, documenting it carefully, and making it available through a user-friendly interface on the Internet, we hope to aid decision makers faced with difficult policy choices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: IMMUNIZING AGAINST TOBACCO USE IN PEDIATRIC HEALTH CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Niaura, Raymond S. Director of Research; Miriam Hospital Providence, RI 02906 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Prevention of tobacco use is a national priority and is the focus of this proposal. Traditional tobacco prevention interventions fail to adequately reach low-income, high risk youth from culturally diverse backgrounds. Children at risk for tobacco use are concentrated in medical care settings that serve lowincome populations, the same populations that face the heaviest burdens from tobacco related illnesses. Tobacco use interventions delivered in primary care clinics can personalize messages in the context of a shared patient and provider agenda for optimal health. Counseling in the care clinic has potential to engage youth who are hard to reach in school and community settings, and it can be matched to the concerns of individual children. Therefore, we propose to test the incremental efficacy of a tailored, motivational counseling intervention over brief provider advice alone. The defined population comprises low-income, culturally diverse children ages 9-13 who present for care at a large, academic pediatric urban clinic. Patients (n=620) will be randomly assigned to one of two interventions: (a) brief provider advice, self-help print materials, and provider follow-up at routine medical visits; or (b) brief provider advice, self-help print material, provider follow-up, plus point of service counseling sessions with a health educator, a counseling summary for the medical record to guide health care providers in delivering tailored messages at follow-up, parent education about factors that promote child resistance to tobacco use, and individually tailored letters to both child and parent to boost counseling messages. A comprehensive office system will be used to promote the delivery of the brief provider intervention. The enhanced intervention is based on principles of motivational interviewing with tailoring based on

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assessment variables. We hypothesize that at the 24 month assessment 93% of children in the enhanced intervention group versus 85% in the brief advice group will remain in the three groups at lowest risk for future smoking, i.e., nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers, and early experimenters, compared to high risk groups of advanced experimental and addicted smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: IMPACT OF RETAIL TOBACCO ADVERTISING ON YOUTH SMOKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fortmann, Stephen P. Deputy Director; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The tobacco industry spends the largest share of its marketing budget at the point of sale, where it enjoys relatively few regulations. Stores saturated with tobacco advertising, promotions, and products constitute a significant public health concern, especially for youth. Research has shown that tobacco ads are more numerous in stores near schools, and in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of residents under age 18. Although several studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco advertisements in stores, little is known about the impact of cumulative exposure to these messages on young people. A longitudinal study is proposed to measure adolescents' exposure to retail tobacco advertising and its influence on smoking initiation. The combination of data from student surveys and store observations is a unique feature of this research. The study will: (1) survey sixth, seventh, and eighth graders in a California community to assess their shopping habits, receptivity to tobacco marketing, and smoking-related beliefs and behaviors; (2) measure the density of tobacco advertising in a sample of retail tobacco outlets in the two communities; and (3) conduct follow-up surveys of the same students and observations of the same stores one year later. Adolescents' exposure to retail tobacco advertising will be measured by multiplying their self-reported frequency of visiting stores that sell tobacco and the density of advertising in those locations. The study will test whether baseline advertising exposure predicts progression toward smoking at follow-up, controlling for smoking by family and friends and other influences. Additional hypotheses concern the relationship between adolescents' exposure to tobacco advertising in stores and indicators of marketing receptivity, such as naming a favorite cigarette brand and owning or wanting a promotional item with a tobacco company name or logo. The study will also test whether the density of tobacco advertising is greater in stores where youth frequently shop. Few longitudinal studies examine the effects of tobacco advertising and promotions on youth, and none address in-store advertising. The proposed study addresses concerns that the proliferation of tobacco advertising in stores contributes to an environment that encourages youth to smoke. It also meets a pressing need for research about the possible causal role of retail tobacco advertising in the initiation of smoking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPAIRED BRAIN-LEPTIN INTERACTION IN CHRONIC TOBACCO US* Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Yijun; Psychiatry; University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Smoking cessation may result in considerable bodyweight gain, which often causes relapse or deters smokers from quitting. While leptin plays a key role in the control of body-weight, plasma leptin levels in cigarette smokers are significantly higher than those in non-smokers. Although cigarette smoking produces acute behavioral effects, its chronic effects on the central nervous system (CNS), which are associated with psychophysiological functions and neuroendocrinal changes, have not been investigated using neuroimaging. This may be partially due to the lack of suitable in vivo human models for directly examining the brain activity that is responsible for the regulation of those changes (e.g., biochemical signals such as the circulating insulin and leptin). The objective of this proposed project is to characterize brain activity that is associated with plasma leptin levels in chronic tobacco users. Specifically, we will use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the timing and localization of neural-hormonal interaction following food intake between smokers and non-smokers, with the focuses on the hypothalamus and its associated brain circuits using a novel dynamic approach developed by the PI. It is still not clear how leptin is regulated in the human brain; and much less is known about the interrelationship between peripheral leptin levels and the central anorexic signaling pathways. Thus, this proposed project may provide insight into the mechanisms relating chronic smoking to leptin, and the consequence of altered brain-leptin interaction in tobacco users. Two specific aims are to be accomplished. Aim 1: To test the hypothesis that tobacco smoking is associated with central leptin regulatory pathways localized in the hypothalamus, and this functional regulatory mechanism may be impaired in chronic cigarette smokers. We will tailor a fasting-eating fMRI paradigm to characterize the brain activity that is associated with plasma leptin and insulin during eating. Specifically, we will analyze the hypothalamic fMRI signal during a real-time transition from fasting hypoglycemia to normoglycemia attained by glucose ingestion so as to determine the impairment of brain-leptin interaction in chronic cigarette smokers. In the analysis, the leptin-associated brain activities will be compared among nonsmokers and chronic smokers (with and without cessation) by controlling for body weight, the postcessation weight gain and relapse (for subjects with cessation), and other factors such as blood pressure and cholesterol. Aim 2: To test the hypothesis that leptin may modulate the activity among hedonic and rewarding brain circuits during the control of satiety signaling, and this modulation may be affected by tobacco smoking even when anorectic effects are reinforced. We will model the central anorectic signaling pathways involving leptin and insulin in chronic tobacco users, with a focus on the hypothalamic regions and their associated brain circuits involving the medial prefrontal cortex (including the orbitofrontal cortex), the insula, and the basal ganglia. The neural modeling will be accomplished by the task-dependent interregional covariance analysis of fMRI signal in fasting subjects (smokers and controls) during exposure to foodrelated emotional stimuli before and after eating. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: INFLUENCE OF LEGAL CONTEXT ON TOBACCO INDUSTRY BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Daynard, Richard A. None; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The investigators propose to examine the evidence demonstrating how legal context has influenced tobacco industry conduct related to smoking and health. Data sources will include electronic and depository collections of

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internal tobacco industry documents including approximately 80 boxes of newly available deprivileged documents which have not been indexed. In addition, subjectively and objectively coded documents and substantial litigation-related resources are provided by a major tobacco litigation law firm. A publicly available database-driven document collection and related series of analyses focusing on how legal context determines tobacco industry action on smoking and health will be submitted to peer-reviewed public health or medical journals. The Research Aims that document research and analyses will focus on include: (1) How liability concerns led to the repression of "safer" tobacco products; (2) The interplay of lawyers, legal doctrine and the client in the tobacco context and the implications of these relationships as they relate to decades of tobacco industry concealment of information on smoking and health; (3) Lawyer control of internal and external research within each company and among companies acting in concert; (4) Legal ethics of attorneys representing the industry and use of aggressive litigation tactics to frustrate public health objectives, and (5) Describe what role industry lawyers may have played in creating laws that protect the companies (e.g., tobacco lawyers participation in drafting of the Restatement of Torts (2d)'s proclamation that "good tobacco is not defective" or the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, or the legislation to immunize tobacco companies from liability). The analyses and supporting documents will serve as a predictor of industry behavior in response to mounting legal pressures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: INTERNET BASED SMOKING EDUCATION FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chiauzzi, Emil J. Director of Multimedia Development; Inflexxion, Inc. Newton, MA 02464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes the development of an interactive, Web-based, multimedia program called MyStudentBody: Tobacco. The program is designed to be offered through colleges and universities to help students understand, reduce, and stop the use of tobacco. MyStudentBody: Tobacco, based at its own website, will allow students to develop a personalized tobacco page that is relevant to their concerns, while presenting material in an engaging, dramatic format. MyStudentBody: Tobacco utilizes a Rate Yourself module to help students create a personalized tobacco page, which contains a tailored tobacco profile, articles based on personal risks, Shockwave peer stories, e-mail features and reminders, and written and graphical motivational feedback. This website will allow students to receive empiricallybased information in a confidential manner, acknowledging their desire for self-help methods. Phase II will involve finalizing the content, interface, and interactive features of the website through discussions with an advisory group of college peer educators and consultation with tobacco experts. We will produce a prototype website and field test it in comparison to a control website consisting of standard text-based tobacco information. Finally, we will gather satisfaction data from participating students and acceptance feedback from health professionals at participating colleges. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LABOR AND THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Balbach, Edith D. Assistant Professor; Community Health Program; Tufts University Medford Boston Ave Medford, MA 02155

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While the shared interests that unions and public health have in worker health has led to cooperation on many health issues, it has often not led to such cooperation on tobacco control. While some unions have been supportive of tobacco control efforts, many have not, and a number have adopted protobacco industry positions, e.g., protesting tax increases, helping to pass laws preventing discrimination against smokers in employment, and assisting in the defeat of clean indoor air legislation. We will study why labor unions and public health have had a problematic relationship around tobacco issues, in contrast to other health issues, and to explore how that relationship might be improved. A collaborative relationship has the potential to improve the health status of blue collar and service sector workers. Our overall research goal then is to build a sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the relationships between the tobacco industry and organized labor. To achieve this goal, we plan to document the nature and extent of the tobacco industry's political relationship with organized labor at the federal, state, and local level through pursuit of two specific research aims: (1) Conduct a comprehensive search of the tobacco industry document databases for materials related to the political alliances between organized labor and the tobacco industry at the federal, state, and local levels on issues related to tobacco policy. And, (2) develop nine case studies based on research conducted under Specific Aim #1, using additional information found through the labor press, local newspapers, and other written sources, and through interviews with key labor leaders and public health activists. Case studies will focus on clean indoor air, tobacco tax increases, and employment discrimination at the federal, state, and local level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: LINGUISTIC ANALYSES OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubin, Donald L. Speech Communication; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, GA 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Previous analyses of released tobacco industry documents succeeded in unearthing certain instances of industry deception and manipulation that deepened the threat to public health posed by tobacco use. None of these prior studies, however, sampled documents from the database in any systematic fashion, nor did they employ theoretically motivated or empirically validated tools of linguistic science. Thus the pervasiveness of deceptive and manipulative practices within the document set cannot currently be estimated. Moreover, subtle discourse strategies of deception and manipulation are most likely to be revealed only by finegrained linguistic analyses that compare across texts. As an illustration, equivocation as a deceptive practice can be indexed by relative frequency of modifiers and hedges like "sort of," "nearly," and "in a manner of speaking." Strategies relating to audience manipulation can be revealed by comparing use of suasive language ("because," "obviously") across messages intended for differing readers. Much of this type of language analysis can now be accomplished by computerized text analysis. The overall objective of the proposed study, then, is to treat the tobacco industry documents as a corpus of language to be analyzed by means of accepted tools of applied and forensic linguistics and rhetorical analysis. More specifically the following activities will be undertaken: (1) Create 50 sets of cross-audience text samples, i.e., similar topics directed toward varying internal and external audiences; (2) Create 50 sets of cross-draft text samples, i.e., tracing evolution of key documents from conception to commentary to distribution; (3) Apply to these text samples selected linguistic indices of deception and

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obfuscation, e.g, relative frequency of agentless passive constructions such as "Nicotine levels were augmented."; (4) Apply to these text samples selected linguistic indices of audience adaptation and manipulation, e.g., a commonality index containing terms of cooperation, inclusion; (5) Identify contrasting patterns of these linguistic markers across drafts and across audiences; (6) Disseminate findings broadly to the public health, legal, and applied linguistics communities. It is anticipated that significant linguistic variation across audiences or across drafts will reveal language strategies by which information about adverse health effects of smoking was deceptively expressed to citizen audiences, or by which responsibility for adverse effects was deflected from the tobacco industry. These language strategies may persist even in contemporary tobacco industry statements or in documents of other industries responsible for potential health risks (e.g., pesticide manufacture). The public health benefits of this research therefore are to expose such language practices to scrutiny and thus to guard against future occurrences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MARKERS YOUNGSTERS

OF

RISK

FOR

NICOTINE

DEPENDENCE

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rao, Uma; Associate Professor; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking in adolescents is a major public health problem, which not only relates to the younger population, but also for the longterm physical and mental health of adults. Studies suggest that most adults could be prevented from becoming tobacco users if they could be kept tobacco-free during adolescence. However, not all youth who begin smoking develop nicotine dependence (ND). In order for the prevention efforts for smoking to be most effective, it is important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that drive the progression to ND, as well as to gain a better understanding of the individual differences in vulnerability. Data from diverse lines of research suggest a close connection between depression and ND. However, the mechanisms underlying the linkages between these two disorders are poorly understood, thereby limiting the development of effective treatments. Studies in both humans and animals suggest that the stress-response system may be involved in both ND and depressive disorder. Using a longitudinal design, this investigation seeks to examine the association between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) dysregulation and risk for smoking initiation and progression to ND in four groups of adolescents: (1) depressed adolescents with no previous or current tobacco use; (2) depressed adolescents with current tobacco use; (3) normal adolescents with no previous or current tobacco use; and (4) normal adolescents with current tobacco use. Pilot data from our laboratory have shown that elevated cortisol near bedtime increases the risk for non-nicotine substance-related disorders and for recurrent depressive episodes in depressed adolescents. Other data suggest that antidepressant (AD) agents are helpful in reducing nicotine/other substance use in addition to improving depressive symptoms, which might be due to down-regulation of the HPA axis by the AD drugs. If our preliminary results, showing a relationship between high cortisol and risk for substance use disorders, are extended to ND, the findings potentially might be helpful in identifying the subgroup of youth with these disorders who might benefit most from AD or anti-glucocorticoid treatment strategies. This would have important clinical implications because, as a group, youngsters tend to show more variability in AD response compared with adult depressed patients. More focused and effective

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interventions early in the course of the disorder might be helpful in reducing the longterm morbidity and mortality associated with ND. Even if only a small subgroup of youngsters at risk for ND can be identified by such means, because of the many direct as well as indirect negative consequences associated with ND, this will be of great public health importance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: METABOLIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOBACCO RELATED CANCERS IN BLACK AND WHITE AMERICANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Richie, John P. Director; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Black and White populations in the United States manifest distinctly different profiles of tobacco-related and/or alcohol-related neoplasms. Analyses of smoking patterns by these groups have not revealed a higher intake of cigarettes per day to account for the observed higher prevalence of aerodigestive cancer among Blacks or differences in type of tobacco products which might help explain the observed lower rates of urinary bladder cancer among black populations. The current proposal is a metabolic epidemiological study designed to elucidate whether differences in metabolic capacity resulting in differences in exposure of individuals and target tissues to activated tobacco smoke carcinogens are responsible for the observed variations in sitespecific cancer incidence. The proposed five.year investigation will consist of three major studies. In study #1, a total of 320 healthy smokers, 80 of each race-sex combination will be recruited. In this cross-sectional study, questionnaire data on lifestyle, smoking history and diet will be obtained. In addition, several new biomarkers for exposure and susceptibility to tobacco-smoke carcinogens will be studied including acetylation phenotype, P-450IA2 phenotype, hemoglobin adducts from 4aminobiphenyl and NNK, urinary NNK metabolites and glutathione S-transferase MI genotype. In study #2, the association between NNAL-glucuronidation phenotype and other selected biomarkers with the risk for adenocarcinoma of the lung will be investigated using a case-control design. Finally, in study #3, the association of acetylation and P-450IA2 phenotype and other selected biomarkers with bladder cancer risk will be investigated in Blacks and Whites using a case-control design. A total of 140 cases and controls will be recruited for both studies #2 and #3. Overall, the project attempts to provide mechanisms whereby differences in site-specific cancer incidence between the races might be elucidated and draws upon the expertise of the American Health Foundation large data base in tobacco-related cancers and upon our ability to integrate appropriate questionnaire information and laboratory data obtained from diverse populations. The unique approach in metabolic epidemiology will enable us to more fully understand the observed diversity in cancer prevalence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: METABOLISM NITROSAMINES

OF

CARCINOGENIC

TOBACCO

SPECIFIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hecht, Stephen S. Wallin Professor; None; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Cigarette smoking causes approximately 30% of all cancer death in the U.S. It is responsible for 85% of the 160,000 lung cancer deaths expected in 1998. Snuff-dipping

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is an acknowledged cause of oral cavity cancer and the use of moist snuff in the U.S. has increased remarkably in recent years. In spite of advances in tobacco control and smoking cessation, there are still 48 million smokers in the U.S., about 25% of the adult population. Approximately 500 billion cigarettes and 121 million pounds of smokeless tobacco were consumed in 1997 in the U.S. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines are formed from tobacco alkaloids during the curing and processing of tobacco products. Two of these, 4(methylnitro-samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), are present in substantial quantities and are strong carcinogens. NNK is a potent pulmonary carcinogen in rodents and also induces tumors of the pancreas, nasal mucosa, and liver. NNN causes tumors of the esophagus and nasal mucosa in rats and respiratory tract tumors in mice and hamsters. A mixture of NNK and NNN induces oral tumors in rats. Based on their carcinogenic activities, the extensive data on the occurrence of NNK and NNN in tobacco products, and on biochemical studies, it is our hypothesis that these compounds play a significant role as causative factors in human cancers associated with tobacco use. Although there are parallels between NNK and NNN metabolism in rodents and humans which support our hypothesis, there are key aspects which must be explored to further evaluate our hypothesis. Therefore, our specific aims are: 1) investigate stereoselectivity on the metabolism of NNK and NNN by delineating differences in the formation and further metabolism of enantiomers of the major NNK metabolite NNAL, determining differences in the stereoselectivity of metabolic activation of NNK, and examining differences in the metabolic activation and carcinogenicity of NNN enantiomers; 2) investigate DNA and protein pyridyloxo-butylation by NNK and NNN by elucidating the structures of the major adducts formed with DNA and hemoglobin; and 3) investigate the metabolism of NNK and NNN in humans by determining levels of NNN metabolites in human urine, characterizing previously unknown NNN metabolites, and examining NNK metabolites in the urine of snuff-dippers to determine their persistence after cessation and their amounts as a function of dose. The overall theme of this proposal is mechanistic studies of NNK and NNN metabolism and adduct formation, in order to further evaluate the carcinogenic potential of NNK and NNN in humans exposed to tobacco products. We believe that an understanding of the mechanisms by which tobacco smoke carcinogens cause cancer will lead to new insights on individual cancer susceptibility and development of innovative strategies to prevent tobacco related cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: METHODS FOR TOBACCO EXPOSURE REDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hantsukami, Dorothy; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Abstinence from tobacco use has been a common goal for many treatment programs. However, only a relatively small number of smokers are willing to quit tobacco use in the immediate future. Furthermore, of those who try to quit tobacco use, many are not successful in achieving abstinence. Tobacco reduction may be an important transitional goal for these individuals prior to abstinence or possibly even a treatment endpoint. However, relatively limited information is available on the effectiveness or consequences of recommending reduced tobacco use either by using nicotine replacements or behavioral methods. The primary goals of this research proposal are to systematically examine and compare the effects of different approaches for reducing tobacco use in tightly-controlled, short- term, outpatient, clinical studies.

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Subjects will be cigarette smokers who are interested in reducing cigarette smoking and not seriously interested in quitting within the next 30 days. Three studies are proposed. In each of these studies, reduction in smoking will occur over the course of 6 weeks, in which smokers are encouraged to reduce by 25% increments every two weeks. The aim is to reduce consumption of cigarettes by at least 75%. The first study will examine the effects of different instructional methods for nicotine gum use to reduce cigarette consumption. The instructional method that produces the greatest reduction in cigarette use will be selected for the subsequent studies. The second study will examine various nicotine replacement and behavioral methods for cigarette reduction to determine which approach produces the greatest reduction in tobacco use. The third study will focus on the most effective treatment selected from Study 2 and compare this condition with a placebo control. In addition, a combination of approaches (e.g., nicotine patch plus another nicotine replacement agent or behavioral treatment) will be examined to determine whether combining treatments will lead to a significantly greater reduction of tobacco exposure and toxicity compared to a placebo control condition and to the single method approach. These studies should determine whether these approaches are effective in reducing tobacco exposure and toxicity, enhancing motivation to quit, or increasing number of quit attempts. The cost-effectiveness of these treatments will also be determined. The results from these studies can be used to direct treatments in the other research projects proposed in this center grant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOBILIZING PARENTS AND PEERS TO PREVENT TOBACCO USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Biglan, Anthony; Senior Scientist; Oregon Research Institute 1715 Franklin Blvd Eugene, OR 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1984; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Despite substantial research on adolescent tobacco use, we are far from having reliable, effective methods of preventing youth tobacco use onset, and prevalence of adolescent tobacco use in the U.S. remains high. The proposed research would test the mobilization of the powerfu1 influences of parents and peers by experimentally evaluating the efficacy of two strategies for preventing the onset of tobacco use in early adolescence. We propose to expand and strengthen the Family Communications About Tobacco and Youth Anti-tobacco Activities; interventions that were shown to have promising results in the previous project, to augment those interventions with videotapes and Internet technology, and to evaluate their combined effects when delivered to sixth graders. Over the first two years of the study, a total of 40 Oregon middle schools will be recruited, assessed on eight-grade prevalence of tobacco use, and randomly assigned to receive or not to receive the Family Communications and Youth Anti-tobacco interventions. Twenty schools will be recruited in the first year of the study, and 20 in the second year. The intervention targets sixth grade students; prevalence of tobacco use, other substance use, and antisocial behavior will be assessed among target students at the outset of sixth grade, and followed up at the end of those students' seventh and eighth grades. The study is also designed to assess exposure to intervention elements and the impact of the intervention on parenting practices and peer influence process the effect of the intervention on these variables will be measured via telephone interviews to a random sample of 50 child-parent pairs from each school, and relationships of parent and peer influences to subsequent tobacco use will be modeled using Latent Growth Modeling. Study design is a group-randomized design in which students are nested within schools, and intervention effects will be examined in two ways: using data from all

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students in grade 6 during intervention who stay in the school at subsequent assessments; and using data from students who transfer into the school in later grades. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOBILIZING YOUTH FOR ACTION AGAINST TOBACCO IN INDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Perry, Cheryl L. Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to prevent the onset and reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents in India. There are three specific aims of the project. 1) To conduct a randomized, multi component, community intervention trial in 4 cities and 56 schools in India, focusing on preventing the onset and reducing the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents in grades 6-9, using an updated Project Health Related Information Dissemination Among Youth (HRIDAY) intervention. 2) To increase the capacity of researchers in India to conduct large scale behavioral interventions, including applying behavioral theories in intervention design, developing valid and reliable measures, conducting thorough process evaluation, tracking a large number of students over time, and analyzing data using appropriate methods for group randomized trials. 3) To increase the capacity of school students, school staff and community members to conduct effective tobacco control to reduce adolescent tobacco use. Two large cities (Delhi and Chennai) and two middle-sized towns (Indore and Bhubaneswar) will be recruited. Within cities, 12-16 schools will be selected, matched, and randomly assigned to one of two conditions: the Project HRIDAY multi component intervention or delayed intervention program (control). The Project HRIDAY condition involves classroom based behavioral curricula in grades 6-9, parental education, media advocacy, peer leadership, and community linkage programs. The delayed program condition will receive intervention programs and training in Year 5 of the study. All intervention materials will be developed by the investigators based on prior research. The interventions will be evaluated with two cohort samples of young adolescents over two years. The cohorts will be in grades 6 and 8 in each of the 56 schools at pretest. Outcomes with adults will be measured using interviews with a sample of adults in the neighborhoods near the schools. Process measures will assess teacher compliance and feedback, peer participation and perceptions, and implementation of the parent, media, and community components. Capacity building will be accomplished through an extended seminar at the University of Minnesota; face to face meetings among the investigators; training sessions with community coordinators, community facilitators from local non government organizations, teachers and peer leaders; and a dissemination workshop with representatives from all states and territories in India. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MONITORING TOBACCO MORTALITY IN 2M ADULTS IN 4 COUNTRIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Peto, Richard; University of Oxford University Office, Wellington Sq Oxford, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A major obstacle to tobacco control in non-Western countries is the lack of reliable local evidence about the extent to which tobacco is currently causing death from particular diseases, and about any large changes in these

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hazards. The most efficient, direct means of getting this information is through prospective studies of large populations in which baseline information on tobacco use and a few other important characteristics is collected, and then, in the following years, deaths and their causes are monitored. We have already established large collaborative, prospective studies in nine distinct populations in six non-Western countries to assess the current relevance of tobacco (and a few other major causes of death) to causespecific mortality, and to monitor the evolution over the next few decades of the relevance of tobacco and other risk factors to cause-specific mortality. This application relates to support for six of these studies in four countries, which together will include two million adults. The following items are recorded for each participant: tobacco and alcohol habits (both by locally appropriate questions), blood pressure, weight and height, peak expiratory airflow, personal identifiers (with consent to long-term followup), previous history of selected diseases, and a few questions relevant to each population. Follow-up requires monitoring, by a variety of means, the underlying cause of all deaths in the cohorts over the coming years. In addition, a few thousand in each population will be resurveyed to monitor changes in characteristics and to allow appropriate correction for the "regression dilution bias." Early follow-up from the first study to be established, of 250,000 men in China, has already been carried out, so the feasibility of this approach is known (although adaptations for each particular population will be needed). Follow-up in all six populations will require funds both to carry out the fieldwork and analysis and to provide training opportunities to our collaborators in both the generation and the politically effective use of reliable epidemiologic evidence. The information gained through these studies will feed back into public consciousness, public health and future research strategies. We already have evidence that this has taken place in China, where the earliest study was established. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NICOTINE DERIVED NITROSAMINES & TOBACCO RELATED CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: O'connor, Timothy R. Professor; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, CA 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): Direct use of tobacco products increases an individual's susceptibility to cancer. Nicotine-derived nitrosamines are cancer suspect agents that are found in tobacco, smokeless tobacco, tobacco smoke, and sidestream (environmental or secondary) smoke. The pervasive nature of these compounds has generated interest in their role as causative factors in tobacco-related malignancies. Although much work has addressed the carcinogenic nature of the nicotine-derived nitrosamines, little work has appeared in the literature connecting adducts formed by these compounds to tumorigenesis at the molecular level. Knowledge concerning DNA damage and repair following exposure to carcinogens is critical to understanding the persistence of adducts in DNA, and as a consequence, the formation of mutations leading to neoplasia. The compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (NNK) is considered the most carcinogenic of the nicotine-derived nitrosamines. We will map the adducts formed by NNK that are repaired by base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and O6-methyguanine-DNA methyltransferase at nucleotide resolution in human cells in two genes closely associated with tumorigenesis: P53 and Ki-Ras. Ultimately, we will compare damage and repair rates in our experiments to the mutations found in those genes in tobacco-related tumors. We will also determine the contribution of different DNA repair systems to the eradication of adducts formed by

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NNK. The goal of this project is to establish the role of NNK in the etiology of tobaccorelated, tobacco smoke-related, and secondary tobacco smoke-related cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NICOTINE REPLACEMENT AND COUNSELING IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubinstein, Mark L. Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Among addictive behaviors, tobacco smoking is the one most likely to become established during adolescence. Tobacco smoking is also one of the few preventable behaviors occurring during adolescence with direct results on adult morbidity and mortality. Among adolescents who smoke 10 or greater cigarettes per day, less than 20% report being successful at quitting and efforts to quit smoking are often hampered by withdrawal symptoms. The applicant is an Internist and specialist in Adolescent Medicine with expertise in the field of adolescent risk behaviors. The candidate's career objective is to both develop and implement new treatment strategies specifically for adolescents with a particular emphasis on tobacco cessation. During the training phase of the award, the applicant will have four primary development objectives: 1) to develop skills in the area of conducting clinical trails with a focus on the attainment of expertise specific to the study of adolescents; 2) to learn to recruit and follow large cohorts of adolescents; 3) to gain additional expertise in the qualitative and quantitative methodologies used for evaluating treatment outcomes and efficacy; and 4) to gain additional knowledge in the field of tobacco research and policy. These will be complimented by focused course work offered by the K30 funded Advanced Training in Clinical research Program at the UCSF. The research phase of the award will be to conduct a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two methods of pharmacological smoking intervention among adolescents using data garnered from his preliminary studies on nicotine replacement and counseling in adolescents. This research will compare two different regimes that have been shown to be most efficacious in adults, for both adherence and efficacy in an adolescent population. The goals of this study are to: 1) determine the added benefit of nicotine replacement to that of counseling alone for smoking cessation in adolescents; 2) to determine which method of nicotine replacement (spray versus patch) may be superior with regards to quit rates and acceptability; 3) compare the level of adherence to each method; and 4) investigate correlations between pre-cessation cotinine levels and treatment outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL CANCER--DNA POLYMORPHISMS IN CARCINOGEN METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Stephen M. Full Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, WA 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) In the United States, nearly threequarters of the oral cancer cases are attributable to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. Oral carcinogens derived from these exposures include N-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, and acetaldehyde that are activated and detoxified by enzyme systems in vivo to intermediates with high and low propensity, respectively, to bind covalently to DNA. Growing evidence indicates that inter-individual variation in the activity of many of these enzyme systems is at least in

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part under genetic control. In this proposed population-based case-control study, the investigators will test the hypothesis that oral cancer risk is associated with polymorphisms in the genes for enzymes that contribute to an individual's ability to activate and/or detoxify tobacco carcinogens. The specific enzymes (genes) of interest are glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GST-M1) glutathione-S-transferase P1 (SST-P1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX), cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1), alcohol dehydrogenase type 3 (ADH3), N-acetyltransferase types 1 and 2 (NAT1, NAT2), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQ01). Cases will be 345 18-65 year-old western Washington male and female residents diagnosed with a first oral cancer between 1985 and 1994; controls will be 526 18-65 year-old residents of the same geographic area selected through random digit telephone dialing and frequency matched on age and gender. All cases and controls have been recruited into two oral cancer case-control studies during which the investigators obtained: (1) in-person interviews eliciting extensive tobacco and alcohol consumption histories, and other risk factor information, and (2) a sample of exfoliated oral tissue from which genomic DNA has been extracted and stored for the majority of subjects. During the proposed activity, they will extract DNA from oral tissue of remaining subjects and conduct molecular analyses on DNA specimens to determine the presence of putative high risk genotypes for the genes of interest. Cases and controls will be compared with respect to the frequency of DNA variants, both overall and among sub-groups likely to vary in exposure to carcinogens (e.g., heavy vs. light smokers). The investigators state that the results of this study will contribute to accumulating knowledge regarding the role of genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens in determining cancer risk. They further note that in the future such information could provide the basis for both enhanced individual risk assessment, as well as targeted behavioral interventions to reduce exposures among individuals at particularly high risk of developing tobacco and alcohol-related cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PARENTING TO PREVENT PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pierce, John P. Professor for Cancer Research; Cancer Center; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Description (provided by applicant): Parental smoking behavior and a number of general parenting practices have been associated with the probability that an adolescent will become a.smoker. Early adolescence appears to be an optimal developmental time for targeting parental practices to reduce adolescent problem behavior. The proposed study is a randomized, controlled trial of a telephone counseling intervention designed to affect parenting practices previously demonstrated to influence a dolescent smoking. Working with 2000 families with 12-14 year old adolescents, this intervention seeks to adapt an effective school-based program (The Adolescent Transition Program--ATP) into a community setting, using a computer assisted telephone counseling structured protocol. We have previously demonstrated that this type of telephone counseling is an effective way to influence other types of health behavior. Both the ATP and our other telephone counseling programs are based on the principles of cognitive social learning theory and motivational interviewing. We will enroll households from a populationbased representative survey of Californians. Intervention goals are that parents will maintain general protective parenting practices, such as monitoring and setting limits to autonomy within a responsive relationship with the adolescent through at least age 16 years. Further, the intervention will encourage parents actively partner with the

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California Tobacco Control Program in promoting nonsmoking norms and nonsmoking environment, and in increasing the rate of adoption of tobacco control related practices including, a) communicating strong parental expectations against smoking behavior, b) establishing a smoke-free home, c) monitoring and intervening when peers use or promote the use of tobacco, and d) promoting demand reduction strategies to reduce adolescent receptivity to tobacco industry promotional activity. The primary assessment of adherence to the intervention in both study groups as well as the effectiveness in changing smoking behavior will come from annual surveys of adolescents. Using these data, we will identify whether the intervention is associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of 15-16 year old adolescents who have experimented with smoking, as well as a reduction in the probability that they will be future dependent smokers. We will use surveys of both adolescents and parents to describe the natural history of protective parenting during the adolescent years. We will identify factors associated with these general protective parenting practices and barriers to implementing these practices. The surveys will also allow us to describe the natural history of how parents implement optimal tobacco control parenting practices, identify potential barriers to such practices, and develop potentially effective ways for overcoming these barriers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PATCH PROJECT--PREVENTING ADDICTION TO TOBACCO Principal Investigator & Institution: Stotts, R. Craig. Professor; None; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, AR 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Healthy People 2000 objectives for tobacco use among adolescents set as targets a smoking prevalence of no more than 15% and a spit tobacco (ST) use prevalence of no more than 4%. The latest data indicate that we will not meet these goals. Besides the need for better tobacco use prevention programs for children and adolescents, we also need effective cessation programs for those adolescents who are already suffering some degree of nicotine addiction. None of the major voluntary health organizations have developed tobacco cessation programs designed specifically for adolescents. The PATCH Project proposes to develop a cessation program for school-based and community-based use that combines known effective strategies for working with youth, and a pharmacological adjunct previously used with adults. Subjects for this study will be youth of ages 14-17 residing within a 100 mile radius of Little Rock, AR, who have been using tobacco for at least one year and who want to quit. The educational materials to be used will be designed especially for smokers or ST users aged 14-17 and will be combined with the use of nicotine patches or placebo patches. The study design is a pre-test, post-test, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. A control group will receive a 3-5 minute counseling session followed by a phone call 2 weeks later. One intervention group will receive an age-appropriate, pilot-ested 6-week educational program combined with nicotine replacement therapy while the second intervention group will receive the same educational program but will receive a placebo patch. Both patch groups will receive frequent follow-up telephone counseling sessions. All 3 groups' tobacco use status will be determined at the end of years 1 and 2. If this program is found to be effective it will provide the basis for significantly reducing the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents and will be able to be offered at both schools and community sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PEDIATRIC CANCER PREVENTION AND CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Tercyak, Kenneth P. Assistant Professor of Oncology & Pediat; V T Lombardi Cancer Res Center; Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this proposal is to permit me to have a structured, clinical research, mentored training experience that fosters my professional development as an independent cancer control scientist. In 1998, I was awarded a National Research Service Award (NRSA) from NCI to complete a fellowship in cancer control. The resources at the Lombardi Cancer Center (LCC)/Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), offered me a unique opportunity to gain preliminary behavioral cancer control research experience. However, it has become clear that my career development requires a much broader exposure to cancer control research methodologies and more intensive research training in order for me to make significant contributions to this field. Thus, I am applying for a career development award (K07) to develop further my research skills to become an independent cancer control scientist. The focus of my proposed research program is pediatric tobacco control. To accomplish this goal, I will: (a) expand my understanding of several areas relevant to cancer/tobacco control research, (b) refine my skills in the application of child behavioral counseling to cancer/tobacco control activities affecting youth, (c) improve my skills in designing research studies/conducting statistical analysis, and (d) learn how to effectively disseminate research findings to impact upon public health practices. During my K07 award, 2 interrelated studies are proposed. Project I is a cross-sectional study of behavioral risk and protective factors associated with adolescent tobacco use that may be screened during routine health care visits. Outcome data will primarily include past and present levels of cigarette smoking, quitting behavior, and intentions to quit smoking. Project 1 will lay the foundation for a second study (Project II), which is a pilot randomized trial to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of 2 different types of primary care-based smoking cessation counseling efforts on adolescents? intentions to quit smoking and quitting behavior. I expect that this intervention will lead to the development of an R01 grant to evaluate the effectiveness of alternate interventions for pediatric smoking cessation in medical and other settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING ON TOBACCO Principal Investigator & Institution: Hymowitz, Norman; Professor; Psychiatry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, NJ 07103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): Position statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics and other leading health agencies call upon pediatricians to address environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), prevent smoking onset in youths, and encourage cessation of tobacco use by adolescents and their parents. Indeed, systematic intervention by pediatricians would serve to protect infants and young children from the harmful effects of ETS and save adolescents from a life time of addiction and premature morbidity and mortality from cancer, heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, and other forms of tobacco-related illness. Despite this, few practicing pediatricians adhere to these recommendations and pediatric residency training programs are not preparing residents to address the tobacco challenge. The proposed research addresses these deficits. The investigators propose to carry out a

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multi-site (n equals 16) randomized controlled study of the impact of residency training on tobacco on pediatric resident intervention on tobacco and ETS with patients and parents. The crux of this training program will be a hybrid CD-ROM/Web Site program on tobacco for pediatric residents developed and pilot tested with the support of the Foundation of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. The program will facilitate distant learning, allow residents to learn at their own pace, model appropriate assessment and interviewing techniques, and teach residents how to intervene on ETS and tobacco in parents and patients. Residents at the Special Training sites also will utilize companion materials to actively intervene on tobacco with patients and parents. Key endpoint measures for the study include reports from patients, parents, and residents about changes in resident intervention on tobacco, as well as changes in resident intervention skills as measured by use of standardized procedures. In addition, the investigators shall measure actual changes in patient and parent tobacco-related behaviors at the eight pediatric residency training sites which receive the Special Training Program and the eight other sites which receive Standard Training. They predict that residents in the Special Training sites will acquire greater knowledge about intervention on tobacco, will more actively intervene on tobacco in patients and parents, and will have a greater impact on tobacco modification than residents in the Standard Training sites. Equally important, it is hypothesized that residents who complete their training at the Special Training sites will be more likely to address tobacco when they enter clinical practice than residents from Standard Training sites. To the extent that these predictions are supported, the proposed training program may serve as a model for pediatric training on tobacco in the United States and elsewhere. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PEDIATRICIANS' TOBACCO CESSATION ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanski, Suzanne E. Pediatrics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 21-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Provided by the Applicant) Tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure are profoundly important child health issues. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S., with as many as 43% of children living in a household with a smoker. Numerous guidelines recommend that pediatricians counsel to prevent smoking initiation, encourage ETS exposure elimination, and provide assistance to patients and parents with smoking cessation. To date, however, these guidelines have not been incorporated into routine pediatric health care. The proposed study is aimed at obtaining information needed to design both additional studies and efforts to translate research into improved practices and policies that will increase the rate and quality of pediatricians' counseling and other interventions to reduce tobacco use and prevent children's ETS exposure. A national random sample of 1,600 pediatricians from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) will be surveyed about their attitudes toward, practices of, and barriers to providing interventions for tobacco cessation and limitation of ETS exposure. Survey questions will be created by a multidisciplinary research team with expertise in the current state-of-the-art of tobacco research, and administered as an AAP Periodic Survey, a well-tested instrument to assess member practices and opinions. Using data from prior AAP Periodic Surveys, trends in pediatric tobacco and ETS interventions will be determined. Pediatricians' perceptions of barriers to counseling will be assessed and correlated with behavioral stage of change, demographics and practice characteristics. The results of this survey

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will not only be published in peer-reviewed journals, but will be used as part of a broadbased national effort being developed by the AAP and its new Center for Child Health Research (CCHR) to better involve pediatricians and other child health clinicians in efforts to reduce children's exposure to ETS and reduce smoking rates among youth and their parents. This national effort will use data collected through the survey to: (1) develop and implement additional interventional research studies using the CCHR's Pediatric Research in the Office Setting (PROS) Network of nearly 1,600 practicing pediatricians; (2) develop and implement clinical policy and systems changes; and (3) create educational programs to make anti-tobacco activities a regular and effective part of the health promotion and disease prevention efforts of pediatricians. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PERSONALIZED RISK FEEDBACK IN DENTAL CLINIC SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ostroff, Jamie S. Assistant Attending Psychologist; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (investigator's abstract): Despite the health hazards of tobacco use, approximately 47 million Americans continue to use tobacco. In the primary care medical setting, it has become standard practice to provide all smokers with brief, physician-provided advice, assistance, and follow-up to encourage quitting. In this approach, even less motivated smokers who would not have independently sought treatment often increase their readiness to quit, reduce their cigarette consumption, or achieve smoking cessation. The primary care dental team, including dental clinicians and hygienists, has a credible, central role in providing such smoking cessation advice, and in providing information concerning the oral health effects, including the head and neck cancer risks, of tobacco use. Given that unrealistic optimism regarding one's tobacco-related illness risk attenuates smokers' motivation to quit, providing patients with information regarding the personal impact of tobacco on their health is likely to enhance minimal contact smoking cessation interventions by increasing quitting motivation. The overall goal of this project is to test the effect of personalized risk feedback on short and long-term smoking components of biomarker feedback focusing on: a) level of tobacco exposure (alveolar carbon monoxide level); and b) tobacco-related oral damage (through dental hygienist examination of teeth and oral mucosa). The study will use a prospective, experimental design to assess the effect of this intervention on smoking cessation, health and smoking-related cognitions and mood at 3 and 12 months. Participants will be randomized to 1 of 3 smoking cessation treatment conditions: 1) Standard Care only (SC) will receive standard care dentist-provided smoking cessation advice, assistance and follow-up; 2) Standard Care + Dental Hygienist-provided Motivational Counseling (SC+MC) will receive standard care plus motivational smoking cessation counseling provided by a trained dental hygienist, and 3) Standard Care Dental Hygienist-provided Motivational Counseling + Personalized Risk Feedback (SC+MC+PRF) will receive standard care plus motivational counseling and personalized risk feedback. The overarching aim is to test the effect of personalized risk feedback on smoking cessation and to examine potential mechanisms and moderating effects of the personalized risk feedback. Receiving personalized risk feedback in the dental setting, especially when paired with dentist-provided minimal contact smoking cessation advice and dental hygienist-provided motivational counseling, could increase smokers' motivation for quitting, and represent an important translational, multidisciplinary strategy for tobacco-related cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NICOTINE

PHARMACOKINETICS

AND

PHARMACODYNAMICS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Benowitz, Neal L. Professor of Medicine; Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-1979; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The main focus of our proposal is to understand the pharmacological basis for differences in individual susceptibility to tobacco addiction and adverse health and consequences of smoking, and to advance the science base relevant to tobacco harm reduction. Clinical studies will investigate genetic and environmental factors that influence nicotine metabolism and questions of the cardiovascular safety of nicotine. Using stable isotope methodology, we will characterize nicotine clearance and metabolism phenotype in African-Americans, AsianAmericans, and whites, and we will identify gene polymorphisms that underlie racial differences in nicotine metabolism. To examine the possible contribution of smoking mentholated cigarettes to tobacco-related disease, we will study exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens and patterns of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolism in African-Americans and whites, comparing those who smoke mentholated vs. regular cigarettes. To explore the mechanism of our prior observation that smoking mentholated cigarettes inhibits nicotine metabolism, we will examine the effects of dietary menthol on nicotine metabolism. To further our understanding of the observation that cigarette smoking inhibits nicotine metabolism, we will examine the effects of nicotine itself on nicotine metabolism (CYP2A6), and the effects on the metabolism of other drugs. We will examine the hypothesis that nicotine itself is metabolized in the body to the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNAL. To examine nicotine cardiovascular safety issues, we will examine the effects of nicotine on various biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, including studies of transdermal nicotine vs. cigarette smoking, studies of the effects of smoking cigarettes with different nicotine content, and studies of the effects of concomitant transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. Chemistry studies will include: a) developing and executing GC-MS and LCMS/MS assays for nicotine metabolites, tobacco smoke carcinogens, and various cardiovascular biomarkers for studies of nicotine metabolism and nicotine safety; b) synthesis of tobacco alkaloids, metabolites and deuterium-labeled analogs for pharmacological and metabolic studies. Our research program will help further define the role of nicotine and metabolites in the dependence process and will aid in the development of harm reduction approaches for tobacco addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PHYSICIAN ANTI-TOBACCO SERVICES FOR LATINO PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roussos, Stergios T. Graduate School of Public Hlth; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Latino population is the fastest growing ethnic group in the U.S. with an annual growth rate of over 2% a year, and an estimated one million combined documented and undocumented immigrants each year. Given this population growth, the rates of smoking among Latino adults and increasing smoking prevalence among adolescents may disproportionately contribute to significant tobaccorelated morbidity and mortality and associated health care costs. Physicians are increasingly seeing Latino patients during regular and emergent care visits. However,

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little evidence exists that Latino patients, especially those with low English language proficiency (LEP), are benefiting from clinician-initiated interventions known to control and eliminate tobacco use. And, more Latinos report problems with receiving sufficient care because of language difficulties than any other ethnic group. As a behavioral psychologist with training in public health and preventive medicine, and working in one of California's regions most populated with Latino persons, Stergios Tsai Roussos, Ph.D., M.P.H. is well positioned to extend and expand his training to address disparities in cancer prevention through physician-delivered tobacco control for Latino and LEP Latino populations. Career Development: Activities include training in cancer prevention and control, advanced biostatistics, research design, and epidemiology, research methods in LEP and non-English speaking communities, clinician-initiated tobacco control, and Latino health issues. Research Program: The goals of the research program are to better understand physician delivery of tobacco control services (e.g., screening, counseling) to Latino and LEP Latino persons, and to identity and test the feasibility of an intervention to increase these cancer prevention services. Two studies will be conducted. Study 1 is a formative study, combining focus group and survey methods to determine modifiable factors that may affect physician tobacco control services to Latino patients in general and those with LEP. Study 2 employs a prospective, multiple baseline design across two matched family practice residency clinics to test the efficacy of an intervention to increase physician's tobacco control with Latino patients. These studies combined with training and career development will enable Dr. Roussos to develop and launch a fully independent career in cancer prevention among minority populations in the U.S. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PILOT--SOCIAL RESOURCES AND SMOKING AMONG HISPANIC YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes; Assistant Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This developmental research project investigates the availability and use of social resources as communicators and reinforcers of smoking-related cultural normal and values among Hispanic youth at risk for smoking. Social resources include: social networks of adult family members and familial peers, the integration into those networks and the perceived support from these to experiment with tobacco products. Social resources are particularly important among Hispanics because they exercise an influence in deterring or promoting youth smoking. The study of these factors is particularly important for understanding some of the social sources of tobacco as well as cultural reasons behind the increases in Hispanic youth prevalence. This project will be conducted in three phases. Phase I will consist of eight focus groups (8) with 8-12 adolescent Hispanic smokers and non-smokers, ages 12-15. Sixty four to ninety six (6496) U.S. born and foreign-born Hispanic youth from Central American (Nicaragua, El Salvador) and Mexico will be recruited through schools we are currently working with in the greater Los Angeles area. youth will discuss in Spanish, English or both, smokingrelated cultural factors and the functional value of social resources in influencing youth smoking. Phase II consists of performing content and thematic analyses of focus group data and the development of a scale, the Hispanic Youth Cultural Protection Against Smoking Survey (HYCPASS) that assesses the existence and functional value of culturally-based protective factors and social resources in preventing Hispanic adolescents from engaging in smoking. Based on focus group data, items will also be

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developed for the Multiethnic Cultural Values Scale proposed in another TTURC project. The HYCPASS will be transplanted using an anthropological method called "decentering", by which the survey is translated and back translated favoring the agreement in cultural meaning and context rather than language equivalency, and the proper use of youth-based Spanish idiomatic expressions easily understood by Mexican and Central American adolescents. They survey will be pre-tested in a sample of 16 adolescents to ensure cultural significance and concordance with the theoretical framework. In Phase III, the survey will be administered to a sample of 40 Hispanic youth smokers and non-smokers to assess their endorsement of those social resources, norms and values that protect youth from smoking. Within group analyses will be made focusing on levels of acculturation, age, gender, number of years in the U.S., and national origin. Findings will form the basis for the submission of large scale studies and will be disseminated for program planning purposes through the Hispanic/Latino Tobacco Education Network, a California- based network of over 700 researchers, providers and tobacco control advocates housed at USC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PILOT--SOCIOBEHAVIORAL PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Strecher, Victor J. Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The Socio-Behavioral Program was organized in 1996 by Dr. Victor Stretcher to develop the social, behavioral and policy aspects of cancer prevention and control within the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. In its fourth year, the Socio-Behavioral Program now has 30 members from sixteen departments in five schools: Medicine, Nursing, Public Health, Dentistry and Literature, Science and Arts, as well as the Institute for Social Research, and over $2.4 million in annual direct research funding. Development of this program coincided with the development of the Biomedical Program, led by Dr. Dean Brenner. The two Programs were designed to maximize both intra- and inter- programmatic interactions. The Socio-Behavioral Program focuses on four thematic areas: (1) Health Communications, (2) Health Services Research, (3) Quality of Life, and (4) Tobacco Control. Each of the four thematic areas is growing in both number of investigators and in research activity. Investigators from these thematic areas interact with investigators from other thematic areas, both within and outside of the Socio-Behavioral Program. Throughout the description of this Program, examples are presented of intra- and inter-programmatic interactions. Under the direction of program leaders Drs. Stretcher and Cimprich, it is noteworthy that this Program has brought together numerous and diverse investigators who have not historically collaborated or even interacted with one another. Investigators from the Socio-Behavioral Program are involved in a number of projects with investigators from the Cancer Center's clinical programs, particularly in the areas of health services and quality of life research. Within the Program, policy and psychopharmacology disciplines meet to pursue harm reduction tissues in tobacco control; clinical and electronic media disciplines meet to develop web sites to improve physician-patient interactions; nursing and social science disciplines meet to pursue quality of life issues after cancer treatment. Also within the Program, thematic areas often overlap. Numerous grant proposals have been create through interactions; nursing and social science disciplines meet to pursue quality of life issues after cancer treatment. Also within the Program, thematic areas over overlap. Numerous grant proposals have been create through interactions between researchers in health communications, health services research, quality of life and

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tobacco control. The Program also interacts strongly with the Biomedical Program within Cancer Prevention and Control. In particular, investigators from the SocioBehavioral Program work frequently with epidemiology, biostatistics and genetics researchers from the Biomedical Program. Interactions with the Biomedical Program often focus on bridging etiological and intervention-related issues. The ability to screen for BRCA1 and BRCA2, for example, is paralleled by issues concerning populationbased risk communication and follow-up. Our ability to identify genes that influence that influence nicotine dependence may, in the future, be matched with our ability to appropriately identify and intervene at an early age with appropriately tailored programs. The Socio-Behavioral Program has either created or collaborated with networks in each of the thematic areas. Across the University of Michigan, each of these networks now extends beyond cancer prevention and control issues. For example, the Health Media Research Laboratory is a central component of the Health Communications theme area, and was created by the Cancer Center. This Laboratory is also new a hub for many health communications projects. The Cancer Center played a key role in the development of the Tobacco Research Network, whose members now extends to other units of the University, including the Law School. Although the Cancer Center was not responsible for the development of the Consortium for Health Outcomes, Innovation and Cost-Effectiveness Studies (CHOICES), this Consortium is proving to be an effective network for health services research activities in cancer prevention and control. Finally, the Quality of Life Research Special Interest Group was developed by Dr. Cimprich, with strong support from the Cancer Center. This Interest Group now extends to researchers throughout the University. The Socio-Behavioral Program is also active in State-based cancer prevention and control activities, both in research and in service. Investigators from the Socio-Behavioral Program participate in priority- setting for the State of Michigan through the Michigan Cancer Consortium. Through yearly research and demonstration project funding from the Michigan Department of Community Health to the Cancer Center, Socio-Behavioral Program members develop and evaluate programs that address the priorities for cancer reduction in the State of Michigan. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: POLICY TO SUPPORT TOBACCO TREATMENT IN HEALTH CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ockene, Judith K. Director; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, MA 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The recent tobacco settlements in 48 states will challenge state Departments of Public Health and other agencies to develop and implement public and organizational policies intended to prevent, control and treat tobacco use. The nationally-recognized Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program (MTCP), the largest, single purpose public health initiative in the nation, includes tobacco treatment services provided primarily through tobacco treatment specialists (TTSs) housed within community health settings (CHSs). The goal of this study is to evaluate present Massachusetts state policy designed to make effective tobacco treatment services available to a wide group of adult tobacco users, especially those at greatest risk (e.g., underserved, low income, industry-targeted minority groups), and to inform future policy. The proposed study is divided into two phases. Phase I is a descriptive case study of the longitudinal development of allocative policies and program standards developed by the MTCP for funding tobacco treatment services. Phase II is a prospective comparative case study of CHSs participating in MTCP initiatives to

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determine the relationship of the policy and standards to implementation of tobacco treatment services. Data will be obtained via two types of methods: (1) qualitative methods, including content analysis of public documents, and key informant interviews at the state, community and organizational level; and (2) quantitative methods including: structured surveys of CHS administrator and clinicians, TTSs and community informants; CHS monitoring data; and treatment checklists completed by standardized patients and by observers to evaluate quality of treatment services provided. These data will be used to investigate factors associated with program implementation, as measured by quantity of tobacco treatment services provided by CHSs, quality of services provided (i.e., the degree to which standards of practice are applied), reach of services (i.e., the degree of penetration into the CHS and surrounding community), and implementation of tobacco treatment-related systems to support the services within the CHS. The historical and prospective information gathered will be summarized into two reports. The first report will describe the funding policy and program standards development from 1994 to 2000; the process by which CHSs received, or did not receive, funding; and then, if funded, the process used to implement the tobacco treatment program. This report will provide recommendations for other states considering similar policies. The second report will summarize the continuing policy development and factors related to successful implementation of the program in CHSs. Recommendations will be made about what standards should be included in a funding policy in order to assure successful implementation of a tobacco treatment program and services in different types of settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PROGRAM

POPULATION

WIDE

SMOKING

CESSATION/PREVENTION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Klesges, Robert C. Executive Director; None; University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1995; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: This application is a revision of a competing renewal of a collaborative smoking cessation program between the University of Memphis, the University of Minnesota, and the United States Air Force (HL-53478). We propose to extend a unique opportunity to offer a smoking cessation maintenance intervention in a population of underserved smokers who have already quit smoking for a six-week period (but are at lower risk for complete relapse). In an initial three year period, we have been successful in assessing over 32,000 Basic Military Training (BMT) recruits, randomized 75% to intervention and 25% control, delivered interventions to nearly 26,000 of these recruits, and have six week test-retest reliability on approximately 7,000 subjects. All baseline data are entered, cleaned, and with a total of only 10 missing data points. Currently, 12month follow-up data are being finalized from troops who are now all over the globe; we have completed surveying 100% of smokers at baseline and have conducted a random sample of baseline non-smokers. Follow-up rates t one year exceed 95% of participants. Evaluation data to date suggest a clinically significant difference in point prevalent abstinence (3.0%), given a "low impact" and cost-effective intervention. Intervention effects are larger in women (relative to men) and minorities (relative to Euro Americans). Interventions developed, if found to be efficacious, will continue by members of the U.S. Air Force in the future (i.e., complete dissemination). The current proposal has a number of unique methodological strengths: (1) It offers a tailored intervention in an underserved population at risk for smoking relapse, smoking onset, and smokeless tobacco use; (2) It allows randomization of virtually an entire population

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over a one- year period to a specialized intervention versus standard care. Thus, sampling bias is greatly reduced in this design; (3) It ensures that 100% of those assigned to specialized intervention or standard intervention or standard care will receive it. (4) The participation rate will be extremely high in this study; loss to follow-up will be minimal; and (5) We will be able to test the long-term effectiveness of our tailored intervention in a population of individuals who have quit all tobacco use for six weeks at the time of our extended maintenance intervention. Given this introduction, we propose the following Specific Aims: (1) To enhance our validated smoking cessation program by strengthening key elements of the program and by lengthening the program in Basic Military Training (BMT); (2) To validate and implement an intense, tailored smoking prevention program for non-smokers in BMT who are at high risk for smoking onset; and (3) To validate and implement a tailored smokeless tobacco intervention in a population with a high baseline rate of smokeless tobacco use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: POSTPARTUM SMOKING AND INFANT ETS REDUCTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, Bradley H. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-MAR-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this proposal is to build a mentored, clinical research training experience to foster independent professional development in cancer control research. This application is being submitted from the University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, which provides a setting with excellent opportunities to work with Dr. Caryn Lerman, the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (TTURC), and my co-sponsors, Drs. Charles O'Brien and J. Sanford Schwartz. Sound career development in cancer control research requires broad exposure to research methodologies and intensive research training in order to make significant, independent contributions to this field. Therefore, this K07 Career Development Award application seeks to achieve these goals in the area of tobacco control and maternal and child health. General plans for the career development program include: (a) expanding working knowledge of areas relevant to cancer/tobacco control research; (b) refining skills in the application of behavioral science to cancer/tobacco control; (c) increasing knowledge of maternal health issues related to cancer/tobacco control; (d) expanding understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms of tobacco addiction; (e) improving skills in designing, implementing, and analyzing cancer/tobacco control interventions; and (f) learning effective ways to disseminate research findings to impact upon public health practices. Specifically, the research project aims to develop a low-cost, primary-care intervention to reduce children's Environ- mental Tobacco Smoke exposure and maternal smoking rates targeting under- served mothers with children ages 0-2. The effectiveness of this intervention will be tested by comparing it with a standard care control-group intervention using a two-group, repeated measures randomized design. The intervention will be modeled after more intensive, home-based counseling programs, the feasibility of which has been demonstrated. However, as these interventions were labor intensive and costly, the proposed intervention presents an innovative, comprehensive, albeit streamlined primary-care approach to an emerging issue in the tobacco control field. This intervention will also set the groundwork for an eventual R01 that will test the treatment and prevention efficacy of this intervention on other populations (e.g., adolescent smokers and their younger, nonsmoking siblings). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PRACTICE PROFILING TO INCREASE TOBACCO CESSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Swartz, Susan H.; Maine Medical Center 22 Bramhall St Portland, ME 04102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disability. In 1996 the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research published its "Clinical Guideline for Smoking Cessation". This guideline endorses the four key performance components of tobacco cessation activities for practices: Ask, Advise, Assist and Arrange. However, there is a substantial body of literature suggesting that there are significant barriers for physicians in attempting to undertake these activities. One barrier is the lack of performance data at the physician level. That is, data that allows the physicians to know 'how they are doing' in supplying smoking cessation services to their patients. This proposal attempts to answer the question: does personalized data-feedback (profiling) of tobacco cessation performance to physicians improve their provision of these services? This study has two primary aims: (1) To evaluate the effect of tobacco cessation profiling on provider and practice behavior around tobacco user identification and treatment. (2) To evaluate the effects of the practice interventions on the quitting behavior of smokers. Two secondary aims are: (1) To assess the influence of provider and practice characteristics on practice adherence to smoking cessation guideline recommendations. (2) To assess the influence of health insurance benefits for smoking cessation services on the behavior of smokers. In a randomized controlled trial, three strategies will be compared (i) Mailed 'generic' information on tobacco cessation, (ii) Mailed performance data feedback to providers and practices, and (iii) Educational office visits with performance data feedback to providers and practices. The patient study population will be comprised of smokers enrolled in two managed care plans and Maine Medicaid beneficiaries. Physicians will be recruited from practices having at least 200 study patients (combined population). Performance and practice level outcomes will be assessed from chart audits of study practices and claims data from all three payers. Through baseline and follow-up telephone surveys, the study will assess attempts at quitting, utilization of cessation treatments (counseling and pharmacotherapy), and abstinence from smoking for patients of the study practices receiving one of the three intervention strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREDICTORS OF SMOKING AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Siqueira, Lorena M.; Miami Children's Hospital (Miami, Fl) 3100 Sw 62Nd Ave Miami, FL 33155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) This training grant will offer Lorena M Siqueira M.D., a program of mentored research that will facilitate her development as an independent clinician-scientist. Dr. Siqueira is an experienced pediatrician with subspecialty boards in Adolescent Medicine. Her immediate objectives are to enhance her understanding of epidemiological research design and methodology, as well as the application of statistical methods, while focusing on the content area of tobacco use among adolescents. The initial period of this proposed training engages Dr Siqueira in formal course work towards a M.P.H in Epidemiology, strengthening her skills in statistical analyses, theories of research design and scale construction/modification. Applying statistical skills learnt in the classroom, Dr Siqueira will systematically analyze

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a data set collected by Dr. Judith Brook in three cities in Colombia (South America) in the first two years of this grant proposal. Tobacco has become a major health problem in Latin America and more people die there of non-communicable diseases, many of which are caused by tobacco, than of communicable diseases. Most disturbingly there appears to be an increase in smoking prevalence among Colombian teenagers mainly in urban areas. In her analyses Dr Siqueira will: 1) identify the unique risk and protective factors related to frequency of smoking and delinquency in Colombian youth, 2) examine potential interactions among assessed risk and protective factors and 3) evaluate the sequencing among the domains of family, personality, peers and culture. Beyond using Pearson correlations and regression analyses to determine significant risk and protective factors and their interactions, structural equation modeling (SEM) will serve as the method of analysis. To generalize formal coursework in the theories of research design and methodology as well as continue using her developing statistical skills, Dr Siqueira will work with Dr. Brook on the sixth phase of her recently NIH-funded longitudinal study examining the etiologic determinants of young adult drug use/abuse and the consequences of use on the individual?s functioning. Dr Siqueira will be an integral member of a research team proposing and shaping the measure and scales employed. Furthermore she will be actively involved in data collection and analyses. During the third and fourth years of this award, she proposes to use five previously collected waves of this data-set to answer questions about the relationship of childhood personality and parent attachment to stability of tobacco use in adulthood. The skills learnt and data analyzed will be used to develop a R01 application in year five, building on the findings that have emerged in these analyses of tobacco use. Her long term goals are to evaluate how know researchcan be applied to clinical settings, design more effective intervention strategies and conduct outcome research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PRENATAL TOBACCO EFFECTS IN OFFSPRING OF TEENAGE MOTHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cornelius, Marie D. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This application continues the first study to assess longitudinally the longterm effects of prenatal tobacco and other substance use on the children of teenage parents. Tobacco use during pregnancy and the increased rate of difficulties related to teenaged motherhood both predict a high risk for developmental problems in the offspring of adolescents. Yet, to date, the investigators have little information about these risk factors and the interactions between them. They are currently following a unique cohort of over 400 pregnant teenagers who were interviewed systematically concerning their trimester-specific tobacco and other substance use during pregnancy, at delivery, and 6 years after their children were born. Preliminary analysis of behavioral, cognitive, and growth outcomes from the 6-year-old children show that tobacco exposure from three different sources (prenatal, passive and mother's current) significantly affect child outcomes. Children who were exposed prenatally to tobacco had more attention problems, higher activity levels, and were more impulsive and more emotional. Prenatally exposed children had higher body mass indices and skinfold thickness. Passive exposure to current tobacco smoke was related to poorer receptive language abilities. Children of mothers who were current smokers had shorter stature. In this competing renewal application, the investigators will assess the children at age 10. At this age, more complex cognitive and neuropsychological dimensions of

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functioning can be assessed. Strengths of this study include a detailed assessment of all substances, measurement of potential confounding factors, including environmental factors, a comprehensive child assessment battery, and excellent retention rates. A further strength of this study is the ability to compare prenatal tobacco effects on 10year-old offspring of teenagers with the effects on a demographic similar cohort of 10year-old children of adult parents. The specific aims are to: 1) examine the long-term effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on growth, cognitive, behavioral and neuropsychological outcomes on children of adolescent mothers, 2) examine the longterm effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on child outcomes considering potential moderating and mediating effects of the environment and of factors from earlier phases, and 3) compare the relations of prenatal tobacco exposure and child outcomes between offspring of teenaged parents and offspring of adult age parents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PRENATAL TOBACCO EXPOSURE: PERINATAL AND GENETIC RISKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Espy, Kimberly A. Psychiatry; Southern Illinois University Carbondale 900 S. Normal Carbondale, IL 629014709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): More women use tobacco during pregnancy than any other substance, yet little is known about the effects of on early human development. Prenatal tobacco exposure is the single largest preventable risk factor for low birth weight and prematurity, resulting in increased healthcare costs. Nicotine acts on the developing fetal nervous system directly through effects on neurotransmitter systems and indirectly by vasoconstriction of placental blood flow. In animals, prenatal nicotine exposure prematurely signals cell differentiation by altered dopamine and acetylcholine activity that results in disrupted cell development, reduced cell number, and aberrant synaptic connections, with particularly marked effects on dopaminergic systems. Because dopaminergic systems are related to motor, attention, and temperament behavior in infants, children, and adults, these behaviors are particularly susceptible to disruption by prenatal tobacco exposure. Because of the vulnerable nervous system, the added risk of prenatal tobacco exposure in preterm infants may be doubly deleterious. Alternatively, preterm birth typically shortens the duration of in utero exposure in the third trimester, with attenuated prenatal tobacco exposure effects. Finally, specific gene variants that result in net reductions in dopaminergic activity may render these infants more vulnerable to prenatal tobacco exposure effects. This study will examine the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure as a function of perinatal risk and genetic vulnerability, while accounting for the social environment. A large sample of preterm and full term infants (n = 360) will be recruited (with oversampling on prematurity and exposure level) and carefully selected on background characteristics to maximize tobacco exposure-related differences. Thorough maternal interviews and biochemical analysis of cotinine level (maternal and infant urine, infant meconium) will be used to measure prenatal tobacco exposure. Postnatal tobacco exposure, in addition to alcohol, caffeine, and other substance exposure, also will be measured through similarly thorough multi-methods. Neonatal outcome will be assessed longitudinally to more reliably determine effects on early development; both in the hospital where the effects of postnatal exposure and social environment are minimized, and after discharge where these effects are more prominent. Multiple methods are used to assess different neonatal outcome domains, with instruments that capture age-dependent neurobehavioral skill and physical growth. Sophisticated statistical methods will

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uncover prenatal tobacco exposure effects on developmental processes, including level and growth rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PRENATAL TOBACCO USE: AUDITORY PROCESSING AND LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Coles, Claire D. Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The impact of tobacco use by pregnant women on auditory processing, phonemic perception and early language in offspring will be evaluated in a cohort of 340 infants followed to 24 months postpartum. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy continues to be a public health problem with up to 20% of newborns experiencing this potentially teratogenic exposure. Although an association with growth retardation is well established, the impact on behavioral and cognitive outcomes, particularly early during development, has not been well described. This study will focus on processing of auditory information and phonemic stimuli early in development while controlling for exposure to other drugs (e.g., alcohol) and familial and environmental factors that also affect cognitive and language development. Access to a large perinatal population will allow the investigation of heavy smoking (>30 cigarettes/day) as well as determination of the dose-response relationship between levels of tobacco smoke exposure and factors affecting developmental outcome. Quantity of tobacco exposure will be measured both through maternal self-report (i.e., number of cigarettes/day) and biological measures (i.e., maternal and infant cotinine levels, a biomarker of nicotine). The sample will be stratified to allow inclusion of heavy smokers who would not be identified otherwise. Four levels of use will be included: None, 10 to 19 cigarettes/day, 20 to 29 cigarettes/day, and more than 30 cigarettes/day. Families will be recruited postnatally and followed to 24 months with laboratory visits at 6-, 15-, and 24 months. Auditory processing and phonemic perception will be operationalized using information processing methodology and psychophysiological outcome measures. Early language skills will be comprehensively evaluated using both transcriptions of natural language samples (SALT) and standardized measures of communication and parental report of language development. Tobacco smoke exposure (including postnatal environmental exposure) is predicted to negatively impact auditory and phonemic processing skills during the first 24 months and to be related to specific language delays. All analyses will control for other contributions to outcomes (i.e., Alcohol exposure, Caregiving potential, Quality of Caregiving, including language environment, Child Health and Hearing). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREVENTING TEEN SMOKING BY RESTRICTING MOVIE EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Dalton, Madeline A. Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, NH 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Description (provided by applicant): Background--The average child spends as much time viewing movies and television as he spends in school. Tobacco use is ubiquitous in movies, yet its impact on adolescent smoking has not been studied before. We hypothesize that exposure to tobacco use in movies is a causal element in the initiation

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of adolescent smoking. Preliminary Work-- Our 4-year study resulted in a content analysis measuring the amount and context of tobacco use in over 600 popular contemporary movies. We found tobacco depictions in 95% of the movies and brand appearances in 28%. We linked these data with responses from a cross-sectional study of over 5000 5% 8_ grade students. In a multivariate analysis, adolescent exposure to tobacco use in movies was associated with adolescent smoking and, among never smokers, it was associated with attitudes that predict future smoking. Specific Aims-The goal of this application is to better understand the relationship between viewing tobacco use in movies and adolescent smoking. To accomplish this, we plan to continue the content analysis of popular contemporary films through the year 2005 and conduct a two-year longitudinal telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 3000 adolescents. This survey will enable us to describe adolescents' exposure to tobacco use in contemporary films over time and to determine if this exposure predicts smoking uptake. Methods--Adolescents will be surveyed semiannually about their smoking status, exposure to a sample of recently released popular movies, and a number of other factors related to adolescent smoking. Each survey will contain a unique subset of movies, randomly selected from top box-office hits and video rentals released within six months prior to the survey. The primary outcome will be the transition from never smoker to experimenter. Secondary analyses will be conducted to examine whether exposure to movie tobacco use influences a t titudes among never smokers and influences experimenters to become established smokers. We will also evaluate differences in movie exposure among whites, African Americans, and Latinos. Significance-- This is the first prospective study to evaluate the public health implications of depicting tobacco use in movies. Because our study involves a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, data from this survey will enable us to determine the number of cases of youth smoking in the United States that are attributable to exposure to tobacco use in popular, contemporary movies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PREVENTION OF TOBACCO USE IN RURAL ETHNIC AMERICAN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelly, Kathleen; Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant?s Abstract) Project IV: This project will determine whether localized media campaigns aimed at rural 7th and 8th grade Mexican American and White non-Hispanic students can influence their attitudes toward tobacco use and the subsequent use of tobacco (smoking cigarettes and smokeless tobacco). The primary target will be young women, where smoking produces potentially greater damage due to harmful effects to the fetus, newborn, and infant among pregnant smoking females. However, media messages will not be focused solely on females, and effects on males are expected such as reduction of smokeless tobacco. An effective and relatively low cost media campaign would be a valuable asset for rural communities that usually do not have the financial and technical resources for costly prevention efforts. However, typical media campaigns may not be useful for rural communities who may view their problems as more limited or unique compared to urban environments. The media campaigns that will be tested, therefore, will be localized to include local smoking data, identification with local situations, and images of local landmarks. There is evidence that prevention efforts may be enhanced by the use of peers; therefore, the effect of the media campaign alone (MEDIA) will be compared with the effect of the media

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campaign when local peers are added as an integral part of the media campaign (MEDIA+). In these MEDIA+ communities, a team of local peers (11th grade women) will be trained to present and monitor the media campaign. In addition, they will make radio spots, be names in news releases, and will be included in local visual references. The addition of this social influence from older females will be tested for its ability to reduce cigarette use and smokeless tobacco among younger females and males, over and above effects obtained in the MEDIA condition. Both experimental conditions will be compared to a control condition in which pre- and post assessments are obtained, with no intervention. Media components that can be localized to rural ethnic minority communities have been developed and tested, and the training program for peer involvement in media campaigns has been tested by the investigators. The programs are designed so that, if successful, technology transfer through extension services or 4H organizations would be feasible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PROGRESSION OF CRAVING AND ADDICTION: GENETIC FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hutchison, Kent E. Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Craving can be reliably elicited in the laboratory with humans, is associated with the development of addiction andrelapse, and is a primary target of biological and behavioral interventions. Mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission has been implicated as the primary neural substrate that underlies the development of craving (i.e., incentive salience) for tobacco and other drugs. Thus, cue-elicited craving represents a potentially powerful endophenotype that is associated with a specific underlying biological mechanism. Our preliminary research has suggested that the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism influences cue-elicited craving for tobacco and alcohol and that this effect is specifically related to dopamine neurotransmission. The proposed research will estimate the heritability of cue-elicited craving, will determine whether the polymorphism influences cue-elicited craving using a within-family design that controls for population effects, will examine how the polymorphism interacts with the environment over a two year period marked by a transition from initial tobacco use to dependence, and test whether an association between the polymorphism and the transition to dependence is mediated by the effect of the polymorphism on the development of cue-elicited craving. Two separate studies are proposed to meet the specific aims of the proposed research. In the first study, MZ and DZ twins who are regular smokers will be exposed to smoking cues in the laboratory after overnight abstinence, and a subset of DZ twins who are discordant for the 7 repeat allele will be compared to their siblings with respect to cue-elicited craving. It is expected that cue-elicited craving will show high heritability and that the discordant DZ twins with the 7 repeat allele will demonstrate significantly more cue-elicited craving as compared to their siblings. In the second study, participants who have recently initiated smoking will be assessed for cue-elicited craving and nicotine dependence at baseline (initial use) and again at one and two years. These data will be used to test whether an association between the polymorphism and the transition to nicotine dependence is mediated by the development of incentive salience for tobacco. The proposed research is expected to lay the foundation for future research on the development of prevention and treatment interventions that specifically target incentive salience for drugs and is

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expected to guide efforts to match these interventions to the individuals who are most likely to benefit from them. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PSU-WESTERN & SOUTHERN AFRICAN TOBACCO RESEARCH PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Gary; Assistant Professor; Biobehavioral Health; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, PA 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goals of the Pennsylvania State University Western and Southern African Tobacco Research (PSU-WSATR) Program are to: 1) conduct research on tobacco control among youth; 2) establish two Centers of Excellence (COEs) in Dakar, Senegal and Cape Town, South Africa focusing on tobacco control research; 3) develop regional networks of researchers and graduate students; 4) provide training and internships; and 5) promote links and academic exchanges between the COEs to conduct innovative and relevant studies examining the effects of tobacco use by youth in Senegal and South Africa. The investigators aim to conduct research studies focusing on prevalence and risk factors; psychopathology and tobacco use among youth; community influence and protective factors in tobacco use among high school students; qualitative studies of the tobacco use among adolescent girls; smoking cessation among young adults; political economy of tobacco use; pilot intervention studies; and a study of the ethnographic and traditional cultural uses of tobacco among Western and Southern African populations. The PSU-WSATR will establish over the course of five years two COEs consisting of a core of 10-15 researchers, graduate students, and administrative personnel at the University of Chiekh Diop in Dakar, Senegal and the University of Cape Town, South Africa specializing in tobacco research and control studies focusing on youth populations. A regional network consisting of researchers and graduate students will be developed in at least two neighboring countries (i.e., Gambia and Bukino Faso) in Western Africa and (i.e., Namibia and Tanzania) in Southern Africa who will collaborate with the COEs as researchers and in capacity building initiatives intended to build and strengthen training and empirical research focusing on youth populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPITHELIUM

QUANTITATIVE

GENE

EXPRESSION

IN

HUMAN

LUNG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Spivack, Simon D. Research Physician; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, NY 12237 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Only one in ten current or ex-smokers contracts lung cancer over a lifetime. Lung cancer prevention and early detection strategies all require the identification of a high risk subgroup of tobacco-smokers upon which to focus intensive smoking cessation, chemoprevention and early disease screening efforts. Identifying this high risk subgroup is the long-term objective of this laboratory. Tobacco smoke's composition includes polyaromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and aromatic amines. Therefore, plausible candidate susceptibility genes may be hypothesized to include those genes encoding enzymes involved in initial carcinogen bioactivation and inactivation, and those involved in quenching in-situ-generated reactive oxygen species,

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in the lung epithelial cells of first contact with tobacco smoke. Expression of these genes in defined, smoke-exposed lung epithelium has been understudied as it relates to lung cancer risk. Our general hypothesis is that carcinogen and antioxidant metabolizing enzyme expression levels in lung epithelium, by quantitative assays, will identify smokers at high risk for lung cancer. With this laboratory's development of RNAspecific real-time quantitative expression assays for phase I and II carcinogen and oxidant metabolism enzymes, applied to laser microdissected human lung epithelium, it is now feasible to quantify cancer-relevant gene induction in the target cells of interest. Therefore, the specific aims are to 1) Quantify gene expression and interindividual expression differences of selected carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant enzymes in laser capture microdissected, in situ-exposed human lung epithelium, 2) Compare the observed differences with sensitive biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (plasma nicotine and cotinine) and an intermediate biomarker (p53- mutation frequency, spectrum, and methylation) and 3) Correlate the gene expression and p53 data with lung cancer case versus control status in multivariate models. We therefore will quantitatively define carcinogen and oxidant metabolizing gene expression - related susceptibility to lung cancer, for future adaptation to broad population screening strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RANDOMIZED STUDY TO DECREASE SMOKING IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Beti; Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, WA 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Smoking among college students has increased dramatically in the past decade and has become a cause for concern. Smoking onset during the college years now accounts for 11 percent of college smokers, and 29 percent of college smokers increase their use of tobacco during the college years. Little is known about smoking cessation among college students and few intervention studies have been conducted to assist this population in achieving cessation. In this project, we will recruit 30 four-year, residential colleges in Oregon and Washington state to participate in a grouprandomized project to test a comprehensive tobacco control program among college students. We will use innovative methods to reach smokers and non-smokers on campus and work with campus officials and students to create an environment supportive of non-smoking. We will use three major components of intervention: 1) collaboration with state and local Health Department funded coalitions to assist us in implementing tobacco control on college campuses; 2) development and implementation of restrictive policies to develop a non-smoking norm, and 3) provision of a telephone Quit Line and a quit smoking web-site to assist students in achieving cessation. After the 30 colleges are recruited, baseline data will be gathered from a random sample of students at each of the participating colleges. Freshmen will be oversampled and will form a cohort of approximately 500 students per college to be followed over the project years. Key informants in administrative positions in the colleges and among local tobacco control coalitions will be interviewed. Colleges will be matched on size, survey response rates, and smoking prevalence, and randomized to intervention or control conditions. Primary outcomes of the trial will be change in campus smoking policies, smoking onset rates and cessation rates among students. Secondary outcomes include movement from occasional to regular smoking, change in perception of prevalence of student smoking, and incorporation of program activities.

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The sample size of 30 colleges has adequate power to assess the primary outcomes. Analysis plans include a permutation test and generalized linear mixed model, with covariates used to control confounders. Durability and dissemination of the program will be structured into the project. Departments of Health in Oregon and Washington are supporting this project and contributing in-kind resources. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REDUCING CHILDREN'S EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE Principal Investigator & Institution: An, Larry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Tobacco smoke pollution is a major cause of disease and death for children in this country. While there has been some progress limiting tobacco smoking pollution (TSP) in public and work places, relatively little attention has focused on improving air quality in homes and private spaces where children receive their greatest exposure to TSP. As a result in the United States each year, children continue to suffer more than 5 million additional episodes of illness leading to nearly 4,000 preventable deaths due to the effects of tobacco smoke pollution (Aligne, 1997; US EPA, 1993; California EPA, 1997; DiFranza, 1996). This proposal represents a developing collaboration between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a large regional health maintenance organization (Health Partners, Minnesota), and an international team of researchers in an innovative effort to change parental smoking behavior in order to reduce children's exposure to TSP. Parental, and especially maternal, smoking in the home is the major source of children's exposure to TSP. All smoking parents should be advised and assisted in quitting. For the majority of smoking parents initially unable or unwilling to quit, efforts should focus on helping them limit their children's exposure to TSP. Promising counseling interventions have been developed to help parents create reduced-smoke and smoke-free environments for their children. Unfortunately, parents' continued smoking commonly results in continued exposure for the child and parents may need additional assistance to create truly smoke-free environments. Since nicotine addiction is often a major force driving continued cigarette use, providing smoking parents an alternative non-polluting source of nicotine (i.e. nicotine gum) for use in the home may help reduce their dependence on cigarettes and their children's TSP exposure. Through a population-based environmental assessment survey of a large health plan's youngest members, we will identify families with infant children exposed to maternal smoking in the home (a marker for higher levels of overall TSP exposure). Smoking mothers will be recruited into a prospective 3 group randomized clinical trial to determine the ability of (1) individualized counseling and (2) individualized counseling plus access to nicotine gum as a substitute for cigarettes in the home to help mothers create smoke-free environments for their children. Specifically, we hypothesize that compared to usual care (advice to quit and written materials promoting a smokefree environment for children): 1. Providing smoking mothers with individualized counseling focused on TSP reduction will reduce children's exposure to TSP. 2. Providing smoking mothers with individualized counseling focused on TSP reduction plus access to nicotine gum as a substitute for cigarettes in the home will further reduce children's exposure to TSP. 3. Engaging smoking mothers in interventions to reduce children's exposure to TSP will reduce maternal cigarette consumption and increase maternal smoking cessation. In addition, we will explore a secondary set of hypotheses on the relative economic costs and benefits of the study interventions. Specifically, we hypothesize that, if sufficiently effective, the study interventions: (a) will also be a cost-

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effective (in terms of cost per life year gained) when compared to widely prescribed medical treatments; and (b) will lead to reductions in medical, mortality and morbidity costs that fully or partially offset the costs of the intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RELAPSE: LINKING SCIENCE AND PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fiore, Michael C. Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This TTURC proposal targets relapse to tobacco use. The justification for this concentration is that relapse is the central, unanswered challenge to tobacco researchers today: no effective relapse prevention programs exist and relapse consistently claims the majority of smokers who achieve abstinence. This TTURC proposal describes a transdisciplinary effort to uncover new and important information relevant to tobacco control, achieve wide-spread dissemination and use of such information, sow the seeds for future innovative and transdisciplinary tobacco research, encourage new researchers from diverse backgrounds to enter the field of tobacco science, and to facilitate their training. In sum, the over-arching goals are to create and foster new and integrative research in tobacco control, attract outstanding students and scientists into the field of tobacco research, and train them to become outstanding tobacco scientists. The TTURC will achieve its goals through the conduct of three large research projects, a pilot grant research program, a transdisciplinary career development program, and an administrative core. One of the large research projects will develop a novel, computerized relapse prevention strategy, the second will develop a new measure of tobacco dependence and relate it to relapse, and the third will use real-time recording to study how treatment affects relapse likelihood. The pilot grant program will support innovative and promising studies relevant to relapse prevention, and will actively offer collaborative opportunities and support to outstanding scientists who are new to tobacco research. The career development program is designed to attract individuals from diverse backgrounds and train them in state-of-the-art tobacco science. All of these elements reflect three central themes of characteristics: they are: transdisciplinary, they are focused on relapse, and the different perspectives and data yielded by the transdisciplinary approach will be integrated to achieve a deeper understanding of relapse and relapse prevention. Transdisciplinary contributions will be promoted by involving a wide range of individuals, launching research projects that require novel or innovative collaborations, and by building in structures that prompt and reinforce breadth in research and training activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESOURCE KIT FOR ADOLESCENT TOBACCO CESSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Toborg, Mary A. President; Toborg Associates, Inc. 1325 18Th St, Ste #207 Washington, DC 20036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: Five hundred thirty-four counties in 18 states are home to 29,497,852 persons and grow tobacco. Data indicate youth in these areas use tobacco earlier and use it more frequently. Tobacco communities have a unique perspective based on the cultural, social, and economic import of tobacco which requires a sensitive approach to adolescent cessation efforts. This project will develop prototypes of a culturally congruent, age-appropriate, gender-specific Resource Kit for Adolescent Tobacco

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Cessation in Tobacco-Growing Communities. By the end of Phase II, the Kit respectively will address males and females in the 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 age groups. Based on findings and relying on sound cessation science, the firm will develop in Phase II a uniquely designed cessation program and supplemental materials for these youth. In Phase I, one module of the cessation program and complementary materials will be developed for girls aged 12 to 14 who use tobacco and live in tobacco-raising communities. Staff will conduct focus groups to understand how these girls perceive tobacco and cessation. Staff will interview key informants for their perspective. We will conduct feasibility tests with the young women and cessation professionals from tobacco-raising communities. We will document our research in a monograph. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The Resource Kit will be marketed extensively through the 18 states where tobacco-growing counties are home to 29 million Americans. The many health departments, community-based organizations, hospitals, health clinics, and school in these communities will provide a rich market. Several tobacco states have set aside funds for youth tobacco cessation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RISK OF ORAL EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA IN PUERTO RICO Principal Investigator & Institution: Morse, Douglas E. Assistant Professor; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, NY 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: Oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence in Puerto Rican males is notably higher than among white males living on the U.S. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a histopathological diagnosis characterized by cellular changes and maturational disturbances. A diagnosis of OED is significant in that it is associated with an elevated risk factors for OED, and non such studies have carried out in an Hispanic population. The primary aim of this study is to estimate the association between OED and the use of smoking tobacco and alcoholic beverages in an Hispanic population living in Puerto Rico. On an exploratory basis the proposed investigation will (a) examine the presence of a dose-response relationship as regards OED and both smoking tobacco and alcohol use, (b) test for a synergistic relationship between alcohol and smoking with regard to OED, (c) evaluate smokeless tobacco, mouthwash use and dentures and OED risk factors, (d) evaluate dietary habits as risk/protective factors for OED, and (e) examine whether polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes active will be identified in the carcinogen activation and detoxification pathways are associated with OED. OED cases (aged 20-79) will be identified by reviewing biopsy reports generated by pathology laboratories on the Island. The control series, frequency matched 1:1 to cases on age, gender, gender, and geographic region, will consist of persons diagnosed with an irritation fibrinoma via the same pathology laboratories. Environmental risk factor data will be obtained using a structured questionnaire. Oral cells will be obtained for DNA extraction and used in studies of genetic polymorphisms while paraffin-embedded tissue from cases and controls will be available for immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. Adjusted odds ratios will be obtained from logistic regression models. Information obtained from this study will further our understanding of the etiology of OED, provide possible explanations for the high rates of oral and pharyngeal cancer in Puerto Rico, and suggest opportunities for the primary prevention of OED and oral cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF ATTENTIONAL BIAS IN TOBACCO DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Waters, Andrew J. V T Lombardi Cancer Res Center; Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant) Despite extensive tobacco control efforts, about one quarter of Americans continue to smoke, and tobacco use is estimated to be responsible for over 1000 deaths every day. Most smokers report being motivated to quit, yet most quit attempts end in failure, even when state of the art smoking cessation interventions are used. Surprisingly, it has remained unclear what bio-behavioral mechanisms underlie tobacco dependence. Traditionally, drug dependence has been thought to be underpinned by the acute hedonic effects of drugs ("Liking" processes), together with the aversive effects of drug withdrawal. Recently, however, Robinson and Berridge (1993) have proposed that drug-induced sensitization of the neural circuitry subserving motivational processes ("Wanting" processes) underlies the compulsive component of drug dependence; in effect, the motivational system of the brain is "hijacked" by drug-taking. This proposal seeks to continue my research attempting to measure the extent of this corruption, using tasks originally developed within human experimental psychology, and to relate these potential measures of Wanting to tobacco dependence. In the proposed study, smokers will complete a battery of wanting and Liking measures. Most importantly, smokers will perform two computerized tasks - the emotional stroop task and the dot-probe task - which assess the degree to which a smoker's attention is grabbed by smoking-related cues. These "attentional bias" tasks may provide an indirect measure of the motivational salience of drug related cues and could be useful tools to assess motivational processes. Self reported urge to smoke will be measured and a behavioral choice task will be administered. Liking measures will be derived from subjective responses to smoking a cigarette. Each participant will be tested twice, once when overnight deprived, and once when minimally deprived. My aims are to i) examine the relationship between the attentional bias measures and dependence, ii) assess the coherence of the various Wanting measures, and iii) determine the separability between Wanting measures and measures of Liking. In doing so, we can evaluate the relative importance of these measures to tobacco dependence. The overall goal of this study is to better understand the critical processes underlying tobacco dependence, and, more specifically, to evaluate the relevance of attentional bias to tobacco dependence. If attentional bias is an important component of dependence, then interventions which reduce it may be effective in smoking cessation. Thus, attentional bias tasks could be used to evaluate the utility of potential smoking cessation interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF NICOTINE METABOLISM IN ADDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Murphy, Sharon; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: A number of biological factors may influence an individual's smoking behavior. These include a smoker's sensitivity to and metabolism of nicotine. Specifically, we will determine if different parameters of nicotine metabolism are predictors of tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction. These parameters include: 1) P0450 2A6 phenotype 2) nicotine metabolism to continue; 3) nicotine metabolism by Nglucuronidation and N-oxidation. The major pathway of nicotine metabolism is

110 Tobacco

conversion to cotinine, and there is strong in vitro data supporting a key role for P450 2AG phenotype 2) nicotine metabolism is cotinine; 3) nicotine metabolism by Nglucoronidation and N-oxidation. The major pathway of nicotinine metabolism is conversion to cotinine, and there is strong in vitro data supporting a key role for P450 2A6 as the catalyst of the first step in this pathway. P450 2A6 activity varies significantly between people. Therefore, P450 2A6 is an attractive candidate both as a key enzyme in nicotine addiction. These parameters include: 1) P450 2A6 phenotype 2) nicotine metabolism to cotinine; 3) nicotine metabolism by N-glucoronidation and oxidation. The major pathway of nicotine metabolism is conversion to cotinine, and there is strong in vitro data supporting a key role for P450 2A6 as the catalyst of the first step in this pathway. P450 2A6 activity varies significantly between people. Therefore, P450 2A6 is an attractive candidate both as a key enzyme in nicotine metabolism in smokers and as an important biological determinant of tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction. It is our hypothesis that an individual's ability to metabolize nicotine does influence tobacco consumption and thereby there sensitivity to related to nicotine addiction. Within a population of addicted smokers there is a wide range of cigarette consumption and nicotine addiction. It is our hypothesis that an individual's ability to metabolize nicotine does influence tobacco consumption and thereby there sensitivity to related to nicotine addiction. Within a population of addicted smokers there is a wide range of cigarette consumption. We hypothesize that some of this variation is due to differences in metabolism and that tobacco consumption influences nicotine addiction. In our Aims we will test this hypothesis, and the hypothesis that P450 2A6 is a key enzyme in nicotine metabolism but not the only enzyme responsible for the proposed relationship between nicotine addiction and metabolism. Our Specific Aims are to determine: 1) the correlation between the rate of nicotine clearance (following infusion) and P450 2A6 phenotype, 2) if a smoker's P450 phenotype predicts their urinary nicotine metabolite profile, 3) the relationship of either P450 2A6 phenotype or nicotine profile to tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction, and 4) whether an individual's nicotine metabolite profile and/or P4502A6 phenotype is a determinant of the familial distribution of tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction. Aim 4 will carry out a sibling pair analysis of nicotine metabolism tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction to investigate the degree to which metabolism contributes to the familiarity of tobacco consumption and nicotine addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL AND OTHER FACTORS IN ETIOLOGY OF ORAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Grizzle, William E. Professor; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Oral cancer is a major health problem in the United States; it is a disease of high mortality and severe morbidity. While risk factors include alcohol and tobacco usage, some oro-pharyngeal tumors develop without a defined pattern of alcohol or tobacco abuse. In fact, the increased use of alcohol based mouth washes in the United States may be a risk factor. Although it has been reported that consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is associated with protective effects on the development of oropharyngeal tumors in high risk groups, identification of specific nutritional components such as one specific antioxidant that protects against the development of this type of tumor has not been successful. The inability to isolate a protective effect of a specific vitamin (e.g., beta-carotene) might be secondary to synergistic protective effects of

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multiple dietary components or to inadequate previous study of methyl supplying components such as folate or vitamin B-12. Localized folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies may be especially relevant to the development of these tumors since levels of active folate and vitamin B-12 in tissues may be decreased by exposure to components of tobacco or alcohol usage. We hypothesize that the normal proliferative homeostasis of basal cells of the oral epithelium is dysregulated by localized deficiencies of folate and vitamin B-12 and that the resulting abnormality in basal cell proliferation is exacerbated by exposure to alcohol and tobacco products. Ultimately, increased cellular proliferation increases immature cells at intermediate and higher layers (i.e., above the basal cell layer) in the oral epithelium and leads to the development of histologically recognizable pre-malignant characteristics in the epithelium (e.g., dysplasia). These changes can be identified by decreased regional vitamin levels and by changes in the expression of intermediate endpoint biomarkers (IEBs) in the proliferating or dysplastic epithelium. We will select tissues for evaluation based on standard epidemiological methods in order to validate our hypothesis. We will evaluate the relation of folate and vitamin B-12 levels geographically within the epithelium and their correlation with the development of neoplastic changes and with expression of the following IEBs: TGFalpha, EGF-R, EGF, p185/crbB-2, TGF-beta, fatty acid synthetase, markers of proliferation and p53. This proposal is strengthened by nesting state-of- the-art biochemical, molecular, and pathological assessments of normal, pre-malignant and squamous cell cancers within a sound epidemiological investigation of well characterized patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ROLE OF PAH AND TSNA IN CERVICAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Prokopczyk, Bogdan; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JUN-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Recent epidemiological studies continue to provide evidence that tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical cancer. Literature data also identifies human papillomaviruses (HPV) as an important etiological factor in the development of this disease. However, only a small population of HPV-infected individuals will develop cervical cancer. In addition, the transfection of human cervical cells with HPV immortalizes those cells but does not make them carcinogenic. It has, therefore, been suggested that other genetic changes are needed for the development of malignancy. These changes may result from oxidative damage or alkylation caused by tobacco derived carcinogens. We have demonstrated that these tobacco carcinogens are present in human cervical mucus and can be metabolically activated to genotoxic intermediates that can damage cervical DNA. It is our hypothesis that genetic damage induced by tobacco-derived carcinogens can lead to mutations of proto-oncogenes (e.g. c-myc, Hand K-ras, and c-erbB). Thus, genetic damaged induced by B[a]P and/or NNK combined with HPV-induced deactivation of tumor suppresser genes and inhibition of apoptosis can be expected to lead to the development of cervical cancer. Test our hypotheses we propose the following specific aims: (1) Develop an appropriate animal model to determine the role of carcinogenic activity of TSNA, PAH and HPV individually and in combination; and HPV transgenic mouse available in the laboratory of our collaborator is prerequisite to achieve the goals of this aim. (2) Examine the metabolism of NNK, NNAL and B[a]P in normal and HPV 16-immortalized human cervical cells and characterize enzymes responsible for their metabolic activation. (3) Evaluate the capacity of NNK, NNAL and B[a]P to induce malignant transformation to

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human cervical cells immortalized with HPV-16 as compared to controls. (4) Carry out a pilot study to establish the feasibility and conditions for a case-control study of the association between exposure to tobacco carcinogens (using representative biomarkers derived from the animal studies) and risk of cervical dysplasia/cancers, and risk modification by HPV infections. The studies proposed in this Project will provide important knowledge that is requisite to our understanding of the association of HPV infection and tobacco usage as it relates to the mechanism of induction of cervical neoplasias in humans. These studies will also provide a foundation to later test the chemopreventive efficacy of various chemopreventive agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RURAL INTERVENTION

ED

AS

ACCESS

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TEEN

SMOKING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Horn, Kimberly A. Community Medicine; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, WV 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Rural youth are at greater risk for using tobacco and less likely to have access to tobacco intervention than are their non-rural counterparts. This presents an important public health challenge. One innovative response is to use the emergency department (ED) as a point of access for delivering brief tobacco interventions to rural teens. The ED is an appropriate point of access because it provides a safety net for those who may otherwise go unserved. In addition, it is a frequent source of "front-line" health care services among rural, low SES (populations where smoking prevalence is high. The primary goal of this project is to examine the feasibility and efficacy of a theory-based motivational tobacco intervention (MTI) for 14- to 18-year-old smokers who present in the West Virginia University (WVU) Hospital ED for treatment. To examine feasibility, a comprehensive model (i.e., CIPP) found useful for evaluating other clinical programs and services will be used to assess reach, implementation fidelity, and acceptability. To examine efficacy, a randomized 2-group design will be used to compare the 6-month post-baseline quit and reduction rates among youth who receive MTI to those who receive brief advice/care as usual (BA). MTI patients will receive (1) screening/assessment and a brief, tailored, motivational interview, (2) a tailored selfhelp workbook (with audio), and (3) 3 follow-up telephone contacts. BA patients will receive less than or equal to 2 minutes of generic advice to quit smoking and a "1-800" referral number to WVU Hospital's general health information help line. Smoking abstinence will be determined by self-report with biochemical validation (expired air carbon monoxide of less than 9ppm). Reduction will be determined by decreases in daily cigarette use between baseline and follow up. This project is intended to generate research findings that inform practice in a modest time frame. Therefore, following demonstration of feasibility and efficacy, a secondary goal of the project is to develop a transportable MTI package, including materials and practice recommendations for EDs, to guide future study and dissemination of MTI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SEQUENCE DISTRIBUTION OF TOBACCO CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tretyakova, Natalia Y. Medicinal Chemistry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2006

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Summary: (provided by applicant): This project focuses on the distribution of specific tobacco carcinogen-DNA adducts within the two genes frequently targeted in smoking induced lung cancer: the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras proto-oncogene. Lung tumors of smokers often contain characteristic "hotspots" for point mutations within K-ras codon12 and p53 codons 157,158, 248, and 273. These mutations are believed to be a result of DNA polymerase errors during the replication of DNA chemically modified by metabolically activated tobacco carcinogens. The large numbers of mutations at specific sites of the K-ras and p53 genes may originate from their high reactivity towards tobacco carcinogens, deficient repair of DNA lesions, or elevated mispairing rates for the lesions within specific sequence context. While the mispairing rates of DNA lesions introduced in a defined sequence environment can be accurately established by site specific mutagenesis, analytical methods capable of mapping the formation and repair of specific DNA lesions within gene sequences are lacking. The present study will use a mass spectrometry based approach recently developed in this laboratory to quantify the formation of DNA adducts at specific positions within p53 and K-ras-derived DNA sequences. The research will focus on DNA damage induced by two prominent tobacco carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Double-stranded synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides representing mutation-prone regions of the p53 and K-ras genes will be treated with reactive metabolites of B[a]P and NNK, and the extent of adduct formation at each position will be determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in combination with stable isotope labeling. The same approach will be used to analyze the effect of endogenous cytosine methylation on the formation of tobacco carcinogen-induced guanine lesions and to determine the effect of K-ras and p53 sequence context on the repair of NNK-induced O6-alkylguanine adducts. These studies will 1) Establish the distribution of B[a]P diolepoxide-induced nucleobasel esions within K-ras and p53-derived DNA sequences containing known mutational hotspots. 2) Map the formation of NNK-induced methylated and pyridyloxobutylated lesions along K-ras and p53-derived DNA sequences. 3) Analyze the effects of endogenous cytosine methylation on the formation of B[a]P and NNK adducts at neighboring guanines. 4) Examine the effects of K-ras sequence context on O6alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase-catalyzed repair of NNK-induced O6-alkylguanine lesions. The results of this work will afford new insights into the molecular basis of genetic changes observed in smoking-induced lung cancer and will aid in the development of rational prevention strategies and mechanism-based biomarkers for individuals at risk. This research will also lay a foundation for future in vivo studies of carcinogen-modified nucleobases at single nucleotide resolution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SIBLING INFLUENCE ON SMOKING IN EVERYDAY SETTINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Slomkowski, Cheryl L.; Miriam Hospital Providence, RI 02906 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological and family studies have revealed that sibling smoking is more predictive of adolescent tobacco use than parent smoking, and especially in early adolescence may be critically important as a link to peer smoking. Despite this, little is known about the actual interpersonal processes that drive social influence between siblings, espeeiaUy as they unfold in real time and in everyday settings. Even less is known about ways in which sibling effects interact with other key interpersonal and individual risk factors to propel developmental pathways to tobacco

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use. The fundamental premise behind this proposal is that studying sibling effects on smoking offers unique opportunities to highlight critical social processes because siblings link broader family risk factors (i.e., parenting) with extra familial risk, especially peer influences, during the transition to adolescence. This proposal will use a methodology - Experience Sampling - which is becoming a critically important tool for assessing social interactions, especially as they pertain to health-related behaviors, as they unfold in real time and in everyday settings. Focusing on a cohort of adolescent sibling pairs derived from a community study of tobacco use, Experience Sampling will be used to determine how sibling influences interact with other key inter- and intrapersonal risk factors to promote initial exposure to cigarettes as well as progression of smoking. Five aims will be pursued: (1) To use Experience Sampling to reveal in detail and with ecological validity actual social processes between siblings that serve to facilitate exposure to and use of cigarettes (including exposure to older sibling smoking, direct reinforcing behaviors between siblings); (2) To assess links between sibling influences and key parental risk factors, especially low parental monitoring; (3) To examine if there are particular dispositional characteristics (impulsivity, mood states) that index intrapersonal sensitivity to social influences such as sibling effects; (4) To determine if characteristics of sibling interaction are predictive of later affiliation with peers who use tobacco; and (5) To address theoretical calls in the literature to examine higher-level interactions between these multiple risk factors. Uncovering actual social processes, in real time and in everyday settings, that promote tobacco use will have implications for preventive and interventive strategies aimed at health-related behaviors by providing illuminated and concrete targets for these effects, especially as revealed during adolescence, the key period for initial exposure to tobacco. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SMART-SMOKING PREVENTION FOR MIDDLE SCHOOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nemes, Susanna A. Vice President of Tobacco, Drugs and Alc; Danya International, Inc. 8737 Colesville Rd, Ste 1200 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is estimated that each year, one million children start smoking in the United States (Khuder, Dayal, and Mutgi 1999), with most children initiating the habit during early adolescence (Khuder et al. 1999; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)1992). Since tobacco attitudes and behaviors develop during childhood and adolescence, prevention programs targeting youth during this time period are imperative (Beaglehold et al. 1978; O'Connell et al. 1981). Research indicates that approaches recognizing both social influences to smoke and misperceptions of peer normative behavior are the most effective in reducing tobacco use among youth (Dusenbury and Falco 1995; USDHHS 2001). During the past decade, various agencies and researchers have developed recommendations to assist educational settings in delivering tobacco prevention messages to both children and adolescents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction are a prime example of these recommendations. Unfortunately, despite these recommendations, few schools are implementing programs that meet each of the CDC's criteria (Surgeon General Report 2000; Wenter et al. 2002). Danya International, Inc., proposes to develop and evaluate a multifaceted smoking prevention product that includes all seven CDC guidelines designed to educate middle school students about the social influences of smoking. The content, format, and design process will draw from the state-of-the-art research findings

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and will emphasize a social marketing approach to facilitate prevention efforts in an educational setting. Youth will be involved in the development and production of the proposed smoking prevention intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE AND CESSATION IN RURAL APPALACHIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wewers, Mary Ellen. Professor; Adult Health and Illness; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well documented that smokeless tobacco use is a major risk factor for a variety of oral pathoses such as gingival recession, leukoplakia and cancers of the mouth and pharynx. Rural Appalachians are at risk for tobaccorelated diseases and very little is known about their smokeless tobacco use characteristics, especially as these variables relate to oral health status. The purpose of this NIDCR Clinical Trial Pilot Grant are to compare the oral health status of rural adult Appalachian smokeless tobacco users and never-users, characterize smokeless tobacco consumption patterns, and refine a scientifically-valid AHRQ cessation intervention for use with smokeless tobacco users. Oral health indicators that determine the success of the intervention will be developed and tested. The intervention combines existing local agencies, such as a County Nurse and a County Extension Agent, with a lay facilitation model, and may represent an effective mechanism for reaching rural populations. Two rural Appalachian counties in the State of Ohio will participate in this study. One county will be assigned to an intervention, while the other will serve as the control county. Eligible adult smokeless tobacco users in both counties will be assessed for oral health status and smokeless tobacco use characteristics. Intervention county residents will receive a locally-based cessation intervention that will be managed by the County Nurse in the intervention county and delivered by trained lay educators. The County Extension Agent will be responsible for recruitment and retention efforts in this project. At end-of-treatment, and 6 and 12 months, participants from the intervention and control counties will be reassessed for tobacco use, using self-report and biochemical confirmation by saliva cotinine analysis. Comparisons of quit rates will be performed by Chi-square statistical techniques to detect a treatment effect. Multivariate logistic regression analyses will be performed to describe a model of quitter versus continuing user. Oral health status will also be evaluated at 12 months post intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SMOKING & GENETIC INTERACTION IN BREAST CANCER ETIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lash, Timothy L. Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The candidate, Dr. Timothy Lash, has been committed to cancer research since the beginning of his career. He studied molecular biology, including tumor biology, as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Upon graduating, he worked as a consultant in environmental health on projects that required dose-response assessment of environmental and occupational carcinogens. Simultaneously, he completed a Masters of Public Health and the coursework for a Doctorate of Science in Epidemiology at the Boston University School

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of Public Health. The curricula for these degrees included many courses directly relevant to cancer prevention and control. He has worked on research projects involving breast cancer etiology, therapy, and side-effects of therapy under the direction of the proposed mentor (Dr. Rebecca Silliman) and the proposed co-mentor (Dr. Ann Aschengrau). Dr. Lash is currently an Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at the Boston University School of Public Health. He spends 75 percent of his effort on research projects directly relevant to the proposed research plan. For example, he is the project director on a study of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in old age. Dr. Silliman is the Principal Investigator of the project, which will provide the cohort of breast cancer patients eligible for the second proposed study. Dr. Lash also works with Dr. Aschengrau, the proposed co-mentor, on analyses of the effect of active and passive smoking on breast cancer occurrence. The most recent case-control data set in which these analyses have been performed will provide the subjects eligible for the first proposed study. The environment at the Boston University Medical Center is ideally suited for accomplishing the career development goals of this application. The research plan proposes two studies of the interaction between tobacco smoke and NAT2 or COMT genetic polymorphisms. The association between tobacco smoke and breast cancer risk is complicated. It has been hypothesized that tobacco smoke exposure may both cause and prevent breast cancer, depending on the timing of exposure relative to reproductive milestones. The interaction with tobacco smoke exposure with the gene polymorphisms will allow tests of these hypotheses. The first study would collect buccal swabs from eligible participants of the second Cape Cod case-control study (Dr. Aschengrau was PI). Existing interview information would be combined with the polymorphism data extracted from the swabs to assess the interaction between the polymorphisms and tobacco smoke subgroups under a biologically based etiologic model of breast carcinogenesis. The second study would collect buccal swabs from participants in the study of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy (Dr. Silliman PI). A similar analytic plan would be conducted, but with a case-only design. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SMOKING, BRAIN FUNCTION AND OUTCOME IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacobsen, Leslie K. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant) Adolescent initiation of tobacco use remains a major public health problem. With nearly 35 percent of high school students currently using tobacco, it is estimated that 5 million children living today will die prematurely as adults due to initiation of tobacco use during adolescence. The high rates of initiation of tobacco use among teenagers is likely multifactorial. However, given the heightened educational demands encountered during adolescence, enhancement of brain function with tobacco use may pose a particularly compelling inducement to transition from infrequent to regular tobacco use. Nicotine has been shown to enhance performance on tests of attention and, in some cases, on tests of memory in nondeprived smokers and in nonsmokers. Enhancement of memory by nicotine may be restricted to infrequent tobacco users. In this proposal the relationship between the effect of recent tobacco use and of nicotine withdrawal on activation of neural circuits that mediate performance of tasks involving working memory and selective attention will be examined in adolescent tobacco users. The relationship between brain response to recent tobacco use and tobacco use outcome at one-year follow-up will then be assessed. Preliminary data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of adolescent tobacco users

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suggests that, relative to nicotine withdrawal, recent tobacco use is associated with greater activation of left prefrontal cortex during high verbal working memory load conditions and greater activation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during high attention load conditions. We will test the hypothesis that greater change in brain activation in response to recent smoking relative to nicotine withdrawal is associated with progression of tobacco use (heavier use, greater degree of nicotine dependence, failure to achieve abstinence) at one year follow-up and that this relationship will be observed chiefly in subjects who used tobacco infrequently at study entry. The relationship between the degree of change cognitive performance (assessed prior to and during scanning) in response to recent tobacco use and tobacco use at one-year followup will also be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SNUFF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE ORAL CAVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffmann, Dietrich K.; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: Snuff dipping cause of the oral cavity pharynx. It is also associated with an increased risk for cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, and urinary bladder. In the past 17 years, oral snuff consumption in the U.S. rose by 61% while use of all other tobacco products significantly declined even in the face of a recent resurgence in cigar smoking. The increase in oral snuff sales is primarily attributed to young white men among whom this form of tobacco use is most popular (up to 20% of white high school students). Incidence rates of cancer of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx have risen alarmingly among white males aged 15-34 years. Ninety percent of the snuff products on the US market have weakly alkaline pH(7.5-8.2) and are therefore causing lesions in oral surfaces. This type of snuff contains relatively high levels of unprotonated nicotine, and nitrite as precursors for carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) which are also present at high concentration and continued o be formed during snuff dipping. The second type of snuff has smaller market, share is weakly acidic (pH 5.4-5.7), is very low in nitrite, contains protonated nicotine rather than the free base, and also has significantly lower TSNA concentrations. Historically, these brands are "starter brands" from which youngsters soon switch to the stronger, slightly alkaline snuff brands. There is evidence indicating that the levels of carcinogenic TSNA in snuff products can be controlled. The proposed research is to document the relative genotoxicity of both types of snuff in short-term and long-term lip canal bioassays for oral carcinogenicity The short-term assay involves instillation of snuff into the surgically created lip canals of rats for ten weeks and then evaluating TSNA adducts formed with DNA in the oral epithelium. The degree and type of adduct formation will signify genotoxic potential of the snuff products. The well established long-term assay requires snuff instillation for 2 years and will record occurrence of benign and malignant tumors in the mouth, tongue, oral pharynx, as well as in target organs that are distant from the point of application, such as lung and esophagus. Because of high levels of precursors in oral snuff, endogenous formation of carcinogenic TSNA during snuff dipping will as yet elevate the carcinogen burden for the user. We plan to demonstrate the occurrence of endogenous TSNA formation from [5-2H] nicotine and from nornicotine that will be added to each of the two snuff types and given to young men who are habitual snuff dippers. GC-MS analysis of their saliva and urine for NNK metabolites NNAL and NNAL-glucuronides will be facilitated by super-critical fluid extraction as part of a method developed at our institute. We will also assess levels of endogenously formed 8-

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hydroxydeoxy guanine as a measure of oxidative damage by comparative analyses of urine from snuff dippers, smokers of filter and non-filter cigarettes, and certified non tobacco users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SOC. FOR RESEARCH ON NICOTINE & TOBACCO ANNUAL MEETINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Perkins, Kenneth A. Professor; Society for Research on Nicotine/Tobacco on Nicotine and Tobacco Middleton, WI 53562 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) was founded in 1994 to address the need for coordinated scientific discourse on research related to the many direct effects of nicotine and tobacco, the use of tobacco products in our society, and the prevention and treatment of tobacco dependence. It is still the only national organization primarily devoted to promoting the conduct of research on nicotine and tobacco and disseminating findings from this research. SRNT is a multidisciplinary organization including members whose interests range from neuroscience to clinical and prevention interventions to tobacco policy. SRNT will hold its ninth annual meeting in February 2003 at the Sheraton New Orleans Hotel. We are requesting partial support for this and four subsequent annual meetings from NIDA, with NCI and CDC as secondary funders, through the conference grant mechanism. At the annual meetings, a multidisciplinary group of scientists, many of whom are funded by NIDA, NCI, and other NIH institutes, will present talks, posters, symposia, and other sessions that highlight the latest research on nicotine and tobacco. This research will cover the broadest possible scope of the influence of nicotine and tobacco on public health, including neuroscience, clinical pharmacology, treatment, prevention, epidemiology, and health policy. Theme lectures by three distinguished researchers will highlight developments in the three general interest areas: basic research, clinical, and public health/epidemiology. The work of new investigators will be highlighted via special oral sessions and awards programs. In addition, just prior to the 2003 annual meeting, we plan to hold a 1-day special topics meeting on global collaborations in nicotine and tobacco research (although support for that meeting is not being requested here). Overall, the SRNT annual meeting serves a valuable function by providing a forum for dissemination and discussion of the latest findings in nicotine and tobacco research and the opportunity for cross-fertilization of ideas across research areas. Partial support of the meeting by NIDA, NCI, and CDC would further highlight these agencies' commitment to the importance of nicotine and tobacco research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO ANN MEETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Stitzer, Maxine L. Professor of Behavioral Biology; Society for Research on Nicotine/Tobacco on Nicotine and Tobacco Middleton, WI 53562 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) was founded in 1994 to address the need for coordinated scientific discourse on research related to the many direct effects of nicotine and tobacco, the use of tobacco products in our society, the features of tobacco dependence and treatments for tobacco dependence. It is the first

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national organization primarily devoted to promoting the conduct of research on nicotine and tobacco and disseminating findings from this research. It is a multidisciplinary organization including members whose interests range from neuroscience to tobacco policy. The SRNT will hold its sixth annual meeting in February, 2000 at the Crystal City Marriott in Arlington, VA. We are requesting partial support for this and subsequent annual meetings from NIDA through the conference grant mechanism. At the annual meetings, a mulitdisciplinary group of scientists, many of whom are funded by NIDA grants, will present talks, posters and symposia that will highlight the latest research on nicotine and tobacco in the areas of neuroscience, clinical pharmacology, treatment research, epidemiology and policy research. The work of new investigators will be highlighted via special oral sessions and awards programs. In addition, we plan to hold, in alternate years, a 1-day special topics meeting that will explore a timely research topic in more depth. In 2000 the special topics meeting will be on outcomes measurement for smoking cessation clinical trials. Overall, the SRNT annual meeting serves a valuable function by providing a forum for dissemination and discussion of the latest findings in nicotine and tobacco research and the opportunity for cross fertilization of ideas across specific research areas. Partial support of this meeting by NIDA would further highlight the agency's commitment to the importance of nicotine and tobacco research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SOUTH AFRICA ADOLESCENT SMOKING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Brook, David W. Community and Preventive Med; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this prospective longitudinal study is to examine the etiologic determinants of changes in tobacco use in a sample of South African adolescents. The proposed sample includes 750 black and 750 white adolescents ages 12-17 at Time 1. The study will attempt to: (1) identify the risk and protective factors that can affect South African adolescents' tobacco use; (2) examine the interrelations and interactions of personality, family, peer, ecological context, tobacco context, and cultural factors as they affect the course of tobacco use (i.e., stability, change) and nicotine dependence in a sample of South African adolescents; (3) examine the relationship between early tobacco use and later adolescent functioning; and (4) establish an infrastructure for tobacco research in South Africa. Individual interviews with the subjects will be conducted by trained interviewers at two points in time. Scales with adequate psychometric properties measuring the independent variables will be developed. The primary analytic techniques will be LISREL, hierarchical, and logistic regression. The significance of this study lies in: (a) its longitudinal design with indepth, intrapersonal, interpersonal, cultural, and problem behavior data available on South African youth; and (b) strengthening the research base in both the United States and in South Africa. This is the first time this type of data will be available for South African adolescents, especially for so large a sample at particular risk for tobacco use. Knowledge of the risks for tobacco use, and the consequences of tobacco use for functioning are important for determining the foci and timing of effective prevention and treatment programs. A major focus will be on capacity building and developing an infrastructure in South Africa. Our research will also focus on developing a fuller understanding of cultural factors which is critical for establishing effective prevention and treatment programs to deal with growing problems due to tobacco use.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SPIT TOBACCO USE PREVENTION/CESSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Margaret M.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Use of spit (smokeless) tobacco (ST) is increasing in prevalence among young American males, is especially prevalent among those residing in rural areas, and puts them at risk of oral cancer, and periodontal tissue destruction. This proposal has the following specific aims: (1) to determine the efficacy of a school-based nurse-directed, per- and dentist-assisted ST intervention program among male students in 28 high schools in rural areas of California and (2) to determine predictors of successful ST cessation among male students in rural high schools. The intervention is based on Cognitive Social Learning Theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory and applies a public health perspective by approaching ST users in their environment and Innovation Theory and applies a public health perspective by approaching ST users in their environment and attempting to change social norms to effect behavioral change. Twenty-eight rural high schools in California will be stratified on baseline prevalence of male ST use and size of enrollment and randomly assigned within strata to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention will consists of a school advisory board; peer-led educational sessions; an oral exam and advice to quit or to stay tobaccofree by a school nurse who points out any ST-associated lesions to users by their own mouths or in photographs, provides brief cessation counseling, and facilitates three group follow-up relapse prevention sessions, conducts 1-week follow-up examines of students with ST-related oral lesions, and schedules students with persistent lesions for evaluation by a dentist; and, two follow-up telephone cells by a peer to prevent relapse. Biochemically validated self-reported quit rates and self reported initiation rates at the end of the intervention and 1 year later will be compared between groups. Baseline and follow-up questionnaire assessments of ST use will be analyzed to identify individual characteristics that are associated with quitting ST use. Results will contribute to the body of knowledge related to tobacco prevention and cessation and thereby to the primary and secondary prevention of oral cancer and other negative oral health effects associated with tobacco use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MORTALITY

STRENGTHENING

MONITORING

OF

INDIAN

TOBACCO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Jha, Prabhat; St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond St Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The project will aim to strengthen and expand India's Sample Registration System (SRS) to obtain reliable estimates of cause-specific mortality from tobacco smoking and chewing in various parts of India by age, gender and socioeconomic group. The SRS is the primary system for collection of Indian mortality data. It is a large demographic survey to provide annual estimates of birth, death and other fertility and mortality indicators at the national and state level. The SRS consists of 6,671 sample units (4,436 rural and 2,235 urban) covering 1.1 million households and a population of about six million. Sample units are selected from the preceding census frame to be representative of the population. The SRS sampling frame

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will be soon expanded to over 8,000 units, covering over seven million people. Specific goals of the project are: implementing a validated verbal autopsy instrument in the SRS so as to obtain reliable information on the cause of death (for tobacco as well as numerous other causes); determining past tobacco use for adult deaths and current use from living controls within the dead person's household (so as to provide retrospective case-control data annually); specific addition of questions to the baseline questionnaire of the SRS on tobacco and other risk factors, so as to turn the SRS into a uniquely large, reliable and representative prospective study; and follow-up of deaths by cause of a 1998 Special Fertility and Mortality Survey that obtained data on smoking from about two million adults within the current SRS sampling frame (including one million males of whom 40% would smoke). Pilot studies would begin in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, home to 191 million people and about one in six of the SRS units. The project will build sustained capacity within India's flagship mortality surveillance system to monitor a heterogeneous and growing tobacco epidemic, evaluate the effectiveness of control policies and create reliable information for individuals and policy makers. Specific steps will be taken to translate the research findings for state and national policy makers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: STUDY OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS: MARKETING TO WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Middlestadt, Susan E.; Academy for Educational Development 1825 Connecticut Ave Nw Washington, DC 20009 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) When the tobacco industry targeted American women for increased consumption, they invested tremendous resources to understand and exploit the position of women in society and their resulting wants and needs. Access to the formerly secret internal industry documents makes possible a comprehensive search for and analysis of tobacco industry documents that supported the targeting of women. With experts in tobacco control, document analysis, behavioral science, marketing, and counter-marketing, the proposed research will locate and analyze behavioral and consumer research and other marketing documents to improve our understanding of how the tobacco industry markets to women. The ultimate goals of this research include informing and improving counter-marketing efforts. The research seeks:. To conduct a comprehensive, systematic search for tobacco industry documents relevant to. behavioral and consumer research on women and marketing to women;. To create a user-friendly, well indexed database of these documents and make it widely available through tobaccodocuments.org:. To review, analyze, and interpret key documents to address questions including:. What are the techniques, processes and tools the industry uses to identify promising segments of the female market and to develop marketing strategies and tactics for these segments?. What are the determinants, benefits, and appeals that are successful in getting women in general, and various subsegments of women to smoke? Which are the least successful approaches?. How does the industry attract new female smokers? Keep current smokers from quitting?. How does the industry identity, exploit, respond to, and/or influence social trends?. To develop and test counter-marketing concepts that might be effective:. To disseminate the findings on marketing and counter-marketing to academic and applied audiences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STUDYING TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY IN MASSACHUSETTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Begay, Michael E. Assistant Professor; Community Health Education; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, MA 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) We propose to study policy decisions associated with the implementation of the Massachusetts Tobacco Program (MTCP) that is funded by a statewide ballot initiative called Question 1. Passed by voters in 1992, this initiative raised the state excise tax on Cigarettes by 25 cents to provide funds for tobacco education and prevention programs. MTCP has been successful in reducing cigarette consumption. Between 1992 and 1997, per capita cigarette consumption declined by 31 percent. However, Question 1 funding for tobacco education programs has declined (taking inflation, based on 1998 dollars, into account) from fiscal years 1995 through 1999 by 23 percent. This means that the tobacco education campaign will not achieve its legislative goal of reducing tobacco use by 50 percent by the year 2000. In addition, the Massachusetts Legislature has spent about 29 percent of Question I funds for tobacco education and prevention programs and over 71 percent of these funds have been spent for programs that provide little, if any, tobacco education services. This project has the following three specific aims: (1) prepare a case study examining how non-tobaccorelated public health programs have spent legislatively appropriated Question I funds; (2) prepare a case study examining the role of Massachusetts in the Multi-State Tobacco Settlement Agreement, and analyzing the appropriation of Settlement revenues for state- funded programs in Massachusetts; and (3) prepare in-depth case studies examining three communities in Massachusetts that were implementing a smoking ban in bars (Amherst) and in restaurants (Boston and Springfield). Our overall goal is to develop the knowledge public health professionals need to implement effective tobacco control legislation. It is important for public health professionals to learn more about the obstacles to tobacco control policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TECHNOLOGY ASSISTED DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TOBACCO CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Ossip-Klein, Deborah J. Research Associate Professor; Community and Prev Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The globalization of the tobacco epidemic, with particular increases in use in low and middle income countries, points to the need for research partnering between investigators from high income countries with welldeveloped tobacco research programs and their counterparts in low and middle income countries. The proposed project is designed to establish and evaluate tobacco awareness and cessation activities and to build research capacity in the Dominican Republic (DR) using the existing infrastructure of high technology LINCOS containers currently established in sites around the country. Harnessing existing technology to bring culturally appropriate tobacco interventions to both rural and urban dwellers, and to populations with a range of education, knowledge, and literacy skills, can bring tobacco control activities into the 21st century in a way that is replicable, maintainable, and translatable globally. The DR is an ideal site for this project, as it has among the highest smoking rates in the region with little evidence of systematic tobacco control procedures

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in place, and is the most advanced in its use of the LINCOS containers so can serve as a beach head for replication of effective tobacco intervention models to other low and middle income countries that will be adopting the LINCOS technologies globally. The proposed project will establish international and local professional and community working groups to guide the development of interventions targeting adult tobacco users in 6 communities in the DR. Interventions will include LINCOS-based video and easily navigable interactive web-based awareness-raising and cessation programs, with referral from healthcare providers trained in brief tobacco use screening and counseling, and from direct community awareness-raising programs. A methods development trial will randomize six communities to intervention or delayed intervention control conditions. Infrastructures for tobacco use and tobacco-related disease monitoring will be developed with local partners. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TEXAS MULTI CULTURAL REGIONAL COMMUNITY TOBACCO STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcalister, Alfred L. Center for Health Promotion and and Prevention Research; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, TX 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: More than 26,000 people die each year as a result of tobacco use in Texas. To lessen the health burden of tobacco, innovative and intensive interventions are urgently needed. The tobacco suit settlement in Texas has led to an allocation of approximately $10 million/yr. for state-level tobacco control. To match per-capita expenditures that have appeared to influence behavior in other major state initiatives, the funds will be concentrated in media, community and policy activities for a single region, involving approximately one-fifth of the state population and forming a "natural" quasiexperimental design. The University of Texas School of Public Health, the Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Department of Health (TDH) will evaluate these regional activities and investigate their processes and effects in the three major cultural groups in Texas (Anglo-, Hispanic- and African-American). Data sources will include annual telephone surveys of adults (approx. 10,000 year/with 2,200 smokers), biannual surveys of secondary school students (n=15,000/2 years), surveys of physicians, other providers, schools, other organizations and key individuals, media content tracking and other qualitative and quantitative studies to document and evaluate the implementation of media, community and policy activities. In the quasi-experimental regional studies, trends in adult and youth prevalence and related factors will be compared in statewide and regional groups. Tobacco use cessation effects in the intensive regions will be evaluated through comparative panel studies. In an experimental study limited to randomly selected panel participants, some smokers and their families will receive mailtelephone contacts from peer outreach workers to increase exposure and response to media and community activities. The research designs employed in these studies will allow us to answer questions about the effects of different intensive regional interventions on tobacco use prevalence and smoking cessation and the processes and qualitative factors that are associated with the success or failure of different interventions in different ethnic and SES groups. To enhance the quality of intensive regional activities supported by the settlement funds, technical assistance will be provided through training workshops for TDH and its partners and contractors, focusing on effective multi-cultural action and the use of innovative media, community and policy interventions to address specific theoretical variables related to cessation and

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prevention. A publicity and peer modeling campaign will be conducted to promote individual behavior change and organizational program and policy innovation. This regional project within Texas is designed to gather evidence of effects of anti-smoking expenditures and to provide capacity development to justify later funding of similarly intensive tobacco control activities for the entire state. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: THE ALABAMA TOBACCO FREE FAMILIES PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Crawford, Myra A. Family Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The objective of the Alabama Tobacco Free Families (ATOFF) Program, a multi-component, multi-channel health communications and policy change program, is to reduce the smoking prevalence rate among a representative sample of pregnant females whose maternity care is supported by Medicaid. This will be achieved by reducing the rate of females of childbearing age in eight targeted counties by changes in social norms. The proposed study is an extension of two decades of public health education studies conducted by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) tobacco research team in partnership with the ADPH's Bureau of Family Health Services (BFHS). ATOFF will expand this partnership to include the ADPH Bureau of Health Promotion and Information. It is designed to enhance the capacity of the state's Tobacco Use Prevention and Control Program (TUPC), funded by CDC in 1999. UAB and ADPH will implement statewide and local partnerships targeting females of childbearing age to be tobacco-free prior to and during pregnancy. ATOFF will be evaluated using a time series design and analysis with multiple, quarterly baseline and follow-up measures of prevalence across the eight targeted counties. Process and behavioral impact evaluations will be conducted. The four specific aims to be accomplished by the proposed study will be to: 1. Identify and select a representative sample of patients from a randomly selected sample of Medicaid-supported maternity care sites to serve as the ATOFF clinic population, and to recruit a representative sample of females (14-44) to participate in a telephone-based survey to serve as the ATOFF community cohort; 2. Develop and implement a multi-component, multi-channel program focused on females of childbearing age and their families in eight target counties and consisting of: (a) a mass media-health communications component, (b) a community organization component, and (c) a professional practice component; 3. Document the implementation success (process evaluation) of the media messages and community initiatives to change beliefs, behaviors, and social norms related to tobacco use among the samples of females in Aim number 1 by conducting clinical and community assessments in Years 01, 02, 03 and 04; and 4. Document, be self-reports and saliva continine tests, the effectiveness (impact evaluation) of ATOFF's program to reduce the prevalence among the clinic population at entry (first visit) into Medicaid maternity care, and by self-report via telephone of the females in the community population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE EFFECTS OF LAWS ON YOUTH PREVALENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jason, Leonard; Professor; Psychology; De Paul University 1 E Jackson Blvd Chicago, IL 60604 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006

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Summary: Three thousand youngsters begin smoking every day, and smoking rates among adolescents are increasing. Restricting access to cigarettes and fining minors for possession of tobacco products could be effective strategies to reduce the rising rates of teenage smoking. It is unfortunate that the issue of whether or not minors are fined for possession of tobacco products has been infrequently studied, despite increasing interest among public health officials in this issue. It is possible that the combination of more consistent vendor enforcement and fining minors for possession of tobacco products is the optimal intervention for decreasing smoking prevalence rates among adolescents. The current proposed study will be a rigorous test of this hypothesis. The proposed study would examine the smoking habits of junior and senior high school students in 24 towns. Towns will be randomly assigned into two conditions. Half of the towns will receive regular vendor enforcement and will fine minors for tobacco possession, and the other towns will have vendor enforcements but will not fine minors. The towns in each condition will be matched for population size and median household income. It is predicted that the combined condition (i.e., the combination of vendor enforcements and fining minors for tobacco possession) will have significant influence on the students' rates of smoking, and that these rates will be most influenced in younger versus older minors. If these predicted findings do emerge, they will have an important influence on the ways in which public policy officials and community members consider interventions directed at lowering rates of smoking among their youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: THE ROLE OF NORNICOTINE IN PROTEIN GLYCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Dickerson, Tobin J.; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, CA 920371000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-NOV-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite ample evidence supporting the negative effects of tobacco abuse, cigarettes and nicotine addiction remain one of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States. Both the systemic and psychoactive effects of nicotine are well-documented, yet little research has been devoted to the physiological effects of nornicotine, a minor psychoactive metabolite. We propose that nornicotine is capable of participating in the formation of glycation proteins, and that the presence of nornicotine both natively in tobacco and as a nicotine metabolite could have significant implications in a number of tobacco-related disease states. In order to explore the role of nornicotine in protein glycation, a multidisciplinary study is proposed. First, using synthetic organic chemistry, we will determine the ability of nornicotine to form Amadori products in vitro. Concurrently, we will develop a rapid immunoassay for the detection of nornicotine-derived glycated proteins. To facilitate this, we will also develop novel haptens for the preparation of new antibodies with enhanced specificity for these glycation products. This assay will be tested using a behavioral rat model of chronic exposure to nicotine, nornicotine, and the nornicotinederived Amadori product. Second, to establish the major route of introduction of Amadori products, we will explore both the rate of in vivo synthesis of the Amadori product versus the inherent proportion of this compound that exists in cured tobacco. We believe that the proposed studies will provide a molecular link between disease and tobacco abuse as well as a dramatic insight into the unprecedented ability of a secondary nicotine metabolite to perform chemistry in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO ABSTINENCE-INDUCED COGNITIVE DECREMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kleykamp, Bethea A. Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 29-SEP-2003; Project End 28-SEP-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many smokers report that they experience difficulty concentrating during a quit-attempt, suggesting that cognitive decrements may be a feature of tobacco abstinence. The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in ameliorating such decrements is not clear. In addition, NRT's effectiveness in ameliorating abstinence-induced cognitive decrements may differ between men and women. To examine NRT's ability to ameliorate cognitive decrements associated with abstinence, and to examine gender specific effects of NRT, male (N =64) and female (N = 64) smokers will participate in a four-session, within-subject study. In each of session, 12-hour deprived smokers will receive one of four doses of transdermal nicotine (0, 7, 21, and 42 mg) and will remain tobacco-abstinent for the next 4 hours. For the last two hours, they will smoke one cigarette every 30 min. Attention and working memory (and other outcomes) will be assessed. Results will help clarify the effect of tobacco abstinence on cognition, and will also reveal the effects of pharmacologically pure nicotine, tobacco cigarette-delivered nicotine, and gender on abstinence-induced cognitive decrements. Non-cognitive methdolological study details were described in, and are funded by, R01 DA011082 (T. Eissenberg, PI). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO AND CANCER RISK--DOSE, METABOLISM AND GENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stellman, Steven D. Chief, Division of Epidemiology; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-SEP-1995; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Studies from our group and others have demonstrated that the risk for tobacco-related cancers differs by race, gender and type of tobacco product consumed. These important public health differences cannot be fully explained by existing patterns of tobacco consumption. We hypothesize that risk is related to the type of cigarette smoked (e.g., low versus medium yield of carcinogens), the manner in which an individual's smoking habit regulates the dosage that reaches the lungs, metabolic capacity to activate and detoxify smoke-borne carcinogens, and susceptibility to cancer related to genetic factors that may affect metabolism or DNA repair. During the first three years of the study, the program focused on epidemiology, dosage and biomarkers of dose, and metabolic pathways of carcinogen activation and detoxification. In the coming period, the former Project (epidemiology) will be replaced by an epidemiological core facility (Core C) to provide appropriate study subjects for the two continuing projects and one new project. The current Project (Dosimetry of Lung and Bladder Cancer Risk among Cigarette Smokers) is about how smoking behavior affects the "delivered" carcinogen dose, and in turn how dose is related to biomarkers of carcinogen metabolites. Project (Metabolic Epidemiology of TobaccoRelated Cancers in Black and White Americans) is a study of differences between African Americans and Caucasians in metabolic activation and/or detoxification of an array of carcinogens derived from cigarette smoking, such as NNK (a potent lung carcinogen) and 4-aminobiphenyl (a bladder carcinogen). It utilizes metabolic and molecular techniques to study pathways of activation of tobacco-derived nitrosamines related to lung cancer, which is higher in African Americans compared to Caucasians, as

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well as detoxification of aromatic amines involved in bladder cancer, the rate of which is lower. Project (UDP Glucuronosyltransferases, Detoxification of NNK and Lung Cancer Risk) focuses on a family of detoxification enzymes that may be related to individual risk for developing lung or bladder cancer, and for which genetic polymorphisms exist that might explain variation in cancer risk. A broader understanding of these factors, both individually and comprehensively, will contribute greatly to our understanding of the causes of tobacco-related cancers in a way that can help improve our prevention strategies. The investigators are leaders in their respective fields with a strong history of collaboration. The program is supported by an Administrative Core with an Advisory Board of distinguished scientists and a community representative, by a Biostatistics and Computing Core Facility to provide efficient data management and statistical support, and by an Epidemiology Core Facility to manage accrual of subjects, interviews, acquisition of buccal cells, urine, and blood for biomarker assays, and pathological review. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO CARCINOGENESIS AND CHEMOPREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: El-Bayoumy, Karam E. Director of Research; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JUN-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Smokers are the largest population exposed to known carcinogens. Besides containing carcinogenic agents such as the tobacco-specific nitrosamines [TSNA, e.g., 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone, (NNK)], the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [e.g., benzo[a]pyrene, (BaP))] and benzene, cigarette smoke is also a rich source of free radical species that are capable of inducing oxidative stress. Free radicals represent a serious threat to cellular components. Although significant progress has been made toward explaining the causal association of cigarette smoking and cancers, several important academic and cancer control issues remain to be addressed. This Program consists of 4 Projects and a CORE. In contrast to extensively studied genotoxic agents, such as NNK and B[a]P, there is a lack of information on the molecular mechanisms by which reactive oxidative species (RO2)- induced oxidative damage occurs in vivo. Thus, Project 1 will test the hypothesis that an inflammatory response to cigarette smoke in the guinea pig respiratory system contributes to the tumor promotion phase of lung carcinogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis through pathways involving activation of the transcriptional nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) and that this process can be modulated by dietary anti-oxidants (vitamins and EGCG, a polyphenolic compound in tea). The results should provide a strong rationale for dietary recommendations to smokers who are unable to quit. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of bone marrow toxicity and leukemia by benzene remain to be defined. Thus, in model studies, Project 2 will test the hypothesis that a superoxide, generated via redox cycling of ring-hydroxylated derivatives of benzene, reacts with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite; the latter may be responsible for the toxicity of benzene and tobacco-associated leukemia in smokers. Project 3 combines the most sensitive analytical tools with molecular and clinical investigations to test the hypothesis that critical events required for the development of cervical cancer are genetic damage and mutations of p53 induced by tobacco carcinogens combined with HPV-induced deactivation of p53 and inhibition of apoptosis. Primary prevention techniques must continue to take a prominent role in our efforts to reduce tobacco-related cancers. However, such efforts showed limited success in the past and, chemopreventive approaches can provide complementary strategies.

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One of the most exciting clinical trials in the U.S.A. is the recent study demonstrating that supplementation of human nutrition with selenium-enriched yeast significantly reduces lung cancer incidence and mortality. The chemopreventive efficacy depends on the structure of the selenium-containing compound; not the element per se. Thus, Project 4 will test the hypothesis that selenium may, in part, inhibit lung carcinogenesis by inhibiting NF-kappaB; thereby down-regulating COX- 2 and LOX activities and inducing apoptosis. In summary, this Program Project proposes to resolve critical problems in tobacco carcinogenesis and provide insights into mechanisms and optimal models of intervention by modulation of smoke carcinogens and by nutritional supplements, i.e., selenium compounds, vitamins, and EGCG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO CONTROL IN S.AFRICA: PREVENTION AND CAPACITY BU* Principal Investigator & Institution: Resnicow, Ken A. Professor; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This 5-year project represents a collaboration between the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University and the Medical Research Council (MRC) of South Africa (PI: Dr. Priscilla Reddy). In addition to working with our primary partner, the MRC, the collaboration will include two well-established universities, the University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences (Dr. Dele Amousoun) and the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal, Durbin (Dr. Jinhabahi). The study has two interrelated primary aims. AIM 1) Conduct a randomized trial comparing the effectiveness of two approaches to tobacco use prevention in a multiethnic sample of South African youth grades five to seven. One of the interventions will be based on a social skills/peer resistance model (Dr. Gil Botvin's Life Skills Training Curriculum), the other on a Harm Minimization model (KEEP LEFT), developed by the principal investigator with colleagues from Western Australia. Approximately 36 Schools will be randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups. Group 1 (comparison) schools will receive usual tobacco and substance use education. Group 2 will receive the Life Skills Training curriculum (adapted for South African youth) beginning in Grade 5, continuing through Grade 7. Group 3 will receive the KEEP LEFT, Harm Minimization curriculum (adapted for South African youth) beginning in Grade 5, continuing through Grade 7. The primary outcome for the schoolbased intervention study will be 30-day cigarette use. AIM 2) Conduct a comprehensive capacity building initiative to enhance the expertise, across the entire spectrum of tobacco control (e.g., prevention, cessation, and legislation) of South African educators, clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. The main objective to achieve this aim is to conduct an education and training program for five discrete audiences: health and allied professionals, university-based researchers from several disciplines, undergraduate and graduate students from health sciences faculties, university policy makers as well as parliamentary portfolio committees, and legislative, policy and program planners at the national and provincial levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO CONTROL PLCY ANALYSIS & INTRVEN. EVAL. IN CHINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Teh-Wei; Professor; Soc & Administrative Hlth Scis; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): China is the biggest consumer of tobacco products in the world, with over 320 million smokers. However, there has been very little research on the effectiveness of tobacco control interventions in China and even less sharing of information across the country on what has been done so far. The state is the sole producer, distributor and employer in the tobacco sector, which is economically very important, generating 11% of central government revenues in 2000. There has been little research on the economic implications of tobacco use and control nationally and at provincial level, and so policy makers in provincial and central government have lacked good information on which to base decisions about additional tobacco control measures. To address these pressing needs, this proposal would (1) build capacity among Chinese researchers in the areas of the economics of tobacco control and evaluation of tobacco control interventions and policies; through training and mentoring and working with Chinese researchers to (2) conduct additional needed research on key issues in the economics of tobacco control, such as impact of additional tobacco tax, economic costs of smoking, cost effectiveness of tobacco control intervention; and (3) disseminate widely the results and strengthen dialogue with policy makers in the provincial and central governments of China. This proposed research capacity building project will provide opportunities for collaboration between health economists and health services researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, the World Bank, and three major Chinese universities: Beijing University, Sichuan University, and Fudan University, and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. This project proposes collaboration between the World Bank and participating universities. The World Bank will contribute its staff time, assist in evaluation of its interventions from Health Project VII. It is anticipated that by the end of this project; China will have a group of solid tobacco control researchers specializing in intervention evaluation and policy related research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO TRANSITIONS

CONTROL

POLICIES

AND YOUTH SMOKING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Nonnemaker, James M.; Research Triangle Institute Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Adolescent smoking is of particular interest from both a research and a policy perspective because smoking initiation and early smoking habits are known to have important implications for lifetime smoking and can have important negative health consequences for an individual. The earlier in life a youth begins smoking, the more cigarettes he/she will smoke as an adult with greater incidence of negative health effects. Despite a considerable body of research on the effects of tobacco control policies on youth smoking, important research and policy questions remain. There is little evidence to determine whether the effect of tobacco control policies is to prevent smoking initiation, escalation to regular smoking, or promote smoking cessation. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between cigarette excise taxes and tobacco control expenditures and smoking initiation, prevent escalation to regular smoking, and cessation using the NLSY97, a nationally representative panel of youth. The specific aims of this study are to (1) estimate the effect of cigarette excise taxes and tobacco control expenditures on the probability that an adolescent (a) initiates smoking, (b) starts smoking regularly (escalates), and (c) who smokes, quits; and (2) investigate the possibility of differential effects of the excise tax and tobacco control expenditures by gender and by

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race/ethnicity for smoking initiation, escalation, and cessation. A discrete-time hazard model is used to estimate the effect of the excise tax and tobacco control funding on the probability that an individual initiates smoking, escalates to regular smoking, and, if a smoker, quits smoking. The panel data and the discrete-time hazard model allow for the control of unobserved individual and state-level effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ernster, Virginia L. Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) University of California San Francisco has nationally recognized tobacco control researchers whose work has contributed substantially to what is known about nicotine addiction, the effectiveness of legislative and other policies designed to reduce tobacco use, culturally appropriate tobacco control interventions for various subgroups of the population, estimates of the costs to society of tobacco use, and other areas. However, until the Cancer Center planning process was well underway, the work of these individuals had not been integrated into a cohesive research program; indeed, owing to their being located in different schools or research institutes across University of California San Francisco, some of University of California San Francisco's tobacco control researchers had never met one another prior to the Cancer Center planning process. The Tobacco Control Program is bringing these researchers together and stimulating plans for collaboration and for the development of shared resources that benefit multiple program members. The goals of the program are: to conduct clinical and laboratory investigations of mechanisms of nicotine addiction that can translate into more effective tobacco cessation methods; to further understand the effects of tobacco use and of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on risk of various cancers, including studies of genetic markers of susceptibility (gene-tobacco interactions) and investigation of racial/ethnic differences in measures of tobacco exposure and tobacco-related disease risks; to determine effective approaches for tobacco prevention and cessation in defined populations, through controlled trials and through monitoring and surveillance of community-based tobacco control programs; to provide estimates of the economic costs of tobacco use to society; to conduct research on legislative and other tobacco-related policies, including examining the formation and implementation of such policies, analyzing the effectiveness of such policies in reducing use of tobacco and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and assessing the quality and dissemination of tobacco-related research; and to document the extent of external media influences on tobacco use in our society. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO CRAVING AND DEPENDENCE IN 2 SUBTYPES OF SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gulliver, Suzy B. Psychiatry; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The long term objective of this revised research project is to examine differences in tobacco craving and dependence in recovering polysubstance users versus smokers without a history of other dependence/abuse as a initial step towards developing effective treatments for smoking cessation in these

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populations whose health is synergistically compromised by multiple risk factors. Specific aims include: 1) assessment of tobacco craving among 2 subtypes of smokers; 2) assessment of tobacco dependence among 2 subtypes of smokers; 3) determination of differences in nicotine preference among groups; and finally, 4) exploration of the relationship between craving, history of drug dependence and nicotine self administration. The large study originally proposed has been substantially modified; two smaller studies will now be conducted to address the reviewers' concerns. Laboratory based assessments will be conducted in a state-of-the-art human behavioral pharmacology paradigm. Each assessment has demonstrated psychometric soundness. In study one, subjects complete tobacco craving and dependence measures under tobacco deprived and non-deprived conditions. Self-reported compliance is validated by experimenter observations and biochemical measurement. In study two, subjects undergo a nicotine selfadministration trial in a protocol that was previously validated in deprived current smokers with no intention to quit (Hughes, Strickler, et al, 1989). These data will be among the first to examine differences in tobacco craving and dependence among subtypes of smokers in a laboratory setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO DEPENDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR TREATMENT FAILUR Principal Investigator & Institution: O'malley, Stephanie S. Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Tobacco use is one of the most significant public health issues facing our nation and the world today. Although tobacco use has declined over the past three decades, this decline has begun to level off and the remain smokers appear to have more difficulty quitting. Individuals with psychiatric comorbidity, including depression and alcohol use, as well as women find it more difficult to successful quit. In addition, adolescent smoking is on the rise and current treatments are ineffective for this important group of smokers. The goal of this center is to investigate and improve the treatment of tobacco dependence using transdisciplinary approaches to 1) understand the underlying factors associated with failure to enter treatment and poor treatment outcome, and 2) to develop and evaluate novel behavioral and pharmacological treatments that address these factors. The following specific aims will be achieved by the TTURC: 1) To galvanize research interest across different disciplines that will address the problem of tobacco dependence in these high risk groups. The theories and methods of each discipline will be brought to bear on the critical issues and the results will be synthesized at a level that transcends disciplinary boundaries. 2) To provide career development activities for graduate students, medical students, and junior investigators from different disciplines that will expose them to research on tobacco use and dependence and will potentially influence some to pursue careers studying issues related to tobacco. 3) To provide a mechanism to rapidly review and fund pilot projects that have significant promise for advancing the field. 4) To conduct a series of programmatic research studies aimed at understanding risk factors for treatment failure and developing more efficacious treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO FARMERS AND TOBACCO CONTROL II Principal Investigator & Institution: Altman, David G. Public Health Sciences; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JUL-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is for competitive renewal of funding for Tobacco Farmers and Tobacco Control (TFTC I), an R0l currently funded by NCI This study will be conducted in North Carolina, where more tobacco is grown than in all other states combined. In addition, due substantially to public and policy-maker concern about farmers, North Carolina lag far behind other states in tobacco control efforts. The original study (still ongoing) is a randomized intervention trial of 14 major tobacco-producing counties. Seven counties were assigned randomly to receive an intensive community organization and education intervention that encouraged diversification. The seven non-intervention counties served as a no-treatment comparison group. The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated among a cohort of over 1,000 tobacco fanners. In this competitive renewal (TFTC II) we propose to cease implementation of the TFTC I intervention and to monitor its impact, as well as the impact of the tobacco settlement and other tobacco/agricultural policy in the seven treatment and seven comparison counties that participated in TFTC I. In addition, we propose to add a statewide tracking system to the study to evaluate how the settlement is being implemented (and reactions to it), both in the 14 counties we have studied over the past three years and among statewide farmer organizations, health groups, other community organizations, and policy-makers. Specifically, TFTC II will: (a) assess whether tobacco farmers in the seven TFTC I intervention counties, compared to the seven control counties, will be less dependent on tobacco as source of family income; (b) examine the effects of the tobacco settlement on tobacco production and public health interests; (c) document the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of tobacco farmers and other tobacco-dependent community stakeholders about the impacts of changes in the tobacco farming sector; (d) collect data from health constituencies, tobacco fanners, tobacco-dependent community stakeholders, and from local, regional and stat economic development interests concerning the chances of successful diversification; and (e) identify areas of tobacco farmer misunderstanding of the impacts of tobacco control programs and tobacco industry business practices and asses; how tobacco control organizations can target these areas of misunderstanding with educational campaigns and other programs. We believe that as farmers become less dependent on tobacco, they will interfere less with tobacco control efforts. We suggest that farmer diversification and the subsequent economic development it produces will decrease public and policymaker resistance to tobacco control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO FREE HIGH SCHOOLS:A STUDENT MARKETING APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Riley, William T. Director of Research; Personal Improvement Computer Systems 12007 Sunrise Valley Dr, Ste 480 Reston, VA 22091 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-AUG-2001; Project End 30-MAR-2003 Summary: The current application proposes development and feasibility testing of the Tobacco Free High Schools program. The final product will be a set of lesson plans based on marketing concepts which will direct a high school marketing class in developing, implementing, and evaluating their own tobacco control, prevention and cessation promotion strategies for their school. The lesson plans will be supported by an internet site which will provide information and support materials as well as a venue to share questions and results with others schools involved in the program. The initial program will be reviewed by a focus group of high school business/marketing teachers, and feedback will be utilized to revise the program. The program will then be piloted in

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one class with extensive observation of the class process. Prior to and following the implementation of the program, all students at the school will be assessed on changes in desire to quit smoking or in behavioral intentions to remain a nonsmoker to assess the short-term efficacy of the program. An independent feasability test will then be conducted at a second school. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The Tobacco Free High Schools Program can be utilized by every school system that has a marketing or business program and a teacher and school administrator supportive of school-based tobacco control programs. Nearly all high schools have marketing classes but most with minimal tobacco prevention programs. With increased resources for tobacco use prevention, more school systems will have resources available to purchase and implement tobacco prevention programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO INDUSTRY DOCUMENTS ON ETS-THE NEXT FRONT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurt, Richard D. Professor of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, MN 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: The Minnesota tobacco trial never reached the jury, yet it forever changed the landscape of tobacco litigation and for the tobacco industry itself. This trial directly resulted in the release of more than 41 million pages (approximately 33 million in Minneapolis, Minnesota and 8 million in Guildford, England) of previously confidential industry documents, many of which were made public during and after the trial. The documents have recently had a major influence on juries in Oregon, California and Florida, resulting in an unprecedented wave of victories for plaintiffs in smoking-related litigation. Clearly, the release of the tobacco industry documents is the legacy of the Minnesota trial. Among the many misleading information campaigns executed by the tobacco industry is the industry's campaign related to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The documents show that health and public policy issues related to ETS are a serious threat to the industry's future viability. It acknowledges internally that if smokefree indoor air policies proliferate, smokers will consume fewer cigarettes each day, and many will stop smoking altogether. Both scenarios have serious negative financial repercussions for the tobacco industry. As evidenced by our preliminary investigation, the documents reveal that the industry has undertaken an elaborate and aggressive campaign to thwart the dissemination of scientifically valid studies regarding the health effects of ETS. Most notably, the industry employed highly sophisticated public relations techniques to deliver it messages on ETS, with the ultimate goal of establishing ETS as a non-issue to the public. We believe that ETS will be the defining public health/tobacco control issue for the first decade of the 21st century. We propose to accomplish the following aims by reviewing previously secret internal tobacco industry documents relating to ETS at the Minnesota depository, the Guildford depository and documents available on Internet sites. The specific aims for this project are: 1) To identify the full scope of the tobacco industry's campaign to thwart dissemination of valid scientific information regarding ETS and influence public opinion on the health consequences associated with ETS, 2) To apply linguistic analysis to the public relations aspect of the industry's ETS disinformation campaign in order to understand the campaign's effect on public perception of the health consequences associated with ETS exposure, and 3) To develop an Internet-accessible document index, chronology and cast of characters relating to the industry's ETS campaign. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO INDUSTRY TARGETING OF GAYS AND LESBIANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Malone, Ruth E. Physiological Nursing; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The overall objectives of this project are to retrieve and analyze internal tobacco industry documents to describe industry strategies for targeting gay and lesbian populations, to assess effects of such strategies, and to explore how the issues raised in the documents are received by target groups. Evidence suggests that gays and lesbians, as a group, may have higher tobacco use rates than the general population, thus being at increased risk for tobacco-related diseases. This study will systematically document the extent, nature and effects of tobacco industry strategies for targeting gays and lesbians, thereby contributing knowledge useful for reducing tobacco-related health risks in this understudied population. The aims of the project are: Specific Aim # 1: Retrieve and analyze internal tobacco industry documents in order to describe: a) tobacco industry advertising and marketing strategies targeting gays and lesbians; b) how the tobacco industry seeks to influence tobacco control policy making within gay and lesbian communities; c) whether these efforts succeed in supporting the industry's larger public policy agenda. Specific Aim #2: Analyze the effects of industry strategies identified in the documents by analyzing the content of tobacco related articles in a sample of widely-read publications aimed for gay and/or lesbian audiences and comparing it with data from documents analyzed as part of Specific Aim # 1, and with data from a sample of general circulation publications. Specific Aim #3: Explore and describe how industry targeting strategies identified in the documents are received by their intended audiences by interviewing leaders of national gay/lesbian organizations and editors of gay/lesbian publications and conducting focus groups with gay and lesbian individuals. Specific Aim #4: Utilizing findings from Specific Aims #1, 2,and 3, develop and disseminate, with assistance from a panel of gay and lesbian advisers, specific recommendations for public health interventions aimed at addressing the issues identified in the document analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO PREVENTION/CESSATION EDUCATION: MEDICAL STUDENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Geller, Alan C. Research Associate Professor; Dermatology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tobacco use causes about one of every five deaths in the United States and is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in our nation. At least 70 percent of smokers visit a physician each year, but most are not advised or assisted in any attempt to quit. While more than 90 percent of children visit a pediatrician annually, little is known about the prevalence of smoking prevention counseling. Few practicing physicians are prepared to prevent smoking or help patients stop smoking and a majority of medical school graduates are not adequately trained to counsel families, treat nicotine dependence, or minimize smoking initiation among youth. Shortcomings in tobacco control curriculum in medical schools is a wellrecognized deficit. Since 1996, Boston University has developed a curriculum with 10-15 new hours of tobacco control curriculum for students graduating in the year 2000, interwoven into major preclinical and clinical courses, Boston University?s effort follows successful integration of tobacco related curricula at the University of Massachusetts

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(since 1990). Other Universities have begun tobacco control education with many opportunities to test and evaluate new curriculum in multiple contexts. In this project, II medical schools from throughout the United States, with a wide range of depth and breadth of tobacco curricula, will collaborate with Boston University to develop, refine, and integrate new modules, train medical school faculty, evaluate teaching content, assess opportunities for diffusion to and adoption by other schools, and disseminate teaching guides, We anticipate that exemplary universities of tobacco teaching can be developed and serve as regional and national role models. We are aided in this effort by national representatives of major primary care prance organizations, preventive health specialists, medical student organizations, and cancer control advocates. With expertise in medical student education, curriculum development, faculty training, and evaluation for tobacco prevention and cessation, we have the following specific aims: Aim1 Assess current curriculum and convene a national conference Aim2 - Develop new modules, plans for integration, and faculty training Aim3 - Conduct trial implementation Aim4 - Conduct a comprehensive, formative, process and impact evaluation Aim5 - Disseminate teaching guides to other medical schools Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO RELATED MALIGNANCIES PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, York E. Professor of Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, CO 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1988; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The overall goal of the Tobacco Related Malignancies Program is to decrease the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of tobacco induced cancers of the aerodigestive tract. The Program is comprised of 28 investigators with interests in various aspects of carcinogenesis, genetics, cell signaling/biology, clinical trials and primary prevention/screening/early detection. The Program includes both basic and clinical scientists with complementary interests. Clinical specialities include Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Pathology, Pulmonary Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, Immunology, Dentistry, Head and Neck and Thoracic Surgery. Interactions between members are promoted by a twice-monthly research seminar, day-long or half-day symposia and individual outside speakers. A weekly Pulmonary/Thoracic/Oncology multidisciplinary conference and a weekly Head and Neck Tumor conference promote the enrollment of patients onto therapeutic trials. A Career Development Program has been successful in supporting young faculty members who have gone on to careers in research related to tobacco induced cancer. A Developmental Program has supported pilot projects, several of which have subsequently resulted in independent funding. Several novel therapeutic strategies based on basic and preclinical work at our institution are now being translated to human trials, including one supported by an NCI RAID. In addition to individual research grants, interactions between program members have resulted in several multiinvestigator proposals, including a Specialized Program of Research Excellence in Lung Cancer, Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium, Lung Cancer Biomarkers and Chemoprevention Consortium, a Biomarkers Development Component of the Early Detection Research Network and an NCI/NIDA Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center; all but the last of these were fully funded. Several parts of the latter were funded as were several other tobacco projects described in the Clinical and Community Prevention and Control Programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO TREATMENT INITIATED IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Boudreaux, Edwin D. Psychiatry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, NJ 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Support through the K23 Award will provide the Candidate the necessary time, resources, and mentorship to integrate his clinical interests in substance use disorders with his experience in patient-oriented emergency medicine research. His long-term career plan involves using the knowledge gained from the tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence studies outlined in this proposal as a model for future studies of other substances that are commonly abused by emergency department patients, such as alcohol, cocaine, opiates, and "club" drugs. The emergency department (ED) represents a significant portion of all healthcare delivered in the United States, with 100 million ED visits annually. Approximately 50% of the patients seen in the ED have no source of regular outpatient care, and the ED acts as a healthcare "safety net" for people with inadequate healthcare insurance. Healthy People 2010 and other government publications have encouraged screening and interventions for tobacco smoking to be conducted during all healthcare encounters, regardless of the setting. However, the extant literature, as well as the Candidate's own pilot studies, indicate that such practices are rare in ED settings. This is true despite the fact that many of the populations shown to be most recalcitrant in their smoking, such as the economically disadvantaged and minorities, are more likely to use the ED for their acute and primary healthcare. If smoking is not addressed with these patients in the ED, it may not get addressed at all. Numerous studies have shown that brief, ED-based interventions for problem behaviors, like alcohol and substance abuse, are both feasible and effective. The noted lack of ED-based screening and intervention for tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence appears due mainly to a lack of relevant research and advocacy rather than a lack of need or barriers prohibiting such practices. The Candidate's career development plan will incorporate needed course work, field experience, and mentorship in data management, study design, statistics, and tobacco research methodology. The research plan concentrates on ED-based tobacco research, beginning with a surveillance study and culminating in a Stage 1A/B behavioral therapy development study of a Behavioral Change Counseling intervention based on principles of Motivational Interviewing. The research plan includes preparing and submitting an R01 in Year 2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TOBACCO USE AMONG MINORITY YOUTH: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Brook, Judith S. Professor; Community and Preventive Med; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This application requests support for the next wave of a long- term ongoing, longitudinal study. This longitudinal study examines the etiologic determinants of changes between adolescence and young adulthood in tobacco use and problem behaviors, and the consequences of tobacco use on the individual's functioning. The sample includes 444 disadvantaged inner-city

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African-American and Puerto Rican young adults who were seen in early/middle adolescence, and then in late adolescence. A third data collection is proposed to accomplish the following: (1) to examine the interrelations and interactions of risk and protective factors, including personality, family, peers, ecological context, acculturation/cultural values, and African American and Puerto Rican ethnic identification, as they affect the course of tobacco use (i.e.,stability,change), illegal drug use, and delinquency in these young adults; and (2) to study the consequences of early tobacco use on young adult intra- and interpersonal functioning. Individual interviews with the young adult subjects will be conducted by trained ethnically matched interviewers. Scales with adequate psychometric properties measuring the independent variables will be developed from the interview schedules. The primary analytic techniques will be LISREL, hierarchical regression analysis, and regression analysis and Latent Growth Modeling. The significance of this study lies in its longitudinal design with intrapersonal, interpersonal and problem behavior data available in depth on young adult , inner-city African-Americans and Puerto Ricans. This is the first time such longitudinal data will be available for a sample in this age group at particular risk for tobacco use. Knowledge of the protective factors which help offset the risks for tobacco use and knowledge of the consequences of tobacco use for psychosocial functioning are important for determining the foci and timing of effective prevention and treatment programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TOBACCO: PRENATAL EFFECTS AND ADOLESCENT USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Day, Nancy L. Professor of Psychiatry & Epidemiology; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project is a prospective study of the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on the offspring of 755 women. We have identified significant effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on the offsprings' development of the central nervous system and on delinquent behavior and peer problems. At 10 years of age, the children have begun to experiment with tobacco and other substances. These children were more depressed and anxious, they had more attention problems, aggression, and delinquency. We will assess the long-term effects of mental and physical development, temperament, psychological status, activity levels, academic performance, behavior problems, the environment, and prenatal exposure on the adolescents' substance use at age 14 and 16 and on the development of tobacco use between the ages of 14 and 16. No prior study has been able to explore the predictors of adolescent tobacco use across time, from birth to adolescence. The cohort is a general population sample of low income women selected from a prenatal clinic. Half the women are Caucasian, half are African-American. We have assessed these mothers and their children at prenatal months 4 and 7, delivery, 8 and 18 months, 3, 6, and 10 years. We have an exceptional follow-up rate of 91% at 10 years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSDISCIPLINARY TOBACCO USE RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, C Anderson. Inst of Prevention Research; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Summary: (Applicant's Description) Four research projects are proposed, each to span the initial five years of center funding: The Preventing Tobacco Use Across Cultures, Project 1, will assess culturally-tuned approaches to tobacco smoking and ETS exposure prevention among the youth of different cultures in both pluralistic and monolithic cultural settings. The first trial, carried out in California and Hawaiian middle and high schools compares a social influences approach to prevention modified for five specific API and HL cultures (Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Mexican, and Central American). The second tests the effectiveness of a modified Western prevention model for prevention of smoking and ETS exposure in a mono-cultural Chinese setting, that of Wuhan, China. Two large trials are made feasible by substantial cost- sharing from other sources. The transdisciplinary team consists of psychologists, an anthropologist, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, an educator, a demographer, a geographer, environmental and respiratory scientists, and public health researchers who collaborate in identifying populations, designing measures and intervention programs, and analyzing data. This project provides data for and interacts highly with Projects 2 and 3. Role of cultural values in adolescent smoking, Project 2, examines the role of culture, acculturation, and media in the six cultures studied in the TUPACT project. Building on the measures for the trials, Project 2 assesses specific features of culture and their variation both within and across cultures as they relate directly and interactively with smoking and ETS exposure. The transdisciplinary team consists of psychologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, and a geographer. Smoking progression among culturally diverse youth, Project 3, uses data from the longitudinal trials in Project 1 to assess features of pluralistic and monolithic cultures that influence progression to regular and addictive levels of smoking. Like Projects 1 and 2, the aims of this project require the collaboration of social scientists from several disciplines, environmental scientists, and geneticists. Projects 1, 2, and 3 are highly interactive in developing conceptual models for development and designing measures to test those models. And Project 1 and Project 2 inform later stages of interventions in Project 1. Countering Tobacco Advertising in Diverse Populations, Project 4, examines the separate and interactive effects of exposure to media advertising and counter-advertising on smoking and ETS exposure. This study uses our sequential statewide surveys of youth and adults to assess outcomes related to exposure to state and local tobacco control programs funded under California legislation, as well as exposure to tobacco marketing. Results from these surveys are used to develop interventions for specific ethnic groups, then test them in a longitudinal study. Gene environment interaction and childhood respiratory health, a related project funded entirely by the Division of Intramural Research at NIEHS, will be a part of this center as allowed in the program announcement. This project interacts with Project 1 in the collection of buccal cell samples for genetic determinations and air exposures for Wuhan youth, and provides measures for respiratory and other health outcomes for Project 1. In the future this project will interact with Project 3, Pilot Project 2, and the gene-environment team to assess relationships among genetic, personality, and tobacco use variables in the Wuhan cohort. Two pilot studies are proposed. One explores the availability and use of social resources (social networks, social support systems, etc.) by Hispanic/Latino youth as they relate to tobacco use uptake and progression. The other hypothesizes that emotion and drive will affect smoking differently in very different cultures, that culture (Chinese and Persian) moderates the relationship between depression, anxiety and novelty seeking on the one hand and cigarette smoking on the other. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSDISCIPLINARY TOBACCO USE RESEARCH CENTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lerman, Caryn E. Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: We propose to create a Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (TTURC) for the study of the Bio-behavioral Basis of Tobacco Use. The purpose of the TTURC is to: (a) obtain a more complete understanding of the role of specific genetic factors and bio-behavioral mechanisms in tobacco use, in the context of psychological and social factors; and (b) apply this knowledge to the prevention, treatment, and reduction of harm from tobacco exposure. Consistent with the RFA, we have established a "virtual collaboratory" in the Washington, D.C./Maryland area, creating linkages among existing programs at the Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), NIH (intramural program), and University of Maryland. Since the RFA encourages collaboration with NIH intramural investigations, these collaborators will play a key role in all facets of the TTURC. The Specific Aims of the TTURC are: (1) To conduct three highly interrelated research projects aimed to identify the bio-behavioral basis of smoking initiation, smoking treatment, and harm from tobacco exposure. Specifically, all three projects: (a) investigate the role of specific dopamine genes in tobacco use; (b) explore the bio-behavioral mechanisms that link these genetic effects with tobacco use; and (c) evaluate the moderating effects of psychological, social, and/or demographic factors on tobacco use; (2) To create three specialized cores to serve the needs of these projects and the TTURC. These include: (a) an Administrative Core, (b) a Molecular Genetics Core, and (c) a Data Management Core; (c) To develop a program for research career development in the field of tobacco control. This program focuses on the selection, training, and mentoring of post-doctoral investigations and includes a multifaceted plan to reach female and minority candidates; and (4) To solicit and support a series of more focused high priority developmental research projects. These projects are chosen to extend the three primary research projects in both directions, to more basic research on nicotine addiction and to studies in health policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSLATING DENTAL STUDENT TOBACCO EDUCATION TO PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rankin, Kathleen V. Public Health Sciences; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, TX 77843 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dentists are in a unique position to intervene with patients who use tobacco products. Research demonstrates their effectiveness in treating patients with tobacco dependence; however, as with other healthcare professionals, few dentists provide tobacco cessation services. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of dental schools that recommend students discuss tobacco cessation with their patients, yet implementation of tobacco education in the curriculum is nonsystematic and inconsistent. Rather than focusing effort on the development, implementation and assessment of a pre-doctoral tobacco cessation curriculum, the aim of this project is to collaborate with the developers of Rx for Change, a comprehensive tobacco cessation counseling curriculum for health professions. This curriculum is part of the required training at all California schools of pharmacy and at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, and recently received funding from the

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NCI for dissemination to all schools of pharmacy in the US. The curriculum modules will be adapted as necessary for use in dental education and integrated into appropriate courses throughout the 4-year dental curriculum at Baylor College of Dentistry (BCD). Full integration of the Rx for Change core curriculum will occur over a period of 3 years. Assessment over the 3-year integration will provide a baseline and progressive measurement of student performance. Changes in dental practice-based tobacco cessation activities of graduates will be assessed annually throughout the 5-year project, compared across time within cohorts and across the continuum of cohorts from those receiving no tobacco cessation curriculum to those who receive the fully integrated curriculum. AIM 1: Modify and integrate the Rx for Change curriculum into didactic and clinical instruction throughout pre-doctoral dental education at BCD; AIM 2: Evaluate changes in pre-doctoral dental students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs across 4 years of schooling as a function of the extent of curriculum implementation; AIM 3: Assess the tobacco cessation counseling competency of 3rd year pre-doctoral dental students using an Objective Structured Clinical Examination; AIM 4: Estimate the impact of the training program on graduates' incorporation of tobacco cessation counseling into clinical practice; AIM 5: Quantify changes and national trends in the extent and quality of tobacco cessation training in US dental schools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TREATMENT OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hatsukami, Dorothy K. Professor of Psychiatry; None; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Although a significant number of smokeless tobacco (ST) users recognize the importance of quitting, many do not want to quit in the immediate future or perceive themselves as unable to quit. For these individuals, no intermediate or alternative treatment approaches have been studied. Tobacco reduction may be an important transitional goal for these individuals prior to becoming abstinent or even as a treatment endpoint. This 5-year grant proposal will examine whether effective approaches are available that can reduce the level of ST use as well as toxicity and facilitate cessation in those ST users unwilling or unable to quit ST use. Four studies are proposed. The first three studies will examine the efficacy of various strategies to reduce tobacco use and toxicity. These strategies involve: 1) reducing the level of nicotine while retaining sensory aspects and frequency of use; and 2) maintaining nicotine levels while reducing the frequency of use. ST users will be required to reduce their intake by 50 percent and then by 75 percent over an eight-week period. Subjects will then be followed at 12 and 26 weeks after the initiation of treatment. The first study will examine switching to a lower nicotine-containing ST product. The second and third studies will examine the effects of substituting tobacco free snuff and nicotine gum, respectively, for ST dips. The primary outcome measures across all studies include: the percent reduction in use; toxicity profile, e.g., NNK (4- [methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanon) metabolites; the number who make greater than or equal to 24 hour quit attempts; and percent who achieve abstinence. The fourth study will examine whether a tobacco reduction strategy would be detrimental to cessation attempts. Subjects will be randomly assigned to usual care that emphasizes abstinence compared to a tobacco reduction strategy. In the tobacco reduction group, subjects will be required to reduce by at least 50 percent. The primary outcome variables are the percent who attained abstinence, time to drop-out and among those who were not able to quit, percent reduction in use. These studies will

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determine whether reduction approaches are effective in decreasing levels of exposure to tobacco and toxicity, as well as enhancing motivation to quit and number of quit attempts. In addition, this proposal will determine whether recommending a tobacco reduction strategy among ST users, unable or unwilling to quit, will facilitate or deter abstinence from use compared to an abstinence treatment approach. The results of this study will determine the potential for an alternative and viable method for treating ST users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TREND OF SMOKING AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS AMONG YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Chou, Chih-Ping; Associate Professor of Research; Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): From the mid-1970's to 1992, the prevalence rates of cigarette smoking among youth in the United States steadily decreased. However, these rates increased from 1992 and peaked in 1997. During the past five years, a steady decline in tobacco use among youth has again been observed. A similar pattern has also been observed in California. In this study, we will use secondary analysis of archival data from two youth tobacco surveys in California to determine whether this inverted V-shaped trend applies to various smoking behaviors (e.g., 30-day and weekly smoking behaviors) among youth in California. We will also examine the trends of cigarette use across different age groups and birth cohorts. Furthermore, we will identify several risk and protective factors of tobacco use (e.g., friends' smoking, social norms) and examine their patterns of change and impacts on tobacco use in the last ten years using two newly developed statistical approaches: age-period-cohort analysis and multilevel structural equation model. The proposed data sets (California Youth Survey and California Tobacco Youth Survey) to be analyzed in this project provide a rich array of cross-sectional data from 1990 to 2000. Each cross-sectional sample provides a replicated survey of tobacco use among youth in California. This project proposes to analyze the cross-sectional data using multiple regression, logistic regression, and structural equation models. Information obtained from the replicated cross-sectional samples provides a profile of changes across time. Furthermore, they can be studied using the multilevel approach to gain a better understanding of the long-term trend of tobacco use, changes in tobacco use-related psychosocial factors, and changes in the impacts of those factors on tobacco use across time. The project is important because it will identify factors associated with recent trends in cigarette smoking, which will help in specifying critical components for tobacco use prevention programs, leading to efficient and welltargeted prevention intervention programs for youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES, DETOXIFICATION OF NNK Principal Investigator & Institution: Lazarus, Philip; Professor; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) UGTs play an extremely important role as genoprotective enzymes in the cell by preventing the accumulation of carcin-ogenic

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compounds which could react with cellular macromolecules and the oxidation of xenobiotics into active carcinogenic electrophiles. For example, several major tobacco procarcinogens, such as metabolites of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) like benzoapyrene (BaP) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) like 4(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are detoxified via UDPglucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-induced glucuronidation by increasing the hydrophilicity of these agents, rendering them more water soluble, more easily excreted and less active. The major goal of the present proposal is to examine detoxification by UGTs as a mechanism for differential susceptibility to tobacco-induced cancers, specifically focusing on the glucuronidation of the major NNK metabolite, 4(methyinitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNL). NNK and NNAL are considered to be major contributors to the induction of lung and other aerodigestive tract cancers. Large inter-individual variability in the ratio of the glucuronidated form of NNAL (NNAL-gluc):free NNAL suggests that individuals may differ greatly in their ability to glucuronidate NNK metabolites and to detoxify NNK. This is consistent with recent studies suggesting that racial differences in lung cancer risk may, in part, be explained by differences in the ability of individual subjects to detoxify NNK via NNAL glucuronidation. In our preliminary studies, we have identified at least one human UGT (UGT1*9) which possesses NNAL-glucuronidating activity and demonstrate that this activity is inducible by Phenobarbitol and phenolic antioxidants in rats. As the balance between metabolic activation and detoxification of carcinogens such as NNK may be influenced by the balance of host expression of enzymes involved in tobacco carcinogen activation or deactivation, we have hypothesized that an individual's ability to glucuronidate NNAL will be correlated and that individual's risk for lung and potentially other aerodigestive tract cancers. The objective of this proposal will be to, (I) fully characterize the NNAL glucuronidation pathway in humans by determining the major UGT isoenzyme(s) responsible for the glucuronidation of NNAL, (ii) elucidate and functionally assess potentially important genetic polymorphism's in the human UGT gene which may reflect on an individual?s capacity to convert NNAL to NNALgluc as a measure of one's ability to detoxify NNK, and (iii) examine the importance of these polymorphic genotypes in a case:control study of lung cancer susceptibility. These studies should enable us to elucidate potentially important genetic biomarkers which may reflect upon an individual?s risk for tobacco-related cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: VISUAL MEDIA INFLUENCES ON ADOLESCENT SMOKING BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Sargent, James D. Professor; Pediatrics; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, NH 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background-The average child spends as much time viewing movies and television as he spends in school. Tobacco use is ubiquitous in movies, yet its impact on adolescent smoking has not been studied before. We hypothesize that exposure to tobacco use in movies is a causal element in the initiation of adolescent smoking. Preliminary Work- Our 4-year study resulted in a content analysis measuring the amount and context of tobacco use in over 600 popular contemporary movies. We found tobacco depictions in 95 percent of the movies and brand appearances in 28 percent. We linked these data with responses from a crosssectional study of over 5000 5th - 8th grade students. In a multivariate analysis, adolescent exposure to tobacco use in movies was associated with adolescent smoking

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and, among never smokers, it was associated with attitudes that predict future smoking. Specific Aims-The goal of this proposal is to better understand the relationship between viewing tobacco use in movies and adolescent smoking. To accomplish this, we plan to continue the content analysis of popular contemporary films through the year 2005 and conduct a two-year longitudinal telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 3000 adolescents. This survey will enable us to describe adolescents' exposure to tobacco use in contemporary films over time and to determine if this exposure predicts smoking uptake. Methods-Adolescents will be surveyed semiannually about their smoking status, exposure to a sample of recently released popular movies, and a number of other factors related to adolescent smoking. Each survey will contain a unique subset of movies, randomly selected from top box-office hits and video rentals released within six months prior to the survey. The primary outcome will be the transition from never smoker to experimenter. Secondary analyses will be conducted to examine whether exposure to movie tobacco use influences attitudes among never smokers and influences experimenters to become established smokers. We will also evaluate differences in movie exposure among whites, African Americans, and Latinos. Significance- This is the first prospective study to evaluate the public health implications of depicting tobacco use in movies. Because our study involves a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, data from this survey will enable us to determine the number of cases of youth smoking in the United States that are attributable to exposure to tobacco use in popular, contemporary movies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: WEB BASED SUPPORT--COMMUNITY TOBACCO CONTROL COALITIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Buller, David B. Senior Scientist and Vice President; Amc Cancer Research Center 1600 Pierce St Denver, CO 80214 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Internet, web-based communications technology has the potential to improve technical assistance to local coalitions working on health promotion and disease control. A collaborative project between the AMC Cancer Research Center, Colorado ASSIST Study, and the Coalition for Tobacco-Free Colorado is proposed. It will test whether a web-based technical assistance program on community tobacco control can be used effectively by state tobacco control professionals and local tobacco control coalition members to achieve gains in community tobacco control. The two-phase project will involve communities throughout Colorado. In Phase I, we will (a) conduct a community needs analysis of eligible Colorado cities to identify current tobacco control plans and activities, and technical assistance needs; (b) produce the web-based technical assistance program containing on-line training courses, an on-line resource center, an on-line selfassessment for local coalitions, and interactive communication features to link local coalitions and state tobacco control professionals; (c) test the website for usability; and (d) identify six existing local tobacco control coalitions funded by ASSIST and form 14 new coalitions for the randomized trial. In Phase II, the web-based technical assistance program will be evaluated in a randomized, controlled trial, in 20 matched pairs of cities in Colorado. The primary outcome will be changes in local tobacco control policy by government, business, and homes. A multi-level composite policy score will be based on interviews with samples of elected officials, business owners/managers, and residents and analysis of written tobacco control policies in participating cities. Secondary outcomes will include measures of support for tobacco control policies and assessments of coalition functioning, including analysis of newspaper articles/editorials on tobacco

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control. The tertiary outcome will be changes in prevalence of tobacco use (smoking and smokeless tobacco). All interviews will be conducted by telephone. In addition, we will test whether changes in intervention cities are associated with baseline readiness to adopt tobacco control policies and whether secular changes in tobacco control policies in control cities are predicted by baseline readiness to adopt, similarity, proximity, and contact with intervention cities, and exposure to tobacco control information, including newspaper articles/editorials on tobacco control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: WEB COURSES ON HOW TO HELP YOUR PATIENTS BE TOBACCO FREE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanner, T Bradley. President; Clinical Tools, Inc. 431 W Franklin St, #30 Chapel Hill, NC 27516 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This R25 application responds to PAR-00- 033, Cancer Education Grant Program. The goal of this project is to perform technology transfer on an existing and well received continuing education program, "How to Help Your Patients be Tobacco Free: A practical team approach." With the assistance of Dr. Robert Mecklenburg we will convert this conference-based course to a suite of 8 Internet-based courses approved by the University of Pittsburgh for CE credit. The Principal Investigator, Co- Principal Investigator, Dr. Mecklenburg and a group of tobacco and education consultants will apply an approach used in the development of other CE projects to convert the excellent materials already provided by NCI to a webbased curriculum. The Web-based version of "How to Help Your Patients be Tobacco Free" will follow the basic format of the CE program, including its emphasis on learning via case discussion. In addition it will be enhanced to include unique features possible with web-based courses including support for: user control and feedback, discussion/communication, an accompanying news/resottrce area, patient education materials, and links to other information resources. A standard rapid-prototyping formative analysis technique will utilize consultation with and review by our consultant experts as well as input from potential end-users to produce successively improved versions of each course. If successful, this project will effect improved knowledge/tobacco control skills, attitude/self-efficacy, and intended behaviors related to tobacco cessation interventions. We will evaluate the benefits of the educational experience offered by the courses by using a twogroup, pre-post testing design. Over a six-month period, the study group will be required to view all eight of the web-based "How to Help Your Patients be Tobacco Free" courses. The control group will view eight other courses of the same format that are on other clinical topics and do not include any information on tobacco control. We will also assess overall user satisfaction with the online learning experience in terms of course elements, comparison to other learning experiences, and perceived impact. If the technology transfer is successful, this project will produce a new means to educate physicians in tobacco control techniques. The methodology used in this research will serve as a template to guide other Investigators interested in performing technology transfer on other NCI continuing education materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: YOUTH SMOKING AND THE MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wakefield, Melanie A. Health Policy and Administration; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) While there is evidence that counteradvertising about tobacco can influence tobacco use, not all campaigns report these effects for youth. In addition, some studies suggest news coverage on tobacco can lead to reductions in consumption , but no studies have examined the effects of news coverage on youth smoking. This project aims to relate counteradvertising on television, and news coverage of tobacco issues, to measures of youth smoking across the United States. The project will build on the work of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation-funded 'Bridging the Gap' project which links data from the Monitoring the Future surveys (MTFS) of 8 , 10 and 12 graders, to a project called 'ImpacTeen', which measures tobacco policy and environmental influences relevant to tobacco prevailing in each participating schools' community. The proposed project will use archival data from Nielsen Media Research to construct indices of exposure to counteradvertising (expenditure, gross rating points and teen-target rating points (TRPs) in each MTF community from 1994 through 2002, including the subset that comprise ImpacTeen sites from 1999 through 2002. Validation of the archival data set will be undertaken by reference to media purchase and placement records for the California Tobacco Control Program, and by reference to measures of recall of counteradvertising in the MTF surveys. Indices of 'effectiveness-adjusted' TRPs will be constructed, based upon focus group discussions with teenagers and input from an expert panel of people with experience in developing and assessing tobacco counteradvertising messages. In addition, measures of exposure to newspaper stories about tobacco issues for each MTFS site from 1999 through 2002 will be constructed using news clip data from Burrelle's Information Service and mapped to communities through information on newspaper circulation from the Audit Bureau of Circulation. For each community, indices of extent and tone of newspaper coverage on tobacco overall and for specific tobacco topics will be made using the metric of equivalent column inch advertising rate. Econometric techniques will be used to relate the extent of counteradvertising and extent of newspaper coverage to attitudes about smoking, and measures of youth smoking, including intention to smoke, smoking prevalence, consumption, and intention and attempts to quit. The analysis will also explore the relative impact of counteradvertising, newspaper coverage on tobacco, and other already collected measures of tobacco policy and environment (such as price, promotion and product placement in retail outlets, state and local laws relating to youth access, clean indoor air and tobacco advertising, price of cigarettes, school programs and more) on indices of youth smoking. This study, by assessing the value of counteradvertising and media coverage in reducing smoking among youth, will guide health policy and health funding decisions related to youth smoking prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National 3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for tobacco in the PubMed Central database: ·

[gamma]-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Cellular Localization, Processing, and Biochemical Properties. by Storozhenko S, Belles-Boix E, Babiychuk E, Herouart D, Davey MW, Slooten L, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Kushnir S. 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152222

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3,4-Dehydroproline inhibits cell wall assembly and cell division in tobacco protoplasts. by Cooper JB, Heuser JE, Varner JE. 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159254

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A 90-kD Phospholipase D from Tobacco Binds to Microtubules and the Plasma Membrane. by Gardiner JC, Harper JD, Weerakoon ND, Collings DA, Ritchie S, Gilroy S, Cyr RJ, Marc J. 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139457

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A Bacterial Peptide Acting as a Plant Nuclear Targeting Signal: The Amino- Terminal Portion of Agrobacterium Vir D2 Protein Directs a [beta]- Galactosidase Fusion Protein into Tobacco Nuclei. by Herrera-Estrella A, Montagu MV, Wang K. 1990 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55206

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A Cytoplasmic Male Sterility-Associated Mitochondrial Protein Causes Pollen Disruption in Transgenic Tobacco. by He S, Abad AR, Gelvin SB, Mackenzie SA. 1996 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38132

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A genetic analysis of DNA sequence requirements for Dissociation state I activity in tobacco. by English J, Harrison K, Jones JD. 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160288

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A Harpin Binding Site in Tobacco Plasma Membranes Mediates Activation of the Pathogenesis-Related Gene HIN1 Independent of Extracellular Calcium but Dependent on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity. by Lee J, Klessig DF, Nurnberger T. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135567

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A Large Population of Small Chloroplasts in Tobacco Leaf Cells Allows More Effective Chloroplast Movement Than a Few Enlarged Chloroplasts. by Jeong WJ, Park YI, Suh K, Raven JA, Yoo OJ, Liu JR. 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155876

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A novel cell ablation strategy blocks tobacco anther dehiscence. by Beals TP, Goldberg RB. 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157031

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A novel pathogen- and wound-inducible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protein with antifungal activity. by Ponstein AS, Bres-Vloemans SA, Sela-Buurlage MB, van den Elzen PJ, Melchers LS, Cornelissen BJ. 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159168

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A Novel Protein Elicitor (PaNie) from Pythium aphanidermatum Induces Multiple Defense Responses in Carrot, Arabidopsis, and Tobacco. by Veit S, Worle JM, Nurnberger T, Koch W, Seitz HU. 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129255

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A single amino acid substitution in the coat protein of cucumber mosaic virus induces chlorosis in tobacco. by Shintaku MH, Zhang L, Palukaitis P. 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160171

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A Small Decrease of Plastid Transketolase Activity in Antisense Tobacco Transformants Has Dramatic Effects on Photosynthesis and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. by Henkes S, Sonnewald U, Badur R, Flachmann R, Stitt M. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135503

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A Strobilurin Fungicide Enhances the Resistance of Tobacco against Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci. by Herms S, Seehaus K, Koehle H, Conrath U. 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166545

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A synthetic cryIC gene, encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis [delta]-endotoxin, confers Spodoptera resistance in alfalfa and tobacco. by Strizhov N, Keller M, Mathur J, KonczKalman Z, Bosch D, Prudovsky E, Schell J, Sneh B, Koncz C, Zilberstein A. 1996 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26347

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A tobacco cDNA coding for cell-wall invertase. by Greiner S, Weil M, Krausgrill S, Rausch T. 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157407

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Acid-Growth Response and [alpha]-Expansins in Suspension Cultures of Bright Yellow 2 Tobacco. by Link BM, Cosgrove DJ. 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34801

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Activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in disease resistance in tobacco. by Yang KY, Liu Y, Zhang S. 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14658

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Activation of Salicylic Acid --Induced Protein Kinase, a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Induces Multiple Defense Responses in Tobacco. by Zhang S, Liu Y. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139126

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Activation of the tobacco SIP kinase by both a cell wall-derived carbohydrate elicitor and purified proteinaceous elicitins from Phytophthora spp. by Zhang S, Du H, Klessig DF. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144006

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Alteration of Hormone Levels in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing the Rice Homeobox Gene OSH1. by Kusaba S, Kano-Murakami Y, Matsuoka M, Tamaoki M, Sakamoto T, Yamaguchi I, Fukumoto M. 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35103

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Altered Growth of Transgenic Tobacco Lacking Leaf Cytosolic Pyruvate Kinase. by Knowles VL, McHugh SG, Hu Z, Dennis DT, Miki BL, Plaxton WC. 1998 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35187

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An Early Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Induced Oxidative Burst in Tobacco Indicates Extracellular Perception of the Virus Coat Protein. by Allan AC, Lapidot M, Culver JN, Fluhr R. 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102285

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An octopine synthase enhancer element directs tissue-specific expression and binds ASF-1, a factor from tobacco nuclear extracts. by Fromm H, Katagiri F, Chua NH. 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159834

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Analysis of a tobacco mosaic virus strain capable of overcoming N gene-mediated resistance. by Padgett HS, Beachy RN. 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160295

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Analysis of regulatory elements involved in the induction of two tobacco genes by salicylate treatment and virus infection. by Van de Rhee MD, Van Kan JA, GonzalezJaen MT, Bol JF. 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159892

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Analysis of stress-induced or salicylic acid-induced expression of the pathogenesisrelated 1a protein gene in transgenic tobacco. by Ohshima M, Itoh H, Matsuoka M, Murakami T, Ohashi Y. 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159867

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Analysis of the N Gene Hypersensitive Response Induced by a Fluorescently Tagged Tobacco Mosaic Virus. by Wright KM, Duncan GH, Pradel KS, Carr F, Wood S, Oparka KJ, Cruz SS. 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59095

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Analysis of tomato polygalacturonase expression in transgenic tobacco. by Osteryoung KW, Toenjes K, Hall B, Winkler V, Bennett AB. 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159969

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Antisense expression and overexpression of biotin carboxylase in tobacco leaves. by Shintani D, Roesler K, Shorrosh B, Savage L, Ohlrogge J. 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158375

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Arabidopsis RTM1 and RTM2 Genes Function in Phloem to Restrict Long-Distance Movement of Tobacco Etch Virus. by Chisholm ST, Parra MA, Anderberg RJ, Carrington JC. 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133571

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Auxin and Cytokinin Have Opposite Effects on Amyloplast Development and the Expression of Starch Synthesis Genes in Cultured Bright Yellow-2 Tobacco Cells. by Miyazawa Y, Sakai A, Miyagishima SY, Takano H, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. 1999 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59408

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Auxin Deprivation Induces Synchronous Golgi Differentiation in SuspensionCultured Tobacco BY-2 Cells. by Winicur ZM, Feng Zhang G, Andrew Staehelin L. 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34970

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Auxin-sensitive elements from promoters of tobacco GST genes and a consensus as-1like element differ only in relative strength. by van der Zaal BJ, Droog FN, Pieterse FJ, Hooykaas PJ. 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157696

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Bax-induced cell death in tobacco is similar to the hypersensitive response. by Lacomme C, Santa Cruz S. 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22169

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Biochemical and Molecular Inhibition of Plastidial Carbonic Anhydrase Reduces the Incorporation of Acetate into Lipids in Cotton Embryos and Tobacco Cell Suspensions and Leaves. by Hoang CV, Chapman KD. 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154269

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Biological Activity of Reducing-End-Derivatized Oligogalacturonides in Tobacco Tissue Cultures. by Spiro MD, Ridley BL, Eberhard S, Kates KA, Mathieu Y, O'Neill MA, Mohnen D, Guern J, Darvill A, Albersheim P. 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35035

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Both internal and external regulatory elements control expression of the pea Fed-1 gene in transgenic tobacco seedlings. by Gallo-Meagher M, Sowinski DA, Elliott RC, Thompson WF. 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160139

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Cell Cycle Regulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Tobacco Cultivar Bright Yellow-2 Cells. by Sorrell DA, Menges M, Healy JM, Deveaux Y, Amano C, Su Y, Nakagami H, Shinmyo A, Doonan JH, Sekine M, Murray JA. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116477

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Cell Cycle Regulation of the Tobacco Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunit Gene Is Mediated by E2F-like Elements. by Chaboute ME, Clement B, Sekine M, Philipps G, Chaubet-Gigot N. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149135

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Cell-autonomous cytokinin-independent growth of tobacco cells transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains lacking the cytokinin biosynthesis gene. by Black RC, Binns AN, Chang CF, Lynn DG. 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160750

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Changes in the Antioxidant Systems as Part of the Signaling Pathway Responsible for the Programmed Cell Death Activated by Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in Tobacco Bright-Yellow 2 Cells. by de Pinto MC, Tommasi F, De Gara L. 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166599

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Changing patterns of localization of the tobacco mosaic virus movement protein and replicase to the endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules during infection. by Heinlein M, Padgett HS, Gens JS, Pickard BG, Casper SJ, Epel BL, Beachy RN. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144046

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Characterization and Subcellular Compartmentation of Recombinant 4Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase from Arabidopsis in Transgenic Tobacco. by Garcia I, Rodgers M, Pepin R, Hsieh TF, Matringe M. 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32036

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Characterization of a Gene for Spinach CAP160 and Expression of Two Spinach ColdAcclimation Proteins in Tobacco. by Kaye C, Neven L, Hofig A, Li QB, Haskell D, Guy C. 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35044

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Characterization of cis-acting sequences regulating root-specific gene expression in tobacco. by Yamamoto YT, Taylor CG, Acedo GN, Cheng CL, Conkling MA. 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160007

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Chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, osmotin, and extensin are expressed in tobacco explants during flower formation. by Neale AD, Wahleithner JA, Lund M, Bonnett HT, Kelly A, Meeks-Wagner DR, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159921

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CHRK1, a Chitinase-Related Receptor-Like Kinase in Tobacco. by Kim YS, Lee JH, Yoon GM, Cho HS, Park SW, Suh MC, Choi D, Ha HJ, Liu JR, Pai HS. 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59053

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Class III Pistil-Specific Extensin-Like Proteins from Tobacco Have Characteristics of Arabinogalactan Proteins. by Bosch M, Knudsen JS, Derksen J, Mariani C. 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88873

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Cloning and characterization of a plastidal and a mitochondrial isoform of tobacco protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase. by Lermontova I, Kruse E, Mock HP, Grimm B. 1997 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23187

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Cloning and DNA-binding properties of a tobacco Ethylene-Insensitive3 (EIN3) homolog. by Kosugi S, Ohashi Y. 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=102569

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Cloning and sequencing of a full-length cDNA coding for phenylalanine ammonialyase from tobacco cell culture. by Nagai N, Kitauchi F, Shimosaka M, Okazaki M. 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=160715

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Cloning of a Tobacco Apoplasmic Invertase Inhibitor Proof of Function of the Recombinant Protein and Expression Analysis during Plant Development. by Greiner S, Krausgrill S, Rausch T. 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35133

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Cloning of an additional cDNA for the alternative oxidase in tobacco. by Whelan J, Smith MK, Meijer M, Yu JW, Badger MR, Price GD, Day DA. 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157290

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Colocalization of barley lectin and sporamin in vacuoles of transgenic tobacco plants. by Schroeder MR, Borkhsenious ON, Matsuoka K, Nakamura K, Raikhel NV. 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160591

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Comparison of Cloned Genes Provides Evidence for Intergenomic Exchange of DNA in the Evolution of a Tobacco Glucan Endo-1,3-[beta]-Glucosidase Gene Family. by Sperisen C, Ryals J, Meins F. 1991 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51117

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Composition of photosystem II antenna in light-harvesting complex II antisense tobacco plants at varying irradiances. by Flachmann R. 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158197

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Constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1, GRP, and PR-S in tobacco has no effect on virus infection. by Linthorst HJ, Meuwissen RL, Kauffmann S, Bol JF. 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159761

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Conversion of perianth into reproductive organs by ectopic expression of the tobacco floral homeotic gene NAG1. by Kempin SA, Mandel MA, Yanofsky MF. 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159087

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Covalent Binding of the Benzamide RH-4032 to Tubulin in Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells and Its Application in a Cell-Based Competitive-Binding Assay. by Young DH, Lewandowski VT. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59127

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Cysteine Synthase Overexpression in Tobacco Confers Tolerance to SulfurContaining Environmental Pollutants. by Noji M, Saito M, Nakamura M, Aono M, Saji H, Saito K. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116454

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Cytokinins in Tobacco and Wheat Chloroplasts. Occurrence and Changes Due to Light/Dark Treatment. by Benkova E, Witters E, Van Dongen W, Kolar J, Motyka V, Brzobohaty B, Van Onckelen HA, Machackova I. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59373

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Defense activation and enhanced pathogen tolerance induced by H2O2 in transgenic tobacco. by Chamnongpol S, Willekens H, Moeder W, Langebartels C, Sandermann H Jr, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Van Camp W. 1998 May 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20463

152 Tobacco

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Developmental analysis of elongation factor-1 alpha expression in transgenic tobacco. by Ursin VM, Irvine JM, Hiatt WR, Shewmaker CK. 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160026

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Developmental and environmental regulation of a bean chalcone synthase promoter in transgenic tobacco. by Schmid J, Doerner PW, Clouse SD, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159916

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Developmental and environmental regulation of the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cytosolic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase promoter in transgenic tobacco. by Herouart D, Van Montagu M, Inze D. 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160684

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Developmental expression of tobacco pistil-specific genes encoding novel extensinlike proteins. by Goldman MH, Pezzotti M, Seurinck J, Mariani C. 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160195

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Developmental Expression of Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase in Leaves of Tobacco Growing under High and Low Light. by Bugos RC, Chang SH, Yamamoto HY. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59369

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Differential Effect of Jasmonic Acid and Abscisic Acid on Cell Cycle Progression in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. by Swiatek A, Lenjou M, Van Bockstaele D, Inze D, Van Onckelen H. 2002 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148976

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Directed disruption of the tobacco ndhB gene impairs cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. by Shikanai T, Endo T, Hashimoto T, Yamada Y, Asada K, Yokota A. 1998 Aug 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21403

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Distinct Calcium Signaling Pathways Regulate Calmodulin Gene Expression in Tobacco. by van der Luit AH, Olivari C, Haley A, Knight MR, Trewavas AJ. 1999 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59432

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Distinct Cyclin D Genes Show Mitotic Accumulation or Constant Levels of Transcripts in Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 Cells. by Sorrell DA, Combettes B, ChaubetGigot N, Gigot C, Murray JA. 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32238

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Distinct phenotypes generated by overexpression and suppression of S-adenosyl-Lmethionine synthetase reveal developmental patterns of gene silencing in tobacco. by Boerjan W, Bauw G, Van Montagu M, Inze D. 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160529

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Double Jeopardy Both Overexpression and Suppression of a Redox-Activated Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Render Tobacco Plants Ozone Sensitive. by Samuel MA, Ellis BE. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150755

Studies 153

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Downregulation of a Pathogen-Responsive Tobacco UDP-Glc:Phenylpropanoid Glucosyltransferase Reduces Scopoletin Glucoside Accumulation, Enhances Oxidative Stress, and Weakens Virus Resistance. by Chong J, Baltz R, Schmitt C, Beffa R, Fritig B, Saindrenan P. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150609

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Early transcription of Agrobacterium T-DNA genes in tobacco and maize. by Narasimhulu SB, Deng XB, Sarria R, Gelvin SB. 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161145

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Ectoine, the Compatible Solute of Halomonas elongata, Confers Hyperosmotic Tolerance in Cultured Tobacco Cells. by Nakayama H, Yoshida K, Ono H, Murooka Y, Shinmyo A. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58960

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Ectopic expression of the maize homeobox genes ZmHox1a or ZmHox1b causes pleiotropic alterations in the vegetative and floral development of transgenic tobacco. by Uberlacker B, Klinge B, Werr W. 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161105

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Effect of ATP Sulfurylase Overexpression in Bright Yellow 2 Tobacco Cells Regulation of ATP Sulfurylase and SO42[minus sign] Transport Activities. by Hatzfeld Y, Cathala N, Grignon C, Davidian JC. 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35037

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Effect of Climate Conditions and Plant Developmental Stage on the Stability of Antibodies Expressed in Transgenic Tobacco. by Stevens LH, Stoopen GM, Elbers IJ, Molthoff JW, Bakker HA, Lommen A, Bosch D, Jordi W. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59132

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Effect of volatile methyl jasmonate on the oxylipin pathway in tobacco, cucumber, and arabidopsis. by Avdiushko S, Croft KP, Brown GC, Jackson DM, Hamilton-Kemp TR, Hildebrand D. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157654

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Effect of Yeast CTA1 Gene Expression on Response of Tobacco Plants to Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. by Talarczyk A, Krzymowska M, Borucki W, Hennig J. 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166498

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Elevated mRNA levels of the ribosomal protein L19 and a calmodulin-like protein in assimilate-accumulating transgenic tobacco plants. by Monke G, Sonnewald U. 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157281

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Elicitins from Phytophthora and Basic Resistance in Tobacco. by Yu LM. 1995 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41891

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Engineering Herbicide Metabolism in Tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme from Jerusalem Artichoke. by Didierjean L, Gondet L, Perkins R, Lau SM, Schaller H, O'Keefe DP, Werck-Reichhart D. 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166551

154 Tobacco

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Enhanced synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase. by McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Ziemak MJ, Hanson AD. 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55567

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Exogenous phytohormone-independent growth and regeneration of tobacco plants transgenic for the 6b gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10. by Wabiko H, Minemura M. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158021

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Expression and Chloroplast Targeting of Cholesterol Oxidase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. by Corbin DR, Grebenok RJ, Ohnmeiss TE, Greenplate JT, Purcell JP. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116468

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Expression of a Bacterial mtlD Gene in Transgenic Tobacco Leads to Production and Accumulation of Mannitol. by Tarczynski MC, Jensen RG, Bohnert HJ. 1992 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48709

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Expression of a borage desaturase cDNA containing an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain results in the accumulation of high levels of [Delta]6-desaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco. by Sayanova O, Smith MA, Lapinskas P, Stobart AK, Dobson G, Christie WW, Shewry PR, Napier JA. 1997 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20606

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Expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citrate Synthase Gene in Tobacco Is Not Associated with Either Enhanced Citrate Accumulation or Efflux. by Delhaize E, Hebb DM, Ryan PR. 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88861

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Expression of a soybean cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cDNA in yeast and tobacco enhances the metabolism of phenylurea herbicides. by Siminszky B, Corbin FT, Ward ER, Fleischmann TJ, Dewey RE. 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15582

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Expression of an Antisense Viral Gene in Transgenic Tobacco Confers Resistance to the DNA Virus Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus. by Day AG, Bejarano ER, Buck KW, Burrell M, Lichtenstein CP. 1991 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52160

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Expression of an Arabidopsis Cryptochrome Gene in Transgenic Tobacco Results in Hypersensitivity to Blue, UV-A, and Green Light. by Lin C, Ahmad M, Gordon D, Cashmore AR. 1995 Aug 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41169

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Expression of Arabidopsis CAX1 in tobacco: altered calcium homeostasis and increased stress sensitivity. by Hirschi KD. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144126

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Expression of Arabidopsis CAX2 in Tobacco. Altered Metal Accumulation and Increased Manganese Tolerance. by Hirschi KD, Korenkov VD, Wilganowski NL, Wagner GJ. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59128

Studies 155

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Expression of CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) and CEN-like genes in tobacco reveals a conserved mechanism controlling phase change in diverse species. by Amaya I, Ratcliffe OJ, Bradley DJ. 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144298

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Expression of mutant patatin protein in transgenic tobacco plants: role of glycans and intracellular location. by Sonnewald U, von Schaewen A, Willmitzer L. 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159891

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Expression of the Yeast FRE Genes in Transgenic Tobacco. by Samuelsen AI, Martin RC, Mok DW, Mok MC. 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34873

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Expression of Tobacco Genes for Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Binding Proteins of Photosystem II is Controlled by two Circadian Oscillators in a Developmentally Regulated Fashion. by Kolar C, Adam E, Schafer E, Nagy F. 1995 Mar 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42446

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Expression of Tryptophan Decarboxylase and Tyrosine Decarboxylase Genes in Tobacco Results in Altered Biochemical and Physiological Phenotypes. by Guillet G, Poupart J, Basurco J, De Luca V. 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58930

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Expression Patterns Conferred by Tyrosine/Dihydroxyphenylalanine Decarboxylase Promoters from Opium Poppy Are Conserved in Transgenic Tobacco. by Facchini PJ, Penzes-Yost C, Samanani N, Kowalchuk B. 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34875

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Extracellular H2O2 Induced by Oligogalacturonides Is Not Involved in the Inhibition of the Auxin-Regulated rolB Gene Expression in Tobacco Leaf Explants. by Bellincampi D, Dipierro N, Salvi G, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58973

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Farnesol-Induced Cell Death and Stimulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylglutarylCoenzyme A Reductase Activity in Tobacco cv Bright Yellow-2 Cells. by Hemmerlin A, Bach TJ. 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59085

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Formation of Protoplasts from Cultured Tobacco Cells and Arabidopsis thaliana by the Action of Cellulosomes and Pectate Lyase from Clostridium cellulovorans. by Tamaru Y, Ui S, Murashima K, Kosugi A, Chan H, Doi RH, Liu B. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127556

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Functional Analysis of a DNA-Shuffled Movement Protein Reveals That Microtubules Are Dispensable for the Cell-to-Cell Movement of Tobacco mosaic virus. by Gillespie T, Boevink P, Haupt S, Roberts AG, Toth R, Valentine T, Chapman S, Oparka KJ. 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150775

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Functional Analysis of the Early Steps of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Tobacco. by Busch M, Seuter A, Hain R. 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148907

156 Tobacco

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Functional Analysis of the Interaction between VPg-Proteinase (NIa) and RNA Polymerase (NIb) of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus, Using Conditional and Suppressor Mutants. by Daros JA, Schaad MC, Carrington JC. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=112894

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Functional expression of the leftward open reading frames of the A component of tomato golden mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco plants. by Hanley-Bowdoin L, Elmer JS, Rogers SG. 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159843

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Gene expression in tobacco low-nicotine mutants. by Hibi N, Higashiguchi S, Hashimoto T, Yamada Y. 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160471

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Gene Family for an Elicitor-Induced Sesquiterpene Cyclase in Tobacco. by Facchini PJ, Chappell J. 1992 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50489

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Genetic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Accumulation of 4hydroxybenzoate glucosides as a result of the expression of the bacterial ubiC gene in tobacco. by Siebert M, Sommer S, Li SM, Wang ZX, Severin K, Heide L. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158006

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Genetic Enhancement of Fatty Acid Synthesis by Targeting Rat Liver ATP:Citrate Lyase into Plastids of Tobacco. by Rangasamy D, Ratledge C. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58959

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Heat treatment results in a loss of transgene-encoded activities in several tobacco lines. by Neumann K, Droge-Laser W, Kohne S, Broer I. 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158557

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Herbicide-resistant tobacco plants expressing the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. by Shiota N, Nagasawa A, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, Ohkawa H. 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159494

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Histone H1 Overexpressed to High Level in Tobacco Affects Certain Developmental Programs but has Limited Effect on Basal Cellular Functions. by Prymakowska-Bosak M, Przewloka MR, Iwkiewicz J, Egierszdorff S, Kuras M, Chaubet N, Gigot C, Spiker S, Jerzmanowski A. 1996 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38370

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Hydrogen Peroxide from the Oxidative Burst Is Neither Necessary Nor Sufficient for Hypersensitive Cell Death Induction, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Stimulation, Salicylic Acid Accumulation, or Scopoletin Consumption in Cultured Tobacco Cells Treated with Elicitin. by Dorey S, Kopp M, Geoffroy P, Fritig B, Kauffmann S. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59364

Studies 157

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Hydrogen Peroxide Yields during the Incompatible Interaction of Tobacco Suspension Cells Inoculated with Phytophthora nicotianae. by Able AJ, Guest DI, Sutherland MW. 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59193

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Identification and Characterization of a Novel Microtubule-Based Motor Associated with Membranous Organelles in Tobacco Pollen Tubes. by Cai G, Romagnoli S, Moscatelli A, Ovidi E, Gambellini G, Tiezzi A, Cresti M. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149081

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Identification of genes expressed in the tobacco shoot apex during the floral transition. by Kelly AJ, Zagotta MT, White RA, Chang C, Meeks-Wagner DR. 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159945

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Identification of two essential sequence elements in the nonconsensus type II PatpB290 plastid promoter by using plastid transcription extracts from cultured tobacco BY2 cells. by Kapoor S, Sugiura M. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144303

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Identification, characterization, and purification of a tobacco endonuclease activity induced upon hypersensitive response cell death. by Mittler R, Lam E. 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161053

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In Situ Localization and Tissue Distribution of the Replication-Associated Proteins of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Tobacco and Cucumber. by Cillo F, Roberts IM, Palukaitis P. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136603

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In Situ Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Transgenic (Transplastomic) Tobacco Plants to Bacteria. by Kay E, Vogel TM, Bertolla F, Nalin R, Simonet P. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126776

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In vitro mutated phytohemagglutinin genes expressed in tobacco seeds: role of glycans in protein targeting and stability. by Voelker TA, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ. 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159740

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Increased Cysteine Biosynthesis Capacity of Transgenic Tobacco Overexpressing an O-Acetylserine(thiol) Lyase Modifies Plant Responses to Oxidative Stress. by Youssefian S, Nakamura M, Orudgev E, Kondo N. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116457

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Increased Respiratory Restriction during Phosphate-Limited Growth in Transgenic Tobacco Cells Lacking Alternative Oxidase. by Parsons HL, Yip JY, Vanlerberghe GC. 1999 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59498

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Increasing Tryptophan Synthesis in a Forage Legume Astragalus sinicus by Expressing the Tobacco Feedback-Insensitive Anthranilate Synthase (ASA2) Gene. by Cho HJ, Brotherton JE, Song HS, Widholm JM. 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59070

158 Tobacco

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Influence of Growth Conditions and Developmental Stage on N-Glycan Heterogeneity of Transgenic Immunoglobulin G and Endogenous Proteins in Tobacco Leaves. by Elbers IJ, Stoopen GM, Bakker H, Stevens LH, Bardor M, Molthoff JW, Jordi WJ, Bosch D, Lommen A. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116488

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Inhibition of Squalene Synthase and Squalene Epoxidase in Tobacco Cells Triggers an Up-Regulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase. by Wentzinger LF, Bach TJ, Hartmann MA. 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166566

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Integration of Multiple Repeats of Geminiviral DNA into the Nuclear Genome of Tobacco during Evolution. by Bejarano ER, Khashoggi A, Witty M, Lichtenstein C. 1996 Jan 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40128

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Intracellular Localization of the Peanut Clump Virus Replication Complex in Tobacco BY-2 Protoplasts Containing Green Fluorescent Protein-Labeled Endoplasmic Reticulum or Golgi Apparatus. by Dunoyer P, Ritzenthaler C, Hemmer O, Michler P, Fritsch C. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136813

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Intramolecular Complementing Mutations in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Confirm a Role for Microtubule Association in Viral RNA Transport. by Boyko V, Ashby JA, Suslova E, Ferralli J, Sterthaus O, Deom CM, Heinlein M. 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136114

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Invasion of Minor Veins of Tobacco Leaves Inoculated with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Mutants Defective in Phloem-Dependent Movement. by Ding X, Shintaku MH, Carter SA, Nelson RS. 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38300

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Isolation and characterization of a tobacco mosaic virus-inducible myb oncogene homolog from tobacco. by Yang Y, Klessig DF. 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26247

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Isolation from Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Infected Tobacco of a Solubilized TemplateSpecific RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Containing a 126K/183K Protein Heterodimer. by Watanabe T, Honda A, Iwata A, Ueda S, Hibi T, Ishihama A. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104018

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Isolation of a cDNA encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase in tobacco. by Orvar BL, Ellis BE. 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157414

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Isolation of Complementary DNA Clones Encoding Pathogenesis-Related Proteins P and Q, Two Acidic Chitinases from Tobacco. by Payne G, Ahl P, Moyer M, Harper A, Beck J, Meins F Jr, Ryals J. 1990 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53207

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Isolation of Tobacco Isoperoxidases Accumulated in Cell-Suspension Culture Medium and Characterization of Activities Related to Cell Wall Metabolism. by de Marco A, Guzzardi P, Jamet E. 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59275

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Jasmonate-based wound signal transduction requires activation of WIPK, a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase. by Seo S, Sano H, Ohashi Y. 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144162

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Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during the soybean life cycle and in transformed tobacco plants. by Jofuku KD, Goldberg RB. 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159845

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Leaf senescence is delayed in tobacco plants expressing the maize homeobox gene knotted1 under the control of a senescence-activated promoter. by Ori N, Juarez MT, Jackson D, Yamaguchi J, Banowetz GM, Hake S. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144237

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Light Promotion of Hypocotyl Gravitropism of a Starch-Deficient Tobacco Mutant Correlates with Plastid Enlargement and Sedimentation. by Vitha S, Yang M, Kiss JZ, Sack FD. 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35106

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Linear [beta]-1,3 Glucans Are Elicitors of Defense Responses in Tobacco. by Klarzynski O, Plesse B, Joubert JM, Yvin JC, Kopp M, Kloareg B, Fritig B. 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59202

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Linker histones play a role in male meiosis and the development of pollen grains in tobacco. by Prymakowska-Bosak M, Przewloka MR, Slusarczyk J, Kuras M, Lichota J, Kilianczyk B, Jerzmanowski A. 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144134

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Lipochitooligosaccharide-induced tobacco cells release a peptide as mediator of the glycolipid signal. by John M, Schmidt J, Walden R, Czaja I, Dulz M, Schell J, Rohrig H. 1997 Sep 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23335

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Lipoxygenase gene expression in the tobacco-Phytophthora parasitica nicotianae interaction. by Veronesi C, Rickauer M, Fournier J, Pouenat ML, Esquerre-Tugaye MT. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158026

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Localization, Conjugation, and Function of Salicylic Acid in Tobacco During the Hypersensitive Reaction to Tobacco Mosaic Virus. by Enyedi AJ, Yalpani N, Silverman P, Raskin I. 1992 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48682

160 Tobacco

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Location of the Cis-Acting Auxin-Responsive Region in the Promoter of the par Gene from Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts. by Takahashi Y, Niwa Y, Machida Y, Nagata T. 1990 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54882

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Lysine Synthesis and Catabolism are Coordinately Regulated During Tobacco Seed Development. by Karchi H, Shaul O, Galili G. 1994 Mar 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43412

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Male-Sterility Induction in Transgenic Tobacco Plants with an Unedited atp6 Mitochondrial Gene from Wheat. by Hernould M, Suharsono S, Litvak S, Araya A, Mouras A. 1993 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46088

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Manipulation of Catalase Levels Produces Altered Photosynthesis in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. by Brisson LF, Zelitch I, Havir EA. 1998 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35165

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Mediation of Elicitin Activity on Tobacco Is Assumed by Elicitin-Sterol Complexes. by Osman H, Vauthrin S, Mikes V, Milat ML, Panabieres F, Marais A, Brunie S, Maume B, Ponchet M, Blein JP. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59716

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Metabolic Modeling Identifies Key Constraints on an Engineered Glycine Betaine Synthesis Pathway in Tobacco. by McNeil SD, Rhodes D, Russell BL, Nuccio ML, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59130

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Mitochondrial electron transport regulation of nuclear gene expression. Studies with the alternative oxidase gene of tobacco. by Vanlerberghe GC, McIntosh L. 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160734

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Modulation of cysteine biosynthesis in chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco overexpressing cysteine synthase [O-acetylserine(thiol)-lyase]. by Saito K, Kurosawa M, Tatsuguchi K, Takagi Y, Murakoshi I. 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159611

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Molecular Characterization and Biological Function of the Movement Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Transgenic Plants. by Deom CM, Schubert KR, Wolf S, Holt CA, Lucas WJ, Beachy RN. 1990 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53884

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Molecular cloning and expression of a new class of ortho-diphenol-Omethyltransferases induced in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves by infection or elicitor treatment. by Pellegrini L, Geoffroy P, Fritig B, Legrand M. 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159010

Studies 161

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Molecular cloning of a metallothionein-like gene from Nicotiana glutinosa L. and its induction by wounding and tobacco mosaic virus infection. by Choi D, Kim HM, Yun HK, Park JA, Kim WT, Bok SH. 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157956

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Multilevel regulation of histone gene expression during the cell cycle in tobacco cells. by Reichheld JP, Gigot C, Chaubet-Gigot N. 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147694

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MYB-Related Transcription Factor NtMYB2 Induced by Wounding and Elicitors is a Regulator of the Tobacco Retrotransposon Tto1 and Defense-Related Genes. by Sugimoto K, Takeda S, Hirochika H. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102234

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NFL, the tobacco homolog of FLORICAULA and LEAFY, is transcriptionally expressed in both vegetative and floral meristems. by Kelly AJ, Bonnlander MB, Meeks-Wagner DR. 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160778

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Nitrate Efflux Is an Essential Component of the Cryptogein Signaling Pathway Leading to Defense Responses and Hypersensitive Cell Death in Tobacco. by Wendehenne D, Lamotte O, Frachisse JM, Barbier-Brygoo H, Pugin A. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151475

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Nitric Oxide Modulates the Activity of Tobacco Aconitase. by Navarre DA, Wendehenne D, Durner J, Noad R, Klessig DF. 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58894

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Novel Anther-Specific myb Genes from Tobacco as Putative Regulators of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Expression. by Yang S, Sweetman JP, Amirsadeghi S, Barghchi M, Huttly AK, Chung WI, Twell D. 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117172

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Novel N Gene-Associated, Temperature-Independent Resistance to the Movement of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Vectors Neutralized by a Cucumber Mosaic Virus RNA1 Transgene. by Canto T, Palukaitis P. 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136687

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Nucleotide and protein sequences of 60S ribosomal protein L17 from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). by Gao J, Kim SR, Lee JM, An G. 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159083

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Nucleotide sequence of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) anionic peroxidase gene. by Diaz-De-Leon F, Klotz KL, Lagrimini LM. 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=158735

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Osmotic Stress Induces Rapid Activation of a Salicylic Acid --Induced Protein Kinase and a Homolog of Protein Kinase ASK1 in Tobacco Cells. by Mikolajczyk M, Awotunde OS, Muszynska G, Klessig DF, Dobrowolska G. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149182

162 Tobacco

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Overexpression of an Arabidopsis cDNA Encoding a Sterol-C241-Methyltransferase in Tobacco Modifies the Ratio of 24-Methyl Cholesterol to Sitosterol and Is Associated with Growth Reduction. by Schaller H, Bouvier-Nave P, Benveniste P. 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34821

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Overexpression of an Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity phosphate transporter gene in tobacco cultured cells enhances cell growth under phosphate-limited conditions. by Mitsukawa N, Okumura S, Shirano Y, Sato S, Kato T, Harashima S, Shibata D. 1997 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21291

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Overexpression of BiP in tobacco alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. by Leborgne-Castel N, Jelitto-Van Dooren EP, Crofts AJ, Denecke J. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144191

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Overexpression of the clpP 5[prime prime or minute]-Untranslated Region in a Chimeric Context Causes a Mutant Phenotype, Suggesting Competition for a clpPSpecific RNA Maturation Factor in Tobacco Chloroplasts. by Kuroda H, Maliga P. 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166747

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Overexpression of the Tobacco Tsi1 Gene Encoding an EREBP/AP2 --Type Transcription Factor Enhances Resistance against Pathogen Attack and Osmotic Stress in Tobacco. by Park JM, Park CJ, Lee SB, Ham BK, Shin R, Paek KH. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135557

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Pathogenesis-related PR-1 proteins are antifungal. Isolation and characterization of three 14-kilodalton proteins of tomato and of a basic PR-1 of tobacco with inhibitory activity against Phytophthora infestans. by Niderman T, Genetet I, Bruyere T, Gees R, Stintzi A, Legrand M, Fritig B, Mosinger E. 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157301

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Pathogenesis-related proteins are developmentally regulated in tobacco flowers. by Lotan T, Ori N, Fluhr R. 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159824

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Pathogen-induced elicitin production in transgenic tobacco generates a hypersensitive response and nonspecific disease resistance. by Keller H, Pamboukdjian N, Ponchet M, Poupet A, Delon R, Verrier JL, Roby D, Ricci P. 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144170

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tobacco. Molecular cloning and gene expression during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus and the response to a fungal elicitor. by Pellegrini L, Rohfritsch O, Fritig B, Legrand M. 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159610

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Phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma-Related Protein by the Cyclin D/CyclinDependent Kinase Complex Is Activated at the G1/S-Phase Transition in Tobacco. by Nakagami H, Kawamura K, Sugisaka K, Sekine M, Shinmyo A. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151469

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Phosphorylation of tobacco eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A upon pollen tube germination. by op den Camp RG, Kuhlemeier C. 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147526

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Phytochrome A overexpression in transgenic tobacco. Correlation of dwarf phenotype with high concentrations of phytochrome in vascular tissue and attenuated gibberellin levels. by Jordan ET, Hatfield PM, Hondred D, Talon M, Zeevaart JA, Vierstra RD. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157196

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PIP1 Plasma Membrane Aquaporins in Tobacco From Cellular Effects to Function in Plants. by Siefritz F, Tyree MT, Lovisolo C, Schubert A, Kaldenhoff R. 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150688

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Plants Transformed With a Tobacco Mosaic Virus Nonstructural Gene Sequence are Resistant to the Virus. by Golemboski DB, Lomonossoff GP, Zaitlin M. 1990 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54523

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Plastome Engineering of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Tobacco to Form a Sunflower Large Subunit and Tobacco Small Subunit Hybrid. by Kanevski I, Maliga P, Rhoades DF, Gutteridge S. 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32212

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Plastome-encoded bacterial ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase /oxygenase (RubisCO) supports photosynthesis and growth in tobacco. by Whitney SM, Andrews TJ. 2001 Dec 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64751

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Post-Transcriptional Maturation of the S Receptor Kinase of Brassica Correlates with Co-Expression of the S-Locus Glycoprotein in the Stigmas of Two Brassica Strains and in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. by Dixit R, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59144

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Posttranscriptional Silencing of Reporter Transgenes in Tobacco Correlates with DNA Methylation. by Ingelbrecht I, Houdt HV, Montagu MV, Depicker A. 1994 Oct 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45049

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Post-transcriptional suppression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase expression during pathogen-induced programmed cell death in tobacco. by Mittler R, Feng X, Cohen M. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144004

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Posttranslational processing of a new class of hydroxyproline-containing proteins. Prolyl hydroxylation and C-terminal cleavage of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) vacuolar chitinase. by Sticher L, Hofsteenge J, Neuhaus JM, Boller T, Meins F Jr. 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160645

164 Tobacco

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Premature dissolution of the microsporocyte callose wall causes male sterility in transgenic tobacco. by Worrall D, Hird DL, Hodge R, Paul W, Draper J, Scott R. 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160172

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Processing and secretion of a virally encoded antifungal toxin in transgenic tobacco plants: evidence for a Kex2p pathway in plants. by Kinal H, Park CM, Berry JO, Koltin Y, Bruenn JA. 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160815

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Processing, Targeting, and Antifungal Activity of Stinging Nettle Agglutinin in Transgenic Tobacco. by Does MP, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, Cornelissen BJ. 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59280

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Production of 6-Methylsalicylic Acid by Expression of a Fungal Polyketide Synthase Activates Disease Resistance in Tobacco. by Yalpani N, Altier DJ, Barbour E, Cigan AL, Scelonge CJ. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135576

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Promoter fusions to the Activator transposase gene cause distinct patterns of Dissociation excision in tobacco cotyledons. by Scofield SR, Harrison K, Nurrish SJ, Jones JD. 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160154

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Protein isoprenylation in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. by Randall SK, Marshall MS, Crowell DN. 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160282

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Purification and characterization from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves of six small, wound-inducible, proteinase isoinhibitors of the potato inhibitor II family. by Pearce G, Johnson S, Ryan CA. 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158823

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Purification and Characterization of a Galactose-Rich Basic Glycoprotein in Tobacco. by Takeichi T, Takeuchi J, Kaneko T, Kawasaki S. 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35104

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Radiotracer and Computer Modeling Evidence that Phospho-Base Methylation Is the Main Route of Choline Synthesis in Tobacco. by McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Rhodes D, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD. 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59011

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Rapid production of specific vaccines for lymphoma by expression of the tumorderived single-chain Fv epitopes in tobacco plants. by McCormick AA, Kumagai MH, Hanley K, Turpen TH, Hakim I, Grill LK, Tuse D, Levy S, Levy R. 1999 Jan 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15200

Studies 165

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rbcL Transcript levels in tobacco plastids are independent of light: reduced dark transcription rate is compensated by increased mRNA stability. by Shiina T, Allison L, Maliga P. 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=143938

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Recognition of RNA Editing Sites Is Directed by Unique Proteins in Chloroplasts: Biochemical Identification of cis-Acting Elements and trans-Acting Factors Involved in RNA Editing in Tobacco and Pea Chloroplasts. by Miyamoto T, Obokata J, Sugiura M. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134032

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Reduced Levels of Chloroplast FtsH Protein in Tobacco Mosaic Virus --Infected Tobacco Leaves Accelerate the Hypersensitive Reaction. by Seo S, Okamoto M, Iwai T, Iwano M, Fukui K, Isogai A, Nakajima N, Ohashi Y. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149093

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Reduction of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase activase levels in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by antisense RNA reduces ribulose biphosphate carboxylase carbamylation and impairs photosynthesis. by Mate CJ, Hudson GS, von Caemmerer S, Evans JR, Andrews TJ. 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158896

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Reevaluation of the Effects of Brefeldin A on Plant Cells Using Tobacco Bright Yellow 2 Cells Expressing Golgi-Targeted Green Fluorescent Protein and COPI Antisera. by Ritzenthaler C, Nebenfuhr A, Movafeghi A, Stussi-Garaud C, Behnia L, Pimpl P, Staehelin LA, Robinson DG. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150562

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Regulation of pathogenesis-related protein-1a gene expression in tobacco. by Uknes S, Dincher S, Friedrich L, Negrotto D, Williams S, Thompson-Taylor H, Potter S, Ward E, Ryals J. 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160259

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Regulation of Squalene Synthase, a Key Enzyme of Sterol Biosynthesis, in Tobacco. by Devarenne TP, Ghosh A, Chappell J. 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166504

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Regulation of tobacco acetolactate synthase gene expression. by Keeler SJ, Sanders P, Smith JK, Mazur BJ. 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158875

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Relocation of the Plastid rbcL Gene to the Nucleus Yields Functional Ribulose-1,5Bisphosphate Carboxylase in Tobacco Chloroplasts. by Kanevski I, Maliga P. 1994 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43286

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Resistance gene N-mediated de novo synthesis and activation of a tobacco mitogenactivated protein kinase by tobacco mosaic virus infection. by Zhang S, Klessig DF. 1998 Jun 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22641

166 Tobacco

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Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase deficiency delays senescence of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase but progressively impairs its catalysis during tobacco leaf development. by He Z, von Caemmerer S, Hudson GS, Price GD, Badger MR, Andrews TJ. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158623

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RNase activity prevents the growth of a fungal pathogen in tobacco leaves and increases upon induction of systemic acquired resistance with elicitin. by Galiana E, Bonnet P, Conrod S, Keller H, Panabieres F, Ponchet M, Poupet A, Ricci P. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158622

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Role of microtubules in the intracellular distribution of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein. by Mas P, Beachy RN. 2000 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17344

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Role of SCF Ubiquitin-Ligase and the COP9 Signalosome in the N Gene --Mediated Resistance Response to Tobacco mosaic virus. by Liu Y, Schiff M, Serino G, Deng XW, Dinesh-Kumar SP. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150701

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Salicylic Acid Has Cell-Specific Effects on Tobacco mosaic virus Replication and Cell-to-Cell Movement. by Murphy AM, Carr JP. 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148918

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Salicylic acid is a systemic signal and an inducer of pathogenesis-related proteins in virus-infected tobacco. by Yalpani N, Silverman P, Wilson TM, Kleier DA, Raskin I. 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160048

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Secondary plasmodesmata are specific sites of localization of the tobacco mosaic virus movement protein in transgenic tobacco plants. by Ding B, Haudenshield JS, Hull RJ, Wolf S, Beachy RN, Lucas WJ. 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160184

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Sequence of a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) gene coding for type A phytochrome. by Adam E, Deak M, Kay S, Chua NH, Nagy F. 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=160672

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Silencing of beta-1,3-glucanase genes in tobacco correlates with an increased abundance of RNA degradation intermediates. by van Eldik GJ, Litiere K, Jacobs JJ, Van Montagu M, Cornelissen M. 1998 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147964

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Simultaneous Down-Regulation of Caffeic/5-Hydroxy Ferulic Acid-OMethyltransferase I and Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in the Progeny from a Cross between Tobacco Lines Homozygous for Each Transgene. Consequences for Plant Development and Lignin Synthesis. by Pincon G, Chabannes M, Lapierre C, Pollet B, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Boudet AM, Legrand M. 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102289

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Simultaneous Suppression of Multiple Genes by Single Transgenes. DownRegulation of Three Unrelated Lignin Biosynthetic Genes in Tobacco. by Abbott JC, Barakate A, Pincon G, Legrand M, Lapierre C, Mila I, Schuch W, Halpin C. 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152198

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Solubilization and Partial Characterization of Homogalacturonan-Methyltransferase from Microsomal Membranes of Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells. by Goubet F, Mohnen D. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59378

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Specific Association of Transcripts of tbzF and tbz17, Tobacco Genes Encoding Basic Region Leucine Zipper-Type Transcriptional Activators, with Guard Cells of Senescing Leaves and/or Flowers. by Yang SH, Berberich T, Sano H, Kusano T. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117959

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Sterol C-24 Methyltransferase Type 1 Controls the Flux of Carbon into Sterol Biosynthesis in Tobacco Seed. by Holmberg N, Harker M, Gibbard CL, Wallace AD, Clayton JC, Rawlins S, Hellyer A, Safford R. 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166563

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Structure --function analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N. by DineshKumar SP, Tham WH, Baker BJ. 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18997

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Superoxide Production by Plant Homologues of the gp91phox NADPH Oxidase. Modulation of Activity by Calcium and by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. by Sagi M, Fluhr R. 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116485

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Targeted Inactivation of the Plastid ndhB Gene in Tobacco Results in an Enhanced Sensitivity of Photosynthesis to Moderate Stomatal Closure. by Horvath EM, Peter SO, Joet T, Rumeau D, Cournac L, Horvath GV, Kavanagh TA, Schafer C, Peltier G, Medgyesy P. 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59092

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Targeting a Nuclear Anthranilate Synthase [alpha]-Subunit Gene to the Tobacco Plastid Genome Results in Enhanced Tryptophan Biosynthesis. Return of a Gene to Its Pre-Endosymbiotic Origin. by Zhang XH, Brotherton JE, Widholm JM, Portis AR Jr. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117969

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Targeting Tryptophan Decarboxylase to Selected Subcellular Compartments of Tobacco Plants Affects Enzyme Stability and in Vivo Function and Leads to a LesionMimic Phenotype. by Di Fiore S, Li Q, Leech MJ, Schuster F, Emans N, Fischer R, Schillberg S. 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166510

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TGA1a, A Tobacco DNA-Binding Protein, Increases the Rate of Initiation in a Plant in vitro Transcription System. by Yamazaki K, Katagiri F, Imaseki H, Chua N. 1990 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54677

168 Tobacco

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The conserved KNOX domain mediates specificity of tobacco KNOTTED1-type homeodomain proteins. by Sakamoto T, Nishimura A, Tamaoki M, Kuba M, Tanaka H, Iwahori S, Matsuoka M. 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144289

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The Gene for the Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Small Subunit Relocated to the Plastid Genome of Tobacco Directs the Synthesis of Small Subunits That Assemble into Rubisco. by Whitney SM, Andrews TJ. 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102209

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The Generation of Active Oxygen Species Differs in Tobacco and Grapevine Mesophyll Protoplasts. by Papadakis AK, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59368

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The N Gene of Tobacco Confers Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Transgenic Tomato. by Whitham S, McCormick S, Baker B. 1996 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38750

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The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of tobacco class I chitinase is essential for chitin binding but not for catalytic or antifungal activity. by Iseli B, Boller T, Neuhaus JM. 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158966

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The Protein Encoded by Oncogene 6b from Agrobacterium tumefaciens Interacts with a Nuclear Protein of Tobacco. by Kitakura S, Fujita T, Ueno Y, Terakura S, Wabiko H, Machida Y. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152924

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The Pseudomonas AvrPto Protein Is Differentially Recognized by Tomato and Tobacco and Is Localized to the Plant Plasma Membrane. by Shan L, Thara VK, Martin GB, Zhou JM, Tang X. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102221

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The Role of Chloroplast Electron Transport and Metabolites in Modulating Rubisco Activity in Tobacco. Insights from Transgenic Plants with Reduced Amounts of Cytochrome b/f Complex or Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. by Ruuska SA, Andrews TJ, Badger MR, Price GD, von Caemmerer S. 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58886

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The tobacco homolog of mammalian calreticulin is present in protein complexes in vivo. by Denecke J, Carlsson LE, Vidal S, Hoglund AS, Ek B, van Zeijl MJ, Sinjorgo KM, Palva ET. 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160791

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The tobacco salicylic acid-binding protein 3 (SABP3) is the chloroplast carbonic anhydrase, which exhibits antioxidant activity and plays a role in the hypersensitive defense response. by Slaymaker DH, Navarre DA, Clark D, del Pozo O, Martin GB, Klessig DF. 2002 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129322

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Three Tnt1 Subfamilies Show Different Stress-Associated Patterns of Expression in Tobacco. Consequences for Retrotransposon Control and Evolution in Plants. by Beguiristain T, Grandbastien MA, Puigdomenech P, Casacuberta JM. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117977

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Tissue Culture-Specific Expression of a Naturally Occurring Tobacco FeedbackInsensitive Anthranilate Synthase. by Song HS, Brotherton JE, Gonzales RA, Widholm JM. 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34973

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Tissue-specific activity of two manganese superoxide dismutase promoters in transgenic tobacco. by Van Camp W, Herouart D, Willekens H, Takahashi H, Saito K, Van Montagu M, Inze D. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157975

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Tissue-specific expression and promoter analysis of the tobacco Itp1 gene. by Canevascini S, Caderas D, Mandel T, Fleming AJ, Dupuis I, Kuhlemeier C. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157974

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Tobacco genes expressed during in vitro floral initiation and their expression during normal plant development. by Meeks-Wagner DR, Dennis ES, Tran Thanh Van K, Peacock WJ. 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159734

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Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein associates with the cytoskeleton in tobacco cells. by McLean BG, Zupan J, Zambryski PC. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161065

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Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein-mediated protein transport between trichome cells. by Waigmann E, Zambryski P. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161062

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Tobacco O-Methyltransferases Involved in Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. The Different Caffeoyl-Coenzyme A/5-Hydroxyferuloyl-Coenzyme A 3/5-OMethyltransferase and Caffeic Acid/5-Hydroxyferulic Acid 3/5-O-Methyltransferase Classes Have Distinct Substrate Specificities and Expression Patterns. by Maury S, Geoffroy P, Legrand M. 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59370

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Tobacco VDL Gene Encodes a Plastid DEAD Box RNA Helicase and Is Involved in Chloroplast Differentiation and Plant Morphogenesis. by Wang Y, Duby G, Purnelle B, Boutry M. 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150163

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Transcription factor RF2a alters expression of the rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. by Petruccelli S, Dai S, Carcamo R, Yin Y, Chen S, Beachy RN. 2001 Jun 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34720

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Transcriptional Down-Regulation by Abscisic Acid of Pathogenesis-Related [beta]1,3-Glucanase Genes in Tobacco Cell Cultures. by Rezzonico E, Flury N, Meins F Jr, Beffa R. 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34978

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Transgenic Plants Expressing Potato Virus X ORF2 Protein (p24) Are Resistant to Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Ob Tobamoviruses. by Ares X, Calamante G, Cabral S, Lodge J, Hemenway P, Beachy RN, Mentaberry A. 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=109429

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Transgenic Tobacco and Arabidopsis Plants Expressing the Two Multifunctional Sorghum Cytochrome P450 Enzymes, CYP79A1 and CYP71E1, Are Cyanogenic and Accumulate Metabolites Derived from Intermediates in Dhurrin Biosynthesis. by Bak S, Olsen CE, Halkier BA, Moller BL. 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59100

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Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the Drosophila Polycomb (Pc) chromodomain show developmental alterations: possible role of Pc chromodomain proteins in chromatin-mediated gene regulation in plants. by Ingram R, Charrier B, Scollan C, Meyer P. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144239

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Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced capability to detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates are hyperresponsive to pathogen infection. by Mittler R, Herr EH, Orvar BL, van Camp W, Willekens H, Inze D, Ellis BE. 1999 Nov 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24208

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Transient expression of a tumor-specific single-chain fragment and a chimeric antibody in tobacco leaves. by Vaquero C, Sack M, Chandler J, Drossard J, Schuster F, Monecke M, Schillberg S, Fischer R. 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17998

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Transposon Tagging of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resistance Gene N: Its Possible Role in the TMV-N-Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway. by Dinesh-Kumar SP, Whitham S, Choi D, Hehl R, Corr C, Baker B. 1995 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41906

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Two divergent members of a tobacco 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) gene family. cDNA structure, gene inheritance and expression, and properties of recombinant proteins. by Lee D, Douglas CJ. 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157938

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Two G-box-related sequences confer different expression patterns in transgenic tobacco. by Salinas J, Oeda K, Chua NH. 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160235

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Unsaturation of the Membrane Lipids of Chloroplasts Stabilizes the Photosynthetic Machinery Against Low-Temperature Photoinhibition in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. by Moon BY, Higashi S, Gombos Z, Murata N. 1995 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41489

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Up-Regulation of Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Tobacco Cells Constitutively Expressing the Human Type I Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase. by Perera IY, Love J, Heilmann I, Thompson WF, Boss WF. 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166768

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Variable Patterns of Expression of Luciferase in Transgenic Tobacco Leaves. by Barnes WM. 1990 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55128

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Viral RNA Trafficking is Inhibited in Replicase-Mediated Resistant Transgenic Tobacco Plants. by Nguyen L, Lucas WJ, Ding B, Zaitlin M. 1996 Oct 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38046

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tobacco, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tobacco (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

A 2-year efficacy study of Not On Tobacco in Florida: an overview of program successes in changing teen smoking behavior. Author(s): Dino G, Horn K, Goldcamp J, Fernandes A, Kalsekar I, Massey C. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 December; 33(6): 600-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716656&dopt=Abstract

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A balanced tobacco control policy. Author(s): Sugarman SD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 March; 93(3): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604484&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

172 Tobacco

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A burning topic: tobacco and death. Author(s): Mayers I. Source: Can Respir J. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 91-2, 94-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972162&dopt=Abstract

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A call for action to support best practices in evaluation of comprehensive tobacco control evaluation strategies. Author(s): Manske S, Maule C, O'Connor S, Lovato C, Harvey D; National Tobacco Control Best Practices Working Group. Source: Chronic Diseases in Canada. 2003 Winter; 24(1): 32-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757634&dopt=Abstract

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A carcinoembryonic antigen-specific diabody produced in tobacco. Author(s): Vaquero C, Sack M, Schuster F, Finnern R, Drossard J, Schumann D, Reimann A, Fischer R. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 March; 16(3): 408-10. Epub 2002 January 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790722&dopt=Abstract

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A case-control study of tobacco use and other non-occupational risk factors for t(14;18) subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (United States). Author(s): Schroeder JC, Olshan AF, Dent RB, Weinberg CR, Yount B, Cerhan JR, Lynch CF, Schuman LM, Tolbert PE, Rothman N, Cantor KP, Blair A. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 March; 13(2): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936822&dopt=Abstract

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A clinic-based, case-control comparison of green tobacco sickness among minority farmworkers: clues for prevention. Author(s): Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Garcia DI, Preisser JS Jr, Norton D, Rao P. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 September; 95(9): 1008-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356099&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smokeless tobacco cessation. Author(s): Glover ED, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CL, Hobbs G. Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206448&dopt=Abstract

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A consideration of the role of gas/particle partitioning in the deposition of nicotine and other tobacco smoke compounds in the respiratory tract. Author(s): Pankow JF. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2001 November; 14(11): 1465-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712903&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled trial of an environmental tobacco smoke reduction intervention in lowincome children with asthma. Author(s): Wilson SR, Yamada EG, Sudhakar R, Roberto L, Mannino D, Mejia C, Huss N. Source: Chest. 2001 November; 120(5): 1709-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713157&dopt=Abstract

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A global approach to tobacco policy. Author(s): Gray N. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 February; 39(2): 113-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581561&dopt=Abstract

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A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health in middle-aged and old Americans: results from the Health and Retirement Study and Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old survey. Author(s): Ostbye T, Taylor DH, Jung SH. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 March; 34(3): 334-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902850&dopt=Abstract

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A molecular dosimetry approach to assess human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pubs. Author(s): Besaratinia A, Maas LM, Brouwer EM, Moonen EJ, De Kok TM, Wesseling GJ, Loft S, Kleinjans JC, Van Schooten FJ. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 July; 23(7): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117775&dopt=Abstract

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A mouse lung tumor model of tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Author(s): Witschi H, Espiritu I, Dance ST, Miller MS. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2002 August; 68(2): 322-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151628&dopt=Abstract

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A new prescription for South Dakota's tobacco problem. Author(s): Nord A, Parry R. Source: S D J Med. 2002 January; 55(1): 15-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808406&dopt=Abstract

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A participatory research approach to address data needs in tobacco use among Native Hawaiians. Author(s): Tsark JA. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 40-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720413&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study to evaluate a tobacco diversion program. Author(s): Lazovich D, Ford J, Forster J, Riley B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 November; 91(11): 1790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684602&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of tobacco smoking as a predictor of complications in general surgery. Author(s): Delgado-Rodriguez M, Medina-Cuadros M, Martinez-Gallego G, GomezOrtega A, Mariscal-Ortiz M, Palma-Perez S, Sillero-Arenas M. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2003 January; 24(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558234&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study on active and environmental tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk (The Netherlands). Author(s): Zeegers MP, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 February; 13(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899922&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of two primary school intervention strategies to prevent early onset tobacco smoking. Author(s): Storr CL, Ialongo NS, Kellam SG, Anthony JC. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 March 1; 66(1): 51-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850136&dopt=Abstract

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A simulation model of policies directed at treating tobacco use and dependence. Author(s): Levy DT, Friend K. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 2002 January-February; 22(1): 6-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833665&dopt=Abstract

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A smoking cessation intervention for parents of children who are hospitalized for respiratory illness: the stop tobacco outreach program. Author(s): Winickoff JP, Hillis VJ, Palfrey JS, Perrin JM, Rigotti NA. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 January; 111(1): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509567&dopt=Abstract

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A statewide school tobacco policy review: process, results, and implications. Author(s): Stephens YD, English G. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 October; 72(8): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389374&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the impact of long-term tobacco smoking on postoperative intensive care admission. Author(s): Moller AM, Pedersen T, Villebro N, Schnaberich A, Haas M, Tonnesen R. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 January; 58(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523325&dopt=Abstract

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AAPI youth tobacco use: a comparative analysis of current cigarette use data from the Florida, Texas, and National Youth Tobacco Surveys. Author(s): Kershaw JM. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720411&dopt=Abstract

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Academic profiling of tobacco-related performance measures in primary care. Author(s): Swartz SH, Cowan TM, DePue J, Goldstein MG. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945218&dopt=Abstract

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Academics face court clash with tobacco giants. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 2; 324(7332): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823351&dopt=Abstract

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Acceptability and validity of hair collection from Latino children to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC, Hovell MF. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 375-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791534&dopt=Abstract

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Accomplishments of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program. Author(s): Koh HK. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11 Suppl 2: Ii1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034972&dopt=Abstract

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Acetaldehyde in mainstream tobacco smoke: formation and occurrence in smoke and bioavailability in the smoker. Author(s): Seeman JI, Dixon M, Haussmann HJ. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 November; 15(11): 1331-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437324&dopt=Abstract

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Achieving tobacco cessation: current status, current problems, future possibilities. Author(s): Vaszar LT, Sarinas PS, Lillington GA. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(5): 381-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232442&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of Stat-3 as one of the early events in tobacco chewing-mediated oral carcinogenesis. Author(s): Nagpal JK, Mishra R, Das BR. Source: Cancer. 2002 May 1; 94(9): 2393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015764&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effects of glucose tablets on craving, withdrawal symptoms, and sustained attention in 12-h abstinent tobacco smokers. Author(s): Harakas P, Foulds J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 May; 161(3): 271-7. Epub 2002 April 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021830&dopt=Abstract

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Acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and heart rate variability. Author(s): Pope CA 3rd, Eatough DJ, Gold DR, Pang Y, Nielsen KR, Nath P, Verrier RL, Kanner RE. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 July; 109(7): 711-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485870&dopt=Abstract

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Addressing tobacco in managed care: a survey of dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Author(s): Albert D, Ward A, Ahluwalia K, Sadowsky D. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036795&dopt=Abstract

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Addressing tobacco in managed care: documenting the challenges and potential for systems-level change. Author(s): Curry SJ, Fiore MC, Orleans CT, Keller P. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945213&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples. Author(s): Jackson KM, Sher KJ, Cooper ML, Wood PK. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 May; 97(5): 517-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033653&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent participation in tobacco promotions: the role of psychosocial factors. Author(s): Albers AB, Biener L. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 February; 111(2): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563070&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent tobacco use: the protective effects of developmental assets. Author(s): Atkins LA, Oman RF, Vesely SK, Aspy CB, McLeroy K. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2002 March-April; 16(4): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913325&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescents' attitudes and self-perceptions about anti-tobacco advocacy. Author(s): Carver V, Reinert B, Range LM, Campbell C. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 August; 18(4): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939127&dopt=Abstract

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Agent of change: more than “a nuisance to the tobacco industry”. Author(s): Chapman S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 December 2-16; 177(11-12): 661-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463993&dopt=Abstract

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AIDS “may dwarf tobacco as killer”. Author(s): Cannell E. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2002 January; 38(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822315&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol and tobacco: clinical and treatment issues. Author(s): Sobell MB. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1954-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500134&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol high risk drinking, abuse and dependence among tobacco smoking medical care patients and the general population. Author(s): John U, Hill A, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, Meyer C. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003 March 1; 69(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609700&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: a comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Author(s): Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 November; 96(11): 1603-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784457&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco (nicotine) and pancreatic pathophysiology. Author(s): Rayford PL. Source: J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. 2001 March; 12(1-2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851197&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer: should alcohol be condemned and tobacco acquitted? Author(s): Silva Idos S. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 November 18; 87(11): 1195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439704&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Author(s): Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, Rohan T, Calle EE, Heath CW Jr, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman L, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, Hislop TG, Yang P, Kolonel LM, Nomura AM, Hu J, Johnson KC, Mao Y, De Sanjose S, Lee N, Marchbanks P, Ory HW, Peterson HB, Wilson HG, Wingo PA, Ebeling K, Kunde D, Nishan P, Hopper JL, Colditz G, Gajalanski V, Martin N, Pardthaisong T, Silpisornkosol S, Theetranont C, Boosiri B, Chutivongse S, Jimakorn P, Virutamasen P, Wongsrichanalai C, Ewertz M, Adami HO, Bergkvist L, Magnusson C, Persson I, Chang-Claude J, Paul C, Skegg DC, Spears GF, Boyle P, Evstifeeva T, Daling JR, Hutchinson WB, Malone K, Noonan EA, Stanford JL, Thomas DB, Weiss NS, White E, Andrieu N, Bremond A, Clavel F, Gairard B, Lansac J, Piana L, Renaud R, Izquierdo A, Viladiu P, Cuevas HR, Ontiveros P, Palet A, Salazar SB, Aristizabel N, Cuadros A, Tryggvadottir L, Tulinius H, Bachelot A, Le MG, Peto J, Franceschi S, Lubin F, Modan B, Ron E, Wax Y, Friedman GD, Hiatt RA, Levi F, Bishop T, Kosmelj K, Primic-Zakelj M, Ravnihar B, Stare J, Beeson WL, Fraser G, Bullbrook RD, Cuzick J, Duffy SW, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Wang DY, McMichael AJ, McPherson K, Hanson RL, Leske MC, Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Varma AO, Weinstein AL, Moller TR, Olsson H, Ranstam J, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Apelo RA, Baens J, de la Cruz JR, Javier B, Lacaya LB, Ngelangel CA, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Marubini E, Ferraroni M, Gerber M, Richardson S, Segala C, Gatei D, Kenya P, Kungu A, Mati JG, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Schairer C, Spirtas R, Lee HP, Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE, Schoenberg JA, McCredie M, Gammon MD, Clarke EA, Jones L, Neil A, Vessey M, Yeates D, Appleby P, Banks E, Beral V, Bull D, Crossley B, Goodill A, Green J, Hermon C, Key T, Langston N, Lewis C, Reeves G, Collins R, Doll R, Peto R, Mabuchi K, Preston D, Hannaford P, Kay C, RoseroBixby L, Gao YT, Jin F, Yuan JM, Wei HY, Yun T, Zhiheng C, Berry G, Cooper Booth J, Jelihovsky T, MacLennan R, Shearman R, Wang QS, Baines CJ, Miller AB, Wall C, Lund E, Stalsberg H, Shu XO, Zheng W, Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Dabancens A, Martinez L, Molina R, Salas O, Alexander FE, Anderson K, Folsom AR, Hulka BS, Bernstein L, Enger S, Haile RW, Paganini-Hill A, Pike MC, Ross RK, Ursin G, Yu MC, Longnecker MP, Newcomb P, Bergkvist L, Kalache A, Farley TM, Holck S, Meirik O; Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 November 18; 87(11): 1234-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439712&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among pregnant teenagers: 6-year follow-up of offspring growth effects. Author(s): Cornelius MD, Goldschmidt L, Day NL, Larkby C. Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 703-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460652&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use among young adults prior to entering the military. Author(s): Ames GM, Cunradi CB, Moore RS. Source: Prevention Science : the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research. 2002 June; 3(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088138&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use and the onset of type 2 diabetes among inner-city minority patients. Author(s): Johnson KH, Bazargan M, Cherpitel CJ. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2001 November-December; 14(6): 430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757885&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations of neutrophil f-actin kinetics by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. Author(s): Ryder MI, Wu TC, Kallaos SS, Hyun W. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 2002 August; 37(4): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200973&dopt=Abstract

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Altria means tobacco: Philip Morris's identity crisis. Author(s): Smith EA, Malone RE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 April; 93(4): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660196&dopt=Abstract

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American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: tobacco control-reducing cancer incidence and saving lives. 2003. Author(s): American Society of Clinical Oncology. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 July 15; 21(14): 2777-86. Epub 2003 May 31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777442&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of tobacco brief intervention training in three indigenous health care settings in north Queensland. Author(s): Harvey D, Tsey K, Cadet-James Y, Minniecon D, Ivers R, McCalman J, Lloyd J, Young D. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 October; 26(5): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413286&dopt=Abstract

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An exploratory study on gutkha and smokeless tobacco consumption. Author(s): Bansode NN. Source: The Nursing Journal of India. 2002 June; 93(6): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649939&dopt=Abstract

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An international comparison of tobacco smoking, beliefs and risk awareness in university students from 23 countries. Author(s): Steptoe A, Wardle J, Cui W, Baban A, Glass K, Tsuda A, Vinck J. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 December; 97(12): 1561-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472640&dopt=Abstract

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Anabasine and anatabine as biomarkers for tobacco use during nicotine replacement therapy. Author(s): Jacob P 3rd, Hatsukami D, Severson H, Hall S, Yu L, Benowitz NL. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 December; 11(12): 1668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496059&dopt=Abstract

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Analytical solutions to compartmental indoor air quality models with application to environmental tobacco smoke concentrations measured in a house. Author(s): Ott WR, Klepeis NE, Switzer P. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003 August; 53(8): 918-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943312&dopt=Abstract

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Animal models as a tool for studying mechanisms of co-abuse of alcohol and tobacco. Author(s): Balogh SA, Owens JC, Butt CM, Wehner JM, Collins AC. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1911-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500117&dopt=Abstract

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Another mirror shattered? Tobacco industry involvement suspected in a book which claims that nicotine is not addictive. Author(s): Edwards G, Babor TF, Hall W, West R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 January; 97(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895259&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-tobacco advertisements by Massachusetts and Philip Morris: what teenagers think. Author(s): Biener L. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11 Suppl 2: Ii43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034981&dopt=Abstract

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Application of consumer protection authority in preventing tobacco sales to minors. Author(s): Krevor BS, Lieberman A, Gerlach K. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035002&dopt=Abstract

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Apply federal research rules on deception to misleading health information: an example on smokeless tobacco and cigarettes. Author(s): Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2003 May-June; 118(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766212&dopt=Abstract

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Applying the transtheoretical model to tobacco cessation and prevention: a review of literature. Author(s): Spencer L, Pagell F, Hallion ME, Adams TB. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2002 September-October; 17(1): 7-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271754&dopt=Abstract

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ASHRAE Standard 62: tobacco industry's influence over national ventilation standards. Author(s): Bialous SA, Glantz SA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 December; 11(4): 315-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432157&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing tobacco beliefs among youth using item response theory models. Author(s): Panter AT, Reeve BB. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 November; 68 Suppl 1: S21-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324173&dopt=Abstract

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Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the development of acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 case-control study. Author(s): Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Tzioumis K, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198272&dopt=Abstract

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Association between self-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer: modification by GSTP1 polymorphism. Author(s): Miller DP, De Vivo I, Neuberg D, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Su L, Christiani DC. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 May 10; 104(6): 758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640684&dopt=Abstract

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Association between tobacco use and metastatic neck disease. Author(s): Mansour OI, Snyderman CH, D'Amico F. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 January; 113(1): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514402&dopt=Abstract

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Association of point-of-purchase tobacco advertising and promotions with choice of usual brand among teenage smokers. Author(s): Wakefield MA, Ruel EE, Chaloupka FJ, Slater SJ, Kaufman NJ. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 March-April; 7(2): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049420&dopt=Abstract

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Association of tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncitial virus infection with airways reactivity in early childhood. Author(s): Adler A, Ngo L, Tosta P, Tager IB. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 December; 32(6): 418-27. Erratum In: Pediatr Pulmonol 2002 April; 33(4): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747244&dopt=Abstract

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Association of tobacco smoking with goiter in a low-iodine-intake area. Author(s): Knudsen N, Bulow I, Laurberg P, Ovesen L, Perrild H, Jorgensen T. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 25; 162(4): 439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863477&dopt=Abstract

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Associations of LPL and APOC3 gene polymorphisms on plasma lipids in a Mediterranean population: interaction with tobacco smoking and the APOE locus. Author(s): Corella D, Guillen M, Saiz C, Portoles O, Sabater A, Folch J, Ordovas JM. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2002 March; 43(3): 416-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893778&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma management and environmental tobacco smoke exposure reduction in Latino children: a controlled trial. Author(s): Hovell MF, Meltzer SB, Wahlgren DR, Matt GE, Hofstetter CR, Jones JA, Meltzer EO, Bernert JT, Pirkle JL. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 November; 110(5): 946-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415035&dopt=Abstract

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At work with the CDC. Business & tobacco. Author(s): Husten CG, Rosenthal AC. Source: Bus Health. 2001 November-December; 19(10): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771055&dopt=Abstract

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Attitudes of pediatric dentists towards tobacco intervention for children and adolescents: a pilot survey. Author(s): Shenkin JD, Horowitz AM, Drury TF, Kanellis M. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627703&dopt=Abstract

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Australian court rules against tobacco company in lung-cancer case. Author(s): Liberman J, Loff B. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 4; 359(9317): 1586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047979&dopt=Abstract

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Bacillus species are present in chewing tobacco sold in the United States and evoke plasma exudation from the oral mucosa. Author(s): Rubinstein I, Pedersen GW. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 September; 9(5): 1057-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204959&dopt=Abstract

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Ban on tobacco advertising moves a step closer. Author(s): Kmietowicz Z. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 23; 324(7339): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909781&dopt=Abstract

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Bar and club tobacco promotions in the alternative press: targeting young adults. Author(s): Sepe E, Glantz SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 January; 92(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772765&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to tobacco cessation in clinical practice: report from a National Survey of Oncology Nurses. Author(s): Sarna L, Wewers ME, Brown JK, Lillington L, Brecht ML. Source: Nursing Outlook. 2001 July-August; 49(4): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514788&dopt=Abstract

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BAT flouts tobacco-free World Cup policy. Author(s): Assunta M. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198283&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral problems and tobacco use among adolescents in Central America and the Dominican Republic. Author(s): Vittetoe K, Lopez MF, Delva J, Wagner F, Anthony JC; Panama, Centro America, y Republica Dominicana Research Group. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2002 February; 11(2): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939118&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral tobacco cessation treatments: yesterday's news or tomorrow's headlines? Author(s): Brandon TH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 September 15; 19(18 Suppl): 64S-68S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560976&dopt=Abstract

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Behind the scenes of resolution writing. How Arizona nursing students got tobacco settlement legislation off the ground. Author(s): Kronenbitter R. Source: Imprint. 2001 November-December; 48(4): 63-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765427&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond the tobacco settlement. Author(s): Kessler DA, Myers ML. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 16; 345(7): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519510&dopt=Abstract

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Big Tobacco is trying on the “Russian style”. Author(s): Prokhorov AV, Simpson D. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 March; 10(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226367&dopt=Abstract

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Big tobacco rises from the ashes. How to pay $246 billion and still turn a profit. Author(s): Lavelle M. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2000 November 13; 129(19): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186823&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical changes of saliva in tobacco chewers tobacco smokers, alcohol consumers, leukoplakia and oral cancer patients. Author(s): Girja KP, Sundharam BS, Krishnan PA, Devi CS. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2002 April-June; 13(2): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420576&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Author(s): SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 May; 4(2): 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028847&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers in the assessment of exposure and the biological effects of environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058799&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. Author(s): Georgiadis P, Topinka J, Stoikidou M, Kaila S, Gioka M, Katsouyanni K, Sram R, Autrup H, Kyrtopoulos SA; AULIS Network. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 September; 22(9): 1447-57. Erratum In: Carcinogenesis 2001 October; 22(10): 1733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532867&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers of tobacco exposure or harm: application to clinical and epidemiological studies. 25-26 October 2001, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Author(s): Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Hennrikus DJ, Joseph AM, Pentel PR. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 387-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791522&dopt=Abstract

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Biomonitoring of tobacco smoke carcinogenicity by dosimetry of DNA adducts and genotyping and phenotyping of biotransformational enzymes: a review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Author(s): Besarati Nia A, Kleinjans JC, Van Schooten FJ. Source: Biomarkers : Biochemical Indicators of Exposure, Response, and Susceptibility to Chemicals. 2002 May-June; 7(3): 209-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141065&dopt=Abstract

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Blocking access to online tobacco sales sites. Author(s): Reagan KA, Hong T, Cohen EL, Cody MJ. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035017&dopt=Abstract

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Body mass index, tobacco chewing, alcohol drinking and the risk of oral submucous fibrosis in Kerala, India. Author(s): Hashibe M, Sankaranarayanan R, Thomas G, Kuruvilla B, Mathew B, Somanathan T, Parkin DM, Zhang ZF. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 February; 13(1): 55-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899118&dopt=Abstract

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Brave new world of tobacco disease prevention: promoting dual tobacco-product use? Author(s): Henningfield JE, Rose CA, Giovino GA. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 October; 23(3): 226-8. Erratum In: Am J Prev Med. 2003 January; 24(1): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350457&dopt=Abstract

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Breaking down boundaries in nicotine and tobacco research. Seventh Annual Meeting Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Seattle, WA, USA. 23-25 March 2001. Author(s): Wetter D. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 August; 3(3): 261-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506770&dopt=Abstract

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Breathing easy. Should the government regulate the safety of tobacco products? Who would benefit most? Author(s): Schultz S. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2003 June 23; 134(22): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12827737&dopt=Abstract

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Bridging the divide: a shared interest in a coherent national tobacco policy. Author(s): Parrish SC. Source: Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2002 Winter; 3(1): 109-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825429&dopt=Abstract

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Broaden the impact of tobacco-free education with Tar Wars. Author(s): Posey D. Source: Nasnewsletter. 2002 May; 17(3): 29. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Nasnewsletter 2002 September; 17(5): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035425&dopt=Abstract

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Brundtland pleas for tough tobacco treaty meet reality. Author(s): Kapp C. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 19; 360(9341): 1231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401262&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine dependence in spit tobacco users: a pilot study. Author(s): Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Schroeder DR, Croghan IT, Rasmussen DF, Trautman JA, Cox LS, Hurt RD. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 August; 4(3): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215235&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: guidelines for balancing risks and benefits. Author(s): Hays JT, Ebbert JO. Source: Cns Drugs. 2003; 17(2): 71-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521356&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion sustained release for treatment of tobacco dependence. Author(s): Hays JT, Ebbert JO. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 August; 78(8): 1020-4; Quiz 1024. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911050&dopt=Abstract

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Burning Love: big tobacco takes aim at LGBT youths. Author(s): Washington HA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 July; 92(7): 1086-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084686&dopt=Abstract

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Cabin air quality: indoor pollutants and climate during intercontinental flights with and without tobacco smoking. Author(s): Lindgren T, Norback D. Source: Indoor Air. 2002 December; 12(4): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532758&dopt=Abstract

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Cadmium exposure in tobacco workers: possible renal effects. Author(s): Sisman AR, Bulbul M, Coker C, Onvural B. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755502&dopt=Abstract

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Campaigners fear that Russia's new tobacco law won't work. Author(s): Danishevski K, McKee M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 16; 324(7334): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850361&dopt=Abstract

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Can capitalism advance the goals of tobacco control? Author(s): Cummings KM. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 August; 97(8): 957-8; Discussion 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144593&dopt=Abstract

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Canadian health experts demand that tobacco firms stop using term “light”. Author(s): Spurgeon D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 28; 326(7404): 1418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829549&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer of the larynx in non-smoking alcohol drinkers and in non-drinking tobacco smokers. Author(s): Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Levi F, Bertuzzi M, Negri E, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 August 27; 87(5): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189548&dopt=Abstract

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Cannabis, tobacco, and caffeine use modify the blood pressure reactivity protection of ascorbic acid. Author(s): Brody S, Preut R. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2002 July; 72(4): 811-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062570&dopt=Abstract

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Capturing tobacco status using an automated billing system: steps toward a tobacco registry. Author(s): McAfee T, Grossman R, Dacey S, McClure J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945217&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular disease and the global tobacco epidemic: a wake-up call for cardiologists. Author(s): Jabbour S, Reddy KS, Muna WF, Achutti A. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2002 December; 86(2-3): 185-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419555&dopt=Abstract

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Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in relation to smokeless tobacco use or smoking in 58-year-old men. Author(s): Wallenfeldt K, Hulthe J, Bokemark L, Wikstrand J, Fagerberg B. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 December; 250(6): 492-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902817&dopt=Abstract

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Case studies in international tobacco surveillance: cigarette smuggling in Brazil. Author(s): Shafey O, Cokkinides V, Cavalcante TM, Teixeira M, Vianna C, Thun M. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198271&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral perfusion deficits in age-associated memory impairment. The role of tobacco smoking. Author(s): Siennicki-Lantz A, Lilja B, Elmstahl S. Source: Aging Clin Exp Res. 2002 April; 14(2): 108-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092784&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the use of tobacco among Australian secondary students: results of the 1999 prevalence study and comparisons with earlier years. Author(s): Hill D, White V, Effendi Y. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 April; 26(2): 156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054336&dopt=Abstract

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Changing places: illicit drugs, medicines, tobacco and nicotine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Author(s): Berridge V. Source: Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002; 66: 11-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028669&dopt=Abstract

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Changing the future of tobacco marketing by understanding the mistakes of the past: lessons from “Lights”. Author(s): Canova D, Myers ML, Smith DE, Slade J. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001; 10 Suppl 1: I43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740044&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of women exposed and unexposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in a general population sample of North Italy (Po River Delta epidemiological study). Author(s): Simoni M, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Pedreschi M, Di Pede F, Angino A, Pistelli F, Viegi G. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767962&dopt=Abstract

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Charity calls for ban on tobacco industry funding of research. Author(s): Gould M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 3; 325(7358): 238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153917&dopt=Abstract

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Chasing the dollar: why scientists should decline tobacco industry funding. Author(s): Malone RE, Bero LA. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 546-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883046&dopt=Abstract

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Chewing tobacco use: perceptions and knowledge in rural adolescent youths. Author(s): Campbell-Grossman C, Hudson DB, Fleck MO. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 2003 January-March; 26(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623732&dopt=Abstract

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Chewing tobacco: who uses and who quits? Findings from NHANES III, 1988-1994. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Author(s): Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 February; 92(2): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818301&dopt=Abstract

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Child and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for subsequent tobacco use. Author(s): McMahon RJ. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; 1 Suppl 2: S45-50; Discussion S69-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768186&dopt=Abstract

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Child health-centre-based promotion of a tobacco-free environment--a Swedish case study. Author(s): Arborelius E, Bremberg S. Source: Health Promotion International. 2001 September; 16(3): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509460&dopt=Abstract

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Children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home: comparison of urine cotinine and parental reports. Author(s): Wong GC, Berman BA, Hoang T, Bernaards C, Jones C, Bernert JT. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 November-December; 57(6): 584-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696657&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomal aberrations in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma do not vary based on severity of tobacco/alcohol exposure. Author(s): Singh B, Wreesmann VB, Pfister D, Poluri A, Shaha AR, Kraus D, Shah JP, Rao PH. Source: Bmc Genetics [electronic Resource]. 2002 November 14; 3(1): 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431278&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic disease mortality in a cohort of smokeless tobacco users. Author(s): Accortt NA, Waterbor JW, Beall C, Howard G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October 15; 156(8): 730-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370161&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic tolerance to nicotine in humans and its relationship to tobacco dependence. Author(s): Perkins KA. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 November; 4(4): 405-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521400&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette advertising in magazines: the tobacco industry response to the Master Settlement Agreement and to public pressure. Author(s): Hamilton WL, Turner-Bowker DM, Celebucki CC, Connolly GN. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11 Suppl 2: Ii54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034983&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: The Cancer Prevention Study II. Author(s): Chao A, Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 October 1; 101(4): 380-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209964&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effectiveness of sustained-release bupropion and behavior therapy for tobacco dependence in a clinical setting. Author(s): Earles J, Folen RA, Ma M, Kellar M, Geralde R, Dydek C. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 November; 167(11): 923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448619&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical interventions and smoking ban methods to reduce infants' and children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Wewers ME, Uno M. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2002 September-October; 31(5): 592-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353739&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical phenotyping strategies in selection of tobacco smokers for future genotyping studies. Author(s): Domino EF, Ni L. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 October; 26(6): 1071-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452528&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical practice. Treatment of tobacco use and dependence. Author(s): Rigotti NA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 February 14; 346(7): 506-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844853&dopt=Abstract

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Clinician perseverance. Helping patients overcoming tobacco dependence. Author(s): Anderson JE, Fiore MC. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(3): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491022&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and characterization of the cDNA coding for the catalytic alpha subunit of CK2 from tobacco. Author(s): Salinas P, Bantignies B, Tapia J, Jordana X, Holuigue L. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 November; 227(1-2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827163&dopt=Abstract

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Collaborative research and action to control the geographic placement of outdoor advertising of alcohol and tobacco products in Chicago. Author(s): Hackbarth DP, Schnopp-Wyatt D, Katz D, Williams J, Silvestri B, Pfleger M. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2001 November-December; 116(6): 558-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196615&dopt=Abstract

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Combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on laryngeal cancer risk: a case-control study. Author(s): Talamini R, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Dal Maso L, Levi F, Bidoli E, Negri E, Pasche C, Vaccarella S, Barzan L, Franceschi S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 December; 13(10): 957-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588092&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary: tobacco-related diseases: a gender differential? Author(s): Prescott E. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 August; 30(4): 793-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511604&dopt=Abstract

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Common genetic and environmental vulnerability for alcohol and tobacco use in a volunteer sample of older female twins. Author(s): Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2001 November; 62(6): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838905&dopt=Abstract

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Company plans to sell snuff as “smokeless tobacco”. Author(s): Josefson D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896920&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of the site-specific N-glycosylation of human lactoferrin produced in maize and tobacco plants. Author(s): Samyn-Petit B, Wajda Dubos JP, Chirat F, Coddeville B, Demaizieres G, Farrer S, Slomianny MC, Theisen M, Delannoy P. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2003 August; 270(15): 3235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869199&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of tobacco smoking and nasal nicotine. Author(s): Teter CJ, Asfaw B, Ni L, Lutz M, Domino EF, Guthrie SK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 August; 58(5): 309-14. Epub 2002 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185553&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing cannabis with tobacco. Author(s): Henry JA, Oldfield WL, Kon OM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 3; 326(7396): 942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727737&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing cannabis with tobacco: arithmetic does not add up. Author(s): Iversen L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869477&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing cannabis with tobacco: services are needed for acute and chronic effects of cannabis. Author(s): Robertson R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869475&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing cannabis with tobacco: those who start taking cannabis young have the greatest problems. Author(s): Ashton CH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869474&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of tobacco use knowledge, attitude and practice among college students in China and the United States. Author(s): Torabi MR, Yang J, Li J. Source: Health Promotion International. 2002 September; 17(3): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12147639&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: prevalence, correlates, and predictors of tobacco cessation. Author(s): Wetter DW, McClure JB, de Moor C, Cofta-Gunn L, Cummings S, Cinciripini PM, Gritz ER. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 June; 34(6): 638-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052025&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent treatment for alcohol and tobacco dependence: are patients ready to quit both? Author(s): Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Grabowski J. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003 January 24; 69(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536060&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent use of tobacco products by California adolescents. Author(s): Gilpin EA, Pierce JP. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 May; 36(5): 575-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689803&dopt=Abstract

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Conflict of interest and the credibility of nicotine and tobacco research. Author(s): Swan GE, Balfour DJ. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 January; 97(1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898765&dopt=Abstract

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Conflicting dispatches from the tobacco wars. Author(s): Schroeder SA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362014&dopt=Abstract

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Conflicting evidence for the dopamine release theory of nicotine/tobacco dependence. Author(s): Domino EF. Source: Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002 October; 22(5): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451690&dopt=Abstract

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Contemporary perspectives in tobacco cessation: what oncologists need to know. Author(s): Carter CL, Key J, Marsh L, Graves K. Source: The Oncologist. 2001; 6(6): 496-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743212&dopt=Abstract

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Contextual factors and youth tobacco use: policy linkages. Author(s): Chaloupka FJ. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 May; 98 Suppl 1: 147-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752367&dopt=Abstract

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Continuing influence of tobacco industry in Germany. Author(s): Gilmore A, Nolte E, McKee M, Collin J. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 19; 360(9341): 1255; Author Reply 1255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401285&dopt=Abstract

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Controversies in tobacco control: the limitations of fear messages. Author(s): Hastings G, MacFadyen L. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891372&dopt=Abstract

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Corporate speech and the Constitution: the deregulation of tobacco advertising. Author(s): Gostin LO. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 March; 92(3): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867306&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of participation and willingness to participate in anti-tobacco activities among 4th-7th graders. Author(s): Lee DJ, Trapido E, Weatherby N, Rodriguez R. Source: Journal of Community Health. 2001 December; 26(6): 447-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759095&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of tobacco use among smokers and recent quitters diagnosed with cancer. Author(s): Schnoll RA, Malstrom M, James C, Rothman RL, Miller SM, Ridge JA, Movsas B, Unger M, Langer C, Goldberg M. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2002 February; 46(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867244&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation and predictive performances of saliva and plasma nicotine concentration on tobacco withdrawal-induced craving. Author(s): Teneggi V, Squassante L, Iavarone L, Milleri S, Bye A, Gomeni R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 October; 54(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392589&dopt=Abstract

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Cotinine excretion (tobacco smoke biomarker) of smokers and non-smokers: comparison of GC/MS and RIA results. Author(s): Heinrich-Ramm R, Wegner R, Garde AH, Baur X. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 October; 205(6): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455271&dopt=Abstract

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Could product regulation result in less hazardous tobacco products? Author(s): Myers ML. Source: Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2002 Winter; 3(1): 139-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825432&dopt=Abstract

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Could science-based regulation make tobacco products less addictive? Author(s): Henningfield JE, Zeller M. Source: Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2002 Winter; 3(1): 127-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825431&dopt=Abstract

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Counseling for tobacco cessation. Author(s): Mahoney MC, Jaen CR. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 December 1; 64(11): 1881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764866&dopt=Abstract

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Coverage of tobacco dependence treatments for pregnant smokers in health maintenance organizations. Author(s): Pickett KE, Abrams B, Schauffler HH, Savage J, Brandt P, Kalkbrenner A, Chapman SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 September; 91(9): 1393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527766&dopt=Abstract

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Coverage of tobacco dependence treatments for pregnant women and for children and their parents. Author(s): Ibrahim JK, Schauffler HH, Barker DC, Orleans CT. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 December; 92(12): 1940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453812&dopt=Abstract

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Criticism of Tom Houston's review of tobacco: a cultural history of how an exotic plant seduced civilization. Author(s): Ronhovdee M. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2002 July 19; 4(3): 25; Author Reply 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466768&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-cultural validation of the stages of the tobacco acquisition questionnaire and the decisional balance scale. Author(s): Chen HS, Horner SD, Percy MS. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 2003 June; 26(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754731&dopt=Abstract

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Cue reactivity in alcohol and tobacco dependence. Author(s): Drobes DJ. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500123&dopt=Abstract

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Curbing the costs of tobacco use. Author(s): Robbins LT. Source: Ncsl Legisbrief. 2002 November-December; 10(47): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422879&dopt=Abstract

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Curtailing tobacco use among youth: evaluation of project 4-health. Author(s): D'Onofrio CN, Moskowitz JM, Braverman MT. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2002 December; 29(6): 656-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456128&dopt=Abstract

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CYP1A1 levels in lung tissue of tobacco smokers and polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Author(s): Anttila S, Tuominen P, Hirvonen A, Nurminen M, Karjalainen A, Hankinson O, Elovaara E. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2001 August; 11(6): 501-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505220&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic effects in workers occupationally exposed to tobacco dust. Author(s): Umadevi B, Swarna M, Padmavathi P, Jyothi A, Reddy PP. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 March 3; 535(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581532&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased youth tobacco use in Massachusetts 1996 to 1999: evidence of tobacco control effectiveness. Author(s): Soldz S, Clark TW, Stewart E, Celebucki C, Klein Walker D. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11 Suppl 2: Ii14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034975&dopt=Abstract

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Dentistry's role in tobacco control. Author(s): Tomar SL. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 November; 132 Suppl: 30S-35S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803650&dopt=Abstract

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Depiction of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances in G-rated animated feature films. Author(s): Thompson KM, Yokota F. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 June; 107(6): 1369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389259&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of environmental tobacco smoke in a population of Puerto Rican children. Author(s): Preston AM, Rodriguez C, Rivera CE, Sahai H. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 February; 3(1): 61-70. Erratum In: Nicotine Tob Res 2001 August; 3(3): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260812&dopt=Abstract

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Developing a public policy response to the tobacco industry's targeting of women and girls: the role of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Deland K, Lewis K, Taylor AL. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000 Fall; 55(5): 316-9, 321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070656&dopt=Abstract

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Development and implementation of a tobacco consultation program for managed care pharmacists. Author(s): Barbour DM. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 February 1; 58(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217176&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a state wide tobacco treatment specialist training and certification programme for Massachusetts. Author(s): Pbert L, Ockene JK, Ewy BM, Leicher ES, Warner D. Source: Tobacco Control. 2000 December; 9(4): 372-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106706&dopt=Abstract

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Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30 month follow up data from the DANDY study. Author(s): DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Rigotti NA, Fletcher K, Ockene JK, McNeill AD, Coleman M, Wood C. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198274&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental transitions: linking human development with tobacco prevention research. Author(s): Graber JA, Brooks-Gunn J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; (1 Suppl 1): S73-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072408&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and tobacco use: analysis of data from the diabetic control and complications trial, a randomized study. Author(s): Cundiff DK. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2002 January 11; 4(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965204&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in evaluations of a tobacco awareness and cessation program by adolescents in four stages of change. Author(s): Stevens SL, Colwell B, Miller K, Sweeney D, McMillan C, Smith DW. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 April; 28(3): 471-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628620&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in platelet serotonin transporter sites between African-American tobacco smokers and non-smokers. Author(s): Patkar AA, Gopalakrishnan R, Berrettini WH, Weinstein SP, Vergare MJ, Leone FT. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 166(3): 221-7. Epub 2003 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589524&dopt=Abstract

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Different genome maintenance strategies in human and tobacco cells. Author(s): Pelczar P, Kalck V, Kovalchuk I. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 August 22; 331(4): 771-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909009&dopt=Abstract

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Differential mercury volatilization by tobacco organs expressing a modified bacterial merA gene. Author(s): He YK, Sun JG, Feng XZ, Czako M, Marton L. Source: Cell Research. 2001 September; 11(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642409&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation of nicotine tolerance from tobacco dependence in humans. Author(s): Perkins KA, Gerlach D, Broge M, Grobe JE, Sanders M, Fonte C, Vender J, Cherry C, Wilson A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2001 March; 296(3): 849-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181916&dopt=Abstract

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Distinguishing nicotine dependence from smoking: why it matters to tobacco control and psychiatry. Author(s): Hughes JR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 September; 58(9): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545663&dopt=Abstract

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DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis. Author(s): Wiencke JK. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7376-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379880&dopt=Abstract

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Do tobacco companies encourage young people to smoke? Accusations against Philip Morris USA are untrue. Author(s): Merlo E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 27; 322(7280): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159630&dopt=Abstract

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Do tobacco companies encourage young people to smoke? I'm still waiting for my reward. Author(s): Davis R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 27; 322(7280): 237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159634&dopt=Abstract

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Do tobacco companies encourage young people to smoke? Philip Morris does market to young people. Author(s): St Clair S, Klein J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 27; 322(7280): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159632&dopt=Abstract

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Do you presently offer your patients tobacco-use cessation services? Author(s): Lund AE. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000 October; 131(10): 1416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11042981&dopt=Abstract

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Doctor, are you doing your part to help stamp out tobacco use? Author(s): Morgan ML. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 March; 95(3): 159-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921865&dopt=Abstract

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Does elementary school alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use increase middle school risk? Author(s): Wilson N, Battistich V, Syme SL, Boyce WT. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 June; 30(6): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039514&dopt=Abstract

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Does methodology affect the ability to monitor tobacco control activities? implications for HEDIS and other performance measures. Author(s): Solberg LI, Hollis JA, Stevens VJ, Rigotti NA, Quinn VP, Aickin M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 July; 37(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799127&dopt=Abstract

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Does tobacco industry marketing of 'light' cigarettes give smokers a rationale for postponing quitting? Author(s): Gilpin EA, Emery S, White MM, Pierce JP. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573176&dopt=Abstract

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Does tobacco marketing undermine the influence of recommended parenting in discouraging adolescents from smoking? Author(s): Pierce JP, Distefan JM, Jackson C, White MM, Gilpin EA. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 August; 23(2): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121794&dopt=Abstract

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Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents. Author(s): Hjern A, Hedberg A, Haglund B, Rosen M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 31(6): 908-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422156&dopt=Abstract

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Doolin lecture 2001: Dr. Fenton Howell 'Towards a tobacco free society: should we care? Author(s): Murphy JF. Source: Ir Med J. 2002 January; 95(1): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930967&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-years as an improved index of cumulative tobacco smoke exposure. Author(s): Scott DA, Palmer RM, Stapleton JA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 June; 56(6): 735-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11399126&dopt=Abstract

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Draft treaty on tobacco control released. Author(s): Green H. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(9): 764. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378303&dopt=Abstract

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Dual Tobacco use among Native American adults in southeastern North Carolina. Author(s): Spangler JG, Michielutte R, Bell RA, Knick S, Dignan MB, Summerson JH. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 June; 32(6): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394956&dopt=Abstract

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Dutch smokers seek tobacco damages. Author(s): Sheldon T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 24; 322(7284): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222417&dopt=Abstract

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Early rather than recent exposure to tobacco increases bronchial reactivity. Author(s): Nuesslein TG, Fischer H, Welsing E, Riedel F, Rieger CH. Source: Klinische Padiatrie. 2002 November-December; 214(6): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424686&dopt=Abstract

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Education of preventive medicine residents: alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse. Author(s): Abrams Weintraub T, Saitz R, Samet JH. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 January; 24(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554029&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of 2-5 years of tobacco smoking on ventilatory function tests. Author(s): Bajentri AL, Veeranna N, Dixit PD, Kulkarni SB. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 February; 101(2): 96-7, 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841492&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chronic tobacco use on salivary concentrations of sodium and potassium. Author(s): Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Salah-ud-Din, Ihtesham-ul-Haq. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 January-March; 15(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870317&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of strategies to reduce exposure of infants to environmental tobacco smoke in the home: cross sectional survey. Author(s): Blackburn C, Spencer N, Bonas S, Coe C, Dolan A, Moy R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896936&dopt=Abstract

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Effective tobacco dependence treatment. Author(s): Fiore MC, Hatsukami DK, Baker TB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 October 9; 288(14): 1768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365962&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a school-based intervention at changing preadolescents' tobacco use and attitudes. Author(s): VanDyke EM, Riesenberg LA. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 August; 72(6): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212406&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of tobacco counseling in the dental office. Author(s): Warnakulasuriya S. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 September; 66(9): 1079-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374269&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of adults. Author(s): Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 52-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058803&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children. Author(s): Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola MS. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 71-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058805&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on reproductive health. Author(s): Lindbohm ML, Sallmen M, Taskinen H. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 84-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058806&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of garage employment and tobacco smoking on breathing-zone concentrations of carbonyl compounds. Author(s): Zhang L, Chung FL, Boccia L, Colosimo S, Liu W, Zhang J. Source: Aiha Journal : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2003 May-June; 64(3): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809545&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of glutathione S-transferase M1, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Author(s): Gilliland FD, Li YF, Dubeau L, Berhane K, Avol E, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Peters JM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 August 15; 166(4): 457-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186820&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Author(s): Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 1(2): 139-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964681&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of maternal tobacco smoking, sleeping position, and sleep state on arousal in healthy term infants. Author(s): Horne RS, Ferens D, Watts AM, Vitkovic J, Lacey B, Andrew S, Cranage SM, Chau B, Greaves R, Adamson TM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2002 September; 87(2): F100-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193515&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of pro- and anti-tobacco advertising on nonsmoking adolescents' intentions to smoke. Author(s): Straub DM, Hills NK, Thompson PJ, Moscicki AB. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2003 January; 32(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507799&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of safety behaviours with pesticide use on occurrence of acute symptoms in male and female tobacco-growing Malaysian farmers. Author(s): Nordi RB, Araki S, Sato H, Yokoyama K, Wan Muda WA, Win Kyi D. Source: Ind Health. 2002 April; 40(2): 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064560&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on the relationship between maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and neonatal birth weight. Author(s): Hong YC, Lee KH, Son BK, Ha EH, Moon HS, Ha M. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 May; 45(5): 492-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762073&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of tobacco smoke on the secretion of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factoralpha, and transforming growth factor-beta from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Ryder MI, Saghizadeh M, Ding Y, Nguyen N, Soskolne A. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2002 December; 17(6): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485323&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of tobacco smoking on findings in chest computed tomography among asbestos-exposed workers. Author(s): Vehmas T, Kivisaari L, Huuskonen MS, Jaakkola MS. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 May; 21(5): 866-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765435&dopt=Abstract

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Embedded health behaviors from adolescence to adulthood: the impact of tobacco. Author(s): Booth-Butterfield M. Source: Health Communication. 2003; 15(2): 171-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742768&dopt=Abstract

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Emphasising “quit” in the ubiquitous tobacco problem. Author(s): Nelson K. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 16; 362(9383): 544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932411&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced resistance to salt, cold and wound stresses by overproduction of animal cell death suppressors Bcl-xL and Ced-9 in tobacco cells - their possible contribution through improved function of organella. Author(s): Qiao J, Mitsuhara I, Yazaki Y, Sakano K, Gotoh Y, Miura M, Ohashi Y. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 2002 September; 43(9): 992-1005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354917&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced stress-tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human dehydroascorbate reductase gene. Author(s): Kwon SY, Choi SM, Ahn YO, Lee HS, Lee HB, Park YM, Kwak SS. Source: Journal of Plant Physiology. 2003 April; 160(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756914&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective. Author(s): Strahan EJ, White K, Fong GT, Fabrigar LR, Zanna MP, Cameron R. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 183-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198266&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren. Author(s): Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Islam T, Wenten M, Rappaport E, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Peters JM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 May 15; 157(10): 861-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746237&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and adult asthma. Author(s): Eisner MD. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2002 December; 23(4): 749-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512163&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and cancer of sites other than the lung in adult nonsmokers. Author(s): Lee PN. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 June; 40(6): 747-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983270&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Law MR, Wald NJ. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2003 July-August; 46(1): 31-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920699&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and lung function in employees who never smoked: the Scottish MONICA study. Author(s): Chen R, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tavendale R. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 September; 58(9): 563-8. Erratum In: Occup Environ Med 2002 January; 59(1): 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511742&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and myocardial infarction among never-smokers in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). Author(s): Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Gustavsson A, Reuterwall C, Hallqvist J, Nyberg F, Pershagen G; SHEEP Study Group. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 September; 12(5): 558-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505176&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Jousilahti P, Patja K, Salomaa V. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 41-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058802&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98. Author(s): Enstrom JE, Kabat GC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 17; 326(7398): 1057. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750205&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and adult asthma. Author(s): Eisner MD. Source: Chest. 2002 June; 121(6): 2084. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065394&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and nocturnal symptoms among inner-city children with asthma. Author(s): Morkjaroenpong V, Rand CS, Butz AM, Huss K, Eggleston P, Malveaux FJ, Bartlett SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 July; 110(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110834&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pulmonary function among adults in NHANES III: impact on the general population and adults with current asthma. Author(s): Eisner MD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 August; 110(8): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153756&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during travel among adults with asthma. Author(s): Eisner MD, Blanc PD. Source: Chest. 2002 September; 122(3): 826-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226020&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in low-income 6-year-olds: parent report and urine cotinine measures. Author(s): Cornelius MD, Goldschmidt L, Dempsey DA. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791528&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke in homes, motor vehicles and licensed premises: community attitudes and practices. Author(s): Walsh RA, Tzelepis F, Paul CL, McKenzie J. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 December; 26(6): 536-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530798&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental tobacco smoke--a major preventable cause of impaired health at work. Author(s): Zitting A, Husgafvel-Pursianen K, Rantanen J. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 3-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058800&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological studies of tobacco smoking and dependence in Japan. Author(s): Hashimoto E, Sakaguchi S, Shiga M, Ikeda N, Toki S, Saito T. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2001 June; 24(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522431&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Author(s): Brownson RC, Figgs LW, Caisley LE. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7341-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379877&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of tobacco use in the United States. Author(s): Giovino GA. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7326-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379876&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy using a single question on household smokers versus serum cotinine. Author(s): Kaufman FL, Kharrazi M, Delorenze GN, Eskenazi B, Bernert JT. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002 July; 12(4): 286-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087435&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic differences in adolescent smoking behaviors, sources of tobacco, knowledge and attitudes toward restriction policies. Author(s): Ma GX, Shive S, Legos P, Tan Y. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 March; 28(2): 249-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573677&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic similarities and differences in early elementary teachers' responses to tobacco prevention. Author(s): Carver V, Reinert B, Range LM, Campbell C. Source: J Cult Divers. 2002 Summer; 9(2): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226933&dopt=Abstract

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EU waters down its plan to restrict tobacco advertising. Author(s): Watson R; European Union. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 19; 325(7369): 853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386020&dopt=Abstract

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European commission publishes cancer code, continues providing subsidies to tobacco farmers. Author(s): Illman J. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 August 20; 95(16): 1187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928337&dopt=Abstract

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European Court adviser rules against British American Tobacco and Imperial. Author(s): Watson R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 September 21; 325(7365): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269308&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating the tobacco settlement damage awards: too much or not enough? Author(s): Coller M, Harrison GW, McInnes MM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 984-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036793&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of 210Pb and 210Po in cigarette tobacco produced in Brazil. Author(s): Peres AC, Hiromoto G. Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2002; 62(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141603&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in human breast cancer: the influence of tobacco smoke. Author(s): Faraglia B, Chen SY, Gammon MD, Zhang Y, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Garbowski GC, Hibshoosh H, Lin D, Kadlubar FF, Santella RM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 April; 24(4): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727801&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of subclinical respiratory tract inflammation in heavy smokers who switch to a cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that primarily heats tobacco. Author(s): Rennard SI, Umino T, Millatmal T, Daughton DM, Manouilova LS, Ullrich FA, Patil KD, Romberger DJ, Floreani AA, Anderson JR. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 November; 4(4): 467-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521406&dopt=Abstract

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Evolving patterns of tobacco use in northern Sweden. Author(s): Rodu B, Stegmayr B, Nasic S, Cole P, Asplund K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 June; 253(6): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755962&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Bates MN, Fawcett J, Dickson S, Berezowski R, Garrett N. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035005&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and children health. Author(s): Tutka P, Wielosz M, Zatonski W. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2002; 15(4): 325-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608620&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in preschool children. Author(s): Tsai HT, Wu MT, Hauser R, Rodrigues E, Ho CK, Liu CL, Christiani DC. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 March; 19(3): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751869&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Finland in 2000. Author(s): Kauppinen TP, Virtanen SV. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058804&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pregnant women: the association between self-report and serum cotinine. Author(s): DeLorenze GN, Kharrazi M, Kaufman FL, Eskenazi B, Bernert JT. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 September; 90(1): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359187&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurants without separate ventilation systems for smoking and nonsmoking dining areas. Author(s): Akbar-Khanzadeh F. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2003 February; 58(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899210&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with lower plasma betacarotene levels among nonsmoking women married to a smoker. Author(s): Farchi S, Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Baldacci S, Simoni M, Perucci CA, Viegi G; On behalf of the SEASD Group. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 August; 10(8): 907-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489760&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to indoor combustion and adult asthma outcomes: environmental tobacco smoke, gas stoves, and woodsmoke. Author(s): Eisner MD, Yelin EH, Katz PP, Earnest G, Blanc PD. Source: Thorax. 2002 November; 57(11): 973-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403881&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero and the risk of stillbirth and death in the first year of life. Author(s): Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Henriksen TB, Olsen SF, Secher NJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 August 15; 154(4): 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495855&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of anti human IL-4 and IL-6 scFvs in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Ehsani P, Meunier A, Nato F, Jafari A, Nato A, Lafaye P. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2003 May; 52(1): 17-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825686&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of bcl-2 and bax in chewing tobacco-induced oral cancers and oral lesions from India. Author(s): Teni T, Pawar S, Sanghvi V, Saranath D. Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 2002; 8(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172574&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of cell cycle proteins in head and neck cancer correlates with tumor site rather than tobacco use. Author(s): Haas S, Hormann K, Bosch FX. Source: Oral Oncology. 2002 September; 38(6): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167441&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of cytochrome CYP2B1/2 in nonpregnant, pregnant and fetal rats exposed to tobacco smoke. Author(s): Czekaj P, Wiaderkiewicz A, Florek E, Wiaderkiewicz R. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2000; 47(4): 1115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996101&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the telomeric repeat binding factor gene NgTRF1 is closely coordinated with the cell division program in tobacco BY-2 suspension culture cells. Author(s): Yang SW, Kim DH, Lee JJ, Chun YJ, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Chung IK, Kim WT. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 13; 278(24): 21395-407. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646586&dopt=Abstract

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Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Roseby R, Waters E, Polnay A, Campbell R, Webster P, Spencer N. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd001746. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917911&dopt=Abstract

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Farmer health beliefs about an occupational illness that affects farmworkers: the case of green tobacco sickness. Author(s): Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Simmons S. Source: J Agric Saf Health. 2003 February; 9(1): 33-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673914&dopt=Abstract

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Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Author(s): Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, Dalton MA, Beach ML, Heatherton TF. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 March; 10(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226355&dopt=Abstract

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FDA and tobacco regulation in the 21st century: where are we headed? Author(s): Ballin SD. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000 Fall; 55(5): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070657&dopt=Abstract

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Federal government addresses tobacco in many arenas. Author(s): Meier E. Source: Ons News / Oncology Nursing Society. 1999 December; 14(12): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017703&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke is common. Author(s): Pichini S, Pacifici R, Puig C, Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Sunyer J. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 December; 55(12): 936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732504&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal growth and length of gestation in relation to prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke assessed by hair nicotine concentration. Author(s): Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola N, Zahlsen K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): 557-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445507&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal tobacco syndrome and perinatal outcome. Author(s): Habek D, Habek JC, Ivanisevic M, Djelmis J. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2002 November-December; 17(6): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393968&dopt=Abstract

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Fifth through eighth grade longitudinal predictors of tobacco use among a racially diverse cohort: CATCH. Author(s): Johnson CC, Li D, Perry CL, Elder JP, Feldman HA, Kelder SH, Stone EJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 February; 72(2): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905130&dopt=Abstract

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Fifty years of research on tobacco. Author(s): Doll R. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. 2000; 5(6): 321-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234736&dopt=Abstract

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Fighting tobacco dependence in Europe. Author(s): Raw M. Source: Nature Medicine. 2001 January; 7(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11135600&dopt=Abstract

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Final report on tobacco risks from a case-control study. Author(s): Thomas G. Source: Indian Heart J. 2002 January-February; 54(1): 111. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999083&dopt=Abstract

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Financial consequences of changes in health care demands related to tobacco consumption in Mexico: information for policy makers. Author(s): Arredondo A, Parada I, Carrillo C. Source: Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 July; 61(1): 43-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173496&dopt=Abstract

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First-line pharmacotherapy for tobacco use and dependence. Author(s): Watts SA, Noble SL, Smith PO, Disco M. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 November-December; 15(6): 489-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463296&dopt=Abstract

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Food litigation: lessons from the tobacco wars. Author(s): Daynard RA, Hash LE, Robbins A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 November 6; 288(17): 2179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413385&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of 8-nitroguanine in tobacco cigarette smokers and in tobacco smokeexposed Wistar rats. Author(s): Hsieh YS, Chen BC, Shiow SJ, Wang HC, Hsu JD, Wang CJ. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2002 April 20; 140(1): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044561&dopt=Abstract

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Formula one racing and the end of tobacco sponsorship: half pregnant at 350 kph? Author(s): Chapman S. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034988&dopt=Abstract

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Framework Convention Alliance: building support for global tobacco control. Author(s): LeGrand C. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 June; 17(6): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420574&dopt=Abstract

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Framework convention on tobacco control signed; countries consider plan's implementation. Author(s): Twombly R. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 July 2; 95(13): 935-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837825&dopt=Abstract

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Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Slater EE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 347(7): 537-8; Author Reply 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182193&dopt=Abstract

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Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Wilkenfeld J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 347(7): 537-8; Author Reply 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182192&dopt=Abstract

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Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Lutschg JH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 347(7): 537-8; Author Reply 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181414&dopt=Abstract

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Framework convention on tobacco control: progress and implications for health and the environment. Author(s): Guindon GE, de Beyer J, Galbraith S. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 May; 111(5): A262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727608&dopt=Abstract

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Framework convention on tobacco control: the way out. Author(s): Islam N. Source: Trop Doct. 2001 July; 31(3): 129-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444328&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent epigenetic silencing of the p16 gene in non-small cell lung cancers of tobacco smokers. Author(s): Yanagawa N, Tamura G, Oizumi H, Takahashi N, Shimazaki Y, Motoyama T. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2002 October; 93(10): 1107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417040&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent use of tobacco and alcohol in Chinese psoriasis patients. Author(s): Zhang X, Wang H, Te-Shao H, Yang S, Wang F. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 41(10): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390188&dopt=Abstract

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From the Surgeon General. International tobacco control: an update. Author(s): Satcher D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 July 18; 286(3): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466085&dopt=Abstract

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From tobacco to health care and beyond--a critique of lawsuits targeting unpopular industries. Author(s): Jensen BA. Source: Cornell Law Rev. 2001 September; 86(6): 1334-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729852&dopt=Abstract

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Functional variants at CYP2A6: new genotyping methods, population genetics, and relevance to studies of tobacco dependence. Author(s): Zabetian CP, Gelernter J, Cubells JF. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 October 9; 96(5): 638-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054771&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal contamination of tobacco and marijuana. Author(s): Verweij PE, Kerremans JJ, Voss A, Meis JF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 13; 284(22): 2875. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147983&dopt=Abstract

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Gender and racial/ethnic differences in tobacco-dependence treatment: a commentary and research recommendations. Author(s): Piper ME, Fox BJ, Welsch SK, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 November; 3(4): 291-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767718&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in tobacco smoking: higher relative exposure to smoke than nicotine in women. Author(s): Zeman MV, Hiraki L, Sellers EM. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002 March; 11(2): 14753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975862&dopt=Abstract

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Generalizability of findings from a chewing tobacco cessation clinical trial. Author(s): Howard-Pitney B, Fortmann SP, Killen JD. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 November; 3(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694202&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic clues to the molecular basis of tobacco addiction and progress towards personalized therapy. Author(s): Walton R, Johnstone E, Munafo M, Neville M, Griffiths S. Source: Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2001 February; 7(2): 70-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286758&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 gene and tobacco-induced lung cancer risk in male smokers. Author(s): Ariyoshi N, Miyamoto M, Umetsu Y, Kunitoh H, Dosaka-Akita H, Sawamura Y, Yokota J, Nemoto N, Sato K, Kamataki T. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 September; 11(9): 890-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223434&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic polymorphisms of tobacco- and alcohol-related metabolizing enzymes and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Munaka M, Kohshi K, Kawamoto T, Takasawa S, Nagata N, Itoh H, Oda S, Katoh T. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2003 June; 129(6): 355-60. Epub 2003 May 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759747&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of alcohol and tobacco use in humans. Author(s): Tyndale RF. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2003; 35(2): 94-121. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795339&dopt=Abstract

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Germany: tobacco industry paradise. Author(s): Poetschke-Langer M, Schunk S. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 300-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740010&dopt=Abstract

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Getting to the truth: evaluating national tobacco countermarketing campaigns. Author(s): Farrelly MC, Healton CG, Davis KC, Messeri P, Hersey JC, Haviland ML. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 901-7. Erratum In: Am J Public Health. 2003 May; 93(5): 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036775&dopt=Abstract

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Global and regional estimates of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price increases and other tobacco control policies. Author(s): Ranson MK, Jha P, Chaloupka FJ, Nguyen SN. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 August; 4(3): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215240&dopt=Abstract

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Global solidarity against globalized tobacco: the world's first modern health treaty tackles tobacco. Author(s): Kapur A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 May 13; 168(10): 1263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743069&dopt=Abstract

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Global tobacco control. Author(s): Norton L, Bunn P. Source: Lancet. 2001 September 15; 358(9285): 924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575369&dopt=Abstract

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Going like gangbusters: transnational tobacco companies “making a killing” in South America. Author(s): Stebbins KR. Source: Med Anthropol Q. 2001 June; 15(2): 147-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452625&dopt=Abstract

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Graphic tobacco warnings having desired effect. Author(s): Martens D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 May 28; 166(11): 1453. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054418&dopt=Abstract

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Guide to community preventive services: state and local opportunities for tobacco use reduction. Author(s): Wasserman MP. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 20(2 Suppl): 8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173213&dopt=Abstract

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Haemoglobin adducts from aromatic amines in children in relation to area of residence and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Richter E, Rosler S, Scherer G, Gostomzyk JG, Grubl A, Kramer U, Behrendt H. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2001 August; 74(6): 421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563605&dopt=Abstract

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Hair as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. Author(s): Al-Delaimy WK. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 176-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198265&dopt=Abstract

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Harm reduction--a treatment approach for resistant smokers with tobacco-related symptoms. Author(s): Jimenez-Ruiz C, Solano S, Viteri SA, Ferrero MB, Torrecilla M, Mezquita MH. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(5): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232455&dopt=Abstract

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Harvard School of Public Health refuses tobacco funds. Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 23; 324(7335): 444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865849&dopt=Abstract

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Have oral contraceptives reduced the prevalence of acne? a population-based study of acne vulgaris, tobacco smoking and oral contraceptives. Author(s): Jemec GB, Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, Frolund L, Madsen F, Jorgensen T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037444&dopt=Abstract

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Hazardous effects of tobacco industry funding. Author(s): Parascandola M. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 548-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883047&dopt=Abstract

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Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review. Author(s): Critchley JA, Unal B. Source: Thorax. 2003 May; 58(5): 435-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728167&dopt=Abstract

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Health effects of tobacco use and exposure. Author(s): Bartal M. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2001 December; 56(6): 545-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980288&dopt=Abstract

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Health effects related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Mannino DM, Moorman JE, Kingsley B, Rose D, Repace J. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 January; 155(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177060&dopt=Abstract

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Health promotion and tobacco control: student nurses' perspectives. Author(s): Chalmers K, Seguire M, Brown J. Source: The Journal of Nursing Education. 2003 March; 42(3): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661710&dopt=Abstract

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Help with tobacco control. Author(s): Cheng TO, Chen TO. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 11; 358(9280): 511. Erratum In: Lancet. 2001 September 1; 358(9283): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515524&dopt=Abstract

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High expression of a human lactoferrin in transgenic tobacco cell cultures. Author(s): Choi SM, Lee OS, Kwon SY, Kwak SS, Yu DY, Lee HS. Source: Biotechnology Letters. 2003 February; 25(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882573&dopt=Abstract

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High levels of transdermal nicotine exposure produce green tobacco sickness in Latino farmworkers. Author(s): Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Preisser JS, Bernert JT, Norton D, Wang J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791526&dopt=Abstract

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High occurrence of thyroid multinodularity and low occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism among tobacco smokers in a large population study. Author(s): Knudsen N, Bulow I, Laurberg P, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2002 December; 175(3): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475368&dopt=Abstract

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High school journalists' perspectives on tobacco. Author(s): Malone RE, Wenger LD, Bero LA. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 March-April; 7(2): 139-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049422&dopt=Abstract

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Higher priority on tobacco control. Author(s): Sarna L. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2000; 32(4): 332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140193&dopt=Abstract

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Hispanic farmworker interpretations of green tobacco sickness. Author(s): Rao P, Quandt SA, Arcury TA. Source: The Journal of Rural Health : Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association. 2002 Fall; 18(4): 503-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380893&dopt=Abstract

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Historical and cultural roots of tobacco use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Author(s): Brady M. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 April; 26(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054329&dopt=Abstract

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Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers: V. Tobacco-smoking habits. Author(s): Buchanich JM, Marsh GM, Youk AO. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 September; 43(9): 793-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561362&dopt=Abstract

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History of tobacco use among Kentucky women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer: 1997-1998. Author(s): Wyatt SW, Lancaster M, Bottorff D, Ross F. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2001 December; 99(12): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787312&dopt=Abstract

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Hong Kong tobacco deaths presage vast China epidemic. Author(s): Kingman S. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(10): 999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693985&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital stay is a “teachable moment” for tobacco cessation. Author(s): Swenson KK. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2002 March-April; 6(2): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889679&dopt=Abstract

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Household tobacco smoke exposure is negatively associated with premenopausal bone mass. Author(s): Blum M, Harris SS, Must A, Phillips SM, Rand WM, Dawson-Hughes B. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2002 August; 13(8): 663-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181626&dopt=Abstract

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How can taxes help end Texas' dependence on tobacco? Author(s): McAlister A, Scott RL, Nixon S. Source: Tex Med. 2003 February; 99(2): 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647626&dopt=Abstract

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How grass-roots efforts turned tobacco tax money into transplants. Social workers as advocates. Author(s): Thomas C. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 2000 October; 14(11): 41-4, 46-8, 50 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933496&dopt=Abstract

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How important are tobacco prices in the propensity to start and quit smoking? An analysis of smoking histories from the Spanish National Health Survey. Author(s): Lopez Nicolas A. Source: Health Economics. 2002 September; 11(6): 521-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203755&dopt=Abstract

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How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood. Author(s): Mekemson C, Glantz SA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11 Suppl 1: I81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893818&dopt=Abstract

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How the tobacco industry responded to an influential study of the health effects of secondhand smoke. Author(s): Hong MK, Bero LA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 December 14; 325(7377): 1413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480862&dopt=Abstract

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How to prevent exposure to tobacco smoke among small children: a literature review. Author(s): Arborelius E, Hallberg AC, Hakansson A. Source: Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2000 September; 89(434): 65-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055320&dopt=Abstract

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HPTLC screening assay for urinary cotinine as biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among male adolescents. Author(s): Bazylak G, Brozik H, Sabanty W. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2000 December; 24(1): 11323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108545&dopt=Abstract

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Human cervical tissue metabolizes the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, via alpha-hydroxylation and carbonyl reduction pathways. Author(s): Prokopczyk B, Trushin N, Leszczynska J, Waggoner SE, El-Bayoumy K. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 January; 22(1): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159748&dopt=Abstract

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Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer. Author(s): Hecht SS. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 June; 23(6): 907-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082012&dopt=Abstract

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Hungary introduces a total ban on tobacco advertising. Author(s): Szilagyi T. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891375&dopt=Abstract

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Hungry for Hungary: examples of tobacco industry's expansionism. Author(s): Szilagyi T, Chapman S. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2003 March; 11(1): 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690802&dopt=Abstract

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Hungry for tobacco: an analysis of the economic impact of tobacco consumption on the poor in Bangladesh. Author(s): Efroymson D, Ahmed S, Townsend J, Alam SM, Dey AR, Saha R, Dhar B, Sujon AI, Ahmed KU, Rahman O. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 212-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544383&dopt=Abstract

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Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in school-based tobacco use prevention--results on smoking. Author(s): Peterson AV Jr, Kealey KA, Mann SL, Marek PM, Sarason IG. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 December 20; 92(24): 1979-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121460&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroxylated human homotrimeric collagen I in Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transient expression and in transgenic tobacco plant. Author(s): Merle C, Perret S, Lacour T, Jonval V, Hudaverdian S, Garrone R, Ruggiero F, Theisen M. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 March 27; 515(1-3): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943205&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of adolescent tobacco users in a pediatric practice. Author(s): Benuck I, Gidding SS, Binns HJ. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 January; 155(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177059&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of tobacco-derived compounds in human pancreatic juice. Author(s): Prokopczyk B, Hoffmann D, Bologna M, Cunningham AJ, Trushin N, Akerkar S, Boyiri T, Amin S, Desai D, Colosimo S, Pittman B, Leder G, Ramadani M, Henne-Bruns D, Beger HG, El-Bayoumy K. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 May; 15(5): 677-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018989&dopt=Abstract

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ILSI and the tobacco industry. International Life Sciences Institute. Author(s): Stanley J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 891-2; Author Reply 892-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036766&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of a dental/dental hygiene tobacco-use cessation curriculum on practice. Author(s): Gelskey SC. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 September; 66(9): 1074-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374268&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of economic policies on reducing tobacco use among Medicaid clients in New York. Author(s): Murphy JM, Shelley D, Repetto PM, Cummings KM, Mahoney MC. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 July; 37(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799131&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of smokeless tobacco use on smoking in northern Sweden. Author(s): Rodu B, Stegmayr B, Nasic S, Asplund K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 November; 252(5): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528757&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status. Author(s): Johnson GK, Slach NA. Source: J Dent Educ. 2001 April; 65(4): 313-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336116&dopt=Abstract

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Impact study of tobacco possession law enforcement in Florida. Author(s): Livingood WC, Woodhouse CD, Sayre JJ, Wludyka P. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2001 December; 28(6): 733-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720275&dopt=Abstract

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Implementing a tobacco cessation program in the Pennsylvania dental practice. Author(s): Hamilton MK, Markovic N. Source: Pa Dent J (Harrisb). 2002 September-October; 69(5): 38-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838894&dopt=Abstract

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Implications for tobacco control of the multistate tobacco settlement. Author(s): Daynard RA, Parmet W, Kelder G, Davidson P. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 December; 91(12): 1967-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726376&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of genetic epidemiology for the prevention of tobacco use. Author(s): Swan GE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; (1 Suppl 1): S49-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072404&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of nicotine dependence: need for revision of tobacco product regulations. Author(s): Ramstrom LM. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2003 June 24; 115(11): 401-2; Author Reply 402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879739&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of the tobacco industry documents for public health and policy. Author(s): Bero L. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2003; 24: 267-88. Epub 2001 November 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415145&dopt=Abstract

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In conversation: high school students talk to students about tobacco use and prevention strategies. Author(s): Plano Clark VL, Miller DL, Creswell JW, McVea K, McEntarffer R, Harter LM, Mickelson WT. Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2002 November; 12(9): 1264-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448671&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo conversion of a glycan to human compatible type by transformed tobacco cells. Author(s): Fujiyama K, Palacpac NQ, Sakai H, Kimura Y, Shinmyo A, Yoshida T, Seki T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 November 30; 289(2): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716509&dopt=Abstract

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Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in small airway epithelium from tobacco smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Author(s): Takizawa H, Tanaka M, Takami K, Ohtoshi T, Ito K, Satoh M, Okada Y, Yamasawa F, Nakahara K, Umeda A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 May; 163(6): 1476-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11371421&dopt=Abstract

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Increased nitric oxide metabolites in exhaled breath condensate after exposure to tobacco smoke. Author(s): Balint B, Donnelly LE, Hanazawa T, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Source: Thorax. 2001 June; 56(6): 456-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359961&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction associated with beedi and cigarette smoking in Indians: final report on tobacco risks from a case-control study. Author(s): Pais P, Fay MP, Yusuf S. Source: Indian Heart J. 2001 November-December; 53(6): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838925&dopt=Abstract

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Independent alcohol and tobacco effects on stress axis function. Author(s): Anthenelli RM, Maxwell RA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500125&dopt=Abstract

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Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. Author(s): Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Shanta V, Varghese C, Boffetta P. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 July 10; 105(5): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740918&dopt=Abstract

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Independent evaluation of the California Tobacco Control Program: relationships between program exposure and outcomes, 1996-1998. Author(s): Rohrbach LA, Howard-Pitney B, Unger JB, Dent CW, Howard KA, Cruz TB, Ribisl KM, Norman GJ, Fishbein H, Johnson CA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 975-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036792&dopt=Abstract

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Index for US state tobacco control initial outcomes. Author(s): Gilpin EA, Stillman FA, Hartman AM, Gibson JT, Pierce JP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 October 15; 152(8): 727-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052550&dopt=Abstract

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India finalises tobacco control legislation. Author(s): Mudur G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 17; 322(7283): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11179152&dopt=Abstract

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Indian state bans tobacco based chewing products. Author(s): Kumar S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 27; 325(7357): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143856&dopt=Abstract

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Individual and contextual factors related to family practice residents' assessment and counseling for tobacco cessation. Author(s): Gottlieb NH, Guo JL, Blozis SA, Huang PP. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2001 September-October; 14(5): 343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572539&dopt=Abstract

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Infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Gaffney KF. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2001; 33(4): 343-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775304&dopt=Abstract

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Infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a prevalence study in Australia. Author(s): Daly JB, Wiggers JH, Considine RJ. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2001 April; 25(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357908&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of environmental tobacco smoke on vitamin C status in children. Author(s): Preston AM, Rodriguez C, Rivera CE, Sahai H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499337&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of smokeless tobacco exposure on detoxification status and chromosomal damage in male and female habitues. Author(s): Mahimkar MB, Buch SC, Samant TA, Kapoor MD, Bhisey RA. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 April 5; 491(1-2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287304&dopt=Abstract

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Information disclosure and smoking risk perceptions. Potential short-term impact on Spanish students of the new European Union directive on tobacco products. Author(s): Portillo F, Antonanzas F. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2002 December; 12(4): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506505&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease? Author(s): Finkelstein EI, Nardini M, van der Vliet A. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2001 September; 281(3): L732-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504702&dopt=Abstract

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Injuries to tobacco farmers in Kentucky. Author(s): Struttmann TW, Reed DK. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 August; 95(8): 850-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190220&dopt=Abstract

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Insufficient evidence on youth tobacco ads. Author(s): Kazman S. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 May-June; 21(3): 281; Author Reply 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025997&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating treatment for tobacco and other addictions at the Aurora Centre of the British Columbia Women's Hospital and Health Centre. Author(s): Poole N, Greaves L, Cormier RA. Source: The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche En Sciences Infirmieres. 2003 March; 35(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854245&dopt=Abstract

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Interacting effects of depression and tobacco advertising receptivity on adolescent smoking. Author(s): Tercyak KP, Goldman P, Smith A, Audrain J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2002 March; 27(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821498&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of PRK1 receptor-like kinase with a putative elF2B beta-subunit in tobacco. Author(s): Park SW, Yu SH, Kim MI, Oh SC, Kao TH, Pai HS. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2000 December 31; 10(6): 626-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211866&dopt=Abstract

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International issues in the supply of tobacco: recent changes and implications for alcohol. Author(s): Chaloupka FJ, Nair R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2000 December; 95 Suppl 4: S477-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218346&dopt=Abstract

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International tobacco control: a focus group study of U.S. anti-tobacco activists. Author(s): David S, DeJong W, Resnick N. Source: Journal of Public Health Policy. 2001; 22(4): 415-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787307&dopt=Abstract

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Internet-based information on alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs: issues of ethics, quality, and accountability. Author(s): Monahan G, Colthurst T. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2001 December; 36(14): 2171-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794589&dopt=Abstract

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Intervention and policy issues related to children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Emmons KM, Wong M, Hammond SK, Velicer WF, Fava JL, Monroe AD, Evans JL. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 April; 32(4): 321-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304093&dopt=Abstract

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Intervention effects on youth tobacco use in the community intervention trial (COMMIT). Author(s): Bowen DJ, Orlandi MA, Lichtenstein E, Cummings KM, Hyland A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 February; 57(2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540695&dopt=Abstract

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Intervention effects on youth tobacco use in the Community Intervention Trial (COMMIT). Author(s): Bowen DJ, Orlandi MA, Lichtenstein E, Cummings KM, Hyland A. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 December; 11(4): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432170&dopt=Abstract

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Intervention to reduce intentions to use tobacco among pediatric cancer survivors. Author(s): Tyc VL, Rai SN, Lensing S, Klosky JL, Stewart DB, Gattuso J. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 1; 21(7): 1366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663728&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors. Author(s): Stead LF, Lancaster T. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd001497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869602&dopt=Abstract

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Into the world of illegal drug use: exposure opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. Author(s): Wagner FA, Anthony JC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 May 15; 155(10): 918-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994231&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction to the supplemental issue on measurement and design issues in tobacco and drug use research. Author(s): Clayton RR. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 November; 68 Suppl 1: S3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324171&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction: studies of tobacco dependence treatment and methodology. Author(s): Olov Fagerstrom K. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 April; 5(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745484&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction: Tobacco treatment outcome methodology papers - a series. Author(s): Hatsukami DK. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 August; 3(3): 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506763&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction: Tobacco, human disease, and the role of the dental profession. Author(s): Squier C. Source: J Dent Educ. 2001 April; 65(4): 303-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336114&dopt=Abstract

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Introductory notes on the tobacco problem. Author(s): Slade J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; 1 Suppl 2: S27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768183&dopt=Abstract

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Is calculating pack-years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life-time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack-years and retrospectively calculated pack-years. Author(s): Bernaards CM, Twisk JW, Snel J, Van Mechelen W, Kemper HC. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 November; 96(11): 1653-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784461&dopt=Abstract

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Is child-centered tobacco prevention a trap? Author(s): Bayer R, Kiesig V. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 March; 93(3): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604474&dopt=Abstract

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Is fat the next tobacco? Author(s): Parloff R. Source: Fortune. 2003 February 3; 147(2): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577857&dopt=Abstract

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Is 'stage of change' related to knowledge of health effects and support for tobacco control? Author(s): Cohen JE, Pederson LL, Ashley MJ, Bull SB, Ferrence R, Poland BD. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2002 January-February; 27(1): 49-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800224&dopt=Abstract

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Is the fast food industry becoming the next tobacco industry? Author(s): Sapala JA. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 February; 12(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868282&dopt=Abstract

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Is the FTND a measure of physical as well as psychological tobacco dependence? Author(s): Dijkstra A, Tromp D. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002 December; 23(4): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495799&dopt=Abstract

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Is the hair nicotine level a more accurate biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure than urine cotinine? Author(s): Al-Delaimy WK, Crane J, Woodward A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 January; 56(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801622&dopt=Abstract

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Is the standard compliance check protocol a valid measure of the accessibility of tobacco to underage smokers? Author(s): DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Bouchard J. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544386&dopt=Abstract

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It is premature to abandon youth access to tobacco programs. Author(s): Jason LA, Pokorny SB, Schoeny ME. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 April; 111(4 Pt 1): 920-1; Author Reply 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671138&dopt=Abstract

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It is time to abandon youth access tobacco programmes. Author(s): Ling PM, Landman A, Glantz SA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891349&dopt=Abstract

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Italy: court's expert panel condemns tobacco. Author(s): Stalteri M, La Vecchia C, Garattini S. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198257&dopt=Abstract

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Jacobson and Soliman's analysis of the public health effects of tobacco and firearm litigation. Author(s): Burnett HS. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Winter; 30(4): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561257&dopt=Abstract

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Jamie the Saxt's A Counterblaste to tobacco. Author(s): Buchanan WW. Source: Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2000 May; 30(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11624509&dopt=Abstract

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Japan steps up fight against tobacco industry. Antismoking lobby fights for public's hearts, lungs, and minds. Author(s): Watts J. Source: Lancet. 2003 July 26; 362(9380): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894799&dopt=Abstract

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Jeffrey Wigand. The insider who blew smoke at big tobacco. Author(s): Enrich D. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2001 August 20-27; 131(7): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521547&dopt=Abstract

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Junk science, tobacco, and agendas. Author(s): Hagen P. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 892; Author Reply 892-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036769&dopt=Abstract

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Junking science to promote tobacco. Author(s): Yach D, Bialous SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 November; 91(11): 1745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684592&dopt=Abstract

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Kenya debates tobacco bill that aims to reduce smoking-related disease. Author(s): Siringi S. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 7; 357(9262): 1105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297976&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge about tobacco and attitudes toward tobacco control: how different are smokers and nonsmokers? Author(s): Ashley MJ, Cohen J, Bull S, Ferrence R, Poland B, Pederson L, Gao J. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2000 September-October; 91(5): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089293&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge and attitudes of economically disadvantaged women regarding exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a Michigan, USA study. Author(s): Kurtz ME, Kurtz JC, Contreras D, Booth C. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 13(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803416&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge and use of tobacco among Guatemalan physicians. Author(s): Barnoya J, Glantz S. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 November; 13(9): 879-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462553&dopt=Abstract

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KNOX homeodomain protein directly suppresses the expression of a gibberellin biosynthetic gene in the tobacco shoot apical meristem. Author(s): Sakamoto T, Kamiya N, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Iwahori S, Matsuoka M. Source: Genes & Development. 2001 March 1; 15(5): 581-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238378&dopt=Abstract

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Labored breathing. Policies to eliminate environmental tobacco smoke exposure in North Carolina. Author(s): Goldstein AO, Malek SH, Butzen AY. Source: N C Med J. 2001 September-October; 62(5): 266-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570322&dopt=Abstract

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Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. Author(s): Ashe M, Jernigan D, Kline R, Galaz R. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 September; 93(9): 1404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948952&dopt=Abstract

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Laser capture microdissection and microarray expression analysis of lung adenocarcinoma reveals tobacco smoking- and prognosis-related molecular profiles. Author(s): Miura K, Bowman ED, Simon R, Peng AC, Robles AI, Jones RT, Katagiri T, He P, Mizukami H, Charboneau L, Kikuchi T, Liotta LA, Nakamura Y, Harris CC. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 June 1; 62(11): 3244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036940&dopt=Abstract

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Laws restricting self-service tobacco displays: will they help? Author(s): Hyland A, Cummings KM. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 July; 33(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482997&dopt=Abstract

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Learning from tobacco: bans on commercial availability are not unthinkable. Author(s): Ferrence R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 June; 98(6): 720-1; Discussion 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780358&dopt=Abstract

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Legal interest expands from tobacco to obesity. Author(s): Willensky D. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003; 81(4): 309-10. Epub 2003 May 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764502&dopt=Abstract

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Legislation, policy, and tobacco use among youth: implications for health care providers. Author(s): Stevens KR, Barron AM, Ledbetter CA, Foarde KM, Menard SW. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2001 March; 71(3): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314281&dopt=Abstract

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Legislators' views on tobacco policy: are there regional differences in Kentucky? Author(s): Hahn EJ, Rayens MK. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 March; 95(3): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902700&dopt=Abstract

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Lessons from tobacco control for advocates of healthy transport. Author(s): Mindell J. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2001 June; 23(2): 91-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450940&dopt=Abstract

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Lessons learned from the tobacco industry's efforts to prevent the passage of a workplace smoking regulation. Author(s): Mangurian CV, Bero LA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 December; 90(12): 1926-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111269&dopt=Abstract

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Lifetime residential and workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in never-smoking women, Canada 1994-97. Author(s): Johnson KC, Hu J, Mao Y; Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 Sep15; 93(6): 902-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519055&dopt=Abstract

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Limiting youth access to tobacco: a failed intervention. Author(s): Glantz SA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 October; 31(4): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359373&dopt=Abstract

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Linking data from the 2000 Tennessee Youth Tobacco Survey to program action. Author(s): Sartin J. Source: Tenn Med. 2001 December; 94(12): 469, 471. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769404&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profile in smokers and tobacco chewers--a comparative study. Author(s): Khurana M, Sharma D, Khandelwal PD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 September; 48(9): 895-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198789&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoprotein(a), tobacco use, and risk of coronary heart disease. Author(s): Serrano M, de Irala J, Palacios M. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 July 31; 74(2-3): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203044&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite NNAL in smokers' urine. Author(s): Byrd GD, Ogden MW. Source: Journal of Mass Spectrometry : Jms. 2003 January; 38(1): 98-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526011&dopt=Abstract

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Litigation on behalf of victims of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The experience from the USA. Author(s): Sweda EL Jr. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2001 June; 11(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420812&dopt=Abstract

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Local enactment of tobacco control policies in Massachusetts. Author(s): Bartosch WJ, Pope GC. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 941-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036784&dopt=Abstract

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Local labor unions' positions on worksite tobacco control. Author(s): Sorensen G, Stoddard AM, Youngstrom R, Emmons K, Barbeau E, Khorasanizadeh F, Levenstein C. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 April; 90(4): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754979&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term tobacco smoking and colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Terry P, Ekbom A, Lichtenstein P, Feychting M, Wolk A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 February 15; 91(4): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251986&dopt=Abstract

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Louisiana tobacco control: creating momentum with limited funds. Author(s): Thomas SM, Schuler-Adair EB, Cunningham S, Celestin M, Brown C. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036781&dopt=Abstract

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Lower limb venous insufficiency and tobacco smoking: a case-control study. Author(s): Gourgou S, Dedieu F, Sancho-Garnier H. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 June 1; 155(11): 1007-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034579&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and tobacco consumption. Author(s): Schairer E, Schoniger E. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 February; 30(1): 24-7; Discussion 301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171843&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function of school children with low levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and tobacco smoke exposure. Author(s): von Ehrenstein OS, von Mutius E, Maier E, Hirsch T, Carr D, Schaal W, Roscher AA, Olgemoller B, Nicolai T, Weiland SK. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 June; 19(6): 1099-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108863&dopt=Abstract

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Lung tumors in A/J mice exposed to environmental tobacco smoke: estimated potency and implied human risk. Author(s): Bogen KT, Witschi H. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 March; 23(3): 511-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895867&dopt=Abstract

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Macro-social influences: the effects of prices and tobacco-control policies on the demand for tobacco products. Author(s): Chaloupka FJ. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; (1 Suppl 1): S105-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072413&dopt=Abstract

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Making youth tobacco control programs more ecological: organizational and professional profiles. Author(s): Richard L, Gauvin L, Potvin L, Denis JL, Kishchuk N. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2002 May-June; 16(5): 267-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053438&dopt=Abstract

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Malaysia steps up anti-tobacco legislation. Author(s): Ashraf H. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 24; 360(9333): 627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241947&dopt=Abstract

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Marijuana use and cessation of tobacco smoking in adults from a community sample. Author(s): Ford DE, Vu HT, Anthony JC. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 August 1; 67(3): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127195&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal genetic effects on neonatal susceptibility to oxidative damage from environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Hong YC, Kim H, Im MW, Lee KH, Woo BH, Christiani DC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 April 18; 93(8): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309442&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal tobacco smoking and lung epithelium-specific proteins in amniotic fluid. Author(s): Hermans C, Libotte V, Robin M, Clippe A, Wattiez R, Falmagne P, Langhendries JP, Bernard A. Source: Pediatric Research. 2001 October; 50(4): 487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568292&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal, paternal and environmental tobacco smoking and breast feeding. Author(s): Leung GM, Ho LM, Lam TH. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2002 July; 16(3): 236-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123436&dopt=Abstract

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MDR-1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and tobacco-related lung cancer. Author(s): Sinues B, Fanlo A, Bernal ML, Mayayo E, Bello S, Rubio E, Isla D. Source: Oncology. 2003; 64(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566917&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement and design issues in tobacco and drug use research. Author(s): Collins LM, Flaherty BP, Colby SM. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 November; 68 Suppl 1: S1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324170&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among adults with asthma. Author(s): Eisner MD, Katz PP, Yelin EH, Hammond SK, Blanc PD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 August; 109(8): 809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564616&dopt=Abstract

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Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term. Author(s): England LJ, Kendrick JS, Gargiullo PM, Zahniser SC, Hannon WH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 May 15; 153(10): 954-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384951&dopt=Abstract

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Measures to reduce smoking in films should penalise film and tobacco industries. Author(s): Males M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 1; 324(7349): 1338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039837&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco marketing among adolescents: intercorrelations among measures and associations with smoking status. Author(s): Unger JB, Cruz TB, Schuster D, Flora JA, Johnson CA. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2001 January-March; 6(1): 11-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317421&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring statewide merchant compliance with tobacco minimum age laws: the Massachusetts experience. Author(s): DiFranza JR, Celebucki CC, Mowery PD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 July; 91(7): 1124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441743&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms by which gram-positive bacteria and tobacco smoke stimulate mucin induction through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Author(s): Basbaum C, Li D, Gensch E, Gallup M, Lemjabbar H. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2002; 248: 171-6; Discussion 176-80, 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568494&dopt=Abstract

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Media campaign influences parents' opinions about their children and tobacco. Author(s): Carver V, Reinert B, Range LM, Campbell C. Source: Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : Jphmp. 2003 JanuaryFebruary; 9(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552933&dopt=Abstract

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Mediation designs for tobacco prevention research. Author(s): MacKinnon DP, Taborga MP, Morgan-Lopez AA. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 November; 68 Suppl 1: S69-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324176&dopt=Abstract

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Mediation in a family-directed program for prevention of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Author(s): Ennett ST, Bauman KE, Pemberton M, Foshee VA, Chuang YC, King TS, Koch GG. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 October; 33(4): 333-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570838&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: state tobacco settlement legislation and activities. Author(s): Dixon L. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 2000 June 1; : 1-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073408&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: tobacco settlement distribution--bills passed by one branch of state legislature. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 1999 July 9; : 1-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073375&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: tobacco settlement distribution--bills passed by one branch of state legislature. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 1999 July 23; : 1-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073372&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: tobacco settlement distribution--introduced bills. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 1999 July 9; : 1-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073374&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: tobacco settlement distribution--introduced bills. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 1999 July 23; : 1-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073373&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: youth access to tobacco. Author(s): Kendell N. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 2000 June 1; : 1-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073409&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid coverage for tobacco-dependence treatments. Author(s): Schauffler HH, Barker DC, Orleans CT. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2001 January-February; 20(1): 298-303. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194854&dopt=Abstract

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Medical associations urge global action on tobacco. Author(s): Hargreaves S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 26; 325(7370): 923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399336&dopt=Abstract

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Meeting the challenge of tobacco use within the Medicaid population. Author(s): Carr RM, Christiansen B, Jehn L, Matitz D. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(3): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491036&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Anderson KE, Carmella SG, Ye M, Bliss RL, Le C, Murphy L, Hecht SS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 March 7; 93(5): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238699&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in the urine of elementary schoolaged children. Author(s): Hecht SS, Ye M, Carmella SG, Fredrickson A, Adgate JL, Greaves IA, Church TR, Ryan AD, Mongin SJ, Sexton K. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 November; 10(11): 1109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700257&dopt=Abstract

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Methodology to predict long-term cancer survival from short-term data using Tobacco Cancer Risk and Absolute Cancer Cure models. Author(s): Mould RF, Lederman M, Tai P, Wong JK. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2002 November 21; 47(22): 3893-924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476973&dopt=Abstract

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Methyl jasmonate as an allelopathic agent: sagebrush inhibits germination of a neighboring tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata. Author(s): Preston CA, Betts H, Baldwi IT. Source: Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2002 November; 28(11): 2343-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523573&dopt=Abstract

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Mississippi: the unsung hero of tobacco control, USA. Author(s): Fisher L. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 December; 12(10): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808717&dopt=Abstract

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Modeling nicotine arterial-venous differences to predict arterial concentrations and input based on venous measurements: application to smokeless tobacco and nicotine gum. Author(s): Pitsiu M, Gries JM, Benowitz N, Gourlay SG, Verotta D. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2002 August; 29(4): 383402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518710&dopt=Abstract

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Modulating tobacco smoking rates by dopaminergic stimulation and blockade. Author(s): Caskey NH, Jarvik ME, Wirshing WC, Madsen DC, Iwamoto-Schaap PN, Eisenberger NI, Huerta L, Terrace SM, Olmstead RE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 August; 4(3): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215234&dopt=Abstract

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Mongoven, Biscoe & Duchin: destroying tobacco control activism from the inside. Author(s): Carter SM. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035003&dopt=Abstract

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Monoamine oxidases and tobacco smoking. Author(s): Berlin I, Anthenelli RM. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 March; 4(1): 33-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343627&dopt=Abstract

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More differences emerge at WHO tobacco talks. Author(s): Kapp C. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 5; 357(9266): 1424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356459&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality from occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Finland. Author(s): Nurminen MM, Jaakkola MS. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 August; 43(8): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515251&dopt=Abstract

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Most smokeless tobacco use is not a causal gateway to cigarettes: using order of product use to evaluate causation in a national US sample. Author(s): Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ, Edwards BQ, Flaherty BP. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 August; 98(8): 1077-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873242&dopt=Abstract

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Mothers' efforts to protect their infants from environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Ratner PA, Johnson JL, Bottorff JL. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2001 January-February; 92(1): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257990&dopt=Abstract

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Motivating smoking cessation among dental patients: smokers' interest in biomarker testing for susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers. Author(s): Ostroff JS, Hay JL, Primavera LH, Bivona P, Cruz GD, LeGeros R. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999 December; 1(4): 347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072432&dopt=Abstract

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Motivation in tobacco use cessation research. Author(s): Nezami E, Sussman S, Pentz MA. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2003 January; 38(1): 25-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602805&dopt=Abstract

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Moving toward a tobacco-free Florida. Author(s): Kear M. Source: The Florida Nurse. 2003 March; 51(1): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743950&dopt=Abstract

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msJAMA: new directions in tobacco control. Author(s): Rajkumar R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 December 5; 286(21): 2732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730452&dopt=Abstract

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msJAMA: removing barriers to local tobacco regulation. Author(s): Fox BJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 December 5; 286(21): 2735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730454&dopt=Abstract

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msJAMA: the necessity of global tobacco regulations. Author(s): Bettcher D, Subramaniam C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 December 5; 286(21): 2737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730456&dopt=Abstract

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msJAMA: the worldwide tobacco treaty. Author(s): Myers ML, Wilkenfeld JP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 December 5; 286(21): 2736. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730455&dopt=Abstract

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Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in areca quid and tobaccoassociated oral squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan. Author(s): Kok SH, Lee JJ, Hsu HC, Chiang CP, Kuo YS, Kuo MY. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 August; 31(7): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165057&dopt=Abstract

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National tobacco control legislation needs support of North Dakota nurses. Author(s): McGeary P. Source: Prairie Rose. 1997 December-1998 February; 66(4): 5A. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025620&dopt=Abstract

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Naturalistic changes in the readiness to quit tobacco smoking in a German general population sample. Author(s): Schumann A, Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, John U. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 October; 35(4): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453709&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroplasticity within the mesoaccumbens dopamine system and its role in tobacco dependence. Author(s): Balfour DJ. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2002 August; 1(4): 41321. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769613&dopt=Abstract

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Neutrophil priming by cigarette smoke condensate and a tobacco anti-idiotypic antibody. Author(s): Koethe SM, Kuhnmuench JR, Becker CG. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2000 November; 157(5): 1735-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073832&dopt=Abstract

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New insights into how mass media works for and against tobacco. Author(s): Green LW, Murphy RL, McKenna JW. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 May-June; 7(3): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166876&dopt=Abstract

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New tobacco clinical practice guidelines. Author(s): Marable SL. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 October; 83(10): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070688&dopt=Abstract

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News from the Society for Women's Health Research: women and tobacco use. Author(s): Greenberger P. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2001 April; 10(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389780&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotine & Tobacco Research begins its second year of operation. Author(s): Swan GE, Balfour DJ. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2000 February; 2(1): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072436&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotine & Tobacco Research: a forum for science-based results. Author(s): Swan GE, Pomerleau OF, Balfour DJ. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999 March; 1(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072384&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotine and tobacco dependence: normalization or stimulation? Author(s): Domino EF. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2001 June; 24(2): 83-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522427&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotine concentration, smoke pH and whole tobacco aqueous pH of some cigar brands and types popular in the United States. Author(s): Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Radzius A, Frost S. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999 June; 1(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072397&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotine concentrations in deciduous teeth and cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke during childhood. Author(s): Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Segura J, Pascual JA, Diaz D, Mutnoz L, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R, Pichini S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 9; 290(2): 1967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851273&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotinic receptor-mediated activation by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK of a Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of c-myc in human small cell lung carcinoma cells and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Author(s): Jull BA, Plummer HK 3rd, Schuller HM. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2001 December; 127(12): 70717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768610&dopt=Abstract

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No association between smoking and the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites in ovarian follicular fluid. Author(s): Matthews SJ, Hecht SS, Picton HM, Ye M, Carmella SG, Shires S, Wild CP, Hay AW. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 March; 11(3): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895886&dopt=Abstract

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Note from the surgeon general. Recommendations regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Satcher D. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 20(2 Suppl): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173210&dopt=Abstract

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Nottingham University and British American Tobacco. Author(s): Britton J, Knox A. Source: Thorax. 2001 April; 56(4): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254814&dopt=Abstract

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Novel anther-specific myb genes from tobacco as putative regulators of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase expression. Author(s): Yang S, Sweetman JP, Amirsadeghi S, Barghchi M, Huttly AK, Chung WI, Twell D. Source: Plant Physiology. 2001 August; 126(4): 1738-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500571&dopt=Abstract

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Nurses important in tobacco use prevention, control. Author(s): Martin J. Source: Nebr Nurse. 1998 Summer; 31(3): 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998642&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing, our public deaths, and the tobacco industry. Author(s): Malone RE. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2002 March; 11(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888121&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and tobacco consumption in an urban adult Mexican population. Author(s): Aguilar-Salinas CA, Vazquez-Chavez C, Gamboa-Marrufo R, Garcia-Soto N, de Jesus Rios-Gonzalez J, Holguin R, Vela S, Ruiz-Alvarez F, Mayagoitia S. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 September-October; 32(5): 446-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578762&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational exposure of non-smoking restaurant personnel to environmental tobacco smoke in Finland. Author(s): Johnsson T, Tuomi T, Hyvarinen M, Svinhufvud J, Rothberg M, Reijula K. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2003 May; 43(5): 523-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704625&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional and hormonal factors. Author(s): Gallus S, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, Levi F, Simonato L, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 August 3; 85(3): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487262&dopt=Abstract

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Open letter to health ministers at Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Brettenthaler R, Salzberg R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 17; 326(7398): 1085. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750217&dopt=Abstract

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Ophthalmologists' and optometrists' attitudes and behaviours regarding tobacco cessation intervention. Author(s): Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Severson HH, Akers L, Williams C. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891378&dopt=Abstract

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Oral mucosal changes related to smokeless tobacco usage: research findings in Scandinavia. Author(s): Axell TE. Source: European Journal of Cancer. Part B, Oral Oncology. 1993 October; 29B(4): 299302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706425&dopt=Abstract

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Oral screening and brief spit tobacco cessation counseling: a review and findings. Author(s): Gansky SA, Ellison JA, Kavanagh C, Hilton JF, Walsh MM. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 September; 66(9): 1088-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374270&dopt=Abstract

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Oral spit tobacco: addiction, prevention and treatment. Author(s): Hatsukami DK, Severson HH. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999 March; 1(1): 21-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072386&dopt=Abstract

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Oral tobacco cessation with UK resident Bangladeshi women: a community pilot investigation. Author(s): Croucher R, Islam S, Jarvis MJ, Garrett M, Rahman R, Shajahan S, Howells G. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 April; 18(2): 216-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729180&dopt=Abstract

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Origins of “denicotinised” tobacco. Author(s): Jay SJ. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544377&dopt=Abstract

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Oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol are main culprits. Author(s): Heyman MF. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 May; 10(5): 40-9; Quiz 49-50. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420530&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of legislation and tobacco control in Singapore. Author(s): Tan AS, Arulanandam S, Chng CY, Vaithinathan R. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2000 November; 4(11): 1002-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092711&dopt=Abstract

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P53 and MDM2 co-expression in tobacco and betel chewing-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas. Author(s): Shwe M, Chiguchi G, Yamada S, Nakajima T, Maung KK, Takagi M, Amagasa T, Tsuchida N. Source: J Med Dent Sci. 2001 December; 48(4): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160248&dopt=Abstract

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PAHO exposes tobacco-industry tactics in Latin America. Pan American Health Organization. Author(s): Ramsay S. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 21-28; 360(9350): 2057. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504413&dopt=Abstract

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Palmoplantar pustulosis: a clinicoepidemiological study. The relationship between tobacco use and thyroid function. Author(s): Gimenez-Garcia R, Sanchez-Ramon S, Cuellar-Olmedo LA. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 May; 17(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702064&dopt=Abstract

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Passive exposure to tobacco smoke and bacterial meningitis in children. Author(s): Iles K, Poplawski NK, Couper RT. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 August; 37(4): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532060&dopt=Abstract

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Passive exposure to tobacco smoke: hair nicotine levels in preschool children. Author(s): Kalinic N, Skender Lj, Karacic V, Brcic I, Vadjic V. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 July; 71(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945833&dopt=Abstract

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Passive smoking: tobacco industry publishes disinformation. Author(s): Thun MJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 30; 327(7413): 502-3; Author Reply 505; Discussion 505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946979&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of tobacco use amongst school teachers. Author(s): Pandey GK, Raut DK, Hazra S, Vajpayee A, Pandey A, Chatterjee P. Source: Indian J Public Health. 2001 July-September; 45(3): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917326&dopt=Abstract

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Paying for quality improvement: compliance with tobacco cessation guidelines. Author(s): Amundson G, Solberg LI, Reed M, Martini EM, Carlson R. Source: Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 February; 29(2): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616920&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric residency training on tobacco: training director tobacco survey. Author(s): Hymowitz N, Schwab J, Eckholdt H. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 December; 33(6): 688-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716668&dopt=Abstract

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Peer education of tobacco issues in Hungarian communities of Roma and socially disadvantaged children. Author(s): Szilagyi T. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002 September; 10(3): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298343&dopt=Abstract

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Perceived legitimacy of parental authority and tobacco and alcohol use during early adolescence. Author(s): Jackson C. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 November; 31(5): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401429&dopt=Abstract

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Personal exposures to PM(2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece. Author(s): Georgiadis P, Stoikidou M, Topinka J, Kaila S, Gioka M, Katsouyanni K, Sram R, Kyrtopoulos SA. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 169-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477515&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacotherapy for treating tobacco dependence: what is the ideal duration of therapy? Author(s): Sims TH, Fiore MC. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(10): 653-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269859&dopt=Abstract

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Physician attitudes and the use of office-based activities for tobacco control. Author(s): McIlvain HE, Backer EL, Crabtree BF, Lacy N. Source: Family Medicine. 2002 February; 34(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874020&dopt=Abstract

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Physician knowledge, practice and confidence in treating tobacco use and dependency: Tulsa county physician tobacco survey. Author(s): Hardy MF, Gemmill C. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 March; 95(3): 194-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921871&dopt=Abstract

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Physicians' missed opportunities to address tobacco use during prenatal care. Author(s): Moran S, Thorndike AN, Armstrong K, Rigotti NA. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791532&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot evaluation of a population-based health intervention for reducing use of smokeless tobacco. Author(s): Cigrang JA, Severson HH, Peterson AL. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 February; 4(1): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906689&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of enhanced tobacco-cessation services coverage for low-income smokers. Author(s): Doescher MP, Whinston MA, Goo A, Cummings D, Huntington J, Saver BG. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945215&dopt=Abstract

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Platelet monoamine oxidase, smoking cessation, and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Author(s): Rose JE, Behm FM, Ramsey C, Ritchie JC Jr. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 November; 3(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694206&dopt=Abstract

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Policy makers' perspectives on tobacco control advocates' roles in regulation development. Author(s): Montini T, Bero LA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544384&dopt=Abstract

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Policy options for addressing issues of youth and tobacco. Author(s): Adams AS, Anderson R. Source: N C Med J. 2002 May-June; 63(3): 171-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181855&dopt=Abstract

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Political economy of tobacco control policy on public health in Japan. Author(s): Desapriya EB, Iwase N, Shimizu S. Source: Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2003 February; 38(1): 15-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687722&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism in CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 genes and susceptibility to leukoplakia in Indian tobacco users. Author(s): Sikdar N, Mahmud SA, Paul RR, Roy B. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 May 30; 195(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767509&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphisms in dopamine metabolic enzymes and tobacco consumption in smokers: seeking confirmation of the association in a follow-up study. Author(s): Johnstone EC, Clark TG, Griffiths SE, Murphy MF, Walton RT. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2002 October; 12(7): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360111&dopt=Abstract

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Position-centered national coalition: how to build a coalition in connection with a public health campaign to obtain tobacco control measures. Author(s): Rathjen H. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001; Suppl 23: 54-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886148&dopt=Abstract

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Poverty and tobacco. Author(s): de Beyer J, Lovelace C, Yurekli A. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544382&dopt=Abstract

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Practice behaviors of alumni trained as students in tobacco use cessation interventions. Author(s): Barker GJ, Williams KB, Taylor TS, Barker BF. Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene : Jdh / American Dental Hygienists' Association. 2001 Spring; 75(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475762&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting the mutagenicity of tobacco-related N-nitrosamines in humans using 11 strains of Salmonella typhimurium YG7108, each coexpressing a form of human cytochrome P450 along with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Author(s): Fujita K, Kamataki T. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2001; 38(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774366&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of Canadian legislators' support for tobacco control policies. Author(s): Cohen JE, de Guia NA, Ashley MJ, Ferrence R, Northrup DA, Studlar DT. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 September; 55(6): 1069-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220090&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of incidence and prevalence of green tobacco sickness among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina, USA. Author(s): Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Preisser JS. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 November; 55(11): 81824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604438&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of tobacco control among nursing students. Author(s): Gorin SS. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 September; 44(3): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553426&dopt=Abstract

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Premature mortality in lung cancer as an indicator of effectiveness of tobacco use prevention in a gender perspective--a comparison between Poland and Sweden. Author(s): Wramner B, Zatonski W, Pellmer K. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 May; 9(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503277&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal tobacco effects on neuropsychological outcomes among preadolescents. Author(s): Cornelius MD, Ryan CM, Day NL, Goldschmidt L, Willford JA. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 2001 August; 22(4): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530894&dopt=Abstract

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Preparing the “Ground War” against tobacco among Chinese Americans in New York City: baseline data. Author(s): Chen MS Jr, Ferketich AK, Moeschberger ML, Wewers ME. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720419&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of pro-tobacco messages on the Web. Author(s): Hong T, Cody MJ. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 July-September; 7(4): 273-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356288&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and predictors of tobacco use among Asian Americans in the Delaware Valley region. Author(s): Ma GX, Shive S, Tan Y, Toubbeh J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 1013-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036798&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of and reasons for preoperative tobacco use. Author(s): Shannon-Cain J, Webster SF, Cain BS. Source: Aana Journal. 2002 February; 70(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887542&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of bronchial asthma and association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adolescent school children in Chandigarh, north India. Author(s): Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Kumar R, Jindal SK. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2001 September; 38(6): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642417&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and at home--15-year trends in Finland. Author(s): Jousilahti P, Helakorpi S. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002; 28 Suppl 2: 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058798&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus types and its association with P53 codon 72 polymorphism in tobacco addicted oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients of Eastern India. Author(s): Nagpal JK, Patnaik S, Das BR. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 February 10; 97(5): 649-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807792&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use disorders in Polish primary care settings. Author(s): Manwell LB, Ignaczak M, Czabala JC. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 12(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073753&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing tobacco purchases by underage youths. Author(s): Hewett G, Goldbaum G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 August 15; 286(7): 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497528&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing youth use of tobacco products: the role of nursing. Author(s): LaSala KB, Todd SJ. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 March-April; 26(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026267&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of tobacco use in adolescents: review of current findings and implications for healthcare providers. Author(s): Vickers KS, Thomas JL, Patten CA, Mrazek DA. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2002 December; 14(6): 708-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436041&dopt=Abstract

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Principal and teacher reports of strategies to enforce anti-tobacco policies in Florida middle and high schools. Author(s): Tubman JG, Soza Vento R. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2001 August; 71(6): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11512490&dopt=Abstract

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Probabilities of alcohol high-risk drinking, abuse or dependence estimated on grounds of tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence. Author(s): John U, Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 June; 98(6): 805-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780369&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors in betel and tobacco related oral cancer. Author(s): Pande P, Soni S, Kaur J, Agarwal S, Mathur M, Shukla NK, Ralhan R. Source: Oral Oncology. 2002 July; 38(5): 491-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110345&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic impact of Ets-1 overexpression in betel and tobacco related oral cancer. Author(s): Pande P, Soni S, Chakravarti N, Mathur M, Shukla NK, Ralhan R. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2001; 25(5): 496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718456&dopt=Abstract

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Programs and policies to discourage the use of tobacco products. Author(s): Cummings KM. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7349-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379878&dopt=Abstract

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Progress in nicotine and tobacco research. Author(s): Eissenberg T. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 August; 4(3): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215245&dopt=Abstract

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Progression to established smoking: the influence of tobacco marketing. Author(s): Choi WS, Ahluwalia JS, Harris KJ, Okuyemi K. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 May; 22(4): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988378&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting a tobacco-free generation: who is responsible for what? Author(s): von Bothmer M, Fridlund B. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2001 November; 10(6): 784-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822850&dopt=Abstract

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Prospects for tobacco control in Zimbabwe: a historical perspective. Author(s): Woelk G, Mtisi S, Vaughan JP. Source: Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001 September; 57(3): 179-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459625&dopt=Abstract

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Protecting children from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure: a critical review. Author(s): Gehrman CA, Hovell MF. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 289-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791524&dopt=Abstract

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Protecting our children from tobacco and alcohol. Author(s): Rohack J. Source: Tex Med. 2002 February; 98(2): 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862888&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of antioxidants against smokeless tobacco-induced oxidative stress and modulation of Bcl-2 and p53 genes in human oral keratinocytes. Author(s): Bagchi M, Kuszynski CA, Balmoori J, Joshi SS, Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 August; 35(2): 181-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697199&dopt=Abstract

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Pro-tobacco writer admits he should have declared an interest. Author(s): Kmietowicz Z, Ferriman A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 2; 324(7332): 257. Erratum In: Bmj 2002 Feb 9; 324(7333): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823350&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial antecedents of tobacco chipping. Author(s): Presson CC, Chassin L, Sherman SJ. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2002 July; 21(4): 384-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090681&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial correlates of alternate tobacco product use during early adolescence. Author(s): Tercyak KP, Audrain J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 August; 35(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200105&dopt=Abstract

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Public health impact of changes in smoking behavior: results from the Tobacco Policy Model. Author(s): Tengs TO, Osgood ND, Lin TH. Source: Medical Care. 2001 October; 39(10): 1131-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567175&dopt=Abstract

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Public health implications of voters' attitudes regarding statewide tobacco policy. Author(s): Batra V, Patkar A, Weibel S, Pincock G, Leone F. Source: Chest. 2002 July; 122(1): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114373&dopt=Abstract

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Public reaction to the portrayal of the tobacco industry in the film The Insider. Author(s): Dixon HG, Hill DJ, Borland R, Paxton SJ. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544395&dopt=Abstract

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Public support of tobacco taxation. Author(s): Wilson N, Thomson G. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 July 2; 115(1157): U73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362200&dopt=Abstract

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Public-private partnerships to reduce tobacco dependence. Author(s): Anderson P. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 August; 97(8): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144592&dopt=Abstract

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Public-private partnerships: a successful model in tobacco control. Author(s): Houston T. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 August; 97(8): 959-60; Didcussion 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144595&dopt=Abstract

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Purification, characterization and NNK carbonyl reductase activities of 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from human liver: enzyme cooperativity and significance in the detoxification of a tobacco-derived carcinogen. Author(s): Maser E, Friebertshauser J, Volker B. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 February 1; 143-144: 435-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604230&dopt=Abstract

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Put your (tobacco) money where your mouth is. Author(s): Hartness DS. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2001 June; 42(6): 187. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433926&dopt=Abstract

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Quality improvement and accountability in the treatment of tobacco dependence: the need for a national training and certification programme. Author(s): Davis RM, Slade J, Ferry LH. Source: Tobacco Control. 2000 December; 9(4): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106697&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying tobacco related health care expenditures in the Republic of the Marshall Islands: a case study in determining health costs in a developing US associated island nation. Author(s): Palafox NA, Ou AC, Haberle H, Chen TH. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720417&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitation of metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone after cessation of smokeless tobacco use. Author(s): Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Ye M, Le KA, Jensen JA, Zimmerman CL, Hatsukami DK. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 January 1; 62(1): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782369&dopt=Abstract

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Questionnaire or objective assessment for studying exposure to tobacco smoke among asthmatic and healthy children: The French VESTA Study. Author(s): Callais F, Momas I, Roche D, Gauvin S, Reungoat P, Zmirou D. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 January; 36(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473431&dopt=Abstract

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Quitting sooner: a new climate for tobacco cessation. Author(s): Cushman R, Medline E. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2001 November-December; 92(6): 405-6, 416. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799541&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells. Author(s): West KA, Brognard J, Clark AS, Linnoila IR, Yang X, Swain SM, Harris C, Belinsky S, Dennis PA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 January; 111(1): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511591&dopt=Abstract

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Rate of illegal tobacco sales to minors varies by sign type in California. Author(s): Cowling DW, Robins DM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 November; 90(11): 1792-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076254&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term”. Author(s): Papoz L. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 January 1; 157(1): 86-7; Author Reply 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505898&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers. Author(s): Hecht SS, Hoffmann D. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 December 20; 92(24): 2040. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121469&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in schoolbased tobacco use prevention--results on smoking. Author(s): Bliss HA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 August 15; 93(16): 1268; Author Reply 1269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504775&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in schoolbased tobacco use prevention--results on smoking. Author(s): Sussman S, Hansen WB, Flay BR, Botvin GJ. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 August 15; 93(16): 1267; Author Reply 1269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504774&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in schoolbased tobacco use prevention--results on smoking. Author(s): Cameron R, Best JA, Brown KS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 August 15; 93(16): 1267-8; Author Reply 1269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504773&dopt=Abstract

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Re: metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Chobanyan NS, Nersesyan AK. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 October 17; 93(20): 1575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604486&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Sex-related differences in bronchial epithelial changes associated with tobacco smoking. Author(s): Paris C, Benichou J, Thiberville L. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 February 5; 95(3): 242-3; Author Reply 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569147&dopt=Abstract

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Readiness to change: newspaper coverage of tobacco farming and diversification. Author(s): Smith MH, Altman DG, Strunk B. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2000 December; 27(6): 708-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104371&dopt=Abstract

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Realignment of the nation's tobacco agenda: the need to treat tobacco dependence. Author(s): Ad Hoc Working Group on Treatment of Tobacco Dependence. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 32(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11162333&dopt=Abstract

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Recall of health warnings in smokeless tobacco ads. Author(s): Truitt L, Hamilton WL, Johnston PR, Bacani CP, Crawford SO, Hozik L, Celebucki C. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11 Suppl 2: Ii59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034984&dopt=Abstract

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Recommendations regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 20(2 Suppl): 10-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173214&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of intraoperative microbicidal and inflammatory functions of alveolar immune cells after a tobacco smoke-free period. Author(s): Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, Sessler DI, Muraoka M, Matsuki A. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 June; 94(6): 999-1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465626&dopt=Abstract

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Recruitment barriers and successes of the American Lung Association's Not-OnTobacco Program. Author(s): Massey CJ, Dino GA, Horn KA, Lacey-McCracken A, Goldcamp J, Kalsekar I. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2003 February; 73(2): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643020&dopt=Abstract

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Redefining goals for tobacco control. Author(s): von Eyben FE. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 17; 357(9259): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265990&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing domestic exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a review of attitudes and behaviours. Author(s): Green E, Courage C, Rushton L. Source: J R Soc Health. 2003 March; 123(1): 46-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722583&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing the health burden of tobacco use: what's the doctor's role? Author(s): Rigotti NA, Thorndike AN. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001 February; 76(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213298&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing tobacco consumption. Author(s): Chapman S. Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2003 March; 14(3): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806415&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing tobacco harm: research challenges and issues. Author(s): Hatsukami DK, Slade J, Benowitz NL, Giovino GA, Gritz ER, Leischow S, Warner KE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S89-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573171&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing tobacco use among youth. Author(s): Heyman RB. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2002 April; 49(2): 377-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993289&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing tobacco use: health plans take an active role. Author(s): McPhillips-Tangum C. Source: Healthplan. 2001 January-February; 42(1): 50-3, 55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218802&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing tobacco use: what works in the population? Author(s): Burns DM. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 September; 66(9): 1051-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374266&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of tobacco withdrawal symptoms with a sublingual nicotine tablet: a placebo controlled study. Author(s): Molander L, Lunell E, Fagerstrom KO. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2000 May; 2(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072457&dopt=Abstract

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Regulating tobacco: the need for a public health judicial decision-making canon. Author(s): Daynard RA. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Summer; 30(2): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066605&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between parental restrictions on movies and adolescent use of tobacco and alcohol. Author(s): Dalton MA, Ahrens MB, Sargent JD, Mott LA, Beach ML, Tickle JJ, Heatherton TF. Source: Effective Clinical Practice : Ecp. 2002 January-February; 5(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874190&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of childhood brain tumors to exposure of parents and children to tobacco smoke: the SEARCH international case-control study. Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans. Author(s): Filippini G, Maisonneuve P, McCredie M, Peris-Bonet R, Modan B, PrestonMartin S, Mueller BA, Holly EA, Cordier S, Choi NW, Little J, Arslan A, Boyle P. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 July 10; 100(2): 206-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115571&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between FTC 'tar' and urine mutagenicity in smokers of tobaccoburning or Eclipse cigarettes. Author(s): Bowman DL, Smith CJ, Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Davis RA, Morgan WT, Doolittle DJ. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 November 26; 521(1-2): 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438011&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between tobacco smoking and medical symptoms among cocaine-, alcohol-, and opiate-dependent patients. Author(s): Patkar AA, Sterling RC, Leone FT, Lundy A, Weinstein SP. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2002 Summer; 11(3): 209-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202013&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between tobacco smoking and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Author(s): Patkar AA, Gopalakrishnan R, Lundy A, Leone FT, Certa KM, Weinstein SP. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 September; 190(9): 604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357094&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of tobacco smoking CYP1A1 GSTM1 gene polymorphism and esophageal cancer in Xi'an. Author(s): Wang AH, Sun CS, Li LS, Huang JY, Chen QS. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 February; 8(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833070&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of tobacco use to depressive disorders and suicidality among patients treated for alcohol dependence. Author(s): Patten CA, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Croghan IT, Gomez-Dahl LC, Kottke TE, Morse RM, Joseph Melton L. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2003 January-February; 12(1): 71-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623742&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of tobacco/alcohol use to p53 expression in patients with lingual squamous cell carcinomas. Author(s): Matthews JB, Scully C, Jovanovic A, Van der Waal I, Yeudall WA, Prime SS. Source: European Journal of Cancer. Part B, Oral Oncology. 1993 October; 29B(4): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706422&dopt=Abstract

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Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. Author(s): Wei Q, Cheng L, Amos CI, Wang LE, Guo Z, Hong WK, Spitz MR. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 November 1; 92(21): 1764-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058619&dopt=Abstract

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Research on resilience and its implications for tobacco prevention. Author(s): Braverman MT. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; (1 Suppl 1): S67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072407&dopt=Abstract

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Research on tobacco use among teenagers: ethical challenges. Author(s): Moolchan ET, Mermelstein R. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 June; 30(6): 409-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039510&dopt=Abstract

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Resources for treatment of tobacco dependency. Author(s): Sarna L. Source: Cancer Practice. 2000 September-October; 8(5): 248-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898238&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory findings in tobacco workers. Author(s): Mustajbegovic J, Zuskin E, Schachter EN, Kern J, Luburic-Milas M, Pucarin J. Source: Chest. 2003 May; 123(5): 1740-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740295&dopt=Abstract

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Respondent bias in the collection of alcohol and tobacco data in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Author(s): Schweigman KP, Fabsitz RR, Sorlie P, Welty TK. Source: Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res. 2000; 9(3): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279559&dopt=Abstract

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Responses to tobacco control policies among youth. Author(s): Crawford MA, Balch GI, Mermelstein R; Tobacco Control Network Writing Group. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891362&dopt=Abstract

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Results from the 1999 North Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey. A call to action. Author(s): Conlisk E, Malek SH. Source: N C Med J. 2001 September-October; 62(5): 256-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570320&dopt=Abstract

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Results of the conversion to a tobacco-free environment in a state psychiatric hospital. Author(s): Quinn J, Inman JD, Fadow P. Source: Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2000 July; 27(6): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077707&dopt=Abstract

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Rethinking alcohol, tobacco and other drug control. Author(s): Room R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 June; 98(6): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780353&dopt=Abstract

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Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Hopkins DP, Briss PA, Ricard CJ, Husten CG, Carande-Kulis VG, Fielding JE, Alao MO, McKenna JW, Sharp DJ, Harris JR, Woollery TA, Harris KW; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 20(2 Suppl): 16-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173215&dopt=Abstract

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Rich countries pledge to help poor nations fight tobacco. Author(s): Fleck F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609938&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among ethnically diverse women in the United States. Author(s): Stamatakis KA, Brownson RC, Luke DA. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002 January-February; 11(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860724&dopt=Abstract

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Risk modification by CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms in the association of environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a case-control study in Japanese nonsmoking women. Author(s): Kiyohara C, Wakai K, Mikami H, Sido K, Ando M, Ohno Y. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 October 20; 107(1): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925969&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of brain glioma not associated with cigarette smoking or use of other tobacco products in Iowa. Author(s): Zheng T, Cantor KP, Zhang Y, Chiu BC, Lynch CF. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 April; 10(4): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319186&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of lung cancer from tobacco smoking among young women from Europe. Author(s): Boffetta P, Kreuzer M, Benhamou S, Agudo A, Wichmann HE, Gaborieau V, Simonato L. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 March 1; 91(5): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11267992&dopt=Abstract

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Role of slotting fees and trade promotions in shaping how tobacco is marketed in retail stores. Author(s): Bloom PN. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740025&dopt=Abstract

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Roles of the private sector in tobacco cessation programmes. Author(s): Zain Z. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 August; 97(8): 960-1, Discussion 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144596&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary cotinine levels in human tobacco smokers predict the attentional validity effect size during smoking abstinence. Author(s): Shirtcliff EA, Marrocco RT. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 February; 166(1): 11-8. Epub 2002 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491028&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary variables in relation to tobacco smoking and female sex steroid hormone-use in 30 to 59-year-old women. Author(s): Laine MA, Sewon LA, Karjalainen SM, Helenius H, Doroguinskaia A, Lehtonen-Veromaa M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 60(4): 237-40. Erratum In: Acta Odontol Scand. 2002 December; 60(6): 375. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222649&dopt=Abstract

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Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking in a Spanish psychiatric hospital. Author(s): LLerena A, de la Rubia A, Penas-Lledo EM, Diaz FJ, de Leon J. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 April 1; 60(2-3): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591592&dopt=Abstract

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Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking in a Spanish psychiatric hospital. Author(s): LLerena A, de la Rubia A, Penas-Lledo EM, Diaz FJ, de Leon J. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 December 1; 58(2-3): 323-7. Review. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409173&dopt=Abstract

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Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital. Author(s): de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, McGrory A, Diaz FJ. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 July 1; 56(1-2): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084420&dopt=Abstract

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School and family participation in a longitudinal study of tobacco use: some methodological notes. Author(s): Post A, Galanti MR, Gilliam H. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 March; 13(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678318&dopt=Abstract

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Science for hire: a tobacco industry strategy to influence public opinion on secondhand smoke. Author(s): Muggli ME, Hurt RD, Blanke DD. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 303-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791525&dopt=Abstract

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Science, politics, and ideology in the campaign against environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Bayer R, Colgrove J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 949-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036788&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal assessment of environmental tobacco smoke and respirable suspended particle exposures for nonsmokers in Bremen using personal monitoring. Author(s): Phillips K, Bentley MC. Source: Environment International. 2001 July; 27(1): 69-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488392&dopt=Abstract

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Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry? Author(s): Hirschhorn N, Bialous SA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740031&dopt=Abstract

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Second head and neck cancers and tobacco usage. Author(s): Tomek MS, McGuirt WF. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579479&dopt=Abstract

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Second-hand tobacco smoke in Oklahoma: a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality and means of reducing exposure. Author(s): Miner RN, Crutcher JM. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 March; 95(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921863&dopt=Abstract

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Self-change and dual recoveries among individuals with alcohol and tobacco problems: current knowledge and future directions. Author(s): Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Agrawal S. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 December; 26(12): 1936-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500127&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reported school difficulties and tobacco use among fourth- to seventh-grade students. Author(s): Lee DJ, Trapido E, Rodriguez R. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 November; 72(9): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557632&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of CC16, SP-A and SP-B reflect tobacco-smoke exposure in asymptomatic subjects. Author(s): Robin M, Dong P, Hermans C, Bernard A, Bersten AD, Doyle IR. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 November; 20(5): 1152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449168&dopt=Abstract

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Sex differences in lung vulnerability to tobacco smoking. Author(s): Langhammer A, Johnsen R, Gulsvik A, Holmen TL, Bjermer L. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 June; 21(6): 1017-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797498&dopt=Abstract

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Shade tobacco and green tobacco sickness in Connecticut. Author(s): Trape-Cardoso M, Bracker A, Grey M, Kaliszewski M, Oncken C, Ohannessian C, Barrera LV, Gould B. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 June; 45(6): 656-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802219&dopt=Abstract

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Sharp v Port Kembla RSL Club: establishing causation of laryngeal cancer by environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Langlands AO, Gebski VJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 May 6; 176(9): 448; Author Reply 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057000&dopt=Abstract

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Sharp v Port Kembla RSL Club: establishing causation of laryngeal cancer by environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Stewart BW, Semmler PC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 February 4; 176(3): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936307&dopt=Abstract

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Simulated effect of tobacco tax variation on Latino health in California. Author(s): Emery S, Ake CF, Navarro AM, Kaplan RM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 November; 21(4): 278-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701298&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous analysis of nicotine, nicotine metabolites, and tobacco alkaloids in serum or urine by tandem mass spectrometry, with clinically relevant metabolic profiles. Author(s): Moyer TP, Charlson JR, Enger RJ, Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Schroeder DR, Hurt RD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002 September; 48(9): 1460-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194923&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of the tobacco smoke uptake parameters nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate in urine, saliva and hair, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterisation of smoking status of recently exposed subjects. Author(s): Torano JS, van Kan HJ. Source: The Analyst. 2003 July; 128(7): 838-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894819&dopt=Abstract

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Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and tobacco smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies. Author(s): Yin L, Morita A, Tsuji T. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2001 August; 17(4): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499540&dopt=Abstract

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Skin premature aging induced by tobacco smoking: the objective evidence of skin replica analysis. Author(s): Yin L, Morita A, Tsuji T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 August; 27 Suppl 1: S26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514122&dopt=Abstract

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Slowing the epidemic of tobacco use among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Author(s): Lew R, Tanjasiri SP. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 May; 93(5): 764-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721139&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke and mirrors: how Massachusetts diverted millions in tobacco tax revenues. Author(s): Ritch WA, Begay ME. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 July; 56(7): 522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080160&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke and mirrors: how Massachusetts diverted millions in tobacco tax revenues. Author(s): Ritch WA, Begay ME. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740020&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke free families: a tobacco control program for pregnant women and their families. Author(s): Pletsch PK, Morgan S. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2002 January-February; 31(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843018&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke in the machine: industry's nervous puff over Tobacco Control report. Author(s): Shatenstein S. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 September; 11(3): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198263&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke yields of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in relation to FTC tar level and cigarette manufacturer: analysis of the Massachusetts Benchmark Study. Author(s): Harris JE. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2001 July-August; 116(4): 33643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037262&dopt=Abstract

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SMOKED: a pharmacist-monitored tobacco cessation program. Author(s): Huntzinger PE. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 December; 167(12): 1001-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502175&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Asplund K. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2003 March-April; 45(5): 383-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704595&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco and cigarette use among black secondary school students in South Africa. Author(s): Peltzer K. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2003 June; 38(7): 1003-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801153&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco as a possible risk factor for stroke in men: a nested case-control study. Author(s): Asplund K, Nasic S, Janlert U, Stegmayr B. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 July; 34(7): 1754-9. Epub 2003 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775887&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco as a smoking cessation strategy. Author(s): Rodu B. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 July; 11(7): 18; Author Reply 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886730&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco extracts modulate keratinocyte and fibroblast growth in organotypic culture. Author(s): Wang Y, Rotem E, Andriani F, Garlick JA. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2001 September; 80(9): 1862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926249&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco use among addiction patients: a brief report. Author(s): Lapid MI, Hall-Flavin DK, Cox LS, Lichty EJ, Krahn LE. Source: J Addict Dis. 2002; 21(2): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916370&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco use and cancer of the upper respiratory tract. Author(s): Rodu B, Cole P. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 May; 93(5): 511-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075196&dopt=Abstract

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Smokeless tobacco: harm reduction or nicotine overload? Author(s): Vainio H, Weiderpass E. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 April; 12(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671531&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking among adolescents in Muenster, Germany: increase in prevalence (19952000) and relation to tobacco advertising. Author(s): Maziak W, Rzehak P, Keil U, Weiland SK. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 February; 36(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590992&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking among Asian American and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander youth: data from the 2000 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Author(s): Appleyard J, Messeri P, Haviland ML. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 5-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720409&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase gamma-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes. Author(s): Dietrich M, Block G, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Traber MG, Cross CE, Packer L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499336&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and use of smokeless tobacco in treated hypertensive men at high coronary risk: utility of urinary cotinine determination. Author(s): Agewall S, Persson B, Lindstedt G, Fagerberg B. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002; 59(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371055&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking cessation and cancer: ways of discouraging tobacco use. Author(s): Cresswell J. Source: Prof Nurse. 2001 March; 16(6): 1141-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029959&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking in Cape Town: community influences on adolescent tobacco use. Author(s): King G, Flisher AJ, Mallett R, Graham J, Lombard C, Rawson T, Morojele NK, Muller M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 January; 36(1): 114-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473432&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking prevalence and awareness about tobacco related diseases among medical students of Ziauddin Medical University. Author(s): Omair A, Kazmi T, Alam SE. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 September; 52(9): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532570&dopt=Abstract

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Smooth moves: bar and nightclub tobacco promotions that target young adults. Author(s): Sepe E, Ling PM, Glantz SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 March; 92(3): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867322&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble intercellular adhesion molecules in the serum of subjects exposed to dust at different workplaces--correlation to airway symptoms, lung function, tobacco and dust exposure. Author(s): Backe EM, Lotz G, Tittelbach U, Bolm-Audorff U, Wallenstein G, Schneider WD. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 February; 204(5-6): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885366&dopt=Abstract

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Some methodologic issues in analyzing data from a randomized adolescent tobacco and alcohol use prevention trial. Author(s): Slymen DJ, Elder JP, Litrownik AJ, Ayala GX, Campbell NR. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 April; 56(4): 332-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767410&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of tobacco for youths in communities with strong enforcement of youth access laws. Author(s): DiFranza JR, Coleman M. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740022&dopt=Abstract

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Spain's regional government becomes first in Europe to sue tobacco industry. Author(s): Bosch X. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 2; 359(9308): 772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888601&dopt=Abstract

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Speaking truth(sm) to youth. How the American Legacy Foundation is helping teens reject tobacco. Author(s): Healton C. Source: N C Med J. 2002 May-June; 63(3): 162-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181851&dopt=Abstract

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Spit tobacco prevention and cessation counseling: statewide survey of health-care professionals and educators. Author(s): Prokhorov AV, Wetter DW, Padgett D, de MC, Le T, Kitzman H. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2002 January; 37(2): 171-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863274&dopt=Abstract

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Spit Tobacco Prevention Network (STOPN). Author(s): Holyfield LJ. Source: Tex Nurs. 2000 November-December; 74(10): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949091&dopt=Abstract

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Spit Tobacco Prevention Network (STOPN). Author(s): Holyfield LJ. Source: Tex Dent J. 2000 December; 117(12): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858073&dopt=Abstract

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State laws on youth access to tobacco: an update, 1993-1999. Author(s): Chriqui JF, Frosh MM, Fues LA, El Arculli R, Stillman FA. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 June; 11(2): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035016&dopt=Abstract

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State legislators' beliefs about legislation that restricts youth access to tobacco products. Author(s): Gottlieb NH, Goldstein AO, Flynn BS, Cohen EJ, Bauman KE, Solomon LJ, Munger MC, Dana GS, McMorris LE. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2003 April; 30(2): 209-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693524&dopt=Abstract

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State tobacco settlement funds not being spent on vigorous tobacco control efforts. Author(s): Givel MS, Glantz SA. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2002 February; 16(2): 152, 155-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866133&dopt=Abstract

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State-specific trends in smoke-free workplace policy coverage: the current population survey tobacco use supplement, 1993 to 1999. Author(s): Shopland DR, Gerlach KK, Burns DM, Hartman AM, Gibson JT. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 August; 43(8): 680-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515250&dopt=Abstract

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Statewide demonstration of not on tobacco: a gender-sensitive teen smoking cessation program. Author(s): Dino GA, Horn KA, Goldcamp J, Maniar SD, Fernandes A, Massey CJ. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2001 April; 17(2): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885118&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical analysis of randomized trials in tobacco treatment: longitudinal designs with dichotomous outcome. Author(s): Hall SM, Delucchi KL, Velicer WF, Kahler CW, Ranger-Moore J, Hedeker D, Tsoh JY, Niaura R. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 August; 3(3): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506764&dopt=Abstract

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Strategic marketing in the UK tobacco industry. Author(s): Anderson S, Hastings G, MacFadyen L. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2002 August; 3(8): 481-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12147434&dopt=Abstract

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Study of oral epithelial atypia among Sudanese tobacco users by exfoliative cytology. Author(s): Ahmed HG, Idris AM, Ibrahim SO. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2C): 1943-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820484&dopt=Abstract

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Subjective health of male ex-smokers: relationship with time since smoking cessation, intensity and duration of tobacco consumption. Author(s): Diez-Ganan L, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas Banegas JR, Lafuente Urdinguio PJ, Fernandez E, Gonzalez Enriquez J, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 October; 35(4): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453708&dopt=Abstract

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Support for tobacco control policies: how congruent are the attitudes of legislators and the public? Author(s): de Guia NA, Cohen JE, Ashley MJ, Pederson L, Ferrence R, Bull S, Northrup D, Poland B. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2003 January-February; 94(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583669&dopt=Abstract

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Support from retailers for tightening the Western Australian Tobacco Control Act 1990. Author(s): Laurvick CL, Jamorzik K. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544376&dopt=Abstract

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Supreme court ruling on FDA oversight of tobacco. Author(s): Meier E. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 July-August; 26(4): 414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026480&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility of youth to tobacco: a social ecological framework for prevention. Author(s): Corbett KK. Source: Respiration Physiology. 2001 October; 128(1): 103-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535267&dopt=Abstract

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Syncope induced by tobacco smoking in the head-up position. Author(s): Inoue N, Ohkusa T, Nitta T, Harada M, Murata K, Matsuzaki M. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 2001 November; 65(11): 1001-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716239&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic mechanisms in carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by tobacco smoke: a bio-historical perspective with updates. Author(s): Rubin H. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 December; 22(12): 1903-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751421&dopt=Abstract

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Tackling tobacco in Saskatchewan. Author(s): Greaves L. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 November 26; 167(11): 1232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451073&dopt=Abstract

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The association of tobacco smoking and depression in adolescence: evidence from the United States. Author(s): Martini S, Wagner FA, Anthony JC. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2002; 37(14): 1853-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511055&dopt=Abstract

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The California Tobacco Control Program and potential harm reduction through reduced cigarette consumption in continuing smokers. Author(s): Gilpin EA, Pierce JP. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583355&dopt=Abstract

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The Duluth clean indoor air ordinance: problems and success in fighting the tobacco industry at the local level in the 21st century. Author(s): Tsoukalas T, Glantz SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 August; 93(8): 1214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893598&dopt=Abstract

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The economic burden of environmental tobacco smoke in the first year of life. Author(s): Leung GM, Ho LM, Lam TH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937093&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of active parental consent on the ability to generalize the results of an alcohol, tobacco, and other drug prevention trial to rural adolescents. Author(s): Henry KL, Smith EA, Hopkins AM. Source: Evaluation Review. 2002 December; 26(6): 645-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465574&dopt=Abstract

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The framework convention on tobacco control. Author(s): de Seixas Correa LF. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(12): 924. Epub 2003 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571717&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of tobacco on lung health in China. Author(s): Zhang H, Cai B. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2003 March; 8(1): 17-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856737&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of salivary activity in evaluating adolescent tobacco consumption by determining the level of thiocyanate in saliva. Author(s): Gimenez TJ, Adame ML. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507529&dopt=Abstract

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The InTouch interview with David Kessler, MD. Big tobacco meets its match. Interview by Patrick Young. Author(s): Kessler D. Source: Intouch. 2002 January; 4(1): 35-7, 39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380562&dopt=Abstract

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The molecular epidemiology of asbestos and tobacco in lung cancer. Author(s): Nelson HH, Kelsey KT. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7284-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379872&dopt=Abstract

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The need for FDA regulation of tobacco products. Author(s): Kennedy EM. Source: Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2002 Winter; 3(1): 101-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825428&dopt=Abstract

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The other tobacco threat. Smokeless does not mean harmless. Author(s): McGinley SR. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 April; 11(4): 29-30, 34, 90. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718101&dopt=Abstract

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The outing of Philip Morris: advertising tobacco to gay men. Author(s): Smith EA, Malone RE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 93(6): 988-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773366&dopt=Abstract

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The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan. Author(s): Lee CH, Ko YC, Huang HL, Chao YY, Tsai CC, Shieh TY, Lin LM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 February 10; 88(3): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569378&dopt=Abstract

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The role of genes in tobacco smoking during adolescence and young adulthood: a multivariate behaviour genetic investigation. Author(s): White VM, Hopper JL, Wearing AJ, Hill DJ. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 August; 98(8): 1087-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873243&dopt=Abstract

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The role of health plans in tobacco control. Author(s): Manley MW, Griffin T, Foldes SS, Link CC, Sechrist RA. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2003; 24: 247-66. Epub 2001 November 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471273&dopt=Abstract

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The social cost of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in France, 1997. Author(s): Fenoglio P, Parel V, Kopp P. Source: European Addiction Research. 2003 January; 9(1): 18-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566794&dopt=Abstract

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The state of office-based interventions for youth tobacco use. Author(s): Pbert L, Moolchan ET, Muramoto M, Winickoff JP, Curry S, Lando H, OssipKlein D, Prokhorov AV, DiFranza J, Klein JD; Tobacco Consortium, Center for Child Health Research of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 June; 111(6 Pt 1): E650-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777581&dopt=Abstract

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The war against nicotine and tobacco: new tools? Author(s): Cerny T. Source: Onkologie. 2002 October; 25(5): 404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472104&dopt=Abstract

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The world's first international tobacco control treaty. Author(s): Gilmore AB, Collin J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 19; 325(7369): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386012&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco + teens = trouble. Author(s): Meer PA. Source: School Nurse News. 2002 November; 19(5): 40-3; Quiz 44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440329&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco and alcohol use and medical symptoms among cocaine dependent patients. Author(s): Patkar AA, Lundy A, Leone FT, Weinstein SP, Gottheil E, Steinberg M. Source: Substance Abuse : Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. 2002 June; 23(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444355&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco and the Commonwealth: a call to action. Author(s): Krishnan P, Mungherera M, Jones SB. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 17; 361(9370): 1669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767730&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco and youth in the South East Asian region. Author(s): Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 2002 March; 39(1): 1-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12931709&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco cessation, oral pain, and psychological distress in Bangladeshi women. Author(s): Pau AK, Croucher R, Marcenes W, Rahman R, Shajahan S. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791538&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco consumption and disease duration are associated with fistulizing and stricturing behaviors in the first 8 years of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Picco MF, Bayless TM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 98(2): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591056&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco consumption and sports participation: a survey among university students in northern Italy. Author(s): Bergamaschi A, Morri M, Resi D, Zanetti F, Stampi S. Source: Ann Ig. 2002 September-October; 14(5): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508452&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco control in NSW: evidence supporting improved strategies to reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Mitchell E, Sanders J. Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2002 September-October; 13(9-10): 2157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555114&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco control in Pakistan: a challenge for the medical profession. Author(s): Jafarey NA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 September; 52(9): 388-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532569&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco control, the European Union and WHO. Two conventions provide opportunities to advance public health. Author(s): Collin J, Gilmore AB. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2002 December; 12(4): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506497&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco control: a state perspective. Author(s): Blumenthal R. Source: Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2002 Winter; 3(1): 151-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825433&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco counseling at well-child and tobacco-influenced illness visits: opportunities for improvement. Author(s): Tanski SE, Klein JD, Winickoff JP, Auinger P, Weitzman M. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 February; 111(2): E162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563090&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco coverage in popular magazines: 1996-1999. Author(s): Sciacca J, Antonucci N. Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500949&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco dependence: adolescents' perspectives on the need to smoke. Author(s): Johnson JL, Bottorff JL, Moffat B, Ratner PA, Shoveller JA, Lovato CY. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 April; 56(7): 1481-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614699&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco dependence: why should an oncologist care? Author(s): Garces YI, Hays JT. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 May 1; 21(9): 1884-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721267&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco giant wins appeal over document shredding. Author(s): Burton B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 December 14; 325(7377): 1381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480846&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco harm reduction: a call to address the ethical dilemmas. Author(s): Fox BJ, Cohen JE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573170&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research. Author(s): Shiffman S, Gitchell JG, Warner KE, Slade J, Henningfield JE, Pinney JM. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S113-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573173&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco harm reduction: promise and perils. Author(s): Warner KE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580158&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco litigation: medical monitoring of healthy smokers. Author(s): Saxon AE. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Winter; 30(4): 755-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561279&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco litigation: statistics permitted for proof of causation and damages in class action. Author(s): Dudzinski DM. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2003 Spring; 31(1): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762114&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco money: up in smoke? Author(s): Berlin NI. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 14; 360(9349): 1981-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493301&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco money: up in smoke? Author(s): NY-ELCAP investigators. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 14; 360(9349): 1980-1; Author Reply 1981. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493300&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco money: up in smoke? Author(s): Mulshine JL, Smith RA, Field JK, Hirsch FR. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 14; 360(9349): 1979-80; Author Reply 1981. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493299&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco or health? Author(s): Conrod B. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2000 November; 66(10): 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584768&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. Author(s): Hyland A, Travers MJ, Cummings KM, Bauer J, Alford T, Wieczorek WF. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 July; 93(7): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835184&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco Quitline Mississippi 1-800-244-9100. Author(s): McIlwain JS. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2002 November; 43(11): 358-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557569&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco reduction advocacy and education for Hawaii's physicians-in-training. Author(s): Lee MT. Source: Hawaii Med J. 2003 May; 62(5): 107-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806791&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco settlement funds--intent vs. actuality. Author(s): Fletcher CE. Source: Mich Nurse. 2002 October; 75(9): 11, 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465530&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Author(s): Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Hainaut P. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7435-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379884&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoke exposure and decreased serum and red blood cell folate levels: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Mannino DM, Mulinare J, Ford ES, Schwartz J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791531&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoke exposure and serum cotinine in a random sample of adults living in Verona, Italy. Author(s): Olivieri M, Poli A, Zuccaro P, Ferrari M, Lampronti G, de Marco R, Lo Cascio V, Pacifici R. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 July-August; 57(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530604&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoking as a chronic disease: notes on prevention and treatment. Author(s): Batra V, Patkar AA, Weibel S, Leone FT. Source: Primary Care. 2002 September; 29(3): 629-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529902&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoking in the Caribbean. The role of dental professionals in smoking cessation programmes. Author(s): Naidu R. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2002 September; 51(3): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501545&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use a leading global cancer risk, report says. Author(s): Twombly R. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 January 1; 95(1): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509393&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists. Author(s): Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Calle EE. Source: Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7307-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379875&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use and degenerative joint disease of the spine. Author(s): Brotherson JD, Marshall ES, Measom G, Clark JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2003 June; 15(6): 27781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861894&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use and quit behaviors among delinquent youth: a pilot study. Author(s): Smith DW, Colwell B, Zhang JJ, McPherson R, Stevens S, McMillan C, Robinson J 3rd. Source: Journal of Drug Education. 2002; 32(4): 303-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556135&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use as a predictor of illicit drug use and drug-related problems in Colombian youth. Author(s): Siqueira LM, Brook JS. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2003 January; 32(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507801&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use by university students, Lebanon, 2001. Author(s): Tamim H, Terro A, Kassem H, Ghazi A, Khamis TA, Hay MM, Musharrafieh U. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 July; 98(7): 933-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814499&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use in a tri-ethnic population of older women in southeastern North Carolina. Author(s): Spangler JG, Case LD, Bell RA, Quandt SA. Source: Ethn Dis. 2003 Spring; 13(2): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785420&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use of pregnant women and their male partners who attend antenatal classes: what happened to routine quit smoking advice in pregnancy? Author(s): Mabbutt J, Bauman A, Moshin M. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 December; 26(6): 571-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530803&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use: the impact of prices. Author(s): Leverett M, Ashe M, Gerard S, Jenson J, Woollery T. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Fall; 30(3 Suppl): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508509&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco, alcohol and caffeine use in a low-income, pregnant population. Author(s): Stotts AL, Shipley SL, Schmitz JM, Sayre SL, Grabowski J. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 May; 23(3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850852&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco, taxation, and fairness. Author(s): McLachlan HV. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2002 December; 28(6): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468659&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco: a medical history. Author(s): Doll R. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1999 September; 76(3): 289-313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607897&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco-related mortality following the Peto-Lopez epidemiological model used in international public health comparison. Author(s): Wramner B, Pellmer K. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002 December; 10(4): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528385&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes. Author(s): Ashley DL, Beeson MD, Johnson DR, McCraw JM, Richter P, Pirkle JL, Pechacek TF, Song S, Watson CH. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791527&dopt=Abstract

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Trojan horses: how the tobacco industry infiltrates the smokefree debate in Australia. Author(s): Harper T, Martin J. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 December; 26(6): 572-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530804&dopt=Abstract

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UCSF's new center for tobacco control research and education finds valuable lessons in the tobacco industry's internal documents. Author(s): Malone RE. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2003 February; 29(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556840&dopt=Abstract

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UK: university's tobacco stain won't go away. Author(s): Simpson D. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577692&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural heterogeneity of the alveolar macrophages from tobacco smokers with chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Polosukhin VV, Manouilova LS, Romberger DJ, Matthews KI, Pirruccello SJ, West W, Daughton DM, Millatmal T, Umino T, Rennard SI. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 2001 January-February; 25(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297319&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding environmental, situational and intrapersonal risk and protective factors for youth tobacco use: the Theory of Triadic Influence. Author(s): Flay BR. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; 1 Suppl 2: S111-4; Discussion 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768166&dopt=Abstract

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Under-use of tobacco dependence treatment among Wisconsin's fee-for-service Medicaid recipients. Author(s): Burns ME, Fiore MC. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(3): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491035&dopt=Abstract

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United Kingdom finally bans tobacco advertising. Author(s): Eaton L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 February 15; 326(7385): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586648&dopt=Abstract

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United States and Germany are keen to see tobacco agreement watered down. Author(s): Watson R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 17; 326(7398): 1055. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750194&dopt=Abstract

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Universities and tobacco money. Author(s): Cohen JE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 7; 323(7303): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440920&dopt=Abstract

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Universities and tobacco money. Japan has laundered tobacco money. Author(s): Kawane H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683164&dopt=Abstract

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Universities and tobacco money. Universities must be seen to be truthful. Author(s): Powles J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683163&dopt=Abstract

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Update in New Jersey tobacco-dependence treatment. Author(s): Steinberg MB, Delnevo CD, Hrywna M. Source: N J Med. 2002 November; 99(11): 21-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455462&dopt=Abstract

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Up-regulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in tobacco cells constitutively expressing the human type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. Author(s): Perera IY, Love J, Heilmann I, Thompson WF, Boss WF. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 August; 129(4): 1795-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177493&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary cotinine levels of smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) users. Author(s): Cok I, Ozturk R. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2000 November; 19(11): 650-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211244&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary thromboxane, prostacyclin, cortisol, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in nonsmokers exposed and not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Smith CJ, Fischer TH, Heavner DL, Rumple MA, Bowman DL, Brown BG, Morton MJ, Doolittle DJ. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 February; 59(2): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158725&dopt=Abstract

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US and Germany give late support to WHO tobacco accord. Author(s): Fleck F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 24; 326(7399): 1103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763960&dopt=Abstract

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US campaign to rid children's homes of tobacco smoke. Author(s): McCarthy M. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 27; 358(9291): 1436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705504&dopt=Abstract

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US has placed tobacco imports to China high on priority list for liberalisation. Author(s): Dickinson JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 December 2; 321(7273): 1413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187103&dopt=Abstract

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US public health service clinical practice guideline: treating tobacco use and dependence. Author(s): Fiore MC. Source: Respiratory Care. 2000 October; 45(10): 1200-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054899&dopt=Abstract

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US public universities' compliance with recommended tobacco-control policies. Author(s): Halperin AC, Rigotti NA. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2003 March; 51(5): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822709&dopt=Abstract

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Use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco among characters on prime-time television. Author(s): Long JA, O'Connor PG, Gerbner G, Concato J. Source: Substance Abuse : Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. 2002 June; 23(2): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444354&dopt=Abstract

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Use of corporate sponsorship as a tobacco marketing tool: a review of tobacco industry sponsorship in the USA, 1995-99. Author(s): Rosenberg NJ, Siegel M. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 September; 10(3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544388&dopt=Abstract

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Use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco by people with schizophrenia: case-control study. Author(s): McCreadie RG; Scottish Comorbidity Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 October; 181: 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356659&dopt=Abstract

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Use of identification cards by underage youth to purchase tobacco. Author(s): Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Lang D, Alcaraz R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 May 9; 285(18): 2329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343479&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of a history of tobacco and alcohol use in predicting multiple heart failure readmissions among veterans. Author(s): Evangelista LS, Doering LV, Dracup K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 December 15; 86(12): 1339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113409&dopt=Abstract

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Using a stages of readiness model to address community capacity on tobacco control in the Asian American and Pacific Islander community. Author(s): Lew R, Tanjasiri SP, Kagawa-Singer M, Yu JH. Source: Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001 Winter-Spring; 9(1): 66-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720416&dopt=Abstract

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Using new information technology to treat tobacco dependence. Author(s): Etter JF. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961422&dopt=Abstract

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Using tobacco-industry marketing research to design more effective tobacco-control campaigns. Author(s): Ling PM, Glantz SA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 12; 287(22): 2983-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052128&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of a five-question survey to assess a child's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Seifert JA, Ross CA, Norris JM. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2002 May; 12(4): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988416&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of tobacco and alcohol intake questionnaire in relation to food intakes for the Five City Study and a proposed classification for Indians. Author(s): Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Rastogi V, Wander GS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 July; 46(7): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152836&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in youthful risks of progression from alcohol and tobacco to marijuana and to hard drugs across generations. Author(s): Golub A, Johnson BD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 February; 91(2): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211630&dopt=Abstract

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Variations in the estimation of the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to respirable (< or = 5 microns) indoor air particulates obtained by the use of different analytical methods. Author(s): Douce DS, Clench MR, Frost B. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2001 June; 3(3): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432266&dopt=Abstract

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Viewing tobacco use in movies: does it shape attitudes that mediate adolescent smoking? Author(s): Sargent JD, Dalton MA, Beach ML, Mott LA, Tickle JJ, Ahrens MB, Heatherton TF. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 April; 22(3): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897456&dopt=Abstract

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Visuo-motor adaptation in smokeless tobacco users. Author(s): Contreras-Vidal JL, Van den Heuvel CE, Teulings HL, Stelmach GE. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999 September; 1(3): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072418&dopt=Abstract

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What factors are associated with local enforcement of laws banning illegal tobacco sales to minors? A study of 182 law enforcement agencies in California. Author(s): Howard KA, Ribisl KM, Howard-Pitney B, Norman GJ, Rohrbach LA. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 August; 33(2 Pt 1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493037&dopt=Abstract

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What is new with tobacco dependence. Author(s): Fagerstrom K. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(1): 5-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844954&dopt=Abstract

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What is the potential cost-effectiveness of enforcing a prohibition on the sale of tobacco to minors? Author(s): DiFranza JR, Peck RM, Radecki TE, Savageau JA. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 February; 32(2): 168-74. Erratum In: Prev Med 2001 September; 33(3): 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11162343&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in Nicotine & Tobacco Research? Author(s): Hebert R. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 February; 3(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260805&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in Nicotine & Tobacco Research? Author(s): Hebert R. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2000 November; 2(4): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197309&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in Nicotine & Tobacco Research? Author(s): Hebert R. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2000 August; 2(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082820&dopt=Abstract

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When does exposure of children to tobacco smoke become child abuse? Author(s): Johansson A, Hermansson G, Ludvigsson J. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 24; 361(9371): 1828. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781571&dopt=Abstract

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WHO accused of watering down tobacco treaty. Author(s): Fleck F; World Health Organization. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 February 22; 326(7386): 412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595357&dopt=Abstract

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WHO attacks tobacco sponsorship of sports. Author(s): Hagmann M. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884983&dopt=Abstract

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WHO compares tobacco to land-mine threat, seeks international rules. Author(s): Sibbald B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 January 9; 164(1): 81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202672&dopt=Abstract

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WHO demands tighter voluntary tobacco controls. Author(s): Kapp C. Source: Lancet. 2001 November 10; 358(9293): 1615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716894&dopt=Abstract

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WHO Europe evidence based recommendations on the treatment of tobacco dependence. Author(s): Raw M, Anderson P, Batra A, Dubois G, Harrington P, Hirsch A, Le Houezec J, McNeill A, Milner D, Poetschke Langer M, Zatonski W; World Health Organization European Partnership Project to Reduce Tobacco Dependence. Source: Tobacco Control. 2002 March; 11(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891367&dopt=Abstract

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WHO evidence based recommendations on the treatment of tobacco dependence. Author(s): Harrington P. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2001 October; 56(5): 462-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887506&dopt=Abstract

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WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Author(s): Yach D. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 15; 361(9357): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598165&dopt=Abstract

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WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty. Author(s): Shibuya K, Ciecierski C, Guindon E, Bettcher DW, Evans DB, Murray CJ; WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 154-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869461&dopt=Abstract

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WHO holds hearings on tobacco control. Author(s): Toma T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 October 21; 321(7267): 980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039955&dopt=Abstract

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WHO says tobacco industry “used” institute to undermine its policies. Author(s): MacDonald R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 March 10; 322(7286): 576. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238148&dopt=Abstract

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WHO to push for swift implementation of tobacco accord. Author(s): Fleck F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 31; 326(7400): 1162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775594&dopt=Abstract

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WHO urges members to sign tobacco treaty. Author(s): Wilkinson E. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2003 September; 4(9): 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506777&dopt=Abstract

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Whose standard is it, anyway? How the tobacco industry determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for tobacco and tobacco products. Author(s): Bialous SA, Yach D. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 June; 10(2): 96-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387528&dopt=Abstract

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Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents. Author(s): Ling PM, Glantz SA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 June; 92(6): 908-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036776&dopt=Abstract

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Why Britain needs a nicotine regulation authority. To bring consistency and regulation to tobacco and alternative nicotine products. Author(s): Britton J, McNeill A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 May 5; 322(7294): 1077-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337423&dopt=Abstract

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Why trade and investment liberalisation may threaten effective tobacco control efforts. Author(s): Callard C, Chitanondh H, Weissman R. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 March; 10(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226365&dopt=Abstract

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Why universities should stay away from the tobacco industry. Author(s): Turcotte F. Source: Drug and Alcohol Review. 2003 June; 22(2): 107-8; Discussion 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850894&dopt=Abstract

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Why we need an international agreement on tobacco control. Author(s): Satcher D. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 February; 91(2): 191-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211624&dopt=Abstract

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Will alcohol be the next tobacco? Author(s): Doonan M. Source: Issue Brief (Mass Health Policy Forum). 1998 November 12; (3): 1-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769090&dopt=Abstract

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Will healthcare take tobacco addiction seriously? Using policy to drive practice. Author(s): Orleans CT, Abrams DB, Gruman JC. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2001 March 30; 3(2): 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549964&dopt=Abstract

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Women and children: tobacco or health. Author(s): McCaffree MA, Boyer J. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 March; 95(3): 167-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921867&dopt=Abstract

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Women and tobacco: oral health issues. Author(s): Fried JL. Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene : Jdh / American Dental Hygienists' Association. 2000 Winter; 74(1): 49-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314117&dopt=Abstract

·

Women and tobacco: with the master settlement agreement, we've come a long way, baby! Author(s): Healton C. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000 Fall; 55(5): 303, 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070653&dopt=Abstract

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Women helping chewers: partner support and smokeless tobacco cessation. Author(s): Lichtenstein E, Andrews JA, Barckley M, Akers L, Severson HH. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2002 May; 21(3): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027033&dopt=Abstract

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Women who smoke: are women more susceptible to tobacco-induced lung cancer? Author(s): Haugen A. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 February; 23(2): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872626&dopt=Abstract

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Workplace tobacco policy: progress on a winding road. Author(s): Eisenberg M, Ranger-Moore J, Taylor KA, Hall RA, Brown J, Lee H. Source: Journal of Community Health. 2001 February; 26(1): 23-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297188&dopt=Abstract

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Worksite tobacco control programs: the role of occupational health. Author(s): Sorensen G. Source: Respiration Physiology. 2001 October; 128(1): 89-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535266&dopt=Abstract

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World Health Organization takes on 'tobacco epidemic'. Author(s): Twombly R. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002 May 1; 94(9): 644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995710&dopt=Abstract

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World Health Organization's anti-tobacco efforts 'undermined'. Author(s): Timms B. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2000 October; 36(15): 1885. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186434&dopt=Abstract

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Worshipping at the Alpine altar: promoting tobacco in a world without advertising. Author(s): Carter S. Source: Tobacco Control. 2001 December; 10(4): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740035&dopt=Abstract

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WVSMA alliance: an integral part of West Virginia's tobacco control efforts. Author(s): Scaring C; West Virginia State Medical Association. Source: W V Med J. 2001 January-February; 97(1): 62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257844&dopt=Abstract

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WVSMA's health programs focus on reducing tobacco use. Author(s): Matheny HM; West Virginia State Medical Association. Source: W V Med J. 2001 January-February; 97(1): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257843&dopt=Abstract

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Youth access to tobacco in two communities. Author(s): Teall AM, Graham MC. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2001; 33(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419314&dopt=Abstract

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Youth access to tobacco. Author(s): Rigotti NA. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 1999; 1 Suppl 2: S93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768192&dopt=Abstract

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Youth speaks out. The time is now for tobacco-free schools. Author(s): Paletta D. Source: N C Med J. 2002 May-June; 63(3): 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181854&dopt=Abstract

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Youth targeting by tobacco manufacturers since the Master Settlement Agreement. The first study to document violations of the youth-targeting ban in magazine ads by the three top U.S. tobacco companies. Author(s): Chung PJ, Garfield CF, Rathouz PJ, Lauderdale DS, Best D, Lantos J. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 March-April; 21(2): 254-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900167&dopt=Abstract

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Youth tobacco ads: looking at the wrong magazines. Author(s): Levy RA. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 May-June; 21(3): 279-80; Author Reply 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025994&dopt=Abstract

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Youth tobacco control: reconciling theory and empirical evidence. Author(s): Glied S. Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2002 January; 21(1): 117-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845920&dopt=Abstract

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Youth tobacco use and control efforts in West Virginia. Author(s): Lee D, Purkey M. Source: W V Med J. 2001 January-February; 97(1): 56-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257842&dopt=Abstract

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Youth tobacco use: a multifactorial problem. Author(s): Matei ME, McFee RB. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 November; 33(5): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676594&dopt=Abstract

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Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): associations with health beliefs and social pressure. Author(s): Li C, Unger JB, Schuster D, Rohrbach LA, Howard-Pitney B, Norman G. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 39-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507526&dopt=Abstract

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You've come a long way baby: Women and the tobacco epidemic. Author(s): Richmond R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 May; 98(5): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751968&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tobacco.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tobacco The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

302 Tobacco

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on tobacco: ·

Health risks and nutritional implications of smokeless tobacco. Source: Environ-Nutr-Newsl. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. June 1985. volume 8 (6) page 1-2, 5. 0195-4024

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The adverse effects of tobacco smoking on reproduction and health: a review from the literature. Source: Tuormaa, T E Nutr-Health. 1995; 10(2): 105-20 0260-1060

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tobacco” (or a synonym): ·

(-)-Germacrene D increases attraction and oviposition by the tobacco budworm moth Heliothis virescens. Author(s): Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, Neuroscience Unit, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway. Source: Mozuraitis, R Stranden, M Ramirez, M I Borg Karlson, A K Mustaparta, H Chem-Senses. 2002 July; 27(6): 505-9 0379-864X

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A complex fruit-specific type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is correctly processed and assembled in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Source: Chen, Ying Vandenbussche, Frank Rouge, Pierre Proost, Paul Peumans, Willy J Van Damme, Els J M Eur-J-Biochem. 2002 June; 269(12): 2897-906 0014-2956

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Academic profiling of tobacco-related performance measures in primary care. Author(s): Maine Medical Assessment Foundation, Manchester, Maine, USA. [email protected] Source: Swartz, Susan H Cowan, Timothy M DePue, Judy Goldstein, Michael G Nicotine-Tob-Res. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S38-44 1462-2203

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Achieving tobacco cessation: current status, current problems, future possibilities. Author(s): Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif., USA. Source: Vaszar, L T Sarinas, P S Lillington, G A Respiration. 2002; 69(5): 381-4 0025-7931

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Alterations of neutrophil f-actin kinetics by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. Author(s): Division of Periodontology, Box 0650, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. [email protected] Source: Ryder, M I Wu, T C Kallaos, S S Hyun, W J-Periodontal-Res. 2002 August; 37(4): 286-92 0022-3484

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Antisense expression of an Arabidopsis omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene reduces salt/drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea. Source: Im, Y J Han, O Chung, G C Cho, B H Mol-Cells. 2002 April 30; 13(2): 264-71 10168478

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Antisense expression of carnation cDNA encoding ACC synthase or ACC oxidase enhances polyamine content and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Korea. Source: Wi, S J Park, K Y Mol-Cells. 2002 April 30; 13(2): 209-20 1016-8478

Nutrition 303

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Biologic damage resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke and from radon: implication for preventive interventions. Author(s): Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Room 8000, Rockville, Maryland, MD 20892, USA. [email protected] Source: Alavanja, M C Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7365-75 0950-9232

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Body mass index, tobacco chewing, alcohol drinking and the risk of oral submucous fibrosis in Kerala, India. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA. Source: Hashibe, Mia Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy Thomas, Gigi Kuruvilla, Binu Mathew, Babu Somanathan, Thara Parkin, Donald Maxwell Zhang, Zuo Feng CancerCauses-Control. 2002 February; 13(1): 55-64 0957-5243

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Calcium oxalate crystals in tomato and tobacco plants: morphology and in vitro interactions of crystal-associated macromolecules. Author(s): Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Bouropoulos, N Weiner, S Addadi, L Chemistry. 2001 May 4; 7(9): 1881-8 09476539

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Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase of tobacco plants. Author(s): Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan. [email protected] Source: Wada, Kei Tada, Toshiji Nakamura, Yoshihiro Yabuta, Yukinori Yoshimura, Kazuya Takeda, Toru Shigeoka, Shigeru Nishimura, Keiichiro Acta-Crystallogr-D-BiolCrystallogr. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): 559-61 0907-4449

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Determination of tobacco alkaloids by gas chromatography with nitrogenphosphorus detection. Author(s): Philip Morris USA, RD&E Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 231234, USA. [email protected] Source: Yang, S S Smetena, I Huang, C B Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 April; 373(8): 839-43 1618-2642

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Diet and tobacco use: analysis of data from the diabetic control and complications trial, a randomized study. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Cundiff, David K MedGenMed. 2002 January 11; 4(1): 2 1531-0132

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DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis. Author(s): Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, CA 941430560, USA. [email protected] Source: Wiencke, J K Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7376-91 0950-9232

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Effect of non-nicotinic moist snuff replacement and lobeline on withdrawal symptoms during 48-h smokeless tobacco deprivation. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA. [email protected] Source: McChargue, Dennis E Collins, Frank L Jr Cohen, Lee M Nicotine-Tob-Res. 2002 May; 4(2): 195-200 1462-2203

304 Tobacco

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Effectiveness of tobacco counseling in the dental office. Author(s): Department of Oral Medicine and Experimental Pathology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Dentistry, King's College London, UK. [email protected] Source: Warnakulasuriya, S J-Dent-Educ. 2002 September; 66(9): 1079-87 0022-0337

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Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A interacts with the upstream pseudoknot domain in the 3' untranslated region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Author(s): Friedrich Miescher Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Source: Zeenko, Vladimir V Ryabova, Lyubov A Spirin, Alexander S Rothnie, Helen M Hess, Daniel Browning, Karen S Hohn, Thomas J-Virol. 2002 June; 76(11): 5678-91 0022538X

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Gender differences in tobacco smoking: higher relative exposure to smoke than nicotine in women. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Research in Women's Health, Sunnybrook, Canada. Source: Zeman, M V Hiraki, L Sellers, E M J-Womens-Health-Gend-Based-Med. 2002 March; 11(2): 147-53 1524-6094

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Glufosinate-tolerant tobacco plants directed by the promoter of adenylate kinase gene of rice. Author(s): Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd, Minamisaitama, Saitama, Japan. Source: Fukuzawa, Hiromitsu Arai, Satoshi Kawai Yamada, Maki Das, Avijit Tagawa, Michito Uchimiya, Hirofumi Ann-Bot-(Lond). 2002 March; 89(3): 351-4 0305-7364

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Harm reduction--a treatment approach for resistant smokers with tobacco-related symptoms. Author(s): Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Princesa, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Jimenez Ruiz, C Solano, S Viteri, S A Ferrero, M B Torrecilla, M Mezquita, M H Respiration. 2002; 69(5): 452-5 0025-7931

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Hispanic farmworker interpretations of green tobacco sickness. Author(s): Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. [email protected] Source: Rao, P Quandt, S A Arcury, T A J-Rural-Health. 2002 Fall; 18(4): 503-11 0890765X

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Jasmonic acid methyl ester induces the synthesis of a cytoplasmic/nuclear chitooligosaccharide binding lectin in tobacco leaves. Author(s): Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Source: Chen, Ying Peumans, Willy J Hause, Bettina Bras, Julien KuMarch, Mukesh Proost, Paul Barre, Annick Rouge, Pierre Van Damme, Els J M FASEB-J. 2002 June; 16(8): 905-7 1530-6860

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Medicinal potentials of tobacco (1) anti-microbial and pharmacological properties of ethanolic tobacco leaf extracts. Author(s): Mariano Marcos State Univ., Batac, Ilocos Norte (Philippines). Coll. of Arts and Sciences Source: Agrupis, S.C. Mercado, J.L. Castro, B.C. Philippine-Journal-of-Crop-Science (Philippines). (April 2002). volume 27 (Supplement no. 1) page 35. Received May 2002. tobacco leaves plant extracts anti microbials medicinal properties 0115-463X

Nutrition 305

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Meeting national tobacco challenges: recommendations for smoking cessation groups. Author(s): Medical College of Georgia School of Nursing, Ga., USA. [email protected] Source: Andrews, J Heath, J Harrell, L Forbes, M J-Am-Acad-Nurse-Pract. 2000 December; 12(12): 522-30; quiz 531-3 1041-2972

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Modulating tobacco smoking rates by dopaminergic stimulation and blockade. Author(s): University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine and VA West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, VA Greater L.A. Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. [email protected] Source: Caskey, N H Jarvik, M E Wirshing, W C Madsen, D C Iwamoto Schaap, P N Eisenberger, N I Huerta, L Terrace, S M Olmstead, R E Nicotine-Tob-Res. 2002 August; 4(3): 259-66 1462-2203

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Pharmacotherapy for treating tobacco dependence: what is the ideal duration of therapy? Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2027, USA. [email protected] Source: Sims, T H Fiore, M C CNS-Drugs. 2002; 16(10): 653-62 1172-7047

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Pilot study of enhanced tobacco-cessation services coverage for low-income smokers. Author(s): Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, USA. [email protected] Source: Doescher, Mark P Whinston, Melicent A Goo, Alvin Cummings, Diane Huntington, Jane Saver, Barry G Nicotine-Tob-Res. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: S19-24 1462-2203

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Role of reactive oxygen species in the development of cytotoxicity with various forms of chewing tobacco and pan masala. Author(s): Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. Source: Bagchi, M Balmoori, J Bagchi, D Stohs, S J Chakrabarti, J Das, D K Toxicology. 2002 October 15; 179(3): 247-55 0300-483X

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Selective clonal expansion and microenvironmental permissiveness in tobacco carcinogenesis. Author(s): Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, California, CA 94720-3200, USA. [email protected] Source: Rubin, H Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7392-411 0950-9232

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Smokeless tobacco extract decreases IL-12 production from LPS-stimulated but increases IL-12 from IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages. Author(s): Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln 68583-0740, USA. Source: Petro, Thomas M Anderson, Lisa L Gowler, Jamie S Liu, Xiao Juan Schwartzbach, Steven D Int-Immunopharmacol. 2002 February; 2(2-3): 345-55 1567-5769

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Spit tobacco prevention and cessation counseling: statewide survey of health-care professionals and educators. Author(s): Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA. [email protected] Source: Prokhorov, Alexander V Wetter, David W Padgett, Diana de, Moor Carl Le, Tao Kitzman, Heather Subst-Use-Misuse. 2002 January; 37(2): 171-97 1082-6084

306 Tobacco

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Study on the determination of polyphenols in tobacco by HPLC coupled with ESI-MS after solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Key Laboratory of Chemistry & Engineering, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming 650106, P.R. China. [email protected] Source: Li, Z Wang, L Yang, G Shi, H Jiang, C Liu, W Zhang, Y J-Chromatogr-Sci. 2003 January; 41(1): 36-40 0021-9665

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Sulfated fucan oligosaccharides elicit defense responses in tobacco and local and systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Author(s): Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes du CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg, France. Source: Klarzynski, O Descamps, V Plesse, B Yvin, J C Kloareg, B Fritig, B Mol-PlantMicrobe-Interact. 2003 February; 16(2): 115-22 0894-0282

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The nucleus together with the cytosol generates patterns of specific cellular calcium signatures in tobacco suspension culture cells. Author(s): Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Vegetaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Paul Sabatier, Castanet-Tolosan, France. Source: Pauly, N Knight, M R Thuleau, P Graziana, A Muto, S Ranjeva, R Mazars, C Cell-Calcium. 2001 December; 30(6): 413-21 0143-4160

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The purification of polyphenol oxidase from tobacco. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China. Source: Shi, C Dai, Y Xu, X Xie, Y Liu, Q Protein-Expr-Purif. 2002 February; 24(1): 51-5 1046-5928

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The responsibility of the tobacco industry for the tobacco pandemic. Author(s): Service d'Evaluation Medicale, University Hospital, Amiens, France. [email protected] Source: Dubois, G Tramier, B Int-J-Tuberc-Lung-Dis. 2001 April; 5(4): 304-6 1027-3719

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The Sambucus nigra type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I' exhibits in planta antiviral activity in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. Source: Chen, Ying Peumans, Willy J Van Damme, Els J M FEBS-Lett. 2002 April 10; 516(1-3): 27-30 0014-5793

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Tobacco addiction and pharmacological interventions. Author(s): Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. [email protected] Source: Garrett, B E Rose, C A Henningfield, J E Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2001 October; 2(10): 1545-55 1465-6566

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Tobacco smoking increases gating of irrelevant and enhances attention to relevant tones. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 481090632, USA. Source: Domino, E F Kishimoto, T Nicotine-Tob-Res. 2002 February; 4(1): 71-8 1462-2203

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to tobacco; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:

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Vitamins Pantothenic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html

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Minerals Clorazepate Dipotassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tobacco. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tobacco and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tobacco: ·

A 90-kD phospholipase D from tobacco binds to microtubules and the plasma membrane. Author(s): Gardiner JC, Harper JD, Weerakoon ND, Collings DA, Ritchie S, Gilroy S, Cyr RJ, Marc J. Source: The Plant Cell. 2001 September; 13(9): 2143-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549769&dopt=Abstract

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A hot pepper cDNA encoding a pathogenesis-related protein 4 is induced during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Author(s): Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, Yoo TH, Paek KH. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2001 February 28; 11(1): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266114&dopt=Abstract

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A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults.

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Author(s): Taylor DR, Fergusson DM, Milne BJ, Horwood LJ, Moffitt TE, Sears MR, Poulton R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 August; 97(8): 1055-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144608&dopt=Abstract ·

A self-help cessation program for smokeless tobacco users: comparison of two interventions. Author(s): Severson HH, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Gordon JS, Barckley M, Akers L. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2000 November; 2(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197317&dopt=Abstract

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A specific brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor, Brz2001: evaluation of its effects on Arabidopsis, cress, tobacco, and rice. Author(s): Sekimata K, Kimura T, Kaneko I, Nakano T, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y, Yoshida S, Asami T. Source: Planta. 2001 September; 213(5): 716-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678275&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, tobacco and paan use and understanding of oral cancer risk among Asian males in Leicester. Author(s): Vora AR, Yeoman CM, Hayter JP. Source: British Dental Journal. 2000 April 22; 188(8): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953402&dopt=Abstract

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Application of Neuman's framework: infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Stepans MB, Knight JR. Source: Nursing Science Quarterly. 2002 October; 15(4): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387231&dopt=Abstract

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ASPO Joseph W. Cullen Memorial Award Lecture. Bridging the clinical and public health perspectives in tobacco treatment research: scenes from a tobacco treatment research career. Author(s): Curry SJ. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 April; 10(4): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319167&dopt=Abstract

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Betel nut and tobacco chewing; potential risk factors of cancer of oesophagus in Assam, India. Author(s): Phukan RK, Ali MS, Chetia CK, Mahanta J.

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Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 September 1; 85(5): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531248&dopt=Abstract ·

Characterization of an auxin-inducible 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene, VR-ACS6, of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and hormonal interactions on the promoter activity in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Yoon IS, Park DH, Mori H, Imaseki H, Kang BG. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 1999 April; 40(4): 431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394636&dopt=Abstract

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Charles G. Pease, DDS, MD: anti-tobacco crusader and clean life advocate. Author(s): Christen AG, Christen JA. Source: J Hist Dent. 2001 July; 49(2): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484318&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in A/J strain mice with dietary myo-inositol and dexamethasone. Author(s): Witschi H, Espiritu I, Uyeminami D. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1999 July; 20(7): 1375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383915&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning, heterologous expression, and functional characterization of 5-epiaristolochene-1,3-dihydroxylase from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Author(s): Ralston L, Kwon ST, Schoenbeck M, Ralston J, Schenk DJ, Coates RM, Chappell J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 September 15; 393(2): 222-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556809&dopt=Abstract

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Constitutive expression of hrap gene in transgenic tobacco plant enhances resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens by induction of a hypersensitive response. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12182519

Author(s): Am Fam Physician. 2002 Aug 1;66(3):429-30 Source: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2002 August; 15(8): 764-73. <Title>Co-ordinate regulation of sterol biosynthesis enzyme activity during accumulation of sterols in developing rape and tobacco seed. Author(s): Harker M, Hellyer A, Clayton JC, Duvoix A, Lanot A, Safford R. Source: Planta. 2003 February; 216(4): 707-15. Epub 2002 October 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569414&dopt=Abstract

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Co-overexpression of p53 and c-myc proteins linked with advanced stages of beteland tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinomas from eastern India. Author(s): Baral R, Patnaik S, Das BR.

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Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1998 October; 106(5): 907-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786319&dopt=Abstract ·

Correlation between p53 gene mutations and circulating antibodies in betel- and tobacco-consuming North Indian population. Author(s): Ralhan R, Agarwal S, Nath N, Mathur M, Wasylyk B, Srivastava A. Source: Oral Oncology. 2001 April; 37(3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287278&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-talk between the cytosolic mevalonate and the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate pathways in tobacco bright yellow-2 cells. Author(s): Hemmerlin A, Hoeffler JF, Meyer O, Tritsch D, Kagan IA, GrosdemangeBilliard C, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 18; 278(29): 26666-76. Epub 2003 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736259&dopt=Abstract

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Development of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in mice fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC). Author(s): Witschi H, Espiritu I. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 September 26; 183(2): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065088&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and oral premalignancy in female south Indian tobacco and betel chewers: a case-control study. Author(s): Carley KW, Puttaiah R, Alvarez JO, Heimburger DC, Anantha N. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1994; 22(1): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304912&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of non-nicotinic moist snuff replacement and lobeline on withdrawal symptoms during 48-h smokeless tobacco deprivation. Author(s): McChargue DE, Collins FL Jr, Cohen LM. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002 May; 4(2): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028852&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of citrus phytochemicals on liver and lung cytochrome P450 activity and on the in vitro metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK. Author(s): Bear WL, Teel RW. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 September-October; 20(5A): 3323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062760&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of pycnogenol on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK as a function of age. Author(s): Huynh HT, Teel RW. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 October 23; 132(1-2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397464&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of smokeless tobacco-related sensory and behavioral cues on urge, affect, and stress. Author(s): Coffey SF, Lombardo TW. Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 November; 6(4): 406-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861555&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of soaking temperature and soaking time during preparation of water extract of tea on anticlastogenicity against environmental tobacco smoke in the sisterchromatid exchange assay. Author(s): Zhou R, Zhou Y, Chen D, Li S, Haug A. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2000 April 10; 115(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817628&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of glutathione level and activation of glutathione-related enzymes affect virus infection in tobacco. Author(s): Gullner G, Tobias I, Fodor J, Komives T. Source: Free Radical Research. 1999 December; 31 Suppl: S155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694054&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating the effects of a peer support programme on adolescents' knowledge, attitudes and use of alcohol and tobacco. Author(s): Webster RA, Hunter M, Keats JA. Source: Drug and Alcohol Review. 2002 March; 21(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219738&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating two self-help interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation. Author(s): Severson HH, Akers L, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Jerome A. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2000 May-June; 25(3): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890303&dopt=Abstract

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Expression and chloroplast targeting of cholesterol oxidase in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Corbin DR, Grebenok RJ, Ohnmeiss TE, Greenplate JT, Purcell JP. Source: Plant Physiology. 2001 July; 126(3): 1116-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11457962&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of recombinant trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Krishnan R, McDonald KA, Dandekar AM, Jackman AP, Falk B. Source: Journal of Biotechnology. 2002 July 17; 97(1): 69-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052684&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the Hevea brasiliensis (H.B.K.) Mull. Arg. 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylglutarylCoenzyme A Reductase 1 in Tobacco Results in Sterol Overproduction. Author(s): Schaller H, Grausem B, Benveniste P, Chye ML, Tan CT, Song YH, Chua NH. Source: Plant Physiology. 1995 November; 109(3): 761-770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228630&dopt=Abstract

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Expression patterns of two tobacco isoflavone reductase-like genes and their possible roles in secondary metabolism in tobacco. Author(s): Shoji T, Winz R, Iwase T, Nakajima K, Yamada Y, Hashimoto T. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2002 October; 50(3): 427-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369619&dopt=Abstract

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Flank matrix attachment regions (MARs) from chicken, bean, yeast or tobacco do not prevent homology-dependent trans-silencing in transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Vaucheret H, Elmayan T, Thierry D, van der Geest A, Hall T, Conner AJ, Mlynarova L, Nap JP. Source: Molecular & General Genetics : Mgg. 1998 September; 259(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790594&dopt=Abstract

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Flow dichroic spectra of tobacco mosaic virus and their protein assemblies. Author(s): Taniguchi M, Yamaguchi A, Taniguchi T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1971 November 19; 251(2): 164-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452381&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotypes as risk factors for oral leukoplakia in ethnic Indian betel quid/tobacco chewers. Author(s): Nair UJ, Nair J, Mathew B, Bartsch H. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1999 May; 20(5): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334189&dopt=Abstract

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Government laboratory worker with lung cancer: comparing risks from beryllium, asbestos, and tobacco smoke. Author(s): Steinmaus C, Balmes JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 October; 108(10): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049824&dopt=Abstract

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Harmful effects of tobacco noticed in history. Author(s): Chattopadhayya A. Source: Bull Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1993; 23(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11639383&dopt=Abstract

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Historical aspects of tobacco use and smoking. Author(s): Routh HB, Bhowmik KR, Parish JL, Parish LC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 16(5): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9787963&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing tryptophan synthesis in a forage legume Astragalus sinicus by expressing the tobacco feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase (ASA2) gene. Author(s): Cho HJ, Brotherton JE, Song HS, Widholm JM. Source: Plant Physiology. 2000 July; 123(3): 1069-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889256&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of a pepper cDNA encoding SAR8.2 protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Author(s): Lee GJ, Shin R, Park CJ, Yoo TH, Paek KH. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2001 October 31; 12(2): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710530&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of MDM2-P2 transcripts correlates with stabilized wild-type p53 in beteland tobacco-related human oral cancer. Author(s): Ralhan R, Sandhya A, Meera M, Bohdan W, Nootan SK. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2000 August; 157(2): 587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10934161&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Author(s): Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2002 February 1; 48(3): 243-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855726&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase in tobacco cells triggers an up-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase. Author(s): Wentzinger LF, Bach TJ, Hartmann MA. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 September; 130(1): 334-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226513&dopt=Abstract

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Intentions to quit smoking in substance-abusing teens exposed to a tobacco program. Author(s): McDonald CA, Roberts S, Descheemaeker N.

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Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000 April; 18(3): 291-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742645&dopt=Abstract ·

Intervention in the tobacco habits of rural Indian women. Author(s): Aghi MB, Grupta P, Mehta F. Source: World Smoking Health. 1984 Spring; 9(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12179597&dopt=Abstract

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Is pan masala-containing tobacco carcinogenic? Author(s): Chaudhry K. Source: Natl Med J India. 1999 January-February; 12(1): 21-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326326&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile hormone modulates 20-hydroxyecdysone-inducible ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle gene expression in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Author(s): Hiruma K, Shinoda T, Malone F, Riddiford LM. Source: Development Genes and Evolution. 1999 January; 209(1): 18-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9914415&dopt=Abstract

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Low incidence of p53 mutations in betel quid and tobacco chewing-associated oral squamous carcinoma from India. Author(s): Kannan K, Munirajan AK, Krishnamurthy J, Bhuvarahamurthy V, Mohanprasad BK, Panishankar KH, Tsuchida N, Shanmugam G. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 1999 December; 15(6): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568819&dopt=Abstract

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Maleic hydrazide induces genotoxic effects but no DNA damage detectable by the comet assay in tobacco and field beans. Author(s): Gichner T, Menke M, Stavreva DA, Schubert I. Source: Mutagenesis. 2000 September; 15(5): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970443&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of chronic disease causation by nutritional factors and tobacco products and their prevention by tea polyphenols. Author(s): Weisburger JH, Chung FL. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 August; 40(8): 1145-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067577&dopt=Abstract

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Meeting national tobacco challenges: recommendations for smoking cessation groups. Author(s): Andrews J, Heath J, Harrell L, Forbes M.

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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2000 December; 12(12): 522-30; Quiz 531-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930599&dopt=Abstract ·

Mortality risks of oesophageal cancer associated with hot tea, alcohol, tobacco and diet in Japan. Author(s): Kinjo Y, Cui Y, Akiba S, Watanabe S, Yamaguchi N, Sobue T, Mizuno S, Beral V. Source: J Epidemiol. 1998 October; 8(4): 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9816815&dopt=Abstract

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Oral health status among the tobacco and betel nut chewers in the Kishore Ganj District of Bangladesh. A statistical study. Author(s): Eswar N. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2002 July-December; 13(3-4): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765097&dopt=Abstract

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Oral mucosal lesions associated with betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 2527, 1996. Author(s): Zain RB, Ikeda N, Gupta PC, Warnakulasuriya S, van Wyk CW, Shrestha P, Axell T. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1999 January; 28(1): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9890449&dopt=Abstract

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Over-expression of a pepper plastid lipid-associated protein in tobacco leads to changes in plastid ultrastructure and plant development upon stress. Author(s): Rey P, Gillet B, Romer S, Eymery F, Massimino J, Peltier G, Kuntz M. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 2000 March; 21(5): 483-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758499&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a sterol-C24(1)-methyltransferase in tobacco modifies the ratio of 24-methyl cholesterol to sitosterol and is associated with growth reduction. Author(s): Schaller H, Bouvier-Nave P, Benveniste P. Source: Plant Physiology. 1998 October; 118(2): 461-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9765531&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress induced by environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace is mitigated by antioxidant supplementation. Author(s): Howard DJ, Ota RB, Briggs LA, Hampton M, Pritsos CA.

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Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 November; 7(11): 981-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829705&dopt=Abstract ·

Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer. Author(s): Boucher BJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 February 15; 91(4): 592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251988&dopt=Abstract

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Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer. Author(s): Merchant A, Husain SS, Hosain M, Fikree FF, Pitiphat W, Siddiqui AR, Hayder SJ, Haider SM, Ikram M, Chuang SK, Saeed SA. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 April 1; 86(1): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728606&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' groups to sue tobacco industry in Spain. Author(s): Bosch X. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 April 15; 320(7241): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764355&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' views on smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction during drug treatment. Author(s): Richter KP, McCool RM, Okuyemi KS, Mayo MS, Ahluwalia JS. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2002; 4 Suppl 2: S175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573178&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of MHR3 expression in the epidermis during a larval molt of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Author(s): Langelan RE, Fisher JE, Hiruma K, Palli SR, Riddiford LM. Source: Developmental Biology. 2000 November 15; 227(2): 481-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071768&dopt=Abstract

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Plant sterol-C24-methyl transferases: different profiles of tobacco transformed with SMT1 or SMT2. Author(s): Schaeffer A, Bouvier-Nave P, Benveniste P, Schaller H. Source: Lipids. 2000 March; 35(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783003&dopt=Abstract

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Plasmalemmal voltage-activated K(+) currents in protoplasts from tobacco BY-2 cells: possible regulation by actin microfilaments? Author(s): Stoeckel H, Takeda K. Source: Protoplasma. 2002 October; 220(1-2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417939&dopt=Abstract

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Possible lessons from the tobacco experience for obesity control. Author(s): Mercer SL, Green LW, Rosenthal AC, Husten CG, Khan LK, Dietz WH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1073S1082S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663321&dopt=Abstract

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Post-transcriptional regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase expression in tobacco following recovery from gene silencing. Author(s): Reddy JT, Korth KL, Wesley SV, Howles PA, Rasmussen S, Lamb C, Dixon RA. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2000 August; 381(8): 655-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030423&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and correlates of household exposures to tobacco smoke and pets in children with asthma. Author(s): Wamboldt FS, Ho J, Milgrom H, Wamboldt MZ, Sanders B, Szefler SJ, Bender BG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 July; 141(1): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091860&dopt=Abstract

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Processing, targeting, and antifungal activity of stinging nettle agglutinin in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Does MP, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, Cornelissen BJ. Source: Plant Physiology. 1999 June; 120(2): 421-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364393&dopt=Abstract

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Risk assessment of tobacco, alcohol and diet in cancers of base tongue and oral tongue--a case control study. Author(s): Rao DN, Desai PB. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1998 June; 35(2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849026&dopt=Abstract

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Role of reactive oxygen species in the development of cytotoxicity with various forms of chewing tobacco and pan masala. Author(s): Bagchi M, Balmoori J, Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Chakrabarti J, Das DK.

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Source: Toxicology. 2002 October 15; 179(3): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270596&dopt=Abstract ·

Role of satellite RNA of an Indian isolate of cucumber mosaic virus in inducing lethal necrosis of tobacco plants. Author(s): Raj SK, Srivastava A, Chandra G, Singh BP. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 June; 38(6): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116536&dopt=Abstract

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Small changes in the activity of chloroplastic NADP(+)-dependent ferredoxin oxidoreductase lead to impaired plant growth and restrict photosynthetic activity of transgenic tobacco plants. Author(s): Hajirezaei MR, Peisker M, Tschiersch H, Palatnik JF, Valle EM, Carrillo N, Sonnewald U. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 2002 February; 29(3): 281-93. Erratum In: Plant J 2002 April; 30(2): 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844106&dopt=Abstract

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Sterol C-24 methyltransferase type 1 controls the flux of carbon into sterol biosynthesis in tobacco seed. Author(s): Holmberg N, Harker M, Gibbard CL, Wallace AD, Clayton JC, Rawlins S, Hellyer A, Safford R. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 September; 130(1): 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226510&dopt=Abstract

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Sterol composition and growth of transgenic tobacco plants expressing type-1 and type-2 sterol methyltransferases. Author(s): Sitbon F, Jonsson L. Source: Planta. 2001 March; 212(4): 568-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525513&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the pyrrolinone metabolites derived from the tobacco alkaloid 1-methyl-2(3-pyridinyl)pyrrole (beta-nicotyrine). Author(s): Liu X, Zang L, Van der Schyf CJ, Igarashi K, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N Jr. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1999 June; 12(6): 508-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368313&dopt=Abstract

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Successful and not so successful chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors. Author(s): Witschi H. Source: Experimental Lung Research. 2000 December; 26(8): 743-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195468&dopt=Abstract

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The co-occurrence of tobacco & alcohol in general population of metropolis Delhi. Author(s): Mohan D, Chopra A, Sethi H. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 October; 116: 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674829&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of epigallocatechin galleate and sarcophytol A on DNA strand breakage induced by tobacco-specific nitrosamines and stimulated human phagocytes. Author(s): Weitberg AB, Corvese D. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999 September; 18(3): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606191&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of tobacco smoking and of betel chewing with tobacco on the buccal mucosa: a cytomorphometric analysis. Author(s): Ramaesh T, Mendis BR, Ratnatunga N, Thattil RO. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1999 October; 28(9): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535360&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate, N-acetylcysteine and green tea on tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in strain A/J mice. Author(s): Witschi H, Espiritu I, Yu M, Willits NH. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 October; 19(10): 1789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806160&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of lung cancer induced by a tobacco-specific carcinogen in rodents by green and black Tea. Author(s): Chung FL. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1999 April; 220(4): 244-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202397&dopt=Abstract

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The Sambucus nigra type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I' exhibits in planta antiviral activity in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Chen Y, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 April 10; 516(1-3): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959096&dopt=Abstract

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The strawberry FaMYB1 transcription factor suppresses anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Aharoni A, De Vos CH, Wein M, Sun Z, Greco R, Kroon A, Mol JN, O'Connell AP.

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Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 2001 November; 28(3): 31932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722774&dopt=Abstract ·

Tobacco allergy: demonstration of cross-reactivity with other members of Solanaceae family and mugwort pollen. Author(s): Ortega N, Quiralte J, Blanco C, Castillo R, Alvarez MJ, Carrillo T. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 February; 82(2): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071524&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco and alcohol consumption: impact on other cardiovascular and cancer risk factors in a southern European Mediterranean population. Author(s): Schroder H, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Covas MI. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207837&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco counseling practices of dentists compared to other health care providers in a midwestern region. Author(s): Block DE, Block LE, Hutton SJ, Johnson KM. Source: J Dent Educ. 1999 November; 63(11): 821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608928&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco extract used as a remedy for urinary retention 150 years ago by the native population of the Balkans. Author(s): Derezic D, Zurak N, Marekovic Z. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 June; 76(1): 133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409390&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco Nia2 cDNA functionally complements a Hansenula polymorpha yeast mutant lacking nitrate reductase. A new expression system for the study of plant proteins involved in nitrate assimilation. Author(s): Perdomo G, Navarro FJ, Medina B, Machin F, Tejera P, Siverio JM. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2002 October; 50(3): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369617&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco to tomatoes: a phylogenetic perspective on fruit diversity in the Solanaceae. Author(s): Knapp S. Source: Journal of Experimental Botany. 2002 October; 53(377): 2001-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324525&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco transgenic lines that express fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase constitutively have structurally altered galactomannans in their seed endosperm cell

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walls. Author(s): Reid JS, Edwards ME, Dickson CA, Scott C, Gidley MJ. Source: Plant Physiology. 2003 March; 131(3): 1487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644698&dopt=Abstract ·

Tobacco use and oral cancer: a global perspective. Author(s): Johnson N. Source: J Dent Educ. 2001 April; 65(4): 328-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336118&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco use trends and correlates among students in the Madison Metropolitan School District. Author(s): Moberg DP, Rettammel RJ. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(3): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491032&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco, betel quid, alcohol, and illicit drug use among 13- to 35-year-olds in I-Lan, rural Taiwan: prevalence and risk factors. Author(s): Chen KT, Chen CJ, Fagot-Campagna A, Narayan KM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 July; 91(7): 1130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441745&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco-expressed Brassica juncea chitinase BjCHI1 shows antifungal activity in vitro. Author(s): Fung KL, Zhao KJ, He ZM, Chye ML. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2002 September; 50(2): 283-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175020&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco-related diseases. Is there a role for antioxidant micronutrient supplementation? Author(s): Traber MG, van der Vliet A, Reznick AZ, Cross CE. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2000 March; 21(1): 173-87, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763098&dopt=Abstract

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Turning the tide. Drawing teens away from tobacco. Author(s): Tumolo J. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 November; 9(11): 55-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420501&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin C supplementation decreases oxidative stress biomarker f2-isoprostanes in plasma of nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Author(s): Dietrich M, Block G, Benowitz NL, Morrow JD, Hudes M, Jacob P 3rd, Norkus EP, Packer L.

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Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(2): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881011&dopt=Abstract ·

Which aspects of ADHD are associated with tobacco use in early adolescence? Author(s): Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2001 May; 42(4): 493-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383965&dopt=Abstract

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Who enrolls in a self-help cessation program for smokeless tobacco? Author(s): Andrews JA, Severson HH, Akers L, Lichtenstein E, Barckley M. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 September-October; 26(5): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676385&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to tobacco; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:

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General Overview Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cluster Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Laryngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Chiropractic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape Cure Alternative names: grape diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Spirituality Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Chinese Medicine Huashanshen Alternative names: Funneled Physochlaina Root; Radix Physochlainae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Atenolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beta-Carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Caffeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com CALAMUS Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cisapride Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Cynara artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Famotidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fluvoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Indian Tobacco Alternative names: Lobelia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata, Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia Alternative names: Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia inflata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia inflata Alternative names: Lobelia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nizatidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Piper nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ranitidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tacrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Uva ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to tobacco. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “tobacco” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tobacco, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tobacco ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to tobacco. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

A Comparative Analysis of Disease Resistance Responses to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Transgenic Tobacco Plants with Altered Levels of Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase by Ordog, Sandi Helga; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68662

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A Comparison of Alternative Measures of Risk and Applications of Risk Programming Models for Optimal Farm Planning of Burley Tobacco Farms in Tennessee by Goodman, William Robert, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1988, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904057

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A Comparison of Genetic, Morphological and Physiological Traits between Salttolerant and Salt-sensitive Genotypes of Tobacco by Miller, Susan Mary; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54293

334 Tobacco

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A Dramatistic Analysis of the Anti-tobacco Movement and the Countermovement Response: 1957-1972 by Mian, Marla Goodman, Phd from Northwestern University, 1988, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8823008

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A Formative Evaluation of Health Education Strategies to Reduce Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Head Start Children in Alabama by Zheng, Baoyi; Phd from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2001, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040928

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A Hedonic Price Analysis of the United States Flue-cured Tobacco Market (tobacco Markets, Price Analysis) by Arburn, Gregory W., Phd from Clemson University, 1992, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9323834

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A History of Women Tobacco Workers: Labor, Community and Social Transformation in Lebanon, 1895--1997 by Abisaab, Malek Hassan; Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 2001, 424 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3019493

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A Message Content and Structural Features Analysis of Anti-tobacco Television Advertisements Utilizing Limited Capacity Theory and the Orienting Response Approach by Hoffman, Eric William; Phd from The Florida State University, 2001, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028995

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A Psychosociocultural Analysis of the Role of Sport and Tobacco Use (mexico, United States, Sports, Baseball) by Case, Kaye Marie, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1996, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9635843

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A Public Choice Analysis of Tobacco Legislation and Litigation by Haymond, Jeffrey Ethan; Phd from George Mason University, 2001, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3003049

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A Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Program for Postsecondary Students (oral Disease Prevention) by Williams, Nancy Johnson, Edd from Memphis State University, 1992, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9224292

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A Statistical Synthesis of Tobacco-related Studies Published in Four Journals of Health Education-related Associations, 1980-1989: a Content and Meta-analysis Approach by Patterson, Sheila M., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1992, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9403411

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A Study of Attitudes, Participation, and Knowledge of Flue-cured Tobacco Producers Concerning the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service by Lyons, Lorenza Washington, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1982, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8223936

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A Study of Blue Mould of Tobacco Caused by Peronospora Hyoscyami F.sp. Tabacina by Svircev, Antonet Maria; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60093

Dissertations 335

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A Study of Smoking Habits and Tobacco Knowledges of Ninth Grade Students in Washington County, Arkansas by Atha, Daniel Ray, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1968, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6809653

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'a Verie Fit Place to Erect a Great Cittie': Comparative Contextual Analysis of Chaeological Jamestown (virginia, Seventeenth Century, Tobacco Economy) by Horning, Audrey Jane, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1995, 370 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543087

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Advertising and Concentration Change in U.s. Food and Tobacco Products, 1954 to 1972 by Rogers, Richard Theron, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1982, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8216264

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African Producers, European Merchants, Indigenous Consumers: Brazilian Tobacco in the Canadian Fur Trade, 1550-1821 by Wimmer, Linda, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1996, 275 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9700987

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Alcohol, Tobacco and Illegal Drugs in Adolescence: a Study of Maltese Students' Perceptions and Experiences by Spiteri, Mario; Phd from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f692977

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Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs: Prevalence of Use and Abuse among Some Junior High School and High School Special Education Students by Huskin, Patricia R., Phd from The University of New Mexico, 1997, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9813391

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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Attitudes and Use among Adolescents with Severe Behavioral Handicaps by Quaranta, Joseph John, Iii, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1997, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9813335

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An Analysis Contrasting the Cost Structure of the Present Burley Tobacco Channel with a Feasible Alternative. by Hanks, George Francis, Dba from University of Kentucky, 1974, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7505826

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An Analysis of the Differences between Wellness Scores, Demographic Variables and the Use of Tobacco and Alcohol among Students at Kansas State University by Edwards, Donna Jean Ormsby, Phd from Kansas State University, 1993, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402684

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An Analysis of the Export Demand for United States Flue-cured Tobacco. by Capel, Richard Embley, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1966, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6705664

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An Antiviral Principle from Tomato Plants Systemically Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Chadha, Kailash C; Advdeg from University of Guelph (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06546

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An Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action to the Illinois General Assembly: Predicting Voting Intention Regarding Dispersal of the Tobacco Settlement Monies by Franklin, Mark Andrew; Dpa from University of Illinois at Springfield, 2002, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056636

336 Tobacco

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An Assessment of Hispanic Physicians' Tobacco-related Practices by Soto Mas, Francisco G. Phd from The University of New Mexico, 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058953

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An Assessment of the Development of Community Partnerships and Interagency Collaboratives to Eliminate Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use in San Diego County by Snyder, Sharon G., Phd from Walden University, 1997, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9726367

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An Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Suburban Police Department's Project Dare (drug Abuse Resistance Education) Program on Student Knowledge of Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco by Johnson, Timmy Dane, Edd from Wayne State University, 1994, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9423725

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An Econometric Analysis of the Structure of the U.s. Tobacco Industry. by Sutton, Russell Wayne, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1974, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7518518

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An Economic Analysis of Labor Use for Alternative Flue-cured Tobacco Harvesting and Curing Systems by Davis, Bob, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1970, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7018964

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An Economic Analysis of the Costs of Producing Flue-cured Tobacco and Cost Production Variable Relationships by Bradford, Garnett Lowell, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1968, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6817562

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An Economic Analysis of the U.s. Burley Tobacco Industry (united States) by Pandjaitan, Sahat S.p., Phd from University of Kentucky, 1986, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705287

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An Enterprise Systems Approach to an Economic Evaluation of In-row and Betweenrow Plant Spacings of Burley Tobacco (farm Management) by Isaacs, Steven Grady, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1992, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9306647

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An Examination of Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in a Cultivar of Tomato Lycopersicon Esculentum L. Homozygous for the Gene Tm-2 by Stobbs, Lorne W; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39007

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An Examination of the Impact of the Burley Tobacco Program and the Economic Consequences of Program Changes. by Culver, James Andrew, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1978, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7815011

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An Examination of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of Three, Four, and Fiveyear-old Children in Regard to Tobacco Products (cigarettes, Smoking) by Olsen, Karen Marie, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1984, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8508511

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An Investigation of the Utility of the Precede Model in Identifying Factors Associated with Patterns of Smokeless Tobacco Use among Male Adolescents (tobacco) by Polcyn, M. Marguerite, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1990, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9033412

Dissertations 337

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Analysis of the Factors Influencing Growers' Response to the 1967 Acreage-poundage Referendum for Burley Tobacco by Hourigan, W. Wilson, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1969, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7002577

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Analyzing the Effects of Government Intervention and Product Differentiation on International Burley Tobacco Trade (international Trade) by Snell, William Marion, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1989, 316 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9001446

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Aspartame, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Caffeine As Predictors of Age-related Memory Decline by Cooledge, Jocelyn Joy; Phd from Texas Christian University, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073917

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Attitudes of North Carolina Tobacco Producers toward Tobacco Production and Marketing: Factors That Affect Continued Production, Including the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service by King, Russell Clayborn, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1990, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9023390

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Attitudes of Patients and Staff towards Treating Tobacco Dependence in Substance Abuse Treatment at the San Francisco Va Medical Center by Ceppi, Joanna Michelle; Psyd from The Wright Institute, 2002, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051899

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Bahian Society in the Mid-colonial Period: the Sugar Planters, Tobacco Growers, Merchants, and Artisans of Salvador and the Reconcavo, 1680-1725. by Flory, Rae Jean Dell, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1978, 394 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7817633

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Before Smoking: Social Relations Involved in Tobacco Production in a Philippine Setting (peasantry, Community, Middlemen, Local Politics) by Torres Mejia, Patricia, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1986, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616007

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Big Business in China: Sino-american Rivalry in the Tobacco Industry, 1890-1930. by Cochran, Sherman Gilbert, Phd from Yale University, 1975, 506 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7524511

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Blowing Smoke: Tobacco Pouches, Literary Squibs, and Authorial Puffery in the Pictorial Comic Fiction (kibyoshi) of Santo Kyoden (1761-1816) by Kern, Adam Lewis, Phd from Harvard University, 1997, 542 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9733183

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Boron Deficiency and Chilling Injury Interactions in Tobacco Transplants Grown in the Float System by Overstreet, Laura Flint; Ms from North Carolina State University, 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412272

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Breaking Trust: the Black Patch Tobacco Culture of Kentucky and Tennessee, 19001940 by Hall, Suzanne Marshall, Phd from Emory University, 1989, 553 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8924683

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Bupropion Sustained-release As an Intervention for Tobacco Cessation: Examining Its Addition to an Established Program by Cardwell, Everett Rollie (buddy), Jr. Psyd from Spalding University, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065639

338 Tobacco

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Burley Tobacco and the Changing Structure of Agriculture in a Greek Village (decision-making, Green Revolution, Commodity Studies) by Daoutopoulos, George Argyrios, Phd from Michigan State University, 1985, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520512

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Burley Tobacco Supply Functions for Selected Areas of Kentucky by Ewbank, Wayne Franklin, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1964, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6918852

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Capitalized Allotment Values As Indices of the Uncertainty with Which Farmers Perceive Future Tobacco Programs by Williams, Fred Eugene, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1980, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8114613

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Changes in Rural Community Well-being: a Case of the Tobacco Belt, Southern Ontario by Ramsey, Robert Douglas, Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1998, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ27465

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Characteristics of a 38 Kd Protein Induced in Cowpea Plants Following Infection with Tobacco Ringspot Virus by Dallali, Ali; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052168

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Characterization of Tomato Arabinogalactan-protein Leagp-1 Purified from Transgenic Tobacco by Zhao, Zhandong; Phd from Ohio University, 2002, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070628

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Comorbidity between Substance Use and Mental Health in Australia: Relationships of Alcohol, Tobacco and Cannabis Use with Other Substance Use and Mental Disorders by Degenhardt, Louisa Jane; Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f662449

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Correlates of Alcohol and Tobacco Use among Mexican Americans by Loury, Sharon Diane; Phd from University of Virginia, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083055

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Correlates of Tobacco Use and Non-use among College Students at a Large University: Application of a Transition Framework by Lenz, Brenda Kay; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056334

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Culture Change Along the Tobacco Coast: 1670-1720 by Pogue, Dennis James, Phd from The American University, 1997, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9802494

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Daybreak of Freedom: Tobacco Workers and the Cio, Winston-salem, North Carolina, 1943-1950 by Korstad, Robert Rodgers, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1987, 445 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8821486

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Decision-making, Locus-of-control, and Self-esteem As Related to Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Drinking of Eighth-graders by Pfeffer, Janet, Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1990, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9031025

Dissertations 339

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Decorated Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Chesapeake by Emerson, Matthew Charles, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1988, 319 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8902082

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Desperate Farmers: the Dark Tobacco District Planters' Protective Association of Kentucky and Tennessee, 1904-1914 by Gregory, Rick S., Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1989, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8919693

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Development and Evaluation of a Video-based Modeling Strategy for the Dissemination Phase of a School Health Tobacco-use Prevention Program by Boutwell, William Bryant, Drph from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Sch. of Public Health, 1989, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9021994

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Development of Diagnostic Tools for Detecting Expression of Resistance-associated Esterases in the Tobacco Budworm, Heliothis Virescens (f.) by Huang, Huazhang; Phd from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2002, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069715

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Diabetics and Tobacco Use: the Effect of Information on Knowledge, Health Beliefs, and Decision-making by Barry, Linda Anne, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1990, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204774

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Diet, Tobacco, Alcohol and Stress As Causes of Coronary Heart Disease: a Longitudinal Causal Analysis (polyunsaturated Fats, Risk Factors, Cholesterol) by Lynch, Wendy Diane, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1986, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8700370

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Displaced Tobacco Workers, Public Health, and Tobacco Policy: Moving Beyond Jobs Versus Health by Barbeau, Elizabeth M., Dsc from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1998, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9826710

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Dissection of N-mediated Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Solanaceous Species Using Genetic and Biochemical Approaches by Handley, Vanessa Margaret; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082213

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Economic Analysis of the Sale Price of Burley Tobacco Allotments in Kentucky by Hoskins, Josiah, Jr., Phd from University of Kentucky, 1968, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6915472

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Economic Effects of Inter-county Transfer of Flue-cured Tobacco Quota. by Efstratoglou, Sophia Ioannou, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1972, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7600897

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Economic Potential for Genetic Control of the Tobacco Budworm by Levins, Richard Allen, Phd from Mississippi State University, 1982, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8217231

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Economics of Cigar-wrapper Tobacco by Kincaid, Randall Rich, Jr., Phd from Duke University, 1967, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6805223

340 Tobacco

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Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy on Smokeless Tobacco Use (tobacco) by Cammack, Michael Guy, Phd from Washington State University, 1993, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402883

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Effects of State Tobacco Laws on High School Student Smoking Throughout the United States: Suggestions from High School Principals Concerning Student Smoking Problems. by Jacobs, Clinton, Phd from The University of Utah, 1974, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7429553

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Emancipation in the Virginia Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870 by Morgan, Lynda Joyce, Phd from University of Virginia, 1986, 432 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8801131

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Empirical and Phenomenological Analyses of Addictive Tobacco Use: Implications for Theory and Educational Therapy of Addictive Smoking Behavior by Hansen, Bruce Arthur, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1980, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8029420

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Engaging Smokers with Schizophrenia in Treatment for Tobacco Dependence: a Brief Motivational Interviewing Intervention by Steinberg, Marc L. Phd from University of South Florida, 2003, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082981

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Entry and Exit in the United States Food and Tobacco Manufacturing Industries by Qiu, Yiguang, Phd from University of Massachusetts, 1993, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9316709

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Environmental Exposures during Perinatal Development: Methods of Risk Examination Including Chemical Measurement for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure, and Meta-analysis and Risk Assessment for Organic Solvent Exposure by Mcmartin, Kristen Ingrid Gail; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69219

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Estimating Derived Demands for Agricultural Inputs: the Case of Tobacco in the U.s. Cigarette Industry (united States) by Chang, Ruey-er, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1988, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8909211

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Ethnic and Gender Differences in Older Adolescent Attitudes toward Tobacco Use by Rosenfeld, Sherri A. Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058125

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Etiology and Control of the Grey Disorder in Flue-cured Tobacco by Arnold, Neville Patrick; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66612

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Evaluation in Cauliflower of Genetic Elements of a Novel Tobacco Constitutive Cryptic Promoter (brassica Oleracea) by Tsang, Etsuko Diane Y. Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65983

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Evaluations of a Tobacco Awareness and Cessation Program by Adolescents in Four Stages of Change by Stevens, Stacey Lee; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2000, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9994349

Dissertations 341

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Explaining Variation in State Minors Access to Tobacco Policies by Watson, Steven Alan, Dpa from University of Georgia, 1997, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9817857

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Factors Affecting Weed Control and Phytotoxicity from Sulfentrazone in Flue-cured Tobacco by Fisher, Loren Ray; Phd from North Carolina State University, 2002, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036784

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Farm Women of Stokes County, North Carolina and the Production of Flue-cured Tobacco, 1925 to 1955: Continuity and Change (women, Tobacco) by Phillips, Anne Radford, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1990, 383 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121406

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Free Labor in the Virginia Tobacco Piedmont, 1865-1900 by Kerr-ritchie, Jeff, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1993, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9331798

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From Tobacco to Grain: Economic Development on Maryland's Eastern Shore, 16601750. by Clemens, Paul Gilbert Eli, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1974, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7419549

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Functional Analysis of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus 126/183-kda Replicase-associated Proteins by Goregaoker, Sameer Prakash; Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070524

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Host-parasite Relationships in Verticillium Wilt of Tobacco by Wright, Donald Stranack Cottle; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12078

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Identifying the Behavior, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Tobacco Use among Students Enrolled in Orientation Courses in Six Community Colleges in the Tennessee Board of Regents System by Boone, G. Elaine Clark, Edd from East Tennessee State University, 1999, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9927421

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Impacts on Alternative Sectors of the South Carolina Economy of the Flue-cured Tobacco Price Support Program (tobacco) by Sureshwaran, Sivapathasunderam, Phd from Clemson University, 1989, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8922925

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Implementation of Health Curricula: a Study of Diffusion and Organizational Change Processes (tobacco Use) by Mccormick, Laura Katherine, Drph from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1992, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9302582

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Implementing Public Health Education Programs in Controversial Environments: a Policy Development and Diffusion Case Study of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program's Youth Focus by Kershaw, Josephine Mendoza; Phd from The Florida State University, 2001, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021549

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Increasing Adult Mortality in Ukraine, 1965-1994: the Contributions of Alcohol and Tobacco Abuse by Godek, Lisa Marie, Phd from University of Michigan, 1998, 348 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9825226

342 Tobacco

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Increasing Perceived Susceptibility to Tobacco-related Illness Through Imagery and Social Comparison by Stewart, Robert K., Jr. Phd from Long Island University, the Brooklyn Center, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049637

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Institutional Intervention in the Market for an Internationally Traded Commodity: U.s. Flue-cured Tobacco by Norton, Daniel Thomas, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1981, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8209480

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Interactions of Cowpea Strains of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus and of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Cowpea and Pinto Bean by Molefe, Thandie Leagajang; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK46212

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Interactions of the Tobacco Blue Mold Pathogen, Peronospora Tabacina, with Wild and Commercial Nicotiana Species by Heist, Elmer Patrick; Phd from University of Kentucky, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077712

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Interagency Collaboration in the Delivery of the California Tobacco Education Program (tobacco Education) by Balbach, Edith Dewitt, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1994, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9504739

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Isolation and Characterization of Tobacco Stunt Virus by Masri, Saad Asad; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41035

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Key Grade-related Periods for Anti-tobacco Campaigns and Interventions: Trends in Tobacco Use, Risk and Protective Factors for High and Low Sensation-seeking White Pre-teens and Adolescents by Forsythe, Ann Crittenden-lewis; Phd from University of Kentucky, 2002, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063225

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Litigation and Public Health Policy: the Tobacco Settlement Funds in Erie County (new York) by Walsh Koricke, Maureen T. Ms from D'youville College, 2002, 59 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410117

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Long Green: Money, Tobacco, and South Carolina by Prince, Eldred Eugene, Jr., Phd from University of South Carolina, 1993, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9321985

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Management of Insurable Risk by East Tennessee Tobacco Farmers by Beeson, Bennie Eldred, Jr., Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1971, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7215508

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Manly Smokes: Tobacco Consumption and the Construction of Identities in Industrial Montreal, 1888--1914 (quebec) by Rudy, Robert Jarrett; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 2001, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75674

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Market Potential for Turkish Tobacco in the United States by Tunc, Gungor, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1969, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7003730

Dissertations 343

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Markets and Hierarchies in Late Colonial Spanish America: the Royal Tobacco Monopoly in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1752--1813 by Vizcarra, Kathleen Maria; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2001, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3023222

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Masking of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Rna Genome in the Coat Protein of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus by Dodds, James Allan; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23059

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Measurement and Explanation of Factor Returns under the Flue-cured Tobacco Program by Hedrick, James Lupton, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1967, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6711980

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Measuring Indicators of Tobacco-related Problems at the State Level: a Way to Prioritize in Planning for Interventions by Renfro, Joy Stump, Edd from University of Kentucky, 1998, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9922630

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Methods for Evaluating Agricultural Enterprises in the Framework of Uncertainty Facing Tobacco-producing Regions of Virginia by Halili, Rushan; Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2000, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3016438

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Models and Graphics in the Analysis of Categorical Variables: the Case of the Youth Tobacco Survey by Hosler, Deborah Susan; Ms from East Tennessee State University, 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413439

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Molecular-genetic Analysis of N-gene Mediated Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Solanaceae by Dutton, Marianne Elizabeth; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082173

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National Assessment of Early Elementary Teachers' Perceived Self-efficacy for Teaching Tobacco Prevention Based on the Cdc Guidelines by Perry-casler, Suzanne Marie, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1996, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9713240

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New World of Goods: a History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Spanish Empire, 1492--1700 by Norton, Marcia Susan; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2000, 504 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9979751

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No Substitute for Tobacco: the Search for Farm Diversification in Appalachian Kentucky by Swanson, Mark A. Phd from University of Florida, 2001, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039819

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No Time to Play: Tobacco-growing Families and the Great Depression (kentucky, North Carolina) by Whitfield, Christina Elizabeth, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1999, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9935015

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Nutrient Accumulation and Growth of Flue-cured Tobacco by Mallya, D. Richard; Advdeg from University of Guelph (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07622

344 Tobacco

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Oligopolistic Features of the Supply of Addictive Goods (tobacco) by Ensor, Timothy R. A., Dphil from University of York (united Kingdom), 1989, 348 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX89188

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Oligopoly Power and Allocative Efficiency in Food and Tobacco Industries (food Industry) by Bhuyan, Sanjib, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1995, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9602440

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Optimal Taxation of Alcohol and Tobacco in the Presence of Externalities: an Econometric Analysis by Pappas, Leonidas Stavros, Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1986, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8609900

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Ozone-induced Signal Transduction in Tobacco by Samuel, Marcus Abraham; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2002, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75075

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Patterns and Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Use by High School Seniors in the State of New York by Olds, Robert Scott, Hsd from Indiana University, 1987, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812479

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Perceived Effectiveness of Antitobacco Advertisements among College Students by Murphy, Rebecca Lee; Phd from The University of Utah, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070947

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Perceived Impact of Cooperative Extension Service Educational Programs by Fluecured Tobacco Farmers in Virginia by Gardner, James Rudolph, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1982, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301396

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Perceptions of Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use in College Students: a Social Norms Marketing Intervention by Hancock, Linda C. Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2001, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008637

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Persistence of Simple Commodity Production in Agriculture the Case of Tobacco Producers in Aegean Turkey by Koc, Mustafa; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47761

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Persistence of Simple Commodity Production in Agriculture: the Case of Tobacco Producers in Aegean Turkey by Koc, Mustafa, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3057316

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Personal Tobacco Use Behaviors and Tobacco Cessation Activities of Dental and Dental Hygiene Students in United States Dental Schools by Hatfield, Amanda Suzanne; Ms from West Virginia University, 2002, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410770

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Petty Commodity Production: a Village of Tobacco Producers in Northern Turkey by Ecevit, Mehmet Cihan, Phd from University of Kent at Canterbury (united Kingdom), 1988, 445 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX80977

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Phytophthora Nicotianae on Tobacco and Its Control in South Africa by Van Jaarsveld, Esme; Phd from University of Pretoria (south Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f276065

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Policies, Practices, and School Administrators' Perceptions Regarding Tobacco Usage in America's Secondary Schools: a National Study by Riddle, Sandra Gay, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1996, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633909

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Predictors of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Children and Adolescents in Florida by Strickman-stein, Nancy; Phd from University of Miami, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050727

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Price Forecasting Models for Soybeans, Cotton, and Tobacco in Tennessee. by Park, Joon Kheun, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1979, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7927050

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Price Variation and Market Imperfection in the Lease and Transfer of Burley Tobacco Quotas in Kentucky. by Kenney, Mary Cleary, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1978, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7927689

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Projecting Irrigation of Flue-cured Tobacco in North Carolina by Moak, Sah Kuhn, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1966, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6707407

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Protecting the Health of Our Children: an Assessment of State Implementation of Laws Prohibiting Tobacco Sales to Minors by Deloe, Richard Thomas; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2001, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036023

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Regulation and Congestion in the Markets for Flue-cured Leaf Tobacco by Hamilton, James Lowell, Phd from Duke University, 1969, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7020273

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Relationship of Parental Tobacco Use, Peer Influence, Self-esteem, and Tobacco Use among Yemeni American Adolescents: Mid-range Theory Testing by Baker, Omar Ghazi; Phd from Wayne State University, 2003, 322 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086416

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Restricting Minors' Access to Tobacco Products: an Examination of State Legislation and Policy Innovation (as of December 31, 1998) by Chriqui, Jamie Friedman; Phd from University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2000, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9977698

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Role of Carbohydrates during Shoot Formation in Tobacco Callus by Brown, Daniel C. W; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49275

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Slave Agriculture and Staple Crops in the Virginia Piedmont (tobacco, Wheat) by Irwin, James Reid, Phd from The University of Rochester, 1986, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8708230

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Slavery in Virginia's Urban Tobacco Industry - 1840-1860 (south, Labor, Richmond) by Schnittman, Suzanne Gehring, Phd from The University of Rochester, 1987, 441 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8709511

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Smoke and Power: the Political Economy of Chinese Tobacco by Peng, Yali , Phd from University of Oregon, 1997, 356 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810019

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Smoke Gets in Your Eyes: the Politics of Tobacco Policy by Licari, Michael James, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 1997, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738678

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Smokeless Tobacco Behaviors among Rural High School Students in Arkansas by Williams, Thomas Kent, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1985, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8528967

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Smokeless Tobacco Cessation with Nicotine Replacement: a Randomized Clinical Trial (tobacco Cessation) by Boyle, Raymond Gerrard, Phd from University of Oregon, 1992, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9313278

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Smokeless Tobacco Use among Big Ten Wrestlers and Factors Associated with Use (tobacco) by Hannam, Susan Elizabeth, Hsd from Indiana University, 1992, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9314620

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Smokeless Tobacco Use among Native American Indians Enrolled in Tribally Controlled Colleges (tobacco Use) by Flannery, Diana, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1991, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204198

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Social Bonding and Minor Adolescent Deviance: Adolescent Tobacco Use by Massey, James Lewis, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1983, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8407771

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Social Rates of Return and Distributional Aspects of Tobacco Harvest Mechanization in South Carolina by Ganguly, Pradeep, Phd from Clemson University, 1980, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8028714

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Socio-economic Implications of the Federal Flue-cured Tobacco Allotment Program--a Heuristic Study by Mccubbins, Ronald Wayne, Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1968, 257 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6903030

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State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Dependence Treatments: Implications for a Federal Mandate by Ibrahim, Jennifer Kathleen; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082238

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Strategic Trade Theory in International Agricultural Markets: an Application to Burley Tobacco (trade Policy) by Chambers, Orlando D., Phd from University of Kentucky, 1995, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614452

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Students Speak: Obtaining Youth Input Regarding Tobacco Policies by Bryant, Claudia Ruth; Phd from The University of Tennessee, 2002, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054096

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Teens Kick Ash: Evaluating Young Adult Learning in a Tobacco Prevention Program by Tonella, Christina Elizabeth Erna; Maded from St. Francis Xavier University (canada), 2003, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ77076

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The Cigarette Capital of the World: Labor, Race, and Tobacco in Richmond, Virginia, 1880-1980 by Love, Richard, Phd from University of Virginia, 1998, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9824298

Dissertations 347

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The Cognitive and Affective Results of Participation in a Risk Reduction Peer Education Program on Tobacco by Simpson, Phyllis Elain Thomas, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1982, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8219624

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The Demographic and Psychosocial Characteristics Associated with the Use of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco by Students in Grades 6-12 by Conrad, Timothy Lee, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9533955

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The Developmental Effects of Contract Tobacco Cultivation in Northern Sierra Leone, 1960-1990s by Sheriff, Alpha Osman; Phd from Kansas State University, 1999, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9942682

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The Dramatic and Narrative Influence of Tobacco on Literature of the Renaissance by Tanner, Jeri, Phd from Texas Tech University, 1968, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6817553

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The Effect of Changing Tobacco Harvest Machinery Technology on Resource Allocation and Product-product Adjustment in the Coastal Plains of South Carolina. by Jordan, Johnny Wayne, Phd from Clemson University, 1978, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7821543

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The Effect of Oral Smokeless Tobacco on the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses in Humans during Rest and Exercise (cardiovascular Responses, Nicotine) by Van Duser, Bruce Lynn, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1991, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134016

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The Effects of Added Debt and Declining Tobacco Income on Minimum Farm Size Needed to Generate a Farm Family Income by Wollo, J. Wesseh, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1988, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8903583

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The Effects of an Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Education/prevention Curriculum on Selected Risk Factors for Substance Abuse by Chard-yaron, Sharon Deborah, Edd from United States International University, 1992, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9307478

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The Effects of an Experiential-based Prevention Education Program on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Knowledge, and Social Attitudes and Skills of First-time Offender, Non-adjudicated Youth by Vasquez, Linda Marie; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2000, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3000261

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The Effects of Long-distance Intercessory Prayer and Anti-tobacco Communication on the Teenager Intention to Smoke Cigarettes by Herringshaw, Mark Howard; Phd from Regent University, 2001, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024478

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The Impact of Experiential Learning on the Perception of Seventh-grade Students Regarding the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, Other Drugs, and Inhalants by Caramanian, Paul, Edd from Texas Southern University, 1998, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9909766

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The Impact of State Excise Taxes, School Smoking Policies, State Tobacco Control Policies and Peers on Adolescent Smoking by Nonnemaker, James Michael; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037487

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The Impact of the Burley Tobacco Price Support Program on the Development of Alternative Kentucky Farm Enterprises: an Application of the Theory of the Multiproduct Firm by Thompson, Carl Stassen, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1972, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7320618

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The Interpretation and Regional Study of Clay Tobacco Pipes: a Case Study of the Broseley District (england) by Higgins, David Alan, Phd from University of Liverpool (united Kingdom), 1987, 630 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/D-81195

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The Market for Flue-cured Tobacco Quota in South Carolina - an Econometric Approach to Risk Analysis (uncertainty, Demand, Policy, Supply) by Dangerfield, Coleman Walter, Jr., Phd from Clemson University, 1986, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616625

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The Night Riders and the Law in Kentucky and Tennessee, 1870-1911 (tobacco) by Waldrep, Christopher Reef, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1990, 549 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9031170

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The Overexpression of a Feedback-insensitive Anthranilate Synthase in Arabidopsis and Tobacco by Tsai, Fei-yi; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070461

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The Political Economy of Tobacco Products and Optimal Cigarette Taxation: the Case of Thailand by Tungthangthum, Suchada, Phd from University of Hawaii, 1997, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9733634

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The Politics of Despair: the Tobacco Wars of Kentucky and Tennessee by Campbell, Tracy Alan, Phd from Duke University, 1988, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8919213

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The Politics of Tobacco (pressure Groups) by Read, Melvyn D., Phd from University of Essex (united Kingdom), 1989, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/D-93764

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The Politics of Tobacco: a Study of the Making of Bills C-204 and C-51 (canada) by Laroche, Andree, Phd from Carleton University (canada), 1992, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN79860

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The Relationship among Predisposing and Enabling Factors or Barriers in Nurses' Provision of Tobacco Control Interventions by Daniel, Sandra Davis; Phd from Medical College of Georgia, 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081405

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The Relationship between Learning, Health Beliefs, Weight Gain, Alcohol Consumption, and Tobacco Use of Pregnant Women by Strychar, Irene Mary-ann, Edd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3825028

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The Relationship between Learning, Health Beliefs, Weight Gain, Alcohol Consumption, and Tobacco Use of Pregnant Women by Strychar, Irene; Edd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44642

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The Relationship between Self-concept and Locus of Control on Tobacco Use among Rural Black and White Preadolescents: a Comparative Study by Smith, Teresita Maria; Phd from Medical College of Georgia, 2003, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080983

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The Role of Resilience and Protective Factors in Predicting Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse in Youth by Dugan, Margret Ann, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1996, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9707501

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The Royal Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico, 1764-1810 by Mcwatters, David Lorne, Phd from University of Florida, 1979, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005478

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The Social Organization of Crop Production: Cassava, Tobacco and Citrus in Bahia, Brazil. by Saint, William Staver, Jr., Phd from Cornell University, 1977, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7806317

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The Structure of the Tobacco Auction: a Sociological Analysis by Branch, Roger Gary, Sr., Phd from University of Georgia, 1970, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7113028

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The Study and Analysis of the Kaolin Clay Tobacco Pipe Collection from the Seventeenth-century Archaeological Site of Port Royal, Jamaica by Fox, Georgia Lynne, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1998, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903115

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The Tobacco Culture of Wilson County, North Carolina by Mcadams, Robert Cecil, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1996, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9735339

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The Tobacco Dispute: a Study in the Use of Discourse and Narrative Theory in the Understanding of Health-related Conflicts by Johnston, Linda M. Glass; Phd from George Mason University, 2000, 536 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9983988

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The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines, 1782-1882. by De Jesus, Edilberto C., Phd from Yale University, 1973, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7325193

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The Transculturation of the Amerindian Pipe/tobacco/smoking Complex and Its Impact on the Intellectual Boundaries between 'savagery' and 'civilization', 1535-1935 (tobacco) by Von Gernet, Alexander D., Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1988, 780 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN64092

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Three Essays in Health Economics: 1. an Equilibrium Model of Waiting Lists for Medical Care. 2. an Evaluation of Alternative Econometric Specifications for Estimating a Tobacco Budget Share Equation. 3. the Determinants of Expenditures on Tobacco in Ca by Farnworth, Michael George; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 2000, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ66265

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Tobacco and Politics: the Public's Response to Policy Making by Gambescia, Stephen F., Phd from Temple University, 1996, 568 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623760

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Tobacco and Slaves: Population, Economy and Society in Eighteenth-century Prince George's County, Maryland. by Kulikoff, Allan Lee, Phd from Brandeis University, 1976, 600 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7616922

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Tobacco and Smoking Phenomena in the Sun Dance Religion of the Crow Indians of Montana: a Study in the Dynamics of the Sacred. by Miller, Fred Luther, Phd from Temple University, 1979, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7924009

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Tobacco Farming in the Age of the Surgeon General's Warning: the Cultural Ecology and Structuration of Burley Tobacco Production in Madison County, North Carolina by Algeo, Catherine Marie, Phd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1998, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9922046

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Tobacco Phospholipase D Beta1: Molecular Cloning and Biochemical Characterization by Hodson, Jane Elisabeth; Ms from University of North Texas, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412078

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Tobacco Prevention Communication Campaigns: Profiling the Susceptible and Receptive Adolescent by Donofrio, Heather Alyssa Howard; Phd from The Florida State University, 2000, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9962882

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Tobacco Stunt : Investigations on the Complex of Disease Agent, Fungus Vector and Plant Host by Alderson, P. G; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK26692

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Tobacco under Contract: Agricultural Development and Environmental Change in Kuria District, Western Kenya by Otieno, Joseph Oluoch, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1998, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9834725

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Tobacco Use and Adolescents: a Survey by Kusnierz, Barbara Ann, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1993, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9320986

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Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use in Grades Five Through Twelve, Santa Cruz County, California by Shapiro, Lorraine Rae, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1989, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9013723

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Tobacco, Slaves, and Secession: Southside Virginia on the Brink of the Great Rebellion by Allen, John Owen; Phd from The Catholic University of America, 2003, 424 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084397

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Tobacco, Toyota, and Subaltern Development Discourses: Constructing Livelihoods and Community in Rural Kentucky (rural Development) by Kingsolver, Ann Elizabeth, Phd from University of Massachusetts, 1991, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120901

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Tobaccuary: a Study of Tobacco Curing Sheds in Southeastern Pennsylvania. by Barakat, Robert Abraham, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1972, 538 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7301355

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Topically Applied Tobacco Juice: Its Affect upon the Healing of a Nonpenetrating Wound in the Adult Male Rat. by Kamieneski, Robert Walter, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1979, 57 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8000073

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Tracing Tobacco Road: a Life of Erskine Caldwell (literary History) by Miller, Dan Benjamin, Phd from Harvard University, 1993, 516 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330992

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Transformation of Arabidopsis and Tobacco with Mir1 and Mir3, Two Genes Implicated in Maize Insect Resistance by Yang, Mao; , Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410615

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Turning over a New Leaf: Socio-economic and Political Transformations in the Burley Tobacco Commodity System (kentucky) by Wright, Donna Wynne; Phd from University of Kentucky, 1999, 331 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9957061

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Ty Tiger's Tobacco Alert (3ta) Program: Results of a Three Year Longitudinal Study by Ganley, Barbara Jean; Phd from University of Arkansas, 2000, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037934

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Urambo, Tanzania--the Administrative and Social Development of a Tobacco Settlement Scheme, 1948-1968. by Baer, Kenneth Louis, Phd from Syracuse University, 1974, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7513959

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Use of Green Fluorescent Protein to Monitor Anthracnose of Tobacco and the Role of Ethylene in the Infection (colletotrichum Destructivum, C. Orbiculare, Nicotiana) by Chen, Ning; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71773

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Venezuela's Royal Tobacco Monopoly, 1779-1810: an Economic Analysis. by Wickham, Cam Harlan, Phd from University of Oregon, 1975, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7600982

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Wealth, Poverty and Labor in the Tobacco Plantation South: Prince George's County, Maryland, in the Early National Era by Sarson, Steven James, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1998, 515 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9832974

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning tobacco.

Recent Trials on Tobacco The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to tobacco.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Bupropion and Weight Control for Smoking Cessation - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Smoking Cessation for Women Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006170

·

Health Effects of PAH & ETS in Minority Women and Newborns Condition(s): Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; MEDLINEplus consumer health information

Tobacco

Smoke

Pollution;

Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: A molecular epidemiologic study of African American and Hispanic mothers and newborns to investigate the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental tobacco smoke in procarcinogenic and developmental damage. 8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

354 Tobacco

Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00043498 ·

High-Dose Versus Regular-Dose Nicotine Patch for Nicotine Dependence in Individuals with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: High Dose Versus Regular Dose Nicotine Patch for Nicotine Dependence in Individuals with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046813

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Incentive Programs for Female Substance Abusers who Smoke - 3 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Incentive Programs for Female Substance Abusers who Smoke Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064922

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Maintenance treatment for prevention of smoking relapse - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Maintenance pharmacotherapy for abstinent smokers Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063323

·

Nevada Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Health Study Condition(s): Cardiovascular Disease; Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

Clinical Trials 355

Purpose - Excerpt: Workplace exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)is widespread, effecting between 19 and 49% of the U.S. workforce. The first part of this study is designed to test whether exposure to ETS in the workplace effects a person's risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The second part of this study is designed to test whether antioxidant supplementation in this group of ETS exposed individuals can reduce their risk of developing chronic disease. The study will look at 375 non-smokers who either work on a casino floor or as bartenders or cocktail servers. Initial baseline data will be collected (questionnaires and blood samples taken) and the subjects will be randomized into one of three groups, placebo, low antioxidant supplementation and high antioxidant supplementation. They will be followed over a two-year period, coming in for follow-up testing every six months. Statistical analysis will be conducted to see whether this group of ETS exposed individuals has a greater risk of developing chronic disease and whether the use of antioxidant supplements can moderate any risks. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046306 ·

Pilot study examining the effects of combined pharmacotherapy (Zyban/NRT)/behavioral treatment on smoking cessation among MMT patients. - 2 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Pilot study examining the effects of combined pharmacotherapy (Zyban/NRT)/behavioral treatment on smoking cessation among MMT patients. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060814

·

Randomized Trial to Reduce Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Children with Asthma Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To test the effects of reducing indoor environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, airway inflammation, and health services utilization. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006565

356 Tobacco

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Smoking Cessation Treatment w Transdermal Nicotine Replaceme Therapy - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); New York University Purpose - Excerpt: CTN-0009 Smoking Cessation Treatment w/ Transdermal Nicotine Replacement Therapy Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067158

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Tobacco Dependence in Alcoholism Treatment (nicotine patch/naltrexone) Condition(s): Alcoholism; Smoking Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of naltrexone (Revia) in reducing drinking and smoking in patients with both nicotine and alcohol dependence. Individuals will be randomly assigned to a 12-week trial of a fixed daily dose of either naltrexone (Revia) and nicotine replacement patch or placebos. All individuals will receive weekly coping skills and smoking-cessation behavioral therapy. Followup interviews will be conducted 3 and 6 months after treatment to determine smoking and drinking status and persistence of any dependence symptoms. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000437

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Tobacco Use Among Arab American Youth Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Michigan has the 10th highest smoking rate in the nation. Smoking rates are also very high in the Middle East and in Arab American families. The purpose of this study is to learn about tobacco use in Michigan Arab American youth ages 14 to 18. The study will evaluate why some young people start smoking and others do not. The study will also test an educational program designed to encourage young people to either quit tobacco use or to avoid it. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059514

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Celecoxib in Preventing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Tobacco Smokers Condition(s): Non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer. Celecoxib may be effective in preventing lung cancer in tobacco smokers. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of celecoxib in preventing non-small cell lung cancer in tobacco smokers. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00020878

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Combining a Smoke Ending Aid with Behavioral Treatment - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Combining a Smoke Ending Aid with Behavioral Treatment Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006151

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Effects of Stimulant Dependence on Human Striatal Dopamine System - 15 Condition(s): Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: 1) To determine whether DAT availability, assessed by WIN binding, in the striatum is altered in cocaine or methamphetamine dependence. 2) To determine whether DA synthesis capacity, assessed by FDOPA uptake, in the striatum is altered in Coc or Meth dependence. 3) To determine whether the PET tracers, WIN or FDOPA, will differentiate Meth induced alterations from those induced by Coc use. 4) To determine whether the PET characterization of striatal alterations observed at 3-5 days since last drug use persists at least 3 months after last drug use. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000350

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Exposure of Children with Asthma to Household Environmental Tobacco Smoke Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases

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Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine whether or not primary school-aged children with asthma from low-income households have lower household environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure than matched control children. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00035685 ·

Chemical Dependency and Smoking Cessation: Patient's Views - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Patients views on smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction during drug treatment. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051883

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Effects of Labetalol on Nicotine Administration in Humans - 14 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: The goals of this study is to investigate the effects of lubetalol in response to intravenous nicotine Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000297

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Motivating Smokers--Reduce Child Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Condition(s): Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the efficacy of a motivational intervention designed to reduce children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household and to increase parental motivation towards smoking cessation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005396

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Progesterone Treatment in Female Smokers - 12 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of the study is to investigate progesterone effects in female smokers Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000295

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Role of Metabolites in Nicotine Dependence (1) - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects of continine with or without a transdermal nicotine replacement on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000284

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Role of Metabolites in Nicotine Dependence (2) - 5 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects of varying doses of cotinine on cigarette selfadministration. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000288

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Role of Metabolites in Nicotine Dependence (3) - 6 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects of various doses of ondansetron transdermal nicotine replacement on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Phase(s): Phase II

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000289 ·

Role of Metabolites in Nicotine Dependence (4) - 13 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Minnesota Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects of continine with or without a transdermal nicotine replacement on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000296

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The effects of ERT on appetitive behavior and withdrawal in short-term smoking cessation compared to smoking ad lib in postmenopausal female smokers. - 1 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Tobacco Cessation in Postmenopausal Women (Part I) Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061061

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The effects of ERT on appetitive behavior and withdrawal in short-term smoking cessation in postmenopausal females on transdermal nicotine replacement - 2 Condition(s): Tobacco Use Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Tobacco Cessation in Postmenopausal Women (Part II) Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061074

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “tobacco” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON TOBACCO Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tobacco” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tobacco, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tobacco By performing a patent search focusing on tobacco, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tobacco: ·

.alpha.-campholenic alcohol, dihydro-.alpha.-campholenic alcohol and lower acyl esters thereof as tobacco flavorants Inventor(s): Rohr; Martin (Glen Rock, NJ), Potter; Richard H. (Hasbrouck Heights, NJ), Naipawer; Richard E. (Wallington, NJ) Assignee(s): Givaudan Corporation (Clifton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,851,050 Date filed: January 30, 1986 Abstract:.alpha.-Campholenic alcohol, dihydro-.alpha.-campholenic alcohol and the lower acyl esters thereof have organoleptic properties which make them useful as tobacco flavorants. Excerpt(s): The art of creating flavors involves blending a number of substances having individual characteristics to produce a composition which has the desired flavor. A successful product is not simply a combination of pleasant tasting materials; a successful product is one in which the individual character of each of the components is not readily perceived per se, but blends with each of the other flavor notes to provide a single organoleptic impression. To create this single organoleptic impression, the flavorist uses a number of compounds which not only contribute their own characteristic flavor to the blend, but which tie together the other materials used in the composition to form a more uniformly blended composition. To meet the demands of the flavorist, such a chemical must not only tie together the individual contributions of the other materials, but must do it in such a way that the resulting flavor more closely resembles the natural flavor. This latter ability is described by the flavorist as the ability to add "naturalness" to the composition. There is always a need for compounds which have this ability. The compounds of formula I are characterized by organoleptic properties that make them especially useful in flavor compositions. Although several of the compounds represented by formula I are known, there is no mention of their organoleptic properties in the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04851050__

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7-Methyl-1,2-benzopyrone as a tobacco flavorant Inventor(s): Kallianos; Andrew G. (Durham, NC), Southwick; Everett W. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Liggett Group Inc. () Patent Number: 4,319,585 Date filed: May 7, 1980 Abstract: A process for improving, enhancing or modifying the organoleptic properties of tobacco products which comprises adding thereto 7-methyl-1,2-benzopyrone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tobacco product and has for an object the provision of a natural or synthetic tobacco composition having improved aroma and flavor. It is well known, as far as the ultimate consumer is concerned, that flavor and aroma are perhaps the largest factors in his selection of a smokeable tobacco product. In

Patents 365

the case of most tobacco products manufactured today the desired flavor and aroma are achieved by the blending of domestic and oriental tobaccos each of which contributes its own characteristic aroma and flavor during smoking. However, the manufacturer may be restricted in achieving a desirable product because of limitations on the available types of tobacco with which he can work. Accordingly, a variety of flavorants have been employed to modify available tobaccos to impart organoleptic characteristics of less readily available and/or more expensive tobaccos, or to impart distinct, new organoleptic properties. Among the flavorants which have been employed are deertongue leaves and ground tonka beans, which impart a characteristic tobacco character with a smooth sweetness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04319585__ ·

Acid curing of tobacco Inventor(s): Bokelman; Gordon H. (Boulder, CO), Gooden, III; Dewitt T. (Barnwell, SC) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,347,859 Date filed: December 9, 1980 Abstract: A process for artificially curing mature green tobacco is provided wherein the tobacco is immersed in an acidic medium and incubated therein at at least room temperature until the desired color develops. Incubation at pH 1.5 to 3.5 at about 50.degree. C. for as little as 3 hours may be sufficient to eliminate the green color and green smoke taste and odor of the tobacco. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for artifically curing green tobacco by means of acid incubation. Green tobacco leaf curing and/or aging by suspending the leaves in darkness or otherwise disposing the leaves while controlling temperature and relative humidity of circulating air currents is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,113,902, 1,543,245, 1,545,811, 1,568,316, 2,343,345 and 3,086,553. Forced air flow through bundles of green leaves has also been suggested as a means to cure green tobacco in U.S. Pat. No. 3,225,456. Such conventional methods of curing tobacco, characteristically require several days and may entail substantial expenditures for fuel. Further such curing processes tend to be labor intensive. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,774 curing is effected by homogenizing yellowed tobacco leaf, incubating the homogenized material and then curing the mass as it is dried. The leaf characteristics may be manipulated during this homogenization curing method by chemical, physical or biological means; for example, ascorbic acid is added to the homogenate in Example 9. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04347859__

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Adjustable device for snuffing out smoking tobacco products of various diameters Inventor(s): Bingham; Michael C. (265 N., 100 East, Price, UT 84501) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,354,302 Date filed: June 26, 2000 Abstract: A device for snuffing out smoking tobacco products of various diameters. The device is comprised of a housing having a first open end, a second closed end, and a

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cavity formed therebetween; a slider within the cavity having an opening defined by an inner surface for accepting a burning end of a smoking tobacco product; and an adjustable retainer disposed within the opening wherein the retainer and the slider work in concert to snugly accept the burning end of the smoking tobacco product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a portable and adjustable smoking tobacco product extinguisher/snuffer which is particularly adapted for use with various sized cigarettes. Many cigarette and cigar extinguishers and snuffers exist as have been disclosed in various patents. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,120,027 describes a cigarette extinguisher with a plurality of flanges at the bottom of a hollow cylinder to receive and hold the lighted end of a cigarette. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 2,335,674 discloses a two piece cigarette holder where a cigarette is placed in one end of a barrel piece and a cap piece is then placed thereon to cover the unlit end. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 2,246,642 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,536,302 both disclose two piece cigarette extinguishers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,641 discloses a combination ash tray and snuffer comprised of a short closed end tube in which the lighted end of a cigarette is placed. A base is used to position the tube to receive the cigarette which is held in the snuffer by gravity. U.S. Pat. No. 2,715,961 discloses a three piece safety extinguisher with two compartments. The first compartment extinguishes the smoking material and the second compartment extinguishes matches. The apparent limitations of these cigarette extinguishers and snuffers have been partly solved by U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,575, which is incorporated herein by reference. This patent discloses a one piece cigarette extinguisher which may be inserted into a cigarette pack or a pocket of the user. The cigarette extinguisher is comprised of a hollow cylinder having an open end for accepting a lit cigarette. A slidable keeper is mounted in the hollow cylinder such that when a cigarette contacts the keeper, a friction fit around the lit cigarette is effectuated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06354302__ ·

Aerosol for use in the reduction of tobacco smoking Inventor(s): Rose; Jed E. (Venice, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the Univ. of California (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 4,715,387 Date filed: August 23, 1985 Abstract: A method and an apparatus and composition used in the reduction of the incidence of tobacco smoking and which comprises an aerosol for application to the oral cavity and respiratory tract of an individual. The aerosol contains a food acid, such as citric acid, which is present in non-toxic amounts and capable of being inhaled. The aerosol may be in the form of a liquid spray or a finely divided solid. The droplets or particles contained in the aerosol are of proper size and have the food acid sufficient in content to simulate the sensations in the upper respiratory tract caused by tobacco smoke. In this way, the oral cavity sensations and the respiratory tract sensations simulate those created by tobacco smoke to replace the need for tobacco smoke. In another embodiment of the invention the food acid aerosol contains tobacco smoke of proper particle size so that the food acid particles migrate to the respiratory tract and the tobacco smoke remains in the oral cavity. In still a further embodiment of the invention, the aerosol contains small particles of a carrier such as a saccharide with tobacco smoke adsorbed thereon. In still another embodiment, the aerosol can be used in combination with a transdermal application of nicotine.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to certain new and useful improvements in an aerosol for use in the reduction of tobacco smoking, and more particularly to an aerosol which uses a food acid in non-toxic amounts, but sufficient in content and having proper particle size to simulate sensations in the respiratory tract which would normally be caused by tobacco smoke. In recent years, with the recognition of the harmful effects of tobacco smoking, there have been numerous campaigns and programs by governmental agencies and various health groups and other interested organizations to disseminate information about the adverse health effects resulting from tobacco smoking. Moreover, and as a result of this recognition of the harmful effects, there have been many programs directed to attempts in reducing smoking incidence. The present successes in achieving reduction in the incidence of smoking have been relatively poor with presently known techniques. The present state of the art involves both behavioral approaches and pharmacological approaches. Approximately 80% or more of the tobacco smokers who initially quit smoking after using some behavioral or pharmacological approach to singly reduce smoking incidence, generally ralapse and return to the habit of smoking at their former rate of smoking within about a one year's period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04715387__ ·

Agent for removing noxious tobacco components Inventor(s): Nakajima; Mituo (10-1 Yatomati 1-chome, Tanashi-shi, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,000,198 Date filed: June 13, 1989 Abstract: An agent for removing noxious tobacco components is disclosed, which is attached to or sprinkled over sliced tobacco leaves when producing a cigarette. The agent is produced by mixing menthol in the form of crystalline menthol microcapsules, disodium glycrrhizinate, confree particles, perleloxyantoxyn, stearic acid B in the form of particles, maltol, glove-aniline, lecithin, ammonium benzoate, vanillin, calcium carbonate, corn starch and beans in the form of particles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an agent for removing noxious tobacco components and, more particularly, to a noxious tobacco component removal agent, which is used in a form attached to or sprinkled over sliced tobacco leaves when producing cigarettes and can provide a noxious tobacco component removal action to remove adverse effects on the smoker and nearby people at the time of smoking. Men met tobacco very long ago. Tobacco has been smoked since the time when Columbus found the American Continent, and now there is a trend for increase rather than decrease of smokers. Tobacco is thought to induce pneumocancer and various other cancer diseases. When someone smokes tobacco, carcinogenic substances, nitrosoamine, carbon monoxide, nicotine, etc. in tar contained in tobacco smoke are inhaled by the mouth of the smoker, and absorbed in the body through mouth membrane. This is thought to be a cause of cancer affecting nearby people as well as the smoker. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05000198__

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·

Air-cured bright tobacco filler, blends and smoking articles Inventor(s): Teng; Daniel M. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,516,590 Date filed: November 26, 1982 Abstract: A novel tobacco for smoking articles which is an air-cured bright tobacco harvested by stalk cutting, priming, or a combination of partial priming followed by stalk cutting, and characterized by a total reducing sugar content within the range of from 0 to about 6%, a chlorogenic acid content within the range of from 0 to about 0.4%, a rutin content within the range of from 0 to about 0.2%, a hot water solubles content within the range of from about 45 to about 55%, a total ash content within the range of from about 12 to about 26%, a combined proline and threonine content within the range of from 0 to about 1 mg/g, a combined aspartic acid and asparagine content within the range of from about 0.5 to about 7 mg/g, and a combined glutamic acid and glutamine content within the range of from about 0.5 to about 1.6 mg/g; all measurements being on a dry weight basis. This novel tobacco, when formulated as a smoking article, such as a cigarette, and smoked, presents the aroma and taste of a blended tobacco smoking article and may be substituted in whole or in part for burley tobacco in blended tobaccos while substantially maintaining the subjective qualities of the burley tobacco and yet, as compared to the burley tobacco-containing blends, provides a reduced NO content in the smoke. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cured tobacco. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel bright tobacco filler and to tobacco blends and smoking articles containing this tobacco. Of the more than sixty genetic species of plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana, only two of them, N.tabacum and N.rustica, are cultivated for use as tobacco. The first is grown in appreciable amounts in nearly 100 countries throughout the world and constitutes the tobacco of commerce, whereas the second is grown extensively in parts of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. N.tabacum is a natural hybrid between N.sylvestris and N.otophoria and is a plastic, very adaptable. polymorphic species as evidenced by the different types and the numerous agronomic varieties in each of the types. The commercially important types are known as Virginia or flue-cured, burley, Maryland, cigar tobaccos, and oriental or aromatic, tobaccos, all of which are used in the manufacture of smoking articles such as cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04516590__

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Alcohol and tobacco age identification electronic perpetual calendar Inventor(s): Chang; Nai-Wen (20265 Valley Blvd. #D, Walnut, CA 91789) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,696,739 Date filed: October 29, 1996 Abstract: An alcohol and tobacco age identification perpetual calendar specifically designed for cashiers of the stores that sells alcohol or tobacco products to check customer's identification and can easily verify customer's age before making the sales.

Patents 369

Excerpt(s): The legal age for alcohol purchase in most states in U.S. is 21 years-of-age, and 18 years-of-age for tobacco purchase, while there are different age regulations for alcohol & tobacco purchase in different countries. Cashiers of the stores that sells alcohol or tobacco products often have difficulty figuring out the year of 18 or 21 years back from the current year, or do not have time to calculate the customer's age for alcohol or tobacco purchases from the "date of birth" shows on customer's identification (driver's license). It is necessary for the cashiers to have a electronic perpetual calendar that can easily tell them whether the "date of birth" shows on the customer's identification is eligible for alcohol or tobacco purchases, thus, the cashiers can check more frequently without taking additional time, and the enforcement of state laws are met, law suits will be minimized. An Electronic Timepiece Calendar Circuit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,657 to Shimizu. An electronic calendar circuit that includes a time counter, date counter, month counter, and year counter that automatically displays the date and month according to the year circuitry which also produces leap year signals. In other word, the date and month runs and displays according to the year displayed. For example, if the year of the calendar is set to 1975 which was not a leap year, the dates and months run and display according to the year of 1975, and there were only 28 days in February 1975. If cashier uses this calendar to set the year to 1975 which is 21 years back from 1996 (current year), and use it as a reference to check customer's identification for purchasing alcohol products (must be 21 years-of-age or older), the dates and months of this calendar will run according to the year of 1975 (which is not a leap year) instead of 1996 which is a leap year in which there are 29 days in February. Which means, the calendar will display Mar. 1, 1975 instead of Feb. 29, 1975 on the day of Feb. 29, 1996. Therefore Shimizu's calendar circuit could not be used to set 18 or 21 years back from current year for cashiers to use as a reference calendar when checking identification before making the sales of alcohol and tobacco products. The present invention "Alcohol & Tobacco Age Identification Electronic Perpetual Calendar" is specifically designed for cashiers to check customer's identification more easily and frequently before making the sales of alcohol & tobacco products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05696739__ ·

Alcohol-tobacco electronic perpetual calendar Inventor(s): Marchello; Frank T. (21810 E. Buckskin Dr., Walnut, CA 91789) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,597,636 Date filed: April 3, 1997 Abstract: A perpetual calendar device as set forth which continually maintains a display of the present month and day as well as the minimum birth year for an individual who is entitled to purchase alcohol or tobacco products. The displays of the birth year information can be switched back and forth between the alcohol birth year display and the tobacco birth year display as desired to prevent confusion by the clerk. The displays are identified. The device is adapted for use by store clerks and the like to check to determine whether an individual wishing to purchase these products has attained the minimum age required. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices for displaying the day, month and year of the minimum age required for an individual to purchase alcohol or tobacco. In many jurisdictions it is illegal to sell tobacco or alcohol products to individuals who have not attained a legal age. In most jurisdictions, the legal age to purchase alcohol is

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21 and 18 for tobacco products. These minimum legal ages vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Sale to an under age individual can subject the vendor to fines and criminal penalties as well as civil liability. Because of the established legal minimum age requirement, store clerks and owners are required by law and often company policy to make sure, before any sale of such products, that the individual is of a legal age to purchase such products. Typically a store clerk will ask for the individual's identification such as a driver's license which shows the individual's birthdate. The clerk must then add years (21 years for alcohol and 18 for tobacco) to the birthdate and compare the derived date with the current date to determine if the individual is old enough to purchase the product. Clerks can make errors or simply not do the math so as to implement a consistent purchaser carding policy. There is accordingly a need for a device which automatically displays the minimum birthdate of an individual entitled to purchase alcohol or tobacco products for easy comparison by the clerk to the birthdate of the individual listed on their identification card. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06597636__ ·

Alkyl.alpha.-campholenates and dihydro derivatives thereof as tobacco flavorants Inventor(s): Rohr; Martin (Glen Rock, NJ), Flynn; Cormack (Ramsey, NJ) Assignee(s): Givaudan Corporation (Clifton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,590,953 Date filed: April 12, 1985 Abstract: The lower alkyl esters of.alpha.-campholenic acid and.alpha.-campholanic acid have organoleptic properties which make them useful as tobacco flavorants. Excerpt(s): The art of creating flavors or fragrances involves blending a number of substances having individual characteristics to produce a composition which has the desired organoleptic effect. A successful product is not simply a combination of pleasant smelling or pleasant tasting materials; a successful product is one in which the individual character of each of the components is not readily perceived per se, but blends with each of the other odor or flavor notes to provide a single organoleptic impression. To create this single organoleptic impression, the flavorist or perfumer uses a number of compounds which not only contribute their own characteristic odor or flavor to the blend, but which tie together the other materials used in the composition to form a more uniformly blended composition. This ability of a chemical to tie together individual contributions of the other materials is often described by the perfumer or flavorist as the ability to add "roundness" or "naturalness" to the composition. There is always a need for compounds which have this ability. Propyl and butyl are to be understood as encompassing both the straight chain and branched isomers. The compounds of formula I have organoleptic properties that make them useful in fragrance and flavor compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04590953__

Patents 371

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Antioxidants to neutralize tobacco free radicals Inventor(s): Hersh; Theodore (Atlanta, GA), Hersh; Rebecca (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): Thione International, Inc. (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 6,415,798 Date filed: June 30, 2000 Abstract: A composition for inclusion within a cigarette, cigar, pipe or smokeless tobacco. The composition can be included within the tobacco itself, a filter for filtering tobacco smoke once burned within the paper or wrapper surrounding the tabacco product. In the cigarette filter, be it internal or external filters, the antioxidant complex is capable of scavenging and neutralizing the free radicals emanating from the burning or heated tobacco and passing through the filter as the smoker inhales. The composition is also capable of reducing free radical damage to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs resulting from tobacco smoke. The composition includes glutathione and preferaby L-glutathione and sources of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase. Excerpt(s): The present invention deals with the combination of various synergistic antioxidants, enzymatic co-factors and amino acids in appropriate delivery vehicles employed in cigarette filters and in external filters such as cigarette and cigar "holders," in "pipe filters" and in tobacco, wrappers and papers and in so-called smokeless tobacco as a means of preventing or ameliorating signs and symptoms and complications to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs from damage by tobacco smoke and tobacco chewed induced free radical species. The present invention can be employed in filter cigarettes, unfiltered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco products. The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse are well known and regulatory agencies as well as the public constantly react to these scientific and epidemiologic evidences. Tobacco is indeed a worldwide public health hazard accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oral cavity, respiratory tract and lungs, evidence supports the notion that the oxidant burden is on the entire organism of the smoker. Smoking promotes development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, causing cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recently labeled "smoker's lung," cutaneous damage, especially to the face, called "smoker's face," and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung. Tobacco is a substance consisting of the dried leaves and stems of the plant Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco contains the drug nicotine, which is very addictive. The plant is native to North America and now is grown worldwide. Tobacco abuse has been identified as the single most preventable cause of disease, morbidity and mortality, for tobacco smoke contains many toxic chemicals, in tar and gas phase smoke. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06415798__

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Apparatus and method for improved hydrate formation and improved efficiency of recovery of expansion agent in processes for expanding tobacco and other agricultural products Inventor(s): Baehl; Donald A. (Simpsonville, SC), Knight; Jack B. (Ceret, FR), Ellison; Truman W. (1202 Bell Rd., Belton, SC 29627) Assignee(s): Ellison; Truman W. (Belton, SC) Patent Number: 6,209,546 Date filed: November 30, 1998 Abstract: An apparatus and a method for recovering additional expansion agent in a process for the expansion of tobacco or another agricultural product are disclosed. One embodiment is a method for recovering additional expansion agent in a process for the expansion of tobacco or another agricultural product, the process having a multi-step depressurization sequence including at least first and second depressurization steps for depressurizing an impregnation vessel, which includes the following steps: withdrawing substantially all of an amount of an expansion agent in the impregnation vessel at about the end of the second depressurization step during the multi-step depressurization sequence; and transmitting at least a portion of said amount of expansion agent to a low-pressure gas tank. In one embodiment, the expansion agent is carbon dioxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes and systems for expanding an agricultural product such as tobacco, food, or other such material by impregnating the product with an expansion agent under conditions of elevated pressure and at the saturation temperature of the expansion agent and thereafter exposing the impregnated product to conditions promoting expansion of an expanding agent. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for recovering additional amounts of carbon dioxide or another such expansion agent in such processes or systems, which method and apparatus result in improved hydrate formation and improved efficiency in the recovery of the carbon dioxide or other such expansion agents. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,096 (Steinberg), a number of methods are known for expanding cellular materials, including tobacco and other agricultural products. In general, these methods involve introducing an expansion agent, i.e., a substance capable of undergoing expansion, as by a phase change from a liquid to a gas, into the cells of the material and causing the agent to expand. It also is known to expand cellular material by impregnating it with a liquefied gas expansion agent, such as liquefied carbon dioxide, at an elevated pressure; removing excess expanding agent from the cellular material; reducing the pressure in which the cellular material is contained, thereby causing the expansion agent to solidify; and heating the cellular material, such as by exposure to a hot gas stream, e.g., steam, air, etc., to cause the solidified expansion agent to evaporate or sublime. The solidified expansion agent vaporizes at a rate greater than the rate at which the agent in gaseous form can escape from the cellular material. As a result of this treatment, the material is forced to expand. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06209546__

Patents 373

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Apparatus and method for manufacturing tobacco sheet material Inventor(s): Kiernan; Bernard C. (Richmond, VA), Semp; Bernard A. (Richmond, VA), Whitman; John M. (Lawrenceville, NJ) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,972,854 Date filed: May 24, 1989 Abstract: An apparatus and method for manufacturing tobacco sheet material comprising the steps of acoustic mixing with ultrasonic vibration a slurry containing tobacco components and forming sheets of tobacco material by casting the slurry after acoustic mixing. Additionally, the slurry is mixed with subsonic vibration and low shear mixing before the slurry is acoustic mixed. The slurry may include sized tobacco stems, sized tobacco dust and extract solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to manufacturing tobacco sheet material and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for the continuous sheet casting of tobacco sheet material. The next step in this process is time consuming: the slurry 26 must age for at least three to four hours 28. During the aging step 28, two changes in the slurry 26 take place which are essential to the subsequent casting of tobacco sheet material from slurry. First, pectin is extracted from the tobacco components and released into the slurry 26. Inclusion of pectin in the slurry 26 is necessary for bonding of the tobacco components into sheet material. Second, the slurry 26 absorbs fluid. This is commonly referred to as wetting. Sufficient wetting is necessary to form tobacco sheet material which is pliant and not brittle. Typically, the slurry 26 is pumped into a storage tank to age. After the slurry has aged for approximately three to four hours 28, the manufacturing process continues. The slurry is first refined to further reduce the size of the tobacco components 30 and then the slurry is cast in conventional fashion to form tobacco sheet material. The casting process involves forming 32 and drying 34 the slurry. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04972854__

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Apparatus and method for overcoming the habit of tobacco smoking Inventor(s): Rosen; David I. (2055 Wisteria La., Lafayette Hill, PA 19444), Rosen; William E. (2055 Wisteria La., Lafayette Hill, PA 19444) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,821,745 Date filed: March 30, 1987 Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus which enables a user to reduce or eliminate the tobacco smoking habit. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a patch of tobacco which is attached to the skin. A wetting agent, such as glycerine, alcohol, or water is placed between the skin and the patch. The patch is covered with a suitable plastic cover which holds the patch in place, and which allows body heat to accumulate in the region of the patch. A buffer, either acidic or alkaline, can be added to the wetting agent. The patch can be made by grinding tobacco, and/or tobacco by-products, forming the gound tobacco into a slurry, drying and slurry, and rolling the product into a thin sheet. The sheet can then be cut into relatively small pieces for use as a patch. The patch is believed to contain very small amounts of

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nicotine. Nevertheless, when the patch is held against the skin for an extended period, the user's craving for nicotine is markedly reduced. In another embodiment, a slurry of tobacco is applied directly to the skin. A device is disclosed which delivers the tobacco continuously to the user, and which can be refilled without removing it from the skin. The latter device includes a sponge which is saturated with the tobacco mixture. The saturated sponge is held directly against the skin of the user, for an extended period. Excerpt(s): This invention discloses an apparatus and method of reducing or eliminating the habit of tobacco smoking. When nicotine is obtained from tobacco, as by chewing, sniffing, or smoking, the amount of nicotine absorbed into the body generally does not build up to a harmful dose, but produces certain pleasurable effects. These effects frequently lead to habitual use of tobacco. One of the most common means of ingesting nicotine is by smoking tobacco. When the tobacco in a conventional cigarette is ignited, the combustion of the processed tobacco leaves, within the cigarette, releases nicotine vapor. As the user sucks or inhales air through the tobacco, the nicotine vapor is drawn through the cigarette and into the user's mouth and lungs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04821745__ ·

Apparatus and method for removing tobacco shreds from a cigarette filter Inventor(s): Adkins; Wayne B. (New Kent, VA), Roncero; Jose I. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,150,719 Date filed: February 19, 1991 Abstract: An automated method and apparatus for removing tobacco shreds from the end of a smoking article filter severed from a tobacco containing smoking article, such as a cigarette. A mechanical arm of a robot, having opposing gripping members, is used to grip and insert the filter into the deshredding apparatus whereupon a deshredding tool is rotated to contact, and a stream of high-pressure air is simultaneously directed at, any tobacco shreds remaining in the tobacco end of the severed filter portion. An exhaust removes the loosened tobacco shreds. The robot then removes the filter from the apparatus. The filter is then ready to be subjected to characterization tests. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing tobacco shreds from the end of a filter portion of a tobacco-containing smoking article after the filter has been severed from the tobacco body. It is common practice to perform various tests on commercial and experimental smoking articles and their component parts following assembly. These tests include measuring the physical characteristics of the article and component parts. More specifically, a plurality of like smoking articles are subjected to one or more tests corresponding to one or more specific properties to evaluate the uniformity of the measured property or properties from article to article and to obtain statistical data regarding the mean characteristics of like articles. Different groups of like articles are typically subjected to the same series of tests under conditions that permit comparing the statistical characteristics of different like articles and different groups of like articles. Such tests are performed on the filter portion of a smoking article. To conduct these tests, the filter typically has to be removed from the smoking article body. Various techniques have been used for this filter removal process. Most of these techniques employ a razor blade where the cigarette body is separated from the filter a few millimeters above the filter. The cutting is generally performed by hand or with the aid of an apparatus which employs a razor blade on the end of a push-rod.

Patents 375

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05150719__ ·

Apparatus and method for simultaneously topping and applying a precision application of sucker control chemicals to tobacco and other row crops Inventor(s): Long; Raymond C. (Raleigh, NC), Seltmann; Heinz (Raleigh, NC), Barnhardt; R. Wayne (Kannapolis, NC) Assignee(s): North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC), Hydraulic & Pneumatic Sales, Inc. (Charlotte, NC) Patent Number: 5,987,862 Date filed: October 31, 1997 Abstract: An apparatus for simultaneously topping and precisely applying sucker control chemicals to tobacco plants and for related uses wherein the apparatus comprises a housing wherein the front and bottom of the housing are open. A blower is positioned in the top of the apparatus for creating a downwardly directed air stream to facilitate decapitating the tobacco plants by a mechanical cutter positioned in the bottom of the apparatus as the tobacco plants pass therebeneath. A pair of spaced-apart rotating belts are located beneath the mechanical cutter and define a pathway from the front to the back of the housing and act to gather tobacco plants at the front and guide the tobacco plants through the housing. A spray manifold is provided for applying sucker control chemicals downwardly in a confined pattern onto decapitated tobacco plants as they pass from the mechanical cutter and beneath the spray manifold. Circuit means is provided for actuating application of the sucker control chemicals by the spray manifold when the tobacco plants are properly oriented substantially beneath the spray manifold. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to applying agricultural chemicals to row crops, and more particularly to a new apparatus and method for simultaneously topping and applying sucker control chemicals to tobacco plants. Tobacco is grown as a row crop with row widths and within-row plant spacings of about 1.07-1.22 m and 0.380.56 m, respectively. Most tobacco types are decapitated (topped) when the plants are in the early stages of floral development to increase yield and improve the quality of the cured leaf. Physiologically, decapitation of a dicotyledonous plant, such as tobacco, releases apical dominance, and growth of axillary buds (suckers) is dramatically increased. To obtain the increase in yield and quality desired from topping, the growth of the suckers must be controlled. In the early culture of tobacco, suckers were removed manually. Currently, in most cases, suckers are controlled with chemicals, most commonly fatty alcohols, dinitroanilines, and maleic hydrazide. A common protocol for flue-cured tobacco in the U.S. is to use fatty alcohols at topping, followed by a second application three to five days later, and then followed one week later by a tank mix of a dinitroaniline and maleic hydrazide. The fatty alcohols and the dinitroaniline materials must contact the sucker to effect control, while maleic hydrazide, which acts systemically, must be absorbed through the leaf tissue. The method of application and the equipment used to control suckers varies with growers, from hand-held equipment to multi-row, over-the-top sprayers. The latter features a 56-cm long boom with a solid cone nozzle in the middle and nozzles at each end angled downward at 45 degrees toward the center of each row. Spraying is continuous as the sprayer moves along the row, the nozzles positioned about 25-cm above the topped tobacco, applying suckercide (chemical agent that suppresses sucker growth) solution (approximately 30 ml/plant). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05987862__

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Apparatus and method of producing a succession of die cut tobacco blanks Inventor(s): Godfrey, Jr. Frederick D. (Maple Wood, NJ) Assignee(s): Gulf & Western Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,313,435 Date filed: April 18, 1980 Abstract: A device for supplying a succession of die cut tobacco blanks with a given profile to a web of a coiled type, storage bobbin. This device comprises a set of die cut stations each including a cutting die blade with an upstanding cutting edge matching the profile of the proposed blank and vacuum means surrounding the edge of the blade for capturing a tobacco sheet material on the stations in a position overlying the cutting edge. The stations are moved along an endless, preselected cutting path which intersects a cutting means at a first position in the path of movement of the stations so that a tobacco leaf can be cut from a manually placed tobacco sheet captured on the movable station. After passing the cutting means, which includes two rolls generally fixed in the direction of movement of the station, the station continues in the same endless path to a transfer position at which position the cut profile is released from the cutting station and is transferred to an awaiting web of a coiled type storage bobbin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the art of processing tobacco leaves and more particularly to an apparatus and method of supplying or producing a succession of die cut tobacco blanks, such as cigar wrappers, for use in the coiled type of storage bobbin now extensively used in the cigar manufacturing art. The invention is particularly applicable for producing the outer wrapper of a cigar which is stored in a bobbin for subsequent wrapping about a cigar body and will be described with particular reference thereto; however, it is appreciated that the invention is somewhat broader and may be used in making other tobacco profiles, such as binders for cigar bunches. In producing cigars, an outer wrapper cut from a natural tobacco leaf is often spirally wound about the cigar to produce the appearance familiar to the buying public. For many years the wrapper was cut and spirally wrapped around a cigar in a single manually operated machine which cut the wrapper and performed the wrapping operation. This type of machine was relatively slow and had a high labor input in that an operator had to position the wrapper preparatory to cutting and then had to wait for completion of the cutting and wrapping operation. In recent years there has been a tremendous effort devoted to mechanizing the production of cigars. All phases of cigar manufacturing are now the subject of development work directed toward increased mechanization. Only in this manner can a cigar be produced at a cost commensurate with the general market conditions. In this continuing effort to mechanize cigar manufacturing, it has become quite popular to cut the wrapper at a remote position and store a large number of cut wrappers in a manner which will allow mechanized feeding of the wrapper into a wrapping position. One of the more common storage systems involves the use of a fabric web coiled into a cylinderical bobbin. Wrappers are cut and deposited onto the web which is then wrapped to capture the cut wrapper between convolutions of the bobbin. A bobbin filled with wrappers equally spaced throughout the convolutions is then used in an automatic feeding mechanism that reverses the loading action of the bobbin. The web is unwound to expose a series of oriented, spaced wrappers that are transferred, in succession, to the wrapping machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04313435__

Patents 377

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Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco Inventor(s): Cunningham; William (Bristol, GB) Assignee(s): Imperial Tobacco Limited (GB) Patent Number: 6,481,441 Date filed: September 14, 1999 Abstract: An apparatus for threshing tobacco includes a rotatable stripper and a feeder which includes a pair of cooperating counter-rotatable elements for delivering tobacco leaves to the stripper. The feeder and the stripper are arranged such that, in use, the tobacco leaves experience shearing forces as they pass from between the counterrotating elements to the rotating stripper. These forces at least partially strip the lamina from the stems. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus and a process for threshing tobacco. In the tobacco industry, it is well-known that in order to process the tobacco into a suitable form for use in the manufacturing of products, the tobacco leaf has to have the midrib stem removed from the rest of the tobacco leaf. This separation is sometimes done by hand but is more commonly done using a threshing machine. Threshing machines for tobacco, now in use, differ little from that described by Du Brul in U.S. Pat. No. 209,801 of Nov. 12, 1878, designed for threshing tobacco for use as cigar filler. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06481441__

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Apparatus and process for treating tobacco Inventor(s): Mays; Charles D. (Lewisville, NC), Wagoner; Max A. (Winston-Salem, NC), Williard; Daniel G. (Winston-Salem, NC) Assignee(s): R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Winston-Salem, NC) Patent Number: 4,438,775 Date filed: June 2, 1981 Abstract: A continuous process and apparatus for applying treating fluids to tobacco involves a vertically disposed tower or chamber that is provided with tobacco inlet and outlet means, a plurality of cooperating, vertically spaced baffles arranged in alternating fashion and a plurality of spraying devices located within the tower or chamber at points intermediate the inlet and outlet means. Tobacco and treating fluid are introduced into the tower or chamber at controlled flow rates via the tobacco inlet means and spraying devices, respectively, to give tobacco treated with the desired quantities of treating fluid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of tobacco for use in the manufacture of tobacco products and more particularly to the continuous application of treating fluids to tobacco. In the manufacture of tobacco products it is common practice to apply to the tobacco certain additives such as casing materials and top flavorings. Casing is usually applied to leaf strips or threshed leaf prior to cutting and generally includes humectants such as glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol along with flavoring materials such as sugar, cocoa and licorice. Top flavorings are generally applied to cut tobacco as a dilute solution in a volatile solvent such as ethanol. In either case it is important that these additives be applied to the tobacco as uniformly as possible at the desired use levels. Considerable attention has, therefore, been given to methods and apparatus for applying these additives to tobacco. Apparatus that is used

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in the art for applying additives to tobacco includes a rotary drum provided with one or more spray nozzles through which the additives are applied to the tobacco as it tumbles on the inside surface of the rotating drum. Such apparatus is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,419,015 and 4,054,145. A pneumatic system for applying a menthol solution to tobacco is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,548,838 and 3,678,939. An improved pneumatic system which avoids the use of solvents for applying menthol to tobacco is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 3,800,806. Apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,742,961 is directed primarily to stream treatment of tobacco but teaches incidentally the application of flavorants and other additives to the tobacco in conjunction with the steaming operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04438775__ ·

Apparatus for adjusting gaps between a plurality of members disposed in a line and tobacco thresher adopting the same Inventor(s): Tetaka; Kenju (Kumamoto, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Tobacco Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,805,643 Date filed: March 7, 1988 Abstract: A tobacco threshing system of the present invention comprises a housing, a threshing rotor arranged in the housing, and a threshing basket which covers a lower portion of the rotor. The threshing basket includes a plurality of arcuated plates arranged to have threshing gaps therebetween. The tobacco threshing system further comprises an apparatus for adjusting the threshing gaps. The apparatus includes a drive shaft, a plurality of first sliders mounted on the drive shaft, and a plurality of second sliders mounted on the drive shaft to be located between the first sliders. Each of the first sliders has a first right-handed thread portion on one end thereof and a left-handed thread portion on the other end thereof. Each of the second sliders has, on its two ends, second right- and left-handed thread portions to be screwed to the first right- and lefthanded thread portions of the adjacent first sliders. The arcuated plates are connected to the first sliders and/or second sliders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for adjusting gaps between a plurality of members disposed in a line and a tobacco thresher adopting the same. A conventional tobacco thresher of this type comprises a rotor having a plurality of cutting teeth on its outer surface and a threshing basket provided to cover a lower portion of the rotor. The threshing basket have arcuated plates disposed at predetermined gaps in the axial direction of the rotor. Waved blades having a predetermined shape are formed on the two side edges of each arcuated plate. Therefore, threshing gaps having a wave-like shape are arranged in the basket in the axial direction of the rotor. In the known thresher described above, when tobacco leaves are supplied from above the rotor during rotation of the rotor, the tobacco leaves are guided to the cutting teeth of the rotor and drawn inside the threshing basket. Then, the tobacco leaves are pushed out by the cutting teeth of the rotor and they are discharged from the threshing basket. In this case, the tobacco leaves are subjected to a threshing operation, i.e., a cutting operation by the waved blades of each arcuated plate of the basket and discharged downward from the threshing gaps of the basket. Therefore, as apparent from the above description, the cutting sizes of the respective elements of tobacco leaves, i.e., the leaf blade, the vein, and the petiole are determined in accordance with the threshing gaps of the basket.

Patents 379

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04805643__ ·

Apparatus for air drying tobacco leaves Inventor(s): Akutsu; Takao (1-31, Kurobegaoka, Hiratsuka-shi, 254, JP), Sato; Kiyomi (131, Kurobegaoka, Hiratsuka-shi, 254, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,546,780 Date filed: September 28, 1983 Abstract: An apparatus for air drying tobacco leaves is provided. The apparatus comprises a vertical hopper section disposed beneath the discharge end of a tobacco leaf supply conveyor, an air-permeable conveyor to transport supplied tobacco leaves oriented in parallel to a direction of air flow, a drying chamber provided to cover the air-permeable conveyor, drying air circulating means, tobacco leaf layer level sensors, and means for controlling the rate of supply of tobacco leaves according to the signals provided from said sensors. The apparatus can obtain a good drying efficiency for air drying tobacco leaves. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in the air-permeable conveyor apparatus for drying tobacco leaves free from stems (hereinafter referred to as tobacco leaves). As usual air permeable conveyor type apparatus for drying tobacco leaves has a box-like drying chamber, through which a horizontally disposed air-permeable conveyor extends such that it is covered except for its inlet and outlet section. As tobacco leaves are conveyed on the upper run of the air-permeable conveyor, they are dried continuously by drying air circulated across the air-permeable conveyor upper run and the tobacco leaves conveyed thereby. Tobacco leaves to be dried are supplied to the drying apparatus usually by means of a conveyor. In this case, tobacco leaves are transferred onto and conveyed on the air-permeable conveyor in an orientation parallel to the plane of the air-permeable conveyor, i.e., perpendicular to the direction of supply of drying air. Therefore, the drying air passes through the layer of tobacco leaves along complicated paths and thus encounters great resistance. The resistance offered to the flow of air is not uniform and, therefore, air passes through paths where the resistance against the flow is less, thus resulting in a lack of uniformity of drying. In addition, the overall drying efficiency is inferior. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04546780__

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Apparatus for applying a conditioning agent to tobacco Inventor(s): Grigutsch; Torsten (Hamburg, DE), Paus; Dieter (Reinbek, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni Maschinenbau AG (DE) Patent Number: 6,591,840 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: A shower of tobacco particles is admitted into the inlet at the top of and descends by gravity and/or under the action of a driven cell wheel in a generally upright duct. The particles are moisturized prior to admission into the duct or due to contact with droplets of water in the inlet, and are thereupon caused to traverse an orbiting shower of steam, water and/or another conditioning medium in an

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intermediate portion of their path in the duct. Such treatment entails a swelling and thus increases the volume of the particles. The conditioning medium is discharged via orifices radially outwardly from at least one substantially horizontal conduit which is rotated about its axis and can be provided with external pins or analogous mechanical impellers serving to cause the particles of tobacco to orbit about the conduit prior to descending into the range of a dryer at a level below the intermediate portion of the path, e.g., at the outlet of the duct. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of German Application 19734364.3 filed Aug. 8, 1997, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for conditioning tobacco. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for applying to tobacco particles a conditioning agent. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for intimately contacting moist tobacco particles with water, steam, vapor and/or other suitable fluid conditioning medium, especially for the purpose of causing the tobacco particles to swell, i.e., to increase the specific volumes of such particles. It is well known to subject comminuted tobacco ribs and/or comminuted tobacco leaf laminae to a variety of treatments which involve contacting the comminuted ribs and/or leaf laminae (hereinafter called tobacco particles) with a fluid medium. Such particles are thereupon converted into rod-like fillers of cigarettes or other rod-shaped smokers' products; alternatively, the treatment can merely involve a single stage of a composite treatment which can further involve one or more steps prior to and/or subsequent to an increase of the specific volume of the particles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06591840__ ·

Apparatus for applying a liquid medium to tobacco Inventor(s): Kuhl; Volker (Bayreuth, DE), Jung; Thomas (Bayreuth, DE) Assignee(s): Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (Louisville, KY) Patent Number: 6,263,881 Date filed: September 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for applying a liquid medium, more particularly, a flavor or menthol, to tobacco in a cigarette maker equipped with a conduit for feeding the liquid medium, and provided at the end of the conduit with a nozzle orifice, disposed under the suction band of a cigarette former of the maker and, through its nozzle orifice, applies the liquid medium to the tobacco in contact with the tobacco carpet. The nozzle orifice sweeps past the surface of the tobacco and applies a fine continuous jet of the non-foamed liquid medium, or an aerosol jet of the liquid medium, onto the tobacco. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for applying a liquid medium, more particularly, a flavor or menthol, to tobacco in a cigarette maker of the kind set forth in the preamble of claim 1. In cigarette production it is known to add various materials to the tobacco for the purpose of improving certain properties of the finished cigarette, flavor and menthol being the best known materials, and are applied to the tobacco in the liquid condition. It is important in this respect that the added material is distributed uniformly over the tobacco so that all cigarettes produced have the same properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06263881__

Patents 381

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Apparatus for applying adhesive to webs to wrapping material in tobacco processing machines Inventor(s): Steiniger; Wolfgang (Bornsen, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,248,375 Date filed: April 23, 1992 Abstract: Two parallel webs of wrapping material are advanced toward the inlet of a wrapping mechanism in a twin cigarette rod making, filter rod making or like machine adjacent a paster with two wheel-shaped rotary applicators which apply strips of adhesive to selected marginal portions of the respective webs. The applicators receive adhesive from discrete rotary adhesive supplying members which, in turn, receive adhesive from a tandem pump. The applicators are installed at a level below the wrapping mechanism to reduce the likelihood of contamination of such mechanism by sprays or droplets of adhesive. The webs are draped around discrete tobacco-containing or filter material-containing rods, and the adhesive-coated marginal portions of the webs are folded over the other marginal portions to form seams which extend in parallelism with the axes of the resulting cigarette rods or filter rods. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in apparatus for applying adhesive to running webs of paper or the like, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus (often called pasters) which are used in cigarette rod making, filter rod making and like machines to supply adhesive to running webs of cigarette paper, imitation cork, tipping paper and the like. Apparatus of such character are used in machines for the making of rod-shaped smokers' products and serve to apply adhesive to one marginal portion of a web so that the one marginal portion can be folded over and adheres to the other marginal portion of the same web when the latter is draped around a rod of fibrous material, such as natural, reconstituted and/or substitute tobacco or filter material for tobacco smoke. In many heretofore known pasters, the element which applies adhesive to one marginal portion of a running web of cigarette paper or the like is a roller or wheel. Such rollers or wheels are preferred for the application of a pasty starchcontaining adhesive. As a rule, the marginal portion of a web, which is about to be coated with adhesive, projects tangentially of the advancing tobacco rod or filter rod which is already draped into the remaining (major) portion of the web. The freshly coated marginal portion is then folded over the other marginal portion to form therewith a customary seam which extends in parallelism with the axis of the thus obtained cigarette rod, filter rod or another rod which is ready to be subjected to the action of a cutoff so as to yield a file of plain cigarettes, cigarillos, cigars, cheroots or filter rod sections of unit length or multiple unit length. Problems arise in machines which are designed to simultaneously produce several rod-like smokers' products, for example, in so-called twin cigarette rod making machines which turn out two continuous cigarette rods. The space in such machines is at a premium and two discrete pasters, one for each cigarette rod, occupy a substantial amount of space. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05248375__

382 Tobacco

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Apparatus for applying conditioning agent to tobacco Inventor(s): Grigutsch; Torsten (Hamburg, DE), Paus; Dieter (Reinbek, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni Maschinenbau AG (DE) Patent Number: 6,581,608 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: A shower of tobacco particles is admitted into the inlet at the top of and descends by gravity and/or under the action of a driven cell wheel in a generally upright duct. The particles are moisturized prior to admission into the duct or due to contact with droplets of water in the inlet, and are thereupon caused to traverse an orbiting shower of steam, water and/or another conditioning medium in an intermediate portion of their path in the duct. Such treatment entails a swelling and thus increases the volume of the particles. The conditioning medium is discharged via orifices radially outwardly from at least one substantially horizontal conduit which is rotated about its axis and can be provided with external pins or analogous mechanical impellers serving to cause the particles of tobacco to orbit about the conduit prior to descending into the range of a dryer at a level below the intermediate portion of the path, e.g., at the outlet of the duct. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for conditioning tobacco. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for applying to tobacco particles a conditioning agent. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for intimately contacting moist tobacco particles with water, steam, vapor and/or other suitable fluid conditioning medium, especially for the purpose of causing the tobacco particles to swell, i.e., to increase the specific volumes of such particles. It is well known to subject comminuted tobacco ribs and/or comminuted tobacco leaf laminae to a variety of treatments which involve contacting the comminuted ribs and/or leaf laminae (hereinafter called tobacco particles) with a fluid medium. Such particles are thereupon converted into rod-like fillers of cigarettes or other rod-shaped smokers' products; alternatively, the treatment can merely involve a single stage of a composite treatment which can further involve one or more steps prior to and/or subsequent to an increase of the specific volume of the particles. Manufacturers of cigarettes and/or other rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry are particularly interested in ensuring a pronounced increase of the so-called filling power of tobacco, i.e., in a pronounced increase of specific volume, because this ensures that the articles exhibit a pronounced resistance to deformation without any, or any undue, increase in the quantity of tobacco particles. A heretofore known procedure involves the steps of moistening the particles, thereafter contacting the moistened particles with water vapors, and subsequently drying the moistened and vapor-treated particles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06581608__

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Apparatus for ascertaining the complex dielectric constant of tobacco Inventor(s): Moller; Henning (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni Maschinenbau AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,736,864 Date filed: June 27, 1996

Patents 383

Abstract: The complex dielectric constant of successive increments of a stream of tobacco particles is indicative of the mass and/or moisture content of the tested increments. Instead of passing along two high-frequency resonators, as disclosed in German patent No. 43 42 505 to Stange, the stream is caused to pass through the inlets and outlets of the housings of two high-frequency resonators which are connected to a microwave generator and transmit high-frequency signals whose amplitudes are indicative of the complex dielectric constants. The signals from the two resonators are processed in a regulating unit wherein a circuit sums up the real and the imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in apparatus for ascertaining the complex dielectric constants of particulate materials which are contained in smokers' products, particularly tobacco and filter material for tobacco smoke (hereinafter referred to as tobacco). More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for ascertaining the dielectric constant of tobacco by evaluating the detuning of a highfrequency resonator system, namely a detuning which is attributable to the presence of tobacco. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus wherein at least one of two high-frequency resonators is provided with means for adjusting the resonance frequency and wherein a combined regulating or control and evaluating unit serves to regulate the operation of the resonators and/or the operation of a high-frequency sender in such a way that the two resonators are provided with high-frequency currents or fields of identical frequency which, in the absence of tobacco, is between the differently preselected or preadjusted resonance frequencies of the two resonators but, in the presence of tobacco, evaluates the amplitudes of high-frequency signals received in the two resonators and ascertains the complex dielectric constant of tobacco on the basis of the sum and difference values of such parameters of the highfrequency signals. An apparatus of the above outlined character is disclosed in German patent No. 43 42 505 to Stange. The patented apparatus employs two resonators having housings each of which includes a first section surrounding with a conductive material at least one hemisphere of a solid-state resonator, and a second section which can be penetrated by electromagnetic alternating fields. The two high-frequency resonators can be positioned relative to each other in such a way that their conductive housing sections shield each other against mutual influencing and that their other housing sections, which are permeable to electromagnetic fields, confront the material to be tested. This means that only stray fields can penetrate outwardly into the tested material, such as tobacco. A drawback of the patented proposal is that the sensitivity and accuracy of the apparatus are unsatisfactory when the apparatus is put to use to ascertain the complex dielectric constant of a small and rapidly advancing commodity to be tested, such as a stream, filler, flow or rod of particulate material of the tobacco processing industry, for example, tobacco in a cigarette rod. A cigarette rod which is ready to be subdivided into plain cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length contains a rod-like filler of tobacco particles and a tubular wrapper consisting of cigarette paper and surrounding the filler. The overlapping marginal portions of the wrapper are bonded to each other and form a seam extending in the longitudinal direction of the cigarette rod. It is desirable that the mass flow of tobacco (namely the mass of tobacco per unit length) constituting the rodlike filler of the cigarette rod be at least substantially constant, at least in the major part of the running cigarette rod. The mass flow of tobacco must be ascertained in order to facilitate proper regulation of the extent to which the wrapper of the cigarette rod is filled with tobacco particles. At the present time, the mass flow is ascertained by resorting to radiation (such as beta rays or infrared radiation) which is weakened during penetration through a moving rod- or stream-like body of tobacco particles. The extent of weakening of radiation as a result of penetration through tobacco is indicative of the

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mass of tobacco at the testing station. It is also known to monitor the mass of tobacco particles in an advancing stream or rod by resorting to high-frequency testing apparatus. The signals which are obtained in a standard apparatus operating with beta rays or infrared radiation or high-frequency and are indicative of the mass of tobacco in successively tested increments of a cigarette rod are utilized to regulate the quantity of tobacco in the filler (prior to draping of the filler into a web of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material) in such a way that the mass flow of tobacco particles is at least substantially constant. In many instances, the thus obtained signals are utilized to change the position of a so-called trimmer or equalizer which serves to remove the surplus from successive increments of a continuously advancing tobacco stream in order to convert the stream into a rod-like filler which is ready for draping into a web of cigarette paper or the like. Reference may be had, for example, to U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,494 which discloses an apparatus for the making of a continuous cigarette rod. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05736864__ ·

Apparatus for automatic bagging of compressed tobacco Inventor(s): Tomanovits; John (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,195,303 Date filed: May 29, 1992 Abstract: Apparatus for automatic bagging of compressed bricks of material such as tobacco. The apparatus is provided with a bag opening mechanism, a bag magazine for containing a plurality of bags, a reciprocating table which retracts away from the brick loading mechanism after the compressed brick has been loaded into the opened bag, and a tilt table for dropping the bagged brick onto a take-away conveyor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to bagging of compressed material, and particularly to apparatus for bagging compressed bricks of tobacco in a fully automated manner. It is often necessary to provide a means for storing or transporting tobacco. It is generally known by those skilled in the art that for these purposes, cut tobacco may be compressed into a "brick" and then placed into a puncture-resistent plastic bag. In order to form the brick, the desired amount of tobacco may be placed into a compressor, where a ram condenses the tobacco into a brick which is a fraction of the original volume of tobacco placed into the compressor. The brick is pushed out of the compressor directly into a bag. The known methods for inserting compressed bricks of tobacco into bags which are in use at present are often unsatisfactory. These methods are often slow and may also be inaccurate. For example, one such method requires an operator to place a bag by hand over the exit chute of the compressor, and once the bag is filled, remove it from the chute then fold and seal it by hand. Thus, the bagging process is slow and is dependent upon the speed of the operator. Seam consistency may also suffer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05195303__

Patents 385

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Apparatus for automatic compensation of wear upon orbiting knives in tobacco cutting machines or the like Inventor(s): Komossa; Werner (Bornsen, DE), Elsner; Uwe (Dassendorf, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,364,402 Date filed: May 15, 1980 Abstract: Apparatus for moving the knives relative to their rotary holder in a tobacco cutting machine has a crankshaft which is rotatable and is rotated once during several successive revolutions of the holder. The crankshaft is the input element of a step-down transmission whose output element is a ring gear meshing with pinions for transmission of motion to discrete displacing units, one for each knife. The ring gear is rotated at intervals by a gear which is coaxial with a freewheel. The latter is rocked back and forth by a lever which is pivoted by the crank pin of the crankshaft by way of a rod-like connector. One end portion of the connector is coupled to the lever by an adjusting device which can change the extent of pivotal movement of the lever and hence the extent of rotation of the ring gear whenever the lever is pivoted in one of two directions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for moving one or more knives relative to their holder, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus for automatic compensation of wear upon knives which orbit about the axis of a rotary knife holder and serve for comminution of tobacco leaves, tobacco ribs or the like. Still more particularly, the invention relates to apparatus for automatic advancement of the cutting edges of knives, especially beyond the periphery of a rotary cylindrical or polygonal holder which rotates about a fixed axis in a tobacco shredding or like machine. It is well known to provide the knife holder in a tobacco cutting machine with means for automatically advancing the knives relative to the holder as well as with means for automatically grinding or sharpening the cutting edges of the knives when the machine is in use. Continuous or frequent advancement of the knives is desirable and normally necessary because the knives are subjected to pronounced wear, not only because a modern cutting machine turns out large quantities of shreds or otherwise configurated tobacco particles per unit of time but also because, in spite of thorough cleaning, tobacco leaves which enter a shredder still carry reasonably large quantities of sand. This contributes to rapid dulling of the cutting edges. In order to maintain the cutting edges in proper condition for satisfactory severing, the knives are normally sharpened during each revolution of their holder with attendant additional wear upon the material of the knives. Other factors which influence the wear upon the cutting edges of the knives include changeover from treatment of one type of tobacco to treatment of other tobacco types, varying quantities of sand and/or other foreign matter in the material to be comminuted, changeover from the making of relatively thin shreds to the making of larger fragments, the percentage of stem, ribs and birds' eyes in the material to be comminuted, fluctuations in the quality of tobacco in a batch which is being fed into the cutting machine and/or others. It is desirable to equip the machine with means which renders to possible to advance or feed the knives relative to their holder at a rate which is selected by full consideration of at least some of the above outlined factors to thus ensure that the quality of the comminuted material will meet the specifications of manufacturers of cigarettes or other smokers' products containing shreds or otherwise configurated particles of natural or reconstituted tobacco and/or tobacco substitutes. In accordance with the presently prevailing practice, the knives receive motion from a transmission, certain constituents of which must be replaced whenever an operator desires to change the extent to which the knives are shifted or

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otherwise displaced relative to their holder. This is a time-consuming operation which invariably entails prolonged interruptions of operation with attendant losses in output of the cutting machine. Such losses are especially undesirable if the cutting machine forms part of a complete production line wherein tobacco leaves are conditioned, severed and/or otherwise treated prior to introduction of comminuted tobacco into the magazine or magazines of one or more cigarette makers or the like. An object of the invention is to provide a machine for the cutting of tobacco or the like with a novel and improved apparatus for moving one or more knives relative to their rotary holder with a high degree of precision and uniformity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04364402__ ·

Apparatus for breaking down a mass of tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide Inventor(s): Snow; Ray G. (Richmond, VA), Gaudlitz; Robert T. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Philip Morris, Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,307,735 Date filed: December 26, 1979 Abstract: A substantially horizontal grating having a plurality of substantially parallel bars extends within an enclosure that is adapted to gravitationally receive a mass of tobacco containing a cryogen and discharge smaller tobacco particles therefrom. A plurality of rotatable shafts having a plurality of blades equally separated by spacers are disposed orthogonally over the parallel bars such that the blades are located between the parallel bars. The spacers on the shafts and the parallel bars cooperate to define a plurality of sized apertures through the grating. The blades are formed to separate portions of the mass upon rotation and to urge the portions through the sized apertures for discharge from the apparatus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for breaking a mass of substantially coherent tobacco containing solid cryogen such as carbon dioxide into smaller particles to facilitate transfer of such processed tobacco to subsequent processing equipment. A process and apparatus for expanding tobacco by impregnation with a liquid cryogen, in particular, liquid carbon dioxide is described in patent applications U.S. Ser. No. 441,767 filed by Roger Z. de la Burde and Patrick E. Aument on Feb. 12, 1974 and U.S. Ser. No. 822,793, filed by Larry M. Sykes and Ray G. Snow on Aug. 8, 1977, both applications being assigned to the same asignee as is the present invention. As described in these applications, after the tobacco is thoroughly impregnated the excess liquid carbon dioxide is removed from the chamber in which the tobacco is processed and the liquid carbon dioxide is converted therein to solid carbon dioxide. The tobacco containing the solid carbon dioxide may be removed from the processing chamber and subjected to conditions of temperature and pressure, preferably by rapid heating at atmospheric pressure, to vaporize the solid carbon dioxide and thereby effect expansion. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,618 to Lewis Tyree, Jr., issued on Aug. 28, 1979, apparatus is provided for removing a treated tobacco product containing solid carbon dioxide from a processing chamber by gravity through a hinged bottom door that allows the processed tobacco product to fall onto a conveyor or the like. The conveyor then transports the processed product to stations for further desired processing in a production-like fashion. One problem with discharging such processed tobacco to a moving conveyor occurs with the size of the processed product. In production, it is not uncommon to impregnate a charge of tobacco weighing up to 750 pounds. The charge of tobacco may gain an additional 10% of its weight after impregnation with the liquid carbon dioxide. Upon conversion to

Patents 387

solid, the liquid carbon dioxide is caused to freeze. Since the liquid carbon dioxide is interspersed throughout the charge of tobacco there is a tendency upon solidification for the charge to coagulate into a substantially coherent mass or into several relatively large clumps of tobacco containing the solid carbon dioxide. Such a large mass or clumps of tobacco cannot be readily conveyed or transported to subsequent processing stations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04307735__ ·

Apparatus for building a continuous tobacco stream Inventor(s): Heitmann; Uwe (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,564,027 Date filed: December 2, 1983 Abstract: Apparatus for building a continuous tobacco stream at one side of an airpermeable conveyor, the other side of which is adjacent to a suction chamber, has two sidewalls which define with the one side of the conveyor a tobacco channel receiving tobacco particles along the concave side of a third wall which can merge into one of the sidewalls and is provided with inclined passages for the flow of compressed air in directions having components in the direction of travel of the tobacco stream. This ensures that all or nearly all particles of tobacco are accelerated in the direction of travel of the stream even before they enter the channel on their way toward the one side of the air-permeable conveyor. Excerpt(s): The apparatus which is disclosed in the present application is identical with those disclosed in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,641 filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Uwe Heitmann and in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,733 filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Gunter Wahle et al. Furthermore, the apparatus of the present invention is in part similar to the apparatus disclosed in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,735 filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Gunter Wahle et al. and in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 392,775 filed June 28, 1982 by Guido Quarella, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,768 granted Aug. 7, 1984. The present invention relates to apparatus for building a continuous tobacco stream, particularly a stream which can be converted into a filler suitable for draping into a web of cigarette paper so as to form with the web a continuous rod which is thereupon subdivided into smokers' articles of desired length. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in distributors which can be used in cigarette rod making machines to convert a mass of tobacco shreds and/or otherwise configurated tobacco particles into a continuous stream which is ready for draping or is ready to be advanced past one or more trimming or equalizing devices. It is already known to form a continuous tobacco stream in an elongated channel which is defined by two sidewalls and an endless air-permeable tobacco transporting conveyor one side of which faces the channel and the other side of which is adjacent to a suction chamber serving to attract tobacco particles to the one side of the conveyor. The channel can receive particles of tobacco from a classifying device which segregates unsatisfactory particles from acceptable particles, and some of the particles which are admitted into the channel are often subjected to the action of air streams having components of movement in the direction of advancement of the tobacco stream with the conveyor. It is also known to admit particles of tobacco into the channel along an arcuate guide wall so that the particles enter the channel at a locus which is remote from the conveyor and travel across the channel toward the one side of the conveyor where they form a growing tobacco stream.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04564027__ ·

Apparatus for building a tobacco stream Inventor(s): Heitmann; Uwe (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,154,190 Date filed: July 31, 1991 Abstract: A cigarette rod making machine wherein the apparatus which supplies tobacco particles to the stream building zone at the underside of a belt conveyor is designed to prevent entry of fragments of tobacco ribs into the outer layer of the stream. This is achieved by directing fragments of tobacco ribs into that portion of the stream which is to form the core of the filler of the cigarette rod and/or by directing fragments of tobacco ribs into that portion of the stream which is removed by a trimming device ahead of the station where the thus obtained filler is draped into a web of cigarette paper. Absence of fragments of tobacco ribs in the outer layer of the filler reduces the likelihood of piercing the web of cigarette paper at the wrapping station. Advancement of fragments of tobacco ribs into those portions of the stream which are to form the outer layer or the filler can be ensured or assisted by the additional expedient of designing the classifying device or devices of the distributor in the rod making machine in such a way that they cannot advance the relatively heavy fragments of tobacco ribs along those sections of the path leading to the stream building station which convey particles for the formation of the outer layer of the trimmed stream. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to apparatus for building a stream of fibrous material, particularly to improvements in apparatus for building a stream which contains or consists of tobacco particles. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for building a stream of fibrous material which is to be draped in cigarette paper or other relatively thin and weak wrapping material such as is likely to be damaged as a result of contact with relatively hard and/or relatively sharp particles. As used herein, the term "tobacco" is intended to denote natural, artificial and reconstituted tobacco as well as all forms of natural tobacco including tobacco leaves, tobacco leaf laminae, tobacco ribs as well as fragments of tobacco leaves, laminae and ribs. The following description will deal primarily with the making of tobacco streams which are to be converted into the fillers of cigarette rods. However, the invention can be practiced with equal or similar advantage in connection with the making of streams which are to be converted into rod-like fillers of cigars, cigarillos and/or other rodshaped smokers' products. The making of cigarettes normally involves preliminary treatment of tobacco particles and introduction of such particles into the distributor (also called hopper) of a rod making machine. The distributor furnishes a relatively wide and relatively thin layer or carpet of loosened tobacco particles, and such carpet is then conveyed against the underside of the lower reach of an endless foraminous belt conveyor which cooperates with a suction chamber to gather a stream containing a surplus of tobacco particles. The surplus is removed by a so-called trimming or equalizing device, and the thus obtained rod-like filler (trimmed tobacco stream) is draped into a web of cigarette paper to form a cigarette rod which is severed by a socalled cutoff to yield plain cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05154190__

Patents 389

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Apparatus for changing the direction of transport of rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry Inventor(s): Schumacher; Peter (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,827,948 Date filed: December 1, 1987 Abstract: Apparatus for changing the direction of transport of cigarettes and analogous rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry has a horizontal guide rail which guides parallel first and second moving files of coaxial articles into the range of a first conveyor having a series of arms which orbit about a fixed axis and simultaneously rotate about discrete axes. Each arm has first and second flute-like conveying elements each serving to remove a discrete article from the respective file and to hold the received article against a change of orientation during orbital movement toward a transfer station where the articles are transferred from the first and second conveying elements of successive arms into the peripheral flutes of first and second rotary drum-shaped conveyors serve to transport two rows of articles at right angles to the axes of the articles. The rotary conveyors deliver articles into the flutes of an additional rotary drum-shaped conveyor which transports two rows of parallel articles sideways into or in a filter tipping or other processing machine. The conveying elements of the arms transport pairs of articles which are staggered axially relative to each other, and the first and second rotary conveyors are driven to rotate about parallel axes located in a plane in which the peripheral flutes receive articles from the conveying elements. Excerpt(s): The apparatus of the present invention is somewhat similar to that which is disclosed in the commonly owned copending patent application Ser. No. 07/111,402 filed Oct. 20, 1987, by Hensgen et al. for "Apparatus for transporting groups of rodshaped articles of the tobacco processing industry". The invention relates to apparatus for transporting rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus for changing the direction of transport of rod shaped articles, such as filter rod sections and plain or filter cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and cheroots. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for simultaneously converting several files of coaxial rod-shaped articles into several rows of parallel articles. It is already known to construct a cigarette maker in such a way that it can simultaneously turn out several continuous cigarette rods which are subdivided into sections of desired length and are thereupon treated in packing, filter tipping and other processing machines. The situation is analogous in connection with the treatment of cigars and cigarillos. For the sake of simplicity, the following part of this description will refer primarily to cigarettes or filter cigarettes with the understanding, however, that the same apparatus can be used with equal or similar advantage for the manipulation of other types of rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry including plain or filter tipped cigarillos, cigars, cheroots and filter rod sections. A machine which can turn out two parallel cigarette rods is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 1,705,012 to W. F. Grupe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04827948__

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Apparatus for classifying particles of tobacco and the like Inventor(s): Studt; Stephan (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,188,128 Date filed: August 23, 1991 Abstract: Apparatus for separating longer tobacco particles from shorter tobacco particles has an elongated vibratory trough for the advancement of a stream containing a mixture of shorter and longer particles from a delivering conveyor to a collecting receptacle. The upper side of the bottom wall of the trough is formed with longitudinally extending depressions which receive and align the particles of the advancing stream, and the bottom wall is formed with one or more transversely extending slots which extend across the depressions and permit shorter particles to descend into a second trough from which the shorter particles return into the distributor of a cigarette rod making machine. The properly aligned longer particles advance across the slot or slots and enter the receptacle. The slot or slots make oblique angles with the direction of advancement of particles along the bottom wall of the vibratory trough to ensure that any particles which happen to be caught in a slot are moved sideways and out of the way into a third trough so that the next-following shorter particles can enter the respective slot or slots. The stream consists mainly of longer particles and is obtained as a result of classification of a mixture of shorter and longer particles in the distributor. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to apparatus for classifying streams or batches which contain mixtures of randomly distributed larger (particularly longer and harder) and smaller (particularly shorter and softer) particles. Typical examples of streams or batches (hereinafter referred to as streams) which can be treated in the apparatus of the present invention are those containing fragments of tobacco stem and/or ribs in random distribution with shreds of tobacco leaf laminae. The so-called distributor (also known as hopper) of a cigarette rod making machine comprises a magazine for reception of a relatively large supply of tobacco particles. Such particles are a mixture of longer and heavier particles (particularly fragments of tobacco stem and/or ribs) and shorter and softer particles, such as shreaded tobacco leaf laminae. The distributor is equipped with one or more sifters which are designed to segregate heavier particles from lighter particles and to thus prevent the heavier particles from entering the wrapping station of the cigarette rod making machine wherein a continuous rod-like tobacco filler is draped into a web of thin and readily penetrable wrapping material, normally a web of cigarette paper. Any longer and relatively hard particles which enter the rod-like filler are likely to puncture or tear the wrapper so that the corresponding cigarettes must be segregated from satisfactory cigarettes (namely from cigarettes with wrappers which are devoid of holes) for introduction into a cigarette ripping or breaking apparatus which is used to destroy the wrappers and to thus permit recovery of tobacco particles for reintroduction into the distributor. The making of the filler in a cigarette rod making machine is preceded by conversion of tobacco particles into a relatively wide carpet which is thereupon sifted (normally by pneumatic means) to segregate heavier and harder particles from softer and lighter particles, and the softer and lighter particles are thereupon showered against an air-permeable conveyor which builds a continuous stream containing a surplus of tobacco particles. The stream is trimmed to remove the surplus, and the thus obtained trimmed stream constitutes a filler which is ready to be draped into a web of cigarette paper or the like. The resulting cigarette rod (wrapped filler) is severed in a cutoff to yield plain cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length.

Patents 391

The cigarettes are delivered to a packing machine, to storage or to a filter tipping machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188128__ ·

Apparatus for conditioning tobacco and like fibrous materials Inventor(s): Liebe; Reinhard (Hamburg, DE), Wochnowski; Waldemar (HamburgMeiendorf, DE), Freesemann; Enno (Aumuhle, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,932,424 Date filed: April 22, 1988 Abstract: Apparatus for puffing, drying or moisturizing tobacco has a conveyor defining an elongated channel with an inlet and an outlet for particles of tobacco. The conveyor is vibrated so that the particles advance toward the outlet, and the bottom wall of the conveyor has orifices which serve to discharge jets of hot air or steam into the channel in such orientation that the jets of admitted fluid medium are inclined to each other, to the direction of advancement of tobacco particles and/or to the vertical. The orifices receive fluid from a chamber which is provided beneath the bottom wall and is connected to a source of steam or hot air. An advantage of the apparatus is that the exchange of heat and/or moisture between tobacco particles and the fluid is highly satisfactory, as well as that substances which are propelled by jets of fluid toward the top wall of the conveyor are more or less uniformly distributed along the entire top wall so that they are less likely to gather into large cakes which could become separated from the top wall to enter the flow of tobacco particles and to advance therewith to the next processing station. The bottom wall of the conveyor can have an undulate shape with the orifices provided in the flanks of hills which alternate with the valleys of such bottom wall. Excerpt(s): Apparatus which are similar to the apparatus of the present invention are disclosed, among others, in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,498 to Wochnowski, U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,063 to Wochnowski, U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,839 to Wochnowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,594 to Wochnowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,203 to Wochnowski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,471 to Wochnowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,647 to Wochnowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,524 to Wochnowski et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,256 to Wochnowski et al., as well as in numerous foreign patents and patent applications of the assignee of the present application. The invention relates to improvements in apparatus for conditioning fibrous materials, such as fragments of tobacco leaf laminae and/or fragments of tobacco ribs. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus of the type wherein fibrous material which is to be puffed, moisturized, dried and/or otherwise conditioned is conveyed along an elongated path which is defined by a vibrating conveyor and wherein the fibrous material is conditioned as a result of contact with a hot fluid medium, particularly steam or a hot gaseous fluid (such as air). Apparatus of the above outlined character, wherein the fibrous material is treated with steam are disclosed, for example, in published British patent application Ser. No. 21 38 666 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,012 to Wochnowski (this patent was reissued under No. Re. No. 31,816). U.S. Pat. No. 3,877,469 to Wochnowski et al. discloses an apparatus wherein fibrous material is contacted by hot air. Published British patent application Ser. No. 20 75 373 discloses an apparatus wherein fibrous material is contacted with a liquid substance, such as water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04932424__

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Apparatus for controlling the filling amount of shredded tobacco in cigarettes Inventor(s): Inomata; Shigemitsu (Tokyo, JP), Komori; Mikio (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Tobacco Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,531,234 Date filed: December 8, 1994 Abstract: A control apparatus for a cigarette production machine according to the present invention comprises a density sensor for detecting the filling density of shredded tobacco in a continuously formed tobacco rod, an integrator for integrating the output of the density sensor for a predetermined period of time, an arithmetic device for calculating the unit filling (filling amount of the shredded tobacco corresponding to a predetermined length of the tobacco rod) on the basis of an integral value from the integrator, multiplication-type D/A converter for supplying the integrator with an integral gain proportional to the rod speed of the cigarette production machine, and a trimming device for controlling the feed of the shredded tobacco onto a cigarette paper in accordance with the unit filling calculated by means of the arithmetic device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for controlling the filling amount of shredded tobacco in cigarettes so that the filling amount is fixed during the production the cigarettes. According to a cigarette production machine, shredded tobacco is fed onto a cigarette paper which travels in one direction. As the cigarette paper travels, the shredded tobacco is continuously wrapped in the paper, whereby a tobacco rod is formed. Thereafter, the tobacco rod is cut into individual cigarettes each having a predetermined length. In order to improve the quality of the cigarettes as products, the filling amount of the shredded tobacco in each cigarette should be fixed in the first place. Accordingly, the cigarette production machine is provided with a control apparatus for controlling the filling amount of the shredded tobacco so that it is fixed. An example of this control apparatus is disclosed in Published Examined Japanese Patent Application No. 57-9353. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05531234__

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Apparatus for cutting apart cigarette packs in preparation for recovery of the tobacco in the cigarettes Inventor(s): Eisenlohr; Gerald (Kernersville, NC), Jones; David R. (Greensboro, NC), Moorefield; Frank (Danville, VA) Assignee(s): Lorillard, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,001,951 Date filed: April 4, 1989 Abstract: Apparatus for cutting cigarette packs transversely in preparation for recovery of the tobacco from the cigarettes therein comprises a first belt conveyor driven at a first velocity, a device for delivering the cigarette packs in collated relation onto the first conveyor with all packs resting on one of their larger sides and oriented lengthwise of the conveyor, and a second belt conveyor arranged coaxially with and adjacent to the downstream end of first conveyor to receive the packs from the first conveyor and driven at a second velocity, the second velocity being higher than the first velocity such that the packs become spaced apart end-to-end on the second conveyor. An indexing conveyor arranged orthogonally to and adjacent to the downstream end of the second

Patents 393

conveyor receives each pack from the second conveyor at a receiving station. A photodetector detects the arrival of each pack at the receiving station and produces a signal indicative thereof. A stepper drive advances the indexing conveyor one step to move all packs thereon a selected distance greater than the width of the largest size pack in response to each such signal and then stops the indexing conveyor until the next pack arrives and is detected at the receiving station. A water jet cutter cuts each pack and the cigarettes therein transversely as they move along the indexing conveyor. Excerpt(s): As do many industries, the cigarette manufacturing industry has finished products, cartons of cigarettes, that are not satisfactory for shipment or that have been returned by reason of being out of date, damaged or withdrawn from the market, such as products left after marketing trials. Most of the tobacco in the cigarettes is of good quality, and because of the high cost of tobacco, it is highly advantageous economically to recover the tobacco for use in the manufacture of new cigarettes. The reclaiming of the tobacco from the finished, packaged product requires, of course, first opening the cartons and packs, then removing the cigarettes from the packs and finally separating the tobacco from the cigarette wrappers and the filters (in the case of filter-tipped cigarettes). A part of the tobacco reclaiming process that has proven to be very troublesome to carry out using high speed automatic equipment is that of opening the packs in such a way as to leave the packaging materials (cellophane outer wrapper, paper wrapper and foil inner wrapper) in large pieces, that is, free of small pieces that are not easily separated later on from the tobacco. Also, it is desirable, but not easy, to separate the tobacco from the cigarette wrappers and filters (where involved) in a manner that leaves large pieces of wrappers and largely intact filter plugs, free of slivers and other small pieces. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05001951__ ·

Apparatus for cutting plant materials, in particular tobacco Inventor(s): Sagemuller; Franz (Bockhorn, DE) Assignee(s): Franz Sagemuller GmbH (Bockhorn, DE) Patent Number: 4,467,970 Date filed: July 13, 1982 Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for cutting plant material, in particular tobacco, having a funnel-shaped press in which the charged material to be cut is compressed and fed to a mouthpiece arranged at the outlet end of the press, a knife carrier rotating about a horizontal axis in front of the mouthpiece and having circulating knives which move past the mouthpiece so as to perform a cutting action, a knife grinding device disposed in the circulation path of the knives, and counter knives disposed on the mouthpiece at the outlet end of the press projecting into the circulating path of the circulating knives. The knives are thereby sharpened on two edges by the knife grinding device and the counter knives. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for cutting plant material, in particular tobacco, with a funnel-shaped press in which the charged material to be cut is compressed and fed to a mouthpiece arranged at the outlet end of the press, with a knife carrier preferably rotating about a horizontal axis in front of the mouthpiece and having circulating knives which may be moved past the mouthpiece so as to perform a cutting action, and with a knife-grinding device disposed in the circulation path of the knives. Plant materials, such as herbs and the like which are also referred to as drugs, but in

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particular tobacco, may be cut with apparatuses of the above-described type. Cutting represents the most intense mechanical interference with the structure of the material to be cut. For example, in the process of cutting tobacco, a certain proportion of dust is inevitably produced, which is apparent as a loss which causes a decrease in value. For example, in subsequent processes, the proportion of dust may carbonize in calcining drums or lead to an undesired discoloration of the tobacco. The cutting procedure is performed with a high surface pressure between the cutting edge and the tobacco. The amount of tobacco which forms the proportion of dust and which is subject to this extreme degree of surface pressure, depends upon the cutting surface of the knife cutting edge which is blunt to a certain extent and is increased by wear with time. The blunter the cutting edge, the greater the cutting surface and consequently the dust proportion of the cut tobacco. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04467970__ ·

Apparatus for cutting tie elements of hands of tobacco Inventor(s): Levy; Sam (Richmond, VA), Shaw; Robert E. (Midlothian, VA) Assignee(s): MacTavish Machine Manufacturing Co. (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 5,664,585 Date filed: September 10, 1996 Abstract: Method and apparatus for removing tie elements from hands of tobacco leaves on a conveyor belt involve a rotating drum having radially emergent cutting blades that contact the tie elements without contacting the belt. The axle of the drum is disposed at an angle to the direction of belt travel, and the blades are disposed at a compensatory angle with respect to the axle, whereby the drum provides an advancing effect on the leaves, yet the blades cut along the mid-rib of the leaves. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to preliminary processing of cured tobacco leaves for the purpose of making them into tobacco products such as filler for cigarettes. The processing of tobacco leaves as conventionally practiced involves the treatment of the cured dry leaves by a stripping or threshing operation in a machine which separates the stem portion from the lamina. The tobacco leaves are brought into the stemmery factory in bundles referred to as "hands." Each hand consists of a plurality of leaves oriented so that the tips and butts of the leaves are at opposite extremities of the bundle. Another tobacco leaf, referred to as a "tie-leaf" is wrapped around the butt extremity with the free end of the tie-leaf tucked in between the butts of two adjacent leaves, said tie-leaf having been earlier applied to hold the bundle intact during curing of the leaves. The hands, which may be of non-uniform length, are separately deposited upon a feed-in conveyor belt leading to a stemming machine, forming a substantially parallel array wherein the butt extremities are directed toward the same edge of the belt and the tip extremities are properly positioned at the opposite edge of the belt for severance or "tipping." The tips of the leaves, which may represent almost half the leaf, are processed separately from the rest of the leaves, thereby reducing unnecessary breakage and damage to the lamina in the tips that would be caused by threshing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05664585__

Patents 395

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Apparatus for expanding comminiuted tobacco material Inventor(s): Hirsch; Werner (Hamburg, DE), Ritterhaus; Erhard (Hamburg, DE), Weiss; Arno (Norderstedt, DE) Assignee(s): B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken GmbH (Deutschland, DE) Patent Number: 4,844,101 Date filed: March 21, 1988 Abstract: Comminuted tobacco material expanding apparatus which includes a cellular wheel feeder and an expansion chamber integrated in the cellular wheel feeder. A nozzle opening in a wall of the expansion chamber provides for the introduction of a mixture of air and stream for accelerating the tobacco material under a pressure drop to at least 50 m/s with a residence time of the tobacco material in the expansion chamber of less than about 1/10 s. At least one nozzle opening is located in an end wall of the expansion chamber near the bottom so that an adjustable stream/air mixture moves the tobacco material substantially at a right-angle out of the expansion chamber. The expansion chamber is connected to an acceleration tube with converging cross-section which is connected to a delay tube. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for expanding comminuted tobacco material. The term "comminuted tobacco material" includes in particular cut rib and/or leaf material and reconstituted tobacco. German Pat. No. 3,147,846 discloses an expansion method in which the tobacco material is subjected in a moist state within an extremely short period of time to a great temperature increase with pressure reaction. The resulting abrupt evaporation of the liquid contained in the tobacco particles, i.e. water, leads to an improvement of the filling power of the tobacco material by 30 to 100% without producing any appreciable destruction of the structure of the tobacco cells. In spite of the pronounced expansion and thus improvement in the filling power, the structure of the tobacco particles obtained immediately after the expansion is retained even in the further processing of the tobacco material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04844101__

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Apparatus for expelling moisture from tobacco or the like Inventor(s): Wochnowski; Waldemar (Hamburg-Meiendorf, DE), Hohm; Reinhard (Pinneberg, DE), Liebe; Reinhard (Hamburg, DE), Muss; Manfred (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,513,759 Date filed: June 23, 1982 Abstract: Apparatus for expelling moisture from a continuous stream of tobacco which passes through a conditioning zone defined by a hollow rotary drum-shaped dryer has a control unit employing a computer whose output signal is indicative of the quantity of moisture to be expelled from tobacco per unit of time during travel through the dryer in order to ensure that the final moisture content of tobacco will match a predetermined value. The signal which is generated by the computer is used to regulate a valve in a conduit connecting the conditioning zone with a source of steam. The rate of steam admission or the pressure of admitted steam increases when the quantity of moisture which is contained in tobacco entering the dryer per unit of time decreases and vice versa. This ensures that the total quantity of moisture in the conditioning zone remains

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at least substantially constant even though the moisture content and/or the quantity of tobacco in the stream entering the dryer varies within a wide range. The wall or walls of the dryer can be indirectly heated by steam. A threshold circuit can be installed between the adjusting device for the steam valve and the output of the computer if the conditioning zone is to receive steam only when the initial moisture content of tobacco or the quantity of tobacco which is admitted into the conditioning zone per unit of time is so low that the wall or walls of the dryer would expel excessive quantities of moisture therefrom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for conditioning tobacco or similar materials including reconstituted and artificial tobacco. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for reducing the moisture content of natural, reconstituted and/or artificial tobacco to a preselected value while the tobacco is advanced along a predetermined path by a transporting unit, preferably a transporting unit which includes a hollow rotary dryer defining a conditioning zone for successive lengths of a preferably continuous stream of particles of tobacco or the like (hereinafter called tobacco for short). Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus wherein the wall or walls of the aforementioned rotary dryer are preferably heated by a fluid medium, such as steam and/or hot air, in order to enable the wall or walls to transfer heat to tobacco particles in the dryer and to thereby expel moisture from such material. It is already known to utilize a rotary drum-shaped dryer for conditioning of successive increments of a continuous tobacco stream in order to reduce the moisture content of tobacco to a preselected value which is best suited for further processing of tobacco in a cigarette rod making machine or the like. The means for heating the wall or walls of the rotary dryer can comprise elongated pipes or plates which convey steam or another heated fluid (such as a hot gas or hot oil) in order to heat the wall or walls as well as to directly heat the tobacco particles which come in contact therewith. Such pipes or plates can constitute, or perform the function of, orbiting blades or paddles which agitate the constituents of the tobacco stream during travel through the conditioning zone in order to ensure a more uniform heating and drying action. The pipe or pipes and/or the plate or plates can be said to constitute component parts of the wall or walls, i.e., constituents of the rotary dryer, because they also transmit heat from the fluid heating medium to the particles of tobacco in the conditioning zone. Reference may be had to commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 3,429,317 granted Feb. 25, 1969 to Hans Koch et al. this patent describes and shows a rotary drum-shaped dryer which constitutes one element of a tobacco transporting unit and whose cylindrical wall is heated by axially parallel pipes connected to a source of hot steam. In the apparatus which is described and shown in the patent to Koch et al., a detector monitors the initial moisture content of tobacco and the signals which are generated by such detector are utilized to regulate the heat content of a hot air stream which is admitted into the inlet of the conditioning zone, i.e., into the tobacco-receiving end of the rotary drum-shaped dryer. The heat content of steam which is used to heat the cylindrical wall of the dryer, and which furnishes the major part of the heating and drying action, is regulated in dependency on deviations of the monitored final moisture content of dried tobacco from a preselected value. The quantity of hot air which is admitted into the conditioning zone of a modern tobacco dryer should be as low as possible and the temperature in the conditioning zone should be very high. Such mode of drying cannot be achieved with the apparatus of Koch et al. because the patented apparatus requires substantial quantities of hot air in order to immediately compensate for pronounced fluctuations in the initial moisture content of tobacco. If the heating action of a conventional dryer upon the particles of tobacco in the drying or conditioning zone is to be reduced, for example, because the quantity of moisture which is to be expelled from tobacco per unit of time is

Patents 397

reduced (this takes place when the quantity of tobacco particles per unit length of the tobacco stream and/or the initial moisture content of tobacco particles decreases), it is necessary to reduce the pressure of steam which is used to heat the wall or walls of the dryer. This creates problems when the pressure of steam decreases to and/or below a certain value. For example, if the pressure of steam which is used to heat the wall or walls of the rotary dryer drops to or below 1 bar, this eliminates the possibility of maintaining a predictable (unequivocal) relationship between the steam pressure and steam temperature on the one hand and the drying action on the other hand. Therefore, automatic dryers are normally equipped with means for establishing a lower limit for the drying action; however, this can present problems under certain circumstances, for example, when the operating conditions are such that one cannot ensure the evaporation of a minimal quantity of moisture per unit of time. In such instances, even the aforementioned minimal or rock-bottom drying or heating action (quantity of transferred heat per unit of time) would lead to highly undesirable overdrying of tobacco particles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04513759__ ·

Apparatus for feeding tobacco particles to one or more consuming machines Inventor(s): Jeske; Michael (Luneburg, DE), Hagemann; Fritz (Hamburg, DE), Jedamski; Karsten (Moorrege, DE), Schweim; Harald (Reinbek, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,141,002 Date filed: January 7, 1991 Abstract: Apparatus for feeding tobacco particles to one or two cigarette rod making machines has a magazine with a duct having an open lower end above the upper reach of an endless belt conveyor. The conveyor can be driven to advance tobacco particles in the duct toward an outlet of the magazine where the particles are removed by one or more rotors which are driven to move the particles upwardly and away from the upper reach of the conveyor before the particles are caused or permitted to descend into a hopper. The bottom portion of the hopper admits tobacco particles into one of two suction-operated pneumatic conveyors each of which supplies tobacco particles to a discrete rod making machine. The conveyor is driven at a first speed when the hopper supplies tobacco particles to a single rod making machine, and at twice the first speed when the hopper supplies tobacco particles to two rod making machines. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in tobacco feeding apparatus in general, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus for feeding comminuted natural, reconstituted and/or substitute tobacco to one or more processing or consuming machines, for example, to one or two cigarette rod making machines. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for feeding tobacco (such as shredded tobacco) which is temporarily stored in a magazine and is delivered to one or more processing or consuming machines by one or more pneumatic conveyors, especially suction-operated conveyors. It is well known to employ pneumatic conveyors as a means for delivering comminuted tobacco from one or more magazines to the so-called distributor(s) or hopper(s) of one or more tobacco processing or consuming machines. Reference may be had, for example, to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,319,772, 3,829,164 and 3,832,004; to British Pats. Nos. 475,926 and 784,594; to German Pat. No. 1 107 576; to published German patent application No. 25 04 873; and to German Utility Model No. 1 907 360. An object of the invention is to provide a simple, compact and

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inexpensive apparatus which can be rapidly converted for predictable delivery of comminuted tobacco to one or more tobacco processing or consuming machines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05141002__ ·

Apparatus for feeding tobacco to distributors of rod making machines Inventor(s): Heitmann; Uwe (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Korber AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,188,127 Date filed: August 15, 1991 Abstract: Apparatus for feeding batches or a continuous stream of tobacco particles into the magazine of the distributor in a cigarette or cigar rod making machine has a container which can receive a stream of gaseous carrier medium for tobacco particles from a shredding machine or from another source and has several outlets for the carrier medium. The outlets discharge the carrier medium in different directions and contain sieves which intercept the tobacco particles. The thus accumulated particles can descend into the magazine, either continuously or at intervals, depending upon whether or not the tobacco discharging opening of the container is temporarily closed by a pivotable or otherwise movable closure. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to tobacco feeding or supplying apparatus in general, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus which can be utilized with advantage for delivery of tobacco to the distributors (also called hoppers) of rod making machines, such as cigarette, cigarillo or cigar rod making machines. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus which can segregate particles of tobacco (particularly shredded tobacco ribs and/or shredded tobacco leaf laminae) from a gaseous carrier medium preparatory to dumping or another mode of delivering separated tobacco particles into the magazine of the distributor in a rod making machine. It is already known to install the magazine of a distributor in a cigarette rod making machine beneath a container which is connected to the discharge end of a pneumatic conveyor and has an opening for admission of tobacco particles into the magazine. The particles of tobacco are delivered by a stream of gaseous carrier medium (such as air), and the container has an outlet for evacuation of the gaseous carrier medium. The outlet contains a filter, a screen or a sieve which intercepts the particles of tobacco. The arrangement is such that, when a sensor detects that the upper surface of the tobacco supply in the magazine has descended to a predetermined level, a signal from the detector initiates the flow of a stream of gaseous carrier medium which entrains tobacco particles from a main source of supply. As a rule, the stream of gaseous carrier medium is drawn into the container by suction in a second pneumatic conveyor which receives gaseous carrier medium from the outlet of the container. A detector monitors the quantity of intercepted tobacco particles in the container and transmits a signal when such quantity reaches a preselected value; the signal is used to expose the opening of the container in order to permit the transfer of accumulated tobacco particles from the container into the magazine of the distributor. The opening is thereupon closed and the container is ready to accumulate a fresh batch of tobacco particles. It is also known to design the apparatus for delivery of tobacco particles to the magazine of a distributor in such a way that the magazine receives an uninterrupted flow of tobacco particles, i.e., that the supply of particles in the magazine is replenished at the rate at which a conveyor draws tobacco from the magazine to form a stream which is

Patents 399

thereupon converted into a rod-like filler ready to be wrapped into a web of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188127__ ·

Apparatus for filling a silo with tobacco and the like Inventor(s): Shah; Bipin G. (Macon, GA), Emery; Clayton N. (Middletown, KY), Herring; James H. (Macon, GA) Assignee(s): Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (Louisville, KY) Patent Number: 5,324,158 Date filed: February 19, 1993 Abstract: A material handling apparatus for selectively bulk filling or blend filling and concurrently discharging particulate material, such as reticulated tobacco and the like, into an open topped silo, bin, or hopper. The material handling apparatus includes a first shuttle car located over the open top of the silo for movement back and forth over the silo, a first belt conveyor on the first shuttle car in alignment with the direction of movement of the first shuttle car, a second shuttle car located over the top of the silo and above the first shuttle car for movement back and forth over the silo along a path parallel to the movement of the first shuttle car, and a second belt conveyor on the second shuttle in alignment with the direction of movement of the second shuttle car. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to material handling apparatus, and more particularly to a material handling apparatus which provides for selectively bulk filling or blend filling and concurrently discharging particulate material into a hopper, bin, silo and the like. A particular application for such material handling apparatus is in the manufacture of cigarettes. In the manufacture of cigarettes, tobacco is processed as by cutting, shredding, grinding and the like into small pieces or particles in preparation for processing into the tobacco rod of a cigarette. Extremely large quantities of tobacco are used in the manufacture of cigarettes, and this tobacco must be processed rapidly through the cigarette manufacturing process. In addition, because the manufacturing process must be adaptable to make cigarettes of different blends or a single blend, the apparatus must be versatile. Prior known material handling apparatus for conveying and feeding particulate material is known, per se, from the following U.S. Patents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05324158__

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Apparatus for filling cigarette papers with tobacco Inventor(s): Josuttis; Horst (Espelkamp, DE), Meierkord; Ralf (Espelkamp, DE), Welsch; Hans-Jurgen (Mannheim, DE) Assignee(s): Harting Elektronik GmbH (Espelkamp, DE) Patent Number: 4,572,216 Date filed: December 22, 1983 Abstract: Apparatus for manufacturing cigarettes includes a tobacco hopper having a lower aperture, a dispensing device receiving tobacco from the aperture and dispensing the tobacco, a tobacco supply chamber disposed below the hopper to receive tobacco from the dispensing device, conveyor spindle means in the tobacco supply chamber for forming tobacco into a strand, an outlet on the tobacco supply chamber for the lateral

400 Tobacco

discharge of the strand of tobacco, and a cigarette paper shell filling tube disposed adjacent to the outlet to receive therefrom the strand of tobacco to thereby form a cigarette. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for filling prepared cigarette papers, preferably filter-cigarette paper shells, with cigarette tobacco. With this type of apparatus it is necessary to form a skein or strand from a fine-fibered tobacco supply and insert this into the cigarette paper shell. The bulk tobacco which is initially in a continuous form has to first be dispersed and then reformed into a continuous thin strand or skein, in order to prevent the burning tobacco from crumbling when the cigarette is smoked. Manual cigarette filling devices are known, for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,887, in which the tobacco supply is first corrected by hand and then the amount needed for one cigarette inserted in an elongated forming device. Subsequently, a contact pressure dish is pressed onto the preformed tobacco strand and the tobacco pressed together to form a round tobacco strand. By means of a manual lever device the preformed tobacco strand is then pressed into a cigarette paper shell which is positioned on a mounting device and held by a contact pressure device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04572216__ ·

Apparatus for filtering and purifying side-stream and second-hand tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Hyre; Jon J. (P.O. Box 30, Fort Worth, TX 76101) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,501,234 Date filed: December 23, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-stage tobacco smoke filtering apparatus which filters both second-hand smoke exhaled by a smoker, and side-stream smoke which is evolved from the burning tip of a cigar or cigarette. The apparatus includes an enclosure which surrounds a smoking product and which fits into a base having a filter assembly. A catalytic converter surrounds the smoking product within the enclosure The filters inside the assembly may include a condensation filter, a smokeabsorbing filter, a desiccating filter, a bacteriostatic filter, and a deodorizing filter. Two concentrically disposed smoke conduits provide passage for smoke to be inhaled by the user, and then exhaled back into the enclosure, where the smoke is dried, filtered, and catalytically decontaminated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to filtering and purifying devices for tobacco smoke. More specifically, the present invention relates to a multi-stage tobacco smoke filtering apparatus which filters both second-hand smoke exhaled by a smoker, and side-stream smoke which is evolved from the burning tip of a cigar or cigarette. Tobacco has been a staple cash crop of the American eastern seaboard since the earliest European settlers set foot in the Americas. Beginning in the middle 1700's, large exportation of tobacco products to Europe made smoking tobacco a very popular personal habit. However, it was not until the 20th century that smoking cigarettes became popular in Western culture. Cigarette smoking in the U.S. increased steadily throughout both World War I and World War II, in spite of the increasing scientific evidence that linked cigarette smoking with two previously rare lung diseases: lung cancer and emphysema. In the 1950's, with the increasing public perception that cigarette smoking and lung cancer were linked, filtered cigarettes were first mass-marketed in the U.S. They quickly began outselling unfiltered cigarettes. Tests had shown that some, but not all, of the

Patents 401

integral filters placed in cigarettes lowered the amount of "tar," (heavy hydrocarbon substances), and nicotine which were inhaled by the consumer. Both "tar" and nicotine had been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic under certain laboratory conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05501234__ ·

Apparatus for forming a layer of tobacco particles Inventor(s): Roether; Friedemann (Aumuhle, DE), Niehues; Heiko (Hamburg, DE), Leckband; Uwe (Hamburg, DE), Drewes; Harry (Hamburg, DE), Christ; Horst-Udo (Hamburg, DE), Dierken; Hans (Amelinghausen, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,558,199 Date filed: July 20, 1994 Abstract: An apparatus for manipulating a multilayer stream of tobacco particles with randomly intermixed foreign particles has a vibratory conveyor which advances the stream toward and discharges successive increments of the stream onto the upper reach of an endless belt or chain serving to advance the increments at a speed exceeding the speed of advancement of the stream by the vibratory conveyor. The endless belt or chain discharges a single layer of tobaco particles and foreign particles, and such single layer is caused to move past a segregating unit which detects and expels foreign particles therefrom. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in apparatus for transporting tobacco particles, and more particularly to improvements in apparatus for converting a multilayer stream or flow of tobacco particles into a single layer or carpet of such particles. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for converting a continuous stream or flow of tobacco particles into a formation in which all or practically all of the particles are exposed. As used herein, the term single layer (or monolayer) is intended to denote a flow of tobacco particles (such as strips, ribs and like tobacco fragments) which were obtained as a result of prior treatment and processing of tobacco leaves and are to be transported in the form a stratum wherein at least a large majority of particles are disposed next to, rather than above, each other. The transformation of a multilayer stream or flow of tobacco particles into a single layer is a prerequisite for satisfactory treatment prior to conversion of the flow into a rod which is normally trimmed to form a rod-like filler ready to be draped into a web of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material. The thus obtained wrapped filler is ready to be subdivided into plain cigarettes, cigars or other rod-shaped articles of the tobbaco processing industry. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05558199__

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Apparatus for forming a tobacco filler Inventor(s): Quarella; Guido (Escheburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,463,768 Date filed: June 28, 1982

402 Tobacco

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for forming a tobacco filler, said apparatus being adapted to ensure gentle transport of a tobacco stream through an arcuate duct in the distributor of a cigarette rod making machine and into a tobacco channel which is located below a rod conveyor. The wall of the arcuate duct is provided with compressed air admitting means which extend along the wall of and into the duct in the direction of transport of the tobacco stream and generate a current advancing along the wall of the duct to entrain and accelerate the tobacco. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for forming a tobacco filler on a moving air-permeable rod conveyor. More specifically, this invention relates to such apparatus where the conveyor is acted upon by suction air and by the closing of a channel which is formed by two side walls located opposite each other, which is preceded by an arcuate duct receiving tobacco from a conveyor means, and through which the tobacco is transported by an accelerating means. An object of the invention is to provide accelerating means which can transport tobacco gently along the arcuate guide and into the tobacco channel. In accordance with the invention, this object is accomplished utilizing accelerating means comprising compressed-air feeding means which extends from the wall of the duct therealong in substantial parallelism therewith and immediately adjacent thereto. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04463768__ ·

Apparatus for forming a tobacco stream Inventor(s): Heitmann; Uwe (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG. (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,610,260 Date filed: December 2, 1983 Abstract: The distributor of a cigarette rod making machine has an air-permeable tobacco transporting conveyor adjacent to a channel which is bounded by two spaced apart sidewalls and receives a mixture of tobacco particles and compressed air. The quantity of air entering the channel exceeds the quantity which can be evacuated through the air-permeable conveyor. Therefore, at least one of the sidewalls has a recessed air-permeable portion adjacent to an external suction chamber to draw the surplus of air from the channel without adversely influencing the trajactories of tobacco particles which are propelled toward the conveyor to form thereon a growing homogeneous tobacco stream. Excerpt(s): The apparatus which is disclosed in the present application is identical with those disclosed in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,732 filed Dec. 2, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,027 by Uwe Heitmann and in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,735 filed Dec. 2, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,026 by Gunter Wahle et al. Furthermore, the apparatus of the present invention is in part similar to the apparatus disclosed in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 557,733 filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Guunter Wahle et al. and in the commonly owned copending application Ser. No. 392,775 filed June 28, 1982 by Guido Quarella, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,768. The present invention relates to apparatus for forming a continuous tobacco stream, particularly for forming a stream which can be converted into a filler that is ready for draping into a web of cigarette paper or the like so as to constitute with the web a continuous rod which is thereupon subdivided into rod-shaped smokers' articles of unit length or multiple unit length. More particularly, the invention relates to

Patents 403

improvements in distributors which can be used in cigarette rod making and analogous machines to convert a mass of tobacco shreds and/or otherwise configurated tobacco particles into a continuous stream which is ready for draping or is ready to be advanced into the range of one or more trimming or equalizing devices. It is known to form a continuous tobacco stream in an elongated tobacco channel which is defined by two spaced-apart sidewalls and an endless air-permeable tobacco transporting conveyor. One side of the conveyor faces the channel and its other side is adjacent to a suction generating device serving to attract tobacco particles to the one side. The channel receives particles of tobacco in one or more streams of compressed air which are directed toward the one side of the conveyor and serve as carriers of the particles across the channel and into actual contact with the conveyor whereon the particles are retained by suction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04610260__ ·

Apparatus for forming a tobacco stream in cigarette making machines or the like Inventor(s): Hoffmann; Gottfried (Schwarzenbek, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG. (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,461,307 Date filed: June 28, 1982 Abstract: An apparatus for forming a tobacco stream in cigarette making machines or the like to production of rod-shaped smokers' articles comprising a tobacco channel with an air-permeable channel bottom which extends substantially horizontally from a stream building section to a stream discharging location and above which the lower reach of an air-permeable tobacco band is guided. The tobacco channel cooperates with a suction chamber to generate suction which holds the built-up tobacco stream. In order to maintain the structure of the stream, even at high transporting speeds, there are provided means for reducing suction through the bottom of the channel outside of the stream building section. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to cigarette making machines or the like. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus for forming a tobacco stream for the production of rod-shaped smokers' articles in cigarette making machines or the like comprising a tobacco channel defind by an air-permeable bottom and fixed sidewalls and having a stream building section which is adjacent to a tobacco building duct and a discharge end a tobacco band which travels in the longitudinal direction above the channel bottom, a trimming device for removal of surplus from the tobacco stream, and with means for applying different suction to successive sections of the tobacco channel. Within the meaning of the present invention, rod-shaped smokers' articles are understood to embrace smokable articles, such as cigarettes, cigarillos, cigars and the like, which are produced from tobacco or tobacco substitute materials in accordance with the rod forming technique. In conventional cigarette making machines, the distributor discharges into a substantially vertical tobacco supplying duct which guides a tobacco shower upwardly in an upwardly directed air stream. The upper closure of the duct is constituted by a section of a tobacco channel which extends substantially horizontally and transversely of the tobacco supplying duct and has an air-permeable bottom along which is guided a travelling air-permeable tobacco band whereon the particles of tobacco, which are delivered in the form of the tobacco shower, are built up to form a cigarette filler stream. This section of the tobacco channel, which extends into the tobacco feeding duct, will hereinafter be referred to as the stream building section.

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During transport through the tobacco channel, the tobacco stream which is showered onto the tobacco band is held on the latter by suction which is applied to the bottom of the channel from the rear side of the channel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04461307__ ·

Apparatus for forming and transporting away tobacco portions Inventor(s): Focke; Heinz (Verden, DE), Balmer; Oskar (Verden, DE) Assignee(s): Focke & Co. (Verden, DE) Patent Number: 4,583,571 Date filed: March 30, 1984 Abstract: In the packaging of (long-fiber) cut tobacco, individual tobacco portions (10) are formed from a strand of tobacco (17). These are underweight. In the region of a tobacco balance, the difference between the actual weight and the nominal weight is determined and a difference portion (25) is added accordingly. The complete tobacco portion (10) has to be transferred to a discharge conveyor (bucket chain 28). For this purpose, a star feeder rotating synchronously with a bucket mechanism is used as a distributor device (26). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for forming portions of fibrous material, especially cut tobacco, and for transporting them away by means of a conveyor having receptacles, each for one portion, especially by means of a bucket chain, in which apparatus the portions can be fed to the buckets or the like of the conveyor by means of a distributor device located above the conveyor. In a known apparatus of this type (U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,212), (rough) portions are separated from a strand (conveyed in a downward direction) and are each fed alternately to one of two tobacco balances. The actual weight of the portion, which is slightly below the nominal weight, is determined by means of these. A make-up quantity corresponding to the difference in weight determined is supplied by means of a fine-metering device assigned to each tobacco balance, until the nominal weight is reached. The correctly metered portion is fed, via distributor devices consisting of individual pivotable flaps, to one of the buckets of a bucket chain moving underneath the distributor devices. The above-mentioned solution regarding the design and mode of operation of the distributor device has not proved very efficient in practice, since the pivotable flaps allow only a limited speed of passage for the portions. Furthermore, because of the frequency of the pivoting movements, flaps of this type are susceptible to faults. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04583571__

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Apparatus for forming batches of tobacco and the like Inventor(s): Goldbach; Manfred (Hamburg, DE), Marquardt; Siegfrid (Westerau, DE), Myohl; Jochim (Wentorf, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,693,262 Date filed: March 5, 1986 Abstract: Apparatus for forming a composite filler which is to be draped into a web of cigarette paper has a rotary wheel-shaped conveyor with a series of pockets which are

Patents 405

provided in its peripheral surface and are connected to a suction generating device which draws into the pockets shreds of tobacco or other smokable fibrous material issuing from the outlet of a pneumatic conduit which receives metered quantities of fibrous material from a belt conveyor. The inclination of the stream issuing from the outlet with reference to the peripheral surface of the rotary conveyor is such that fibrous material which advances from the outlet toward and into successive pockets has a component of movement in the direction of rotation of the rotary conveyor, i.e., the particles of fibrous material do not travel radially of the rotary conveyor. The pockets are connected to the suction generating device before they reach the locus of impingement of fibrous material so that they can deflect the leader of the stream of admitted fibrous material counter to the direction of rotation of the rotary conveyor. The admission of fibrous material into the pockets can be promoted by appropriate inclination of surfaces at the front and rear ends of the pockets as well as by regulating the pressure in the pockets. Excerpt(s): The apparatus of the present invention is identical with the apparatus which are disclosed in the commonly, owned copending patent applications Ser. Nos. 06/836,387 and 06/836,313 both filed Mar. 5, 1986. The apparatus of the present invention constitutes an improvement over and a further development of apparatus which are disclosed in numerous pending United States and other applications and granted United States and other patents of the assignee. Reference may be had to United States patent applications Ser. Nos. 557,641 (filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Heitmann) and 557,733 (filed Dec. 2, 1983 by Wahle et al.) and to U.S. Pats. Nos. 4,463,768 to Quarella, 4,564,026 to Wahle et al., 4,564,027 to Heitmann, and 4,485,826 to Holznagel. The present invention relates to apparatus for accumulating fibrous materials, especially particles of tobacco leaves, into arrays in the form of batches or the like. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for accumulating or forming batches of tobacco shreds or like fibrous materials preparatory to conversion of batches and of additional fibrous material into the filler of a rod of smokable material. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus of the type wherein batches are formed by admitting fibers into successive pockets which are machined into or are otherwise formed in the peripheral surface of a rotary conveyor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04693262__ ·

Apparatus for forming tobacco portions Inventor(s): Focke; Heinz (Verden, DE), Balmer; Oskar (Verden, DE) Assignee(s): Focke & Co. (Verden, DE) Patent Number: 4,531,597 Date filed: June 28, 1983 Abstract: For the accurate metering of tobacco portions in the course of the packing of the latter, rough portions (28) are first produced by separation from a strand of tobacco and brought to the desired weight (desired portion 15) by adding difference portions measured in a fine metering device (12, 13). The rough portions (28) are fed in each case by an intermediate conveyor (13), which is in the form of a star feeder, to one of two balance receiver members (32, 33), which are likewise in the form of star feeders and each of which is connected to a precision balance (43, 44). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for forming portions of fibrous material, particularly cut tobacco, by separating a preferably underweight rough portion

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from a strand of the fibrous material and the addition of an equalising portion determined by the weighing of the rough portion, wherein a plurality of balances, in particular two, are adapted to be fed alternately with individual rough portions and the complete portions can be carried away. For the packing of portions of cut tobacco the most accurate possible metering is necessary. Because of legal regulations, underweight portions are basically impermissible. Overweight metering should also be avoided as far as possible. In one known apparatus for metering cut tobacco (German Application No. A 2,338,374) a continuous strand of pressed tobacco conveyed in the downward direction is first formed from the more or less disordered stock of cut tobacco. From this strand the individual rough portions are separated by a suitable separating device, and fed alternately to one or the other balance. The balances determine the difference between the respective rough portion and the (desired) portion. Fine tobacco is fed by a separate fine metering device in accordance with the shortage, until the desired portion is obtained. The latter is then passed through a hopper to a discharge conveyor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04531597__ ·

Apparatus for grinding cutting edges of knives in tobacco cutting machines Inventor(s): Komossa; Werner (Bornsen, DE), Hausler; Nikolaus (Wohltorf, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG. (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,718,198 Date filed: January 23, 1985 Abstract: The straight of undulate cutting edges of elongated knives on the rotary knife holder in a tobacco shredding machine are ground by a driven grinding wheel, whose axis makes a small acute angle with the axis of the holder, while the grinding wheel is rocked back and forth about an axis which is parallel to the axis of the grinding wheel and is located in a second plane parallel to a first plane which is tangential to the cylindrical path of the cutting edges. If the axial length of the grinding wheel is less than the length of the cutting edges, the grinding wheel is advanced stepwise in the axial direction of the holder. Excerpt(s): The apparatus which is shown in FIGS. 1-4 of the present application is similar to that shown in FIGS. 7-10 of the commonly owned copending patent application Ser. No. 630,389 filed July 13, 1984 by Uwe Elsner et al. for "Method and apparatus for grinding undulate cutting edges of knives in tobacco cutting machines" now U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,074. The present invention relates to apparatus for treating the knives in a tobacco cutting machine, particularly in a machine for shredding tobacco leaf laminae. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for grinding the cutting edges of knives in tobacco shredding and analogous tobacco cutting machines. It is already known to shred tobacco leaf laminae with a rotary holder which supports a plurality of elongated knives having undulate cutting edges. Reference may be had to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 561,177 filed Dec. 14, 1983 by Uwe Elsner. It is also known to grind the cutting edges of such knives by a grinding wheel having a working surface with a profile which is complementary to the outlines of undulate cutting edges. A drawback of presently known apparatus of the above outlined character is that the grinding operation is unsatisfactory because the cutting edges cannot be brought into vibration-free contact with the grinding tool. Moreover, the bearings for the knife holder and for the grinding wheel are subjected to pronounced wear.

Patents 407

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04718198__ ·

Apparatus for grinding the knives in tobacco cutting machines Inventor(s): Komossa; Werner (Bornsen, DE), Hausler; Nikolaus (Wohltorf, DE), Elsner; Uwe (Dassendorf, DE) Assignee(s): Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG. (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,640,059 Date filed: March 5, 1985 Abstract: A tobacco shredding machine wherein the cutting edges of orbiting shredding knives are sharpened by the undulate annular surface of a grinding wheel which is reciprocated forwardly and backwards in parallelism with the axis of the holder for the knives and is retracted from the circular path of the cutting edges during each return stroke of its support. The speed of forward movement of the support while the grinding wheel sharpens the cutting edges is such that the support covers during each revolution of the holder a distance which equals or is a whole multiple of the width of an undulation on the grinding surface. The axes of the grinding wheel and of the holder for the knives are located in a common plane. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cutting machines in general, and more particularly to improvements in machines for shredding tobacco or like fibrous materials. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in apparatus for sharpening the cutting edges of orbiting knives on the rotary knife holder in a tobacco shredding or like machine. Commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,786 to Elsner et al. discloses an apparatus for sharpening the orbiting knives in a tobacco shredding machine by means of one or more grinding wheels which have annular grinding surfaces. An advantage of annular grinding surfaces is that their dimensions do not decrease as a result of wear upon the grinding wheel. The orientation of the grinding wheel or wheels in the machine of Elsner et al. is such that the grinding surfaces of such wheels can sharpen only straight cutting edges. However, it is presently preferred to employ shredding knives with undulate cutting edges because this contributes to the ability of shreds to form tobacco fillers which offer a pronounced resistance to deformation. Such types of smokers' articles are preferred by a large majority of smokers as well as by the manufacturers of cigarettes or the like because of savings in tobacco which is the most expensive constituent of each smokers' product. Thus, a given quantity of tobacco shreds which are obtained by severing tobacco leaves or sheets of reconstituted or substitute tobacco with knives having undulate cutting edges can be converted into a cigarette whose resistance to deformation is much higher than that of a cigarette containing the same quantity of shreds which are obtained in a machine employing knives with straight cutting edges. An object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved apparatus which can impart to the cutting edges of shredding knives an undulate profile or which can sharpen undulate cutting edges without changing their profiles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04640059__

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Apparatus for removing toxic materials contained in tobacco and methods therefor Inventor(s): Agarie; Yukinobu (6-22, Asato 2-chome, Naha, Okinawa, 902, JP), Irimaji; Seiji (18-19, Kohagura 2-chome, Naha, Okinawa, 900, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,083,578 Date filed: October 26, 1989 Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing toxic materials from tobacco which comprises a filter element which includes a seaweed. In use, the apparatus removes toxic materials from tobacco vapors which pass through the filter element. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for removing toxic materials contained in tobacco, including particulate components such as nicotine or tar, gaseous components and carcinogens, and a method therefor. Generally speaking, airconductive filters such as acetate fiber filters are used for removing toxic materials contained in tobacco, especially nicotine and tar, but their absorption abilities are low and they cannot sufficiently trap toxic gaseous materials and carcinogens. A material with a high absorption ability, such as an active carbon, may be used in parallel with these filters, but this is not welcomed by smokers because it adversely affects the tobacco taste. Nevertheless, to minimize the amount of toxic material entering their bodies, smokers should consider the removal of toxic materials from tobacco smoke as a matter of routine. This can be done by using an auxilliary tool such as a cylindrical filter. The inventors of this invention have performed a lot of research on the removal of toxic materials from tobacco smoke and have made the following findings. Tangle and coastal seaweed contain 32% by weight of alginic acid, 20-35% by weight of laminarin, 20% by weight of laminin, 20-35% by weight of mannitol, up to 2% by weight of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and other components. These components have an afinity for water-soluble materials existing in tobacco smoke and have a high ratio of absorbance of nicotine and tar, and further, can remove carcinogens. The present invention provides an apparatus for removing toxic and carcinogenic material contained in tobacco. It mainly contains substances derived from tangle family and coastal seaweeds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05083578__

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Apparatus for the reduction of tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Rubin; Benjamin (104-60 Queens Blvd., Forest Hills, NY 11375) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,882,255 Date filed: July 22, 1997 Abstract: A box like base is hung from the under surface of a table and is slidable outwardly therefrom to a position adjacent the patron. A chimney assembly is mounted in the container and extendible upward in use for capturing tobacco smoke. A fan disposed in the chimney assembly for propelling smoke upwardly. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to an invention disclosed in Ser. No. 08/898298 filed even date herewith, bearing Attorney's Docket No. P-6169-2. The present invention relates to an apparatus for the reduction of tobacco smoke produced in a closed environment, and in particular, to apparatus for the removal of "second hand smoke" from gambling tables at casinos. The conventional manner of dealing with the

Patents 409

problem of second hand smoke has been to enjoin the use of tobacco in its entirety. However, since smoking in casinos is an inherent part of the gambling milieu, prohibiting smoking in its entirety can result in loss of patronage and damage to the establishment. Another attempted solution has been to provide increasingly stronger apparatus' for ventilizing such rooms. Such equipment is not only larger, but is more costly and complex both in installation and in use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05882255__ ·

Apparatus for treating environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particle and gas-phase contaminants Inventor(s): Nazaroff; William W. (123 Sonia St., Oakland, CA 94618), Gadgil; Ashok J. (438 Clayton Ave., El Cerrito, CA 94530) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,678,576 Date filed: January 6, 1995 Abstract: An apparatus for treating environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using a high efficiency particle air filter (HEPA) is provided. The apparatus has a pleated HEPA filter positioned in the top of a housing for filtering ETS particle contaminants. Layers of granulated activated alumina and layers of granulated activated carbon are also positioned in the top of the housing to filter gas-phase ETS contaminants. The apparatus offers substantial improvements over commercially available "smokeless ashtrays" by more effectively 1) directing ETS smoke over filter components, 2) removing ETS particle contaminants and 3) removing ETS gas-phase contaminants. The apparatus also indicates the effectiveness of the treatment process and allows users to increase the effectiveness of the treatment process. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed toward treating environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In particular, the present invention relates to an apparatus which reduces ETS particle and gas-phase contaminants. Public awareness of the adverse health effects of passive smoking has resulted in a number of devices aimed at reducing nonsmokers'exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). So called "smokeless ashtrays" have been used in order to attempt to reduce non-smokers'exposure to ETS. Smokeless ashtrays have been designed to treat the smoke from a smoldering tobacco product prior to release into the surrounding environment. While there are smokeless ashtrays commercially available, none of these apparata effectively reduce both ETS particle and gas-phase contaminants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05678576__

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Apparatus for treating tobacco Inventor(s): Spicer; John W. (Winchester, GB2) Assignee(s): GBE International PLC (Andover, GB2) Patent Number: 5,117,844 Date filed: January 10, 1991 Abstract: An apparatus for conditioning tobacco which includes a cylinder conditioner mounted for rotation about a generally horizontal axis, and an opening unit mounted at

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the inlet end of the cylinder for rotation therewith, and wherein the opening unit has pins projecting towards the axis of rotation for supporting portions of unopened layers of tobacco within the unit on initial entry thereof, and for effecting opening of the tobacco on rotation of the unit with the distal ends of the pins defining a frustoconical section which narrows in the direction of tobacco feed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for opening tobacco in the form of blocks of un-opened layers and for conditioning tobacco taken from bales prior to a further treatment or processing. Direct cylinder conditioning is widely used in the tobacco industry to open and condition compressed bales of threshed or stripped tobacco. The process involves sliding the bale either vertically or horizontally into slabs or slices which are then transported directly to the cylinder for opening and conditioning. Conditioning cylinders which are used for conditioning of sliced bales of tobacco typically take the form of a cylinder mounted for rotation about a slightly inclined axis, being supported by means of two track rings and cooperating support rollers. The moisture and heat for the opening process in the cylinder are provided by water and live steam sprays, mounted at the inlet end of the cylinder, protruding through a diffusion plate perpendicular to the axis of rotation, or in the recirculating duct which conveys vapour from the outlet of the cylinder back to the inlet where it passes through the diffusion plate back into the main body of the cylinder. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05117844__ ·

Apparatus for treating tobacco products Inventor(s): Brackett; George E. (9897 Treasure Cay Ln., Bonita Springs, FL 33923) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,926,889 Date filed: May 19, 1988 Abstract: Apparatus for concurrently puncturing the sidewalls of and moistening elongate, generally cylindrical tobacco products is disclosed. The apparatus includes a body member, and a container for liquid cooperative with the body member and provided with liquid discharge means for delivering liquid therefrom. The apparatus also includes a push button member movable relative to the body member between an actuated and a deactuated position and cooperative with the liquid discharge means, when actuated, for delivering liquid from the liquid discharge means. One or the other of the body member and the push button member includes a means for supporting a tobacco product thereon, and means are provided for conducting liquid delivered from the liquid discharge means to the tobacco product. The apparatus further includes a means carried by one or the other of the body member and the push button member which is responsive to movement of the push button member to its actuated position for puncturing the side wall of the tobacco product, whereby the tobacco product is concurrently punctured and moistened when the push button member is actuated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for treating tobacco products and, more particularly, to apparatus for concurrently perforating the sidewalls of and moistening elongate cylindrical tobacco products such as cigarettes and cigars. It has long been recognized that the deleterious effects of smoking may be mitigated to some degree, and that smokers may be aided in their efforts to break the smoking habit, by reducing the quantities of undesirable gases and particulate matter in the smoke they inhale. This can be done by aerating the smoke drawn from cigarettes and cigars via

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transverse puncture ducts made in the sidewalls thereof, and by using moisteners to moisten such tobacco products, particularly the filter tips thereof when so equipped, to facilitate the removal of harmful constituents from the aerated tobacco smoke by the moistened filter and/or by the moistened tobacco. It is generally not practical either to pre-puncture or to pre-moisten tobacco products prior to their distribution and sale since, in the case of pre-puncturing, not all smokers are desirous of having their smoke aerated, and separate manufacturing, packaging and distributing facilities would have to be set up for the pre-punctured tobacco products. Similarly in the case of premoisturizing, the moisture would tend to evaporate and dry out between the time that it was applied to the tobacco product and the time that the tobacco product was consumed by the smoker. Accordingly, various devices have been proposed heretofore for use by the individual smoker in puncturing sidewalls of tobacco products or in moisturizing either the entire tobacco product or the filter tip thereof alone. With respect to puncturing the sidewalls of tobacco products, Landuydt, U.S. Pat. No. 4,263,923, discloses a perforator for cigarettes. The perforator includes a support-base having a projection extending from one of its sides. The projection has a notch adapted to freely receive a cigarette adjacent to the support-base. A pin projects from the support-base on the same side as the projection, facing the notch for insertion into a cigarette positioned in the notch. The perforator includes means thereon by which it attaches to the end of a cigarette lighter opposite from that end thereof used to light cigarettes. Thompson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,770, also discloses a perforator for smoking articles such as cigarettes, cigars and the like. The perforator includes a body having a cylindrical aperture in the lower portion thereof and an overfitting cap reciprocally mounted over the upper portion of the body. The reciprocal cap carries a plunger therewith that is provided with pins which extend through the aperture in the body when the cap is depressed, transversely puncturing any smoking article located therein. A spring member position between the plunger and the body biases the cap, plunger and pins to remove the pins from the body aperture when the cap is released. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04926889__ ·

Bicomponent fibers and tobacco smoke filters formed therefrom Inventor(s): Berger; Richard M. (Midlothian, VA) Assignee(s): American Filtrona Corporation (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 5,509,430 Date filed: December 14, 1993 Abstract: Sheath-core bicomponent fibers comprising a core of a low-cost, high strength, thermoplastic material, preferably polypropylene, completely covered with a sheath formed preferably of plasticized cellulose acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, are produced, preferably melt blown to an average diameter of 10 microns or less, and formed into tobacco smoke filters. The resultant filters retain the desirable taste properties and processing capabilities of conventional cellulose acetate filter elements, but are substantially less expensive. Because the core material is non-absorbent, less plasticizer or additive is required for comparable properties, and a web, roving or filter made of such materials has a longer shelf-life. The very fine fibers can be formed of various cross-sections, providing higher surface area and requiring less air in the melt blowing and manufacturing processes. With sheaths of polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, the filter element readily disintegrates when subjected to environmental

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conditions leaving behind only a multiplicity of very fine, substantially unnoticeable, fibers as residue. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to unique polymeric bicomponent fibers and to the production of low cost tobacco smoke filters from bicomponent fibers comprising a core of a low cost, high strength, thermoplastic polymer, preferably polypropylene, and a bondable sheath of a material, preferably selected from plasticized cellulose acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. While bicomponent fibers comprising a sheath of each of these polymeric materials have unique properties and advantages particularly when used in tobacco smoke filters, they share several common attributes which are important to commercial application of the instant inventive concepts. Perhaps foremost to the smoking public, each of these sheath materials have been determined to have acceptable taste impact when used to filter tobacco smoke. Moreover, such bicomponent fibers may be melt blown to produce very fine fibers, on the order of about 10 microns or less in diameter, in order to obtain enhanced filtration. A further commercially important feature of these bicomponents fibers is that they can be produced continuously and converted simultaneously in a one step process into tobacco smoke filters. Thus, tobacco smoke filters formed from bicomponent fibers according to this invention can provide improved filtration efficiency and acceptable taste impact, at a substantially lower cost when used on cigarettes and other smoking articles. A wide variety of fibrous materials have been employed in tobacco smoke filter elements. However, the choice of materials for use in production of such filters has been limited because of the need to balance various commercial requirements. A very important property of a tobacco smoke filter is obviously its filtration efficiency, i.e., its ability to remove selected constituents from the tobacco smoke. However, the range of filtration efficiency has had to be compromised in order to satisfy other commercially important factors such as resistance to draw, hardness, impact on taste, and manufacturing costs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05509430__ ·

Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol tobacco smoke filters, tobacco smoke products incorporating such filters, and methods and apparatus for making same Inventor(s): Berger; Richard M. (Midlothian, VA) Assignee(s): Filtrona International Limited (London, GB) Patent Number: 5,911,224 Date filed: May 1, 1997 Abstract: A porous element particularly for use as a tobacco smoke filter plug in association with a cigarette or the like wherein the matrix comprises a multiplicity of biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol fibers bonded together at their points of contact to define a tortuous interstitial path for the passage of smoke. Because of the hygroscopic nature of polyvinyl alcohol, commercial production of such products require careful control of the moisture content of the polyvinyl alcohol fiber starting material, usually pre-drying the same to a residual moisture content of 7% by weight or less, and treatment of the low moisture fibrous mass by superheated steam to add about 2.5 to 5% moisture to a final moisture content of about 2.5 to 10%. The steam renders the fiber surface adhesive and, thus, bondable, and also lubricates the gathered fibers to improve processability.

Patents 413

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to unique tobacco smoke filters or the like and methods and apparatus for making such products, and relates more particularly to tobacco smoke filters wherein the primary matrix defining a tortuous interstitial path for passage of smoke therethrough is formed by continuous fibers consisting essentially of polyvinyl alcohol bonded to each other at spaced points of contact, such that the bonded contact points and the entire fibrous matrix will rapidly disintegrate when subjected to environmental conditions. A problem with currently available tobacco smoke filters, particularly cigarette filters, is the difficulty of disposing of such materials after use. With limited exceptions, cigarette filters are presently formed from highly crimped cellulose acetate fibers bonded at their contact points to provide a significant volume of interstitial space for the passage of smoke. The bonded contact points of such filter elements degrade very slowly under normal environmental conditions resulting in high volume, long life, environmentally undesirable litter. The cellulose acetate fibers themselves are, for all intents and purposes, effectively not biodegradable. Certain polymeric materials such as polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers are known to readily soften or dissolve in the presence of water. Berger U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,430, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein in its entirety, discloses the production of tobacco smoke filters from bicomponent fibers utilizing a sheath of polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and a core of a thermoplastic polymer such as polypropylene. The sheath-forming materials of the bicomponent fibers used to make tobacco smoke filters according to the No. '430 patent will dissolve in the presence of environmental moisture, degrading the bonds between the fibers and resulting in the collapse of the matrix structure, while leaving behind a multiplicity of non-degraded core fibers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05911224__ ·

Chemical tobacco sucker control Inventor(s): Loh; William (Petaluma, CA), Bassi; Pawan K. (Benicia, CA) Assignee(s): Chevron Research Company (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 4,828,601 Date filed: September 25, 1987 Abstract: Methods and compositions for controlling tobacco suckers, which comprise administering an effective amount of certain 2-[1-[(5-chlorothien-2yl)methoxyimino]ethyl]-3-hydroxy or alkanoyloxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one derivatives to said tobacco plants or their growth medium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the chemical control of tobacco suckers (i.e., axillary buds) via the application of certain 3-hydroxy and 3-alkanoyloxy-2-[1-(substitutedoxyimino)ethyl]-5-substituted-cyclohex-2-e n-1-one derivatives. Tobacco crop management requires that the terminal growing meristem be removed so that the number of usable leaves and their quality can be optimized. The removal of the terminal meristem, a process called topping, encourages the rapid development of lateral buds. These lateral buds are known as suckers. These suckers, if allowed to grow, can interfere with the proper development of usable tobacco leaves resulting in serious economic losses for the grower. Manual removal of these suckers is very labor intensive. Chemicals are used, therefore, to arrest the development of lateral buds after topping. These chemicals mimic the phenomenon of apical dominance in tobacco cultivation after the plants are topped and allow the optimal development of usable leaves. For details on this subject, please refer to pages 233-262 of Principles of Flue-cured Tobacco

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Production by S. N. Hawks, Jr. and W. K. Collins, North Carolina State University (1983), and pages 71-81 of Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals, Vol. I, Ed. L. G. Nickel, CRC Press (1983). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04828601__ ·

Chewable tobacco based product Inventor(s): Story; Larry D. (Owensboro, KY), Pittman; Luther B. (Owensboro, KY) Assignee(s): The Pinkerton Tobacco Company (Owensboro, KY) Patent Number: 4,624,269 Date filed: September 17, 1984 Abstract: The composition of matter is made up of tobacco in an amount of from 10 to 40% by weight and a masticatory in an amount of at least about 60% to 90% by weight of the composition. The composition is soft and easy to masticate and is able to impart a constant release of tobacco flavor over a period of time when masticated. The composition permits a controlled flavor release determined by the rapidness of mastication and by the size of the tobacco particle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter and particularly to a masticatory tobacco product. Heretofore, there have been two main types of smokeless tobacco products in the marketplace, i.e. snuff and chewing tobacco. Generally, snuff is produced in two forms, namely, as a finely ground dry snuff which is usually of a powdery nature and a moist coarse to fine cut snuff which tends to be made of larger particles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04624269__

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Chewing gum which is a substitute for tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Perfetti; Georgio (Lainate, IT) Assignee(s): Perfetti, S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,488,962 Date filed: December 2, 1994 Abstract: Chewing gum which is a substitute for tobacco smoke, formed into three 3 g strips, characterized in that each strip contains not more than 25 wt % of a gum base and not more than 0.4 mg of nicotine dispersed in the gum base. The invention provides a nicotine-containing gum which simulates cigarette smoking (by providing a level of nicotine retention in the blood and saliva very similar in intensity and duration to that due to cigarette smoking), without accompanying problems with respect to unpleasant taste, poor chewing characteristics and undesirable side-effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chewing gum of the type which includes nicotine as a substitute for tobacco smoke. It is well known that among the many substitutes which have been proposed to reduce the need and/or craving to smoke, chewing gums including nicotine have been found to be quite successful. In fact, it has been established that assimilation of nicotine from a source other than tobacco can be of considerable help to a smoker who wishes to give up smoking. In order to have the desired effect, prior art chewing gums of the type in question had to contain from 1 to 4

Patents 415

mg of nicotine per 3 g strip of gum. Furthermore, the prior art chewing gums had to retain the nicotine so as to release the nicotine slowly over not less than 10 minutes during chewing. This slow release was necessary because a more rapid assimilation of the required amount of nicotine could give rise to undesirable side-effects such as, for example, heart palpitations, tachycardia, migraine, irritation of the mouth or throat, etc. The lower limit of 1 mg of nicotine was established, also according to the prior art, because no medium was known which could usefully be incorporated in a chewing gum and could release such a small quantity of nicotine over a period as long as 10 minutes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05488962__ ·

Chewing tobacco composition and process for producing same Inventor(s): Townend; John (Lancaster, PA) Assignee(s): Helme Tobacco Company (Helmetta, NJ) Patent Number: 4,987,907 Date filed: June 29, 1988 Abstract: The chewing tobacco composition contains 25 to 40% by weight cut tobacco, 0.1 to 10% by weight powdered cellulose pulp and 60 to 75% by weight casing solids. The use of powdered cellulose pulp in the composition provides for an increase in the amount of casing solids in the composition. The method entails dipping the cut tobacco into a casing solution composition containing 40% by weight water and 0.5 to 4.0% by weight powdered cellulose pulp. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chewing tobacco and more particularly to a sweet chewing tobacco composition that contains powdered cellulose pulp. Chewing tobacco is a category of smokeless tobacco and is generally sold in one of three forms: a plug where the tobacco is compressed into any one of a number of shapes; twists where the leaves are intertwined into a shaped product; and loose where the tobacco is neither pressed nor shaped but presented to the consumer loose in a pouch. Plugs typically come in two forms, soft plugs and hard plugs. Sweet chewing tobaccos are a category of chewing tobaccos that are perceived by the consumer to be very sweet. Generally, chewing tobacco is made by cutting tobacco into strips of suitable size; dipping the tobacco into a casing solution; partially drying the cased tobacco; holding the tobacco in a container for a bulking period; and finally packaging it. The tobacco used in chewing tobacco is typically fermented and aged prior to the cutting step. Most manufacturers remove the stem either prior to or during the cutting step and may or may not add back the crushed stem later on as a filler to the chewing tobacco. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04987907__

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Chewing tobacco composition and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Townend; John (Lancaster, PA) Assignee(s): Helme Tobacco Company (Helmetta, NJ) Patent Number: 4,917,161 Date filed: October 6, 1987

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Abstract: A miniature plug of chewing tobacco made from 25 to 80% by weight tobacco on a dry basis and 75 to 20% casing solids and having a tensile strength of greater than 150 g/cm is disclosed. The high tensile strength allows for the miniature plug to be satisfactorily processed. Such a plug can be made with the use of gelatin in the casing solution. The casing includes as an essential element gelatin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to smokeless tobacco and more particularly to chewing tobacco and a process for making a miniature soft plug without the use of a masticatory. Smokeless tobacco products can be classified into three main types: moist snuff, dry snuff and chewing tobacco. Generally, chewing tobacco is sold in one of three forms: a "plug" where the tobacco is compressed into any one of a number of shapes; twists where leaves are entwined into a shaped product; and "loose leaf" where the tobacco is not compressed or shaped but presented to the consumer loose in a pouch. Plugs are generally divided into two categories, soft plugs and hard plugs. The hard plugs typically have a moisture content generally 15% or less while the soft plugs have a higher moisture content. Typically, chewing tobacco is made by cutting tobacco into strips of suitable size; dipping the cut tobacco in a casing solution; partially drying the cased tobacco; holding the tobacco in containers for a bulking period; and finally packaging it. Generally the tobacco has been fermented and aged prior to the cutting step. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04917161__ ·

Chewing tobacco product Inventor(s): Sprinkle, III; Robert S. (Richmond, VA), Glock; Eugene (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): American Brands, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,092,352 Date filed: December 14, 1983 Abstract: A chewing tobacco product that does not disintegrate during mastication characterized by a uniform flavor and a smooth chew that consists of a blend of 10 to 70% of particulate tobacco in a chewing gum base present in the amount of 20 to 75% of the product, together with a glycerine humectant in the amount of 2 to 12% of the product, and sweetening and flavoring agents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a chewing tobacco product that does not disintegrate during mastication and has a uniform flavor, a more pleasant appearance and provides a smooth chew. The chewing tobacco products on the market consist of plugs or packages of chewing tobacco. Both products include a mixture of tobacco leaf and tobacco casing, which may be comprised of a mixture of flavors, sweeteners and humectants. Tobacco casing is frequently used in chewing tobacco products. In the preparation of tobacco in the form of plugs, tobacco casing is mixed with the tobacco leaf and formed into a plug of the desired size. The loose tobacco product is a mixture of the tobacco leaf and tobacco casing usually sold in a package designed to retain flavor and moisture. U.S. Pat. Nos. 865,026 and 904,521, both to Carleton Ellis, relate to tobacco preparations adapted for chewing purposes wherein the included tobacco is thoroughly sealed with a waterproofing masticable waxy body. The Ellis patents disclose, as their primary aspect, a tobacco substitute for weening and curing the habit of tobacco chewing. Use of the Ellis tobacco substitute is indicated to provide the user with the familiar taste of tobacco and its physiological effects, but to a lesser degree. U.S. Pat. No. 1,376,586 to Francis Schwartz describes a tablet of chewing tobacco completely covered

Patents 417

with chicle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,837 to Gary Kehoe et al describes a tobacco flavored chewing gum containing a high level of inert fillers. The chewing gum, further, includes at least 10% air voids entrapped in the matrix which become filled with moisture on chewing, causing an increase in the volume. U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,217 to Ove Birger Ferno et al relates to a chewable smoking substitute containing nicotine in a gum base and a water-soluble buffering agent to maintain the pH of the saliva at about 7.4. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05092352__ ·

Cigarette and filter for tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Grossman; Harold (Silver Spring, MD) Assignee(s): Montclair Research Corporation (Silver Spring, MD) Patent Number: 4,396,026 Date filed: November 21, 1980 Abstract: A filter for tobacco smoke comprises a porous substrate which has a deposit thereon of particles which are crystalline, positively charged at the pH of tobacco smoke, water-insoluble, hydrophobic, and oleophilic to provide a coalescing agent which acts to attract and neutralize the negatively charged particles which are dispersed in tobacco smoke. To increase the effectiveness of the filter, the tobacco has mixed therewith and deposited thereon particles of a water-insoluble, hydrophobic, moisture-laden, negative charge-imparting substance. Cigarettes made with tobacco thus treated furnish a number of advantages without being associated with the filter of the invention. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improvements in filters for tobacco smoke, and to the combination of a body of divided tobacco which is treated to make the filter associated with the tobacco more effective. Cigarette filters now in commercial use are only partially effective; they remove approximately 30% of the tars and nicotine. The approximately 70% that passes the filter obviously is not trapped by the filter material. The reason is that these substances are in the form of fine particles which are colloidally dispersed, and because of their small size pass through the usual or known filters with the gases in which they are dispersed. Tobacco smoke is a two-phase system: a vapor phase and a dispersed particulate phase. The vapor phase may be considered the fraction which is volatile about 86.degree. F., which is smoking temperature, and some high boiling point components not immediately condensed. The smoke consists of approximately 4-9% particulate matter of particles dispersed in the 91-96% vapor phase components. The vapor phase components consist of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide gases and other materials which are in the gaseous state about 86.degree. F. During the smoking process, pyrosynthesis, pyrolysis, and distillation take place, and it has been estimated that there are as many as 700-800 resulting compounds. Straight chain hydrocarbons predominate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04396026__

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Cigarette filter test apparatus and associated method for measuring filter hot collapse and tobacco consumption Inventor(s): Deutsch; Lance J. (Charlotte, SC), Park; Pamela D. (Lake Wylie, SC), Trail; George (McMinnville, TN) Assignee(s): Hoechst Celanese Corporation (Somerville, NJ) Patent Number: 5,377,697 Date filed: August 27, 1993 Abstract: A test apparatus includes an optical displacement transducer for sensing deformation of the cigarette filter responsive to a predetermined load applied transverse to the filter during simulated smoking of the cigarette, and a barcode laser scanner for sensing relative movement of a charline along a tobacco rod of the burning cigarette during simulated smoking. The optical displacement transducer thus produces a filter hot collapse signal, while the barcode laser scanner produces a tobacco consumption signal. A processor, such as a microprocessor operating under stored program control, samples the hot collapse signal and the tobacco consumption signal to generate a series of respective data points. A display is operatively connected to the processor for generating a graphical representation of at least one of the hot collapse signal and the tobacco consumption signal as a function of time, based upon the respective sampled data points. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of test apparatus for cigarettes, and more particularly, to a tester and associated method for cigarette filters. The hardness or firmness of a cigarette filter is a significant indicator of the quality of the cigarette. Smokers generally prefer a filter which substantially retains its hardness, and therefore its shape, during smoking. The effectiveness of the filter may also suffer should the filter collapse during smoking. In addition, a relatively hard filter rod, from which individual filters are cut, is more easily handled during the manufacturing of cigarettes. A typical cigarette filter is formed of cellulose acetate filaments and includes certain additives which cause bonding of adjacent or intersecting portions of the cellulose acetate filaments. Thus, a predetermined initial or "cold" hardness for the filter may be obtained by selecting the desired additives and applying them in desired quantities. However, during smoking "hot collapse", occurs. In other words, smoke condensate and other factors cause the fibers to soften leading to a loss in hardness of the filter. This hot collapse is readily perceived to be a sensory defect by the smoker, and is particularly noticeable over the last few puffs of a cigarette when the hot collapse is greatest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05377697__

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Cigarette filters containing strands of tobacco-containing materials Inventor(s): Raker; Mark L. (Clemmons, NC) Assignee(s): R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Winston-Salem, NC) Patent Number: 5,025,814 Date filed: May 12, 1987 Abstract: Filter rods for cigarette manufacture include a plurality of strands of a reconstituted tobacco material. The tobacco material includes a sizing agent having a hydrophobic character. A rod having a circumference of about 24 mm can have about 320 strands of a sheet-like material cut at about 32 cuts per inch. The strands extend

Patents 419

along the longitude of the rod. The filter elements provided from the rods provide a useful mouthpiece for cigarettes and also impart a unique tobacco taste. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to smoking articles such as cigarettes, and in particular to filters for smoking articles having longitudinally extending strands provided from tobacco-containing sheet-like materials. Popular smoking articles such as cigarettes have a substantially cylindrical rod shaped structure which includes a charge of smokable material such as tobacco surrounded by a wrapper such as paper. It has become desirable to manufacture cigarettes having filters constructed from fibrous materials such as cellulose acetate. Such filters can provide unique taste characteristics to cigarettes as well as preventing tobacco particles from being drawn into the smoker's mouth during use of the cigarette. Conventional methods for making cigarette filters involve the forming of rods from a source of cellulose acetate filter tow. Exemplary methods and apparatus are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,741,846; 4,132,189 and 4,283,998 to Greve et al. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05025814__ ·

Cigarette having circumferential grooves in the tobacco rod Inventor(s): Kounnas; Christopher N. (Louisville, KY) Assignee(s): Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (Louisville, KY) Patent Number: 4,825,885 Date filed: February 25, 1988 Abstract: A cigarette having a tobacco rod circumscribed by a combustible wrapper. The wrapped tobacco rod includes a plurality of circumferential grooves embedded in the wrapper and underlying tobacco rod. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to smoking articles, and more particularly to cigarettes. Conventional cigarettes are formed with generally cylindrical tobacco columns. The term cylindrical as used herein means tobacco columns which are either circular or oval in transverse cross-section. Conventional tobacco columns have a constant circumference, that is, they are substantially uniform in circumference along the entire length of the tobacco column without any discontinuity in the circumference. The present invention provides a cigarette tobacco column comprising a rod of tobacco, a wrapper of combustible material circumscribing the tobacco rod, and a plurality of circumferential grooves embedded in the wrapper and underlying tobacco rod, the circumferential grooves being spaced apart from each other along the length of the wrapped tobacco rod. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04825885__

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Cigarette manufacturing machine of the double tobacco rod type Inventor(s): Belvederi; Bruno (S.Martino di Monte S.Pietro, IT), Balestrazzi; Duilio (Anzola Emilia, IT), Lanzarini; Luigi (Crespellano, IT) Assignee(s): G.D. S.p.A. (Bologna, IT) Patent Number: 5,360,021 Date filed: September 21, 1993

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Abstract: In a cigarette manufacturing machine of the double rod type, two fillets of tobacco carried by two first conveyor belts are deposited onto two second conveyor belts, positioned beneath the first and carrying two respective strips of paper. Permeable to air, the four belts operate in conjunction with suction devices, ensuring that the tobacco and the papers remain pinned firmly against the respective belts, and are looped round top and bottom supports encompassing a void which is flanked on either side by the belts and exposed thus to suction; at least one of the two supports incorporates a passage by means of which the void is maintained at a pressure substantially identical to that of the environment surrounding the belts and the supports, thereby neutralizing the partial vacuum that otherwise would be created in the void with suction generated continuously through the belts. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a cigarette manufacturing machine of the double rod type. In a machine of this type, as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,812, two continuous bands or fillets of tobacco are formed by causing single particles of tobacco to collect beneath two respective supports. The supports are provided by the bottom branches of two conveyor belts disposed mutually parallel and looped around corresponding beams or supporting structures providing internal chambers connected to respective sources of suction. The conveyor belts are made of a material which is permeable to air, and the bottom of each chamber communicates with holes emerging onto the back of the respective belt, such that suction can be generated through the bottom branch of each belt and the corresponding fillet of tobacco thus supported from above as it forms. The fillets of tobacco are subjected to a skimming operation during their progress along the bottom branches of the belts, for ensuring a substantially constant thickness. The tobacco is released from the ends of the belts at a respective transfer station, or position, and taken up by a further section of the machine in which formation of the two continuous cigarette rods is brought about. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05360021__ ·

Cigarette manufacturing machine with a tobacco particle separator Inventor(s): Mattei; Riccardo (Bologna, IT) Assignee(s): G.D Societa' Per Azioni (Turin, IT) Patent Number: 4,729,388 Date filed: March 14, 1986 Abstract: A cigarette manufacturing machine having a shredded tobacco supply unit, a unit for wrapping the shredded tobacco, an air permeable conveyor belt extending from the supply unit and the wrapping unit for transferring a continuous layer of tobacco held by vacuum on the belt to the wrapping unit; the supply unit comprising a downflow duct for shredded tobacco, a well communicating with the bottom end of the down-flow duct, and an up-flow duct for the tobacco; the bottom end of the up-flow duct communicating with the well, and the top end of the up-flow duct being closed by the belt; and separating apparatus for separating unsuitable particles from the shredded tobacco for cigarette manufacture, with the separating apparatus having a duct substantially in the shape of an upside-down U; a tubular connection extending between the U-shaped duct and the well; a first end of the U-shaped duct communicating with a dump, and a second end of the U-shaped duct communicating with the down-flow duct.

Patents 421

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cigarette manufacturing machine with a tobacco particle separator. On cigarette manufacturing machines, shredded tobacco is usually fed through an input feedbox to a bin inside which a carding unit feeds the tobacco into a down-flow duct. The bottom end of the said down-flow duct is usually connected to a well from which there extends upwards an up-flow duct the top end of which is closed off by a conveyor belt permeable by air. The tobacco from the said down-flow duct is usually deposited on to the said conveyor belt by means of suction exerted through the belt itself. The suction exerted through the said conveyor belt is usually sufficient for forcing up, along the said up-flow duct, lighter tobacco particles consisting of dust and relatively minute shreds, whereas any lumps and/or woody particles drop down by force of gravity into the said well. As only a small percentage of the material dropping into the well actually consists of waste material, all manner of attempts have been made, on known cigarette manufacturing machines, to separate the waste from the reclaimable material inside the said well, and to feed the reclaimed material back up along the said up-flow duct. For this purpose, extremely complex wells have been devised, inside which, air jets, differing in force and direction provide for unraveling any lumps, and for feeding any reclaimed lighter particles back up along the up-flow duct. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04729388__ ·

Cigarette manufacturing machine with an auxiliary tobacco feed unit Inventor(s): Mattei; Riccardo (Bologna, IT), Belvederi; Bruno (Monte S. Pietro, IT), Ghini; Franco (Bologna, IT) Assignee(s): G. D. Societa' per Azioni (Bologna, IT) Patent Number: 4,756,315 Date filed: January 12, 1987 Abstract: A cigarette manufacturing machine having an auxiliary recycled tobacco feed unit communicating with a downflow duct for feeding tobacco to a continuous cigarette rod forming section; the aforementioned auxiliary unit comprising an input conveyor belt communicating with a vibratory tray located between the output of the aforementioned conveyor and the aforementioned downflow duct; tobacco flow along the aforementioned input conveyor being regulated by mobile deflecting elements connected to means for controlling the tobacco level inside the aforementioned downflow duct. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cigarette manufacturing machine having an auxiliary tobacco feed unit. Cigarette manufacturing machines are known to comprise an input chamber from which shredded tobacco is withdrawn by a carding unit and fed into a downflow duct. At the bottom end of the said downflow duct, provision is made for a conveyor for feeding the tobacco to the bottom end of an upflow output duct. The said downflow duct usually acts as a store for a permanent column of tobacco, from the bottom end of which tobacco is withdrawn continually by a toothed roller and fed onto the said conveyor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04756315__

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Cigarette manufacturing method and machine with short tobacco distribution control Inventor(s): Mattei; Riccardo (Bologna, IT) Assignee(s): G.D Societa' per Azioni (Bologna, IT) Patent Number: 4,595,026 Date filed: December 10, 1984 Abstract: Cigarette manufacturing method and machine with short tobacco distribution control, whereby the long and short tobacco in a mass of shredded tobacco is separated and fed along different routes to a belt supplying a continuous cigarette rod manufacturing unit; the short tobacco being fed through two containers arranged in line and communicating with each other through an adjustable-section opening, the first of the containers being a storage tank and the second a tank having an essentially constant tobacco level and from which the short tobacco flows out in proportion to the speed of the belt. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cigarette manufacturing method providing for short tobacco distribution control. On cigarette manufacturing machines, cigarettes are known to be made starting from a continuous rod produced by folding a continuous strip of paper crosswise round a stream of shredded tobacco fed continuously on to the said strip of paper. The physical characteristics of the cigarettes produced by cutting the said continuous rod crosswise are invariably inconsistent, at times varying considerably from one cigarette to another. The cigarettes coming off the same machine and made from the same batch of tobacco invariably differ in weight, permeability and the extent to which the tobacco is held inside. Such differences are caused by the nonhomogeneous nature of the tobacco and, consequently, of the stream of tobacco produced and deposited on to the said continuous strip of paper, the reason for this being uneven distribution of the different-size particles of which the tobacco is composed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04595026__

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Cigarette or tobacco package with re-usable aroma releasant for multiple package openings Inventor(s): Keaveney; Benedict (Rexdale, CA), Thomas; David R.E. (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 5,938,018 Date filed: April 15, 1998 Abstract: A re-usable aroma releasant is provided on a package of tobacco product such as cigarettes, pipe tobacco, fine cut tobacco and the like. The aroma releasant is activated to release aroma every time the package is opened. The packages comprises a tobacco product containment portion and a tobacco product containment closure portion. The closure portion is removed from the containment portion to gain access to the tobacco product. The aroma releasant may have a peel seal connecting the containment portion and the closure portion. The peel seal seals the aroma in the substrate reservoir provided on the package. The peel seal is peeled from the substrate reservoir to permit opening of the package and simultaneously releasing aroma from the reservoir. The peel seal reseals the reservoir on closure of the package. A re-usable aroma releasant is provided where every time the smoker opens the package, fresh aroma is released.

Patents 423

Suitable aromas include, essence of tobacco, coffee, menthol or other pleasant aromas associated with tobacco smoking. Excerpt(s): A re-usable aroma releasant is provided on a package of cigarettes or a tobacco package such as pouch package or fine cut tobacco container. The aroma releasant is activated to release aroma every time the package is opened. The aroma releasant may be in the form of a reservoir where the flavour or aroma is released every time the reservoir is activated. This may be achieved by unsealing and resealing the reservoir every time the package is opened and closed. This system provides the user with a pleasant aroma associated with the use of tobacco and the flavour of cigarette smoking. The aroma releasant is in some way activated by the mechanical movement of opening the package to release the desired aroma. Conversely, when the package is closed such mechanical movement is translated into de-activating the aroma releasant. This provides for a re-usable aroma releasant where every time the customer opens the package, fresh aroma is released. The life of the aroma releasant is designed to suit the product life cycle of the package. The aroma may be released by an aromatic substance containing the essence of tobacco, coffee, menthol, or other pleasant aroma associated with the smoking of tobacco. Various flavourants have been incorporated in tobaccos, loose tobacco, cigarette tobacco and the like. Sometimes customers incorporate flavourants in the tobacco to maintain a desired freshness and aroma. Menthol has been incorporated in tobacco to provide a menthol feel when inhaling cigarette smoke. A smoker would understandably prefer to be reminded of the freshness of the cigarettes not only when the package is opened, but each time after the package is opened. This can be achieved to some extent when the cigarettes of a package are smoked reasonably quickly. There is not sufficient time for the cigarettes to dry out so that each time the package is opened the aroma of fresh cigarettes is released. It would be beneficial, however, to provide a release of aroma not only when the cigarette packages or tobacco packages are first opened but as well each subsequent multiple occurrence of such opening. U.S. Pat. 4,717,017 describes a means for releasing an aromatic substance on opening of the package but that system is a one time use. The flavourant or aromatic substance is contained in a receptacle which is ruptured when the cigarette package is opened. Such rupturing of the receptacle releases the flavourant and hence, provides the customer with an aromatic smell when the package is first opened. Such rupturing of the receptacle prevents its re-use and as well can release flavourant into the tobacco which can affect the smokers' desired taste and flavour of the tobacco when smoked. Similar systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,423 and 5,249,676. Again, each system is a one time use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05938018__ ·

Cigarette with improved tobacco substrate Inventor(s): Beeson; Dwayne William (Kernersville, NC), Shelar; Gary Roger (Greensboro, NC), Banerjee; Chandra Kumar (Pfafftown, NC), Conner; Billy Tyrone (Greensboro, NC), Hoots; Randall Allison (Yadkinville, NC) Assignee(s): R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Winston-Salem, NC) Patent Number: 6,378,528 Date filed: September 22, 1999 Abstract: An improved substrate for use in smoking articles is produced by infusing aerosol forming material into tobacco. The infusion can take place in one or multiple steps. Preferably, about 10% to about 40% by weight of aerosol former, such as glycerin

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is infused into strip tobacco at elevated temperatures. The tobacco containing the aerosol former may then be dried, equilibrated to ambient conditions and/or blended with tobacco which does not have added aerosol former. Preferably the resulting material is again infused with an additional about 5% to about 15% by weight of aerosol former, at elevated temperatures. The new substrate material, and the method for making it, result in a substrate which has reduced migration of aerosol former and substantially improved manufacturing characteristics. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to smoking articles such as cigarettes, and in particular, to those smoking articles having a short fuel element and a physically separate aerosol generating means. These smoking articles are capable of providing the smoker with the pleasures of smoking (e.g., smoking taste, feel, satisfaction, and the like). The invention particularly relates to improved methods for making improved substrates for use in such smoking articles. Cigarettes, cigars and pipes are popular smoking articles which use tobacco in various forms. Many products have been proposed as improvements upon, or alternatives to, the various popular smoking articles. For example, numerous references have proposed articles which generate a flavored vapor and/or a visible aerosol. Most of such articles have employed a combustible fuel source to provide an aerosol and/or to heat an aerosol forming material. See, for example, the background art cited in U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,082 to Banerjee et al. A number of smoking articles have been designed and produced having a short carbonaceous fuel element and a physically separate aerosol generating means. Smoking articles of this type, as well as materials, methods and/or apparatus useful therein and/or for preparing them, are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,151 to Shelar; U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,082 to Banerjee et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,168 to Resce; U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,318 to Clearman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,644 to Haarer et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,365 to Sensabaugh et al., and the patents cited in U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,965, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06378528__ ·

Cigarette-making machine with an auxiliary tobacco supply unit Inventor(s): Seragnoli; Enzo (Bologna, IT) Assignee(s): G.D Societa' per Azioni (Bologna, IT) Patent Number: 4,524,781 Date filed: August 6, 1982 Abstract: A cigarette-making machine having a main tobacco supply unit; a descending chimney for shredded tobacco, said descending chimney extending downwards from the main tobacco supply unit; an intermediate lateral aperture in the chimney; an auxiliary tobacco supply unit communicating with the chimney and comprising a shredded tobacco output conveyor having an outlet end arranged at the aperture and movable transversely thereacross to sweep a transverse section of the chimney; and an actuator connected to the output conveyor to move it transversely. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cigarette-making machine with an auxilliary tobacco supply unit. Cigarette-making machines including an input chamber from which shredded tobacco is withdrawn by the operation of a carding unit, to be supplied to a descending chimney, are known. At the lower end of this latter there is disposed a feed conveyor which conveys tobacco towards the lower end of an ascending output chimney. In general the said descending chimney serves as an accumulation

Patents 425

magazine in that it constantly contains a column of tobacco from the lower end of which the tobacco is withdrawn continuously by a toothed roller which feeds it over the said conveyor. The above described known cigarette-making machines are normally fed, in part, with recycled tobacco, withdrawn downstream of the said ascending output chimney by means of shaver devices and frequently introduced directly into the said input chamber. Because of the reduced dimensions of fragments of recycled tobacco, and because of the consequent difficulty with which these are taken up by the carding unit, such a solution does not always guarantee sufficient uniformity of the level of tobacco within the descending chimney. This non-uniformity involves significant disadvantages in that it is manifested as a non-uniformity in the layer of tobacco formed by the said toothed roller on the said conveyor, and therefore as a non-uniformity in the distribution of tobacco along a continuous rod of cigarette which, as is known, is formed at the output of the said ascending chimney. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04524781__ ·

Citrus-flavored tobacco articles Inventor(s): Garrard; Victor G. (Durham, NC), Hudson; Albert B. (Greensboro, NC) Assignee(s): Lorillard, Inc. (Greensboro, NC) Patent Number: 4,832,059 Date filed: December 8, 1987 Abstract: Tobacco articles, including cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco, and the like, containing citral acetal which have a fresh, clean, true and longlived citrus aroma and flavor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel citrus-flavored tobacco articles, and processes for producing same. More particularly, it relates to tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars and chewing tobacco containing a stable citrus flavor which contributes to improved flavor and aroma of the smoking or chewing article, in the package as well as during the consumption of the product. It is well known that a citrus nuance is a very desirable aroma and taste in a tobacco product. Many attempts have been made in the past to amplify this citrus nuance to a level that can be easily perceived as a citrus flavor in the product. However, these attempts have failed because prior citrus flavorants are either unstable after being applied to the tobacco blend, yield negative taste characteristics when applied at a level high enough for citrus flavor to be perceived by the smoker or do not retain perceivable citrus notes throughout storage and the full smoking time of the smoking article. U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,449 discloses the use of a mixture of the specific saturated aldehydes n-hexanal, n-octanal, n-nonanal and nheptanal, dissolved in ethanol and applied to smoking articles, i.e. filter tip material and tobacco, to give a "citrusy effect" to smoking articles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04832059__

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Clear tobacco aroma oil, a process for obtaining it from a tobacco extract, and its use Inventor(s): Muller; Adam (Dr. Hans-Schack-Strasse 28, D-8630 Coburg, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,506,682 Date filed: December 1, 1982 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining aromatic materials from a tobacco extract (primary extract) obtainable by means of solvents, by mixing this tobacco extract with an adsorbent, treating the mixture obtained with CO.sub.2 in a pressure extraction vessel under extraction conditions (secondary extraction) and isolating a clear tobacco aroma oil in a downstream separating vessel.The invention also relates to a new tobacco aroma oil which is free of resins, waxes and polyphenols and has a considerably reduced nicotine content.The invention further relates to the use of the obtainable tobacco aroma oil for aromatizing tobacco or tobacco products. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new product which is a clear tobacco aroma oil which is free of polyphenols, resins and waxes and has a reduced (lowered) nicotine content of 5 to 50% relative (relative to the tobacco from which the tobacco aroma oil originates) and which has the tobacco smell typical of the particular starting tobacco used. The invention also relates to a process for separating clear tobacco aroma oil from a tobacco extract and its use in accordance with the patent claims. In manufacturing tobacco goods, the aromatization of the tobacco plays an important role. Attempts to isolate, in part or completely, from highly aromatic tobaccos or tobacco wastes, the tobacco aroma oil typical of the particular tobacco in order to add it to different, weakly aromatic tobaccos of the same provenience were hitherto unsuccessful because it proved impossible to isolate an absolute (clear) tobacco aroma oil free of resins and waxes and having a reduced nicotine content. This process is expensive and of low efficiency in respect of the isolation and utilisation of the tobacco aroma, since the product obtained in the first stage is not a clear liquid tobacco aroma oil which can be separated from resins and waxes but a paste which includes almost all undesirable waxes and resins of the starting product as well as undesirable polyphenols. In addition, these waxy and resinous materials prevent uniform distribution and aroma transfer in the rearomatization of a tobacco to be treated. Among other disadvantages the polyphenols impair smoke flavor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04506682__

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Cohesive tobacco composition Inventor(s): Keritsis; Gus D. (Richmond, VA), Knudson, Jr. Donald B. (Chester, VA), Osmalov; Jerome S. (Richmond, VA), Seligman; Robert B. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Philip Morris Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,674,519 Date filed: May 21, 1986 Abstract: A process for making a cohesive tobacco composition in which tobacco pectins within the tobacco itself serve as the binder by contacting dry tobacco particles with a solution, which contains an agent to destroy the alkaline earth metal cross-links of the tobacco pectins, under a high shear condition. A reconstituted tobacco sheet is made by forming the resulting mixture into a sheet and drying. In one embodiment ammonia and

Patents 427

tobacco volatiles contained in vapors from the sheet drying step are recovered and recycled into the solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to tobacco products and more particularly to an improved cohesive tobacco composition in which tobacco pectins within the tobacco itself serve as the binder, a process for making the composition, and the production of tobacco sheet from such composition. During the production and processing of tobacco products, including aging, blending, sheet forming, cutting, drying, cooling, screening, shaping and packaging, considerable amounts of tobacco fines, dust, stems, and other small tobacco plant parts are produced. It is known that such small tobacco plant parts can be combined with a binder to form a coherent sheet, which resembles leaf tobacco and which is commonly referred to as reconstituted tobacco. It is also known to treat the small tobacoo plant parts to release tobacco pectins from within the tobacco itself and to use such pectins as the binder. Such processes are taught by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,353,541 and 3,420,241 to Hind and Seligman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,386,449 to Hind, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,815 to Deszyck, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Unlike reconstituted tobacco made with non-tobacco derived binders, the reconstituted tobacco which is obtained from such pectin release processes need not contain any added cellulose or proteinaceous material which is foreign to tobacco, since the binder which is employed may be derived solely from tobacco, and may be produced in such a manner that it contains no materials other than those which naturally occur in tobacco. Thus, reconstituted tobacco produced in accordance with these processes can be so formulated as to be similar to natural tobacco in physical properties and chemical composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04674519__ ·

Composition and method for controlling growth of tobacco suckers Inventor(s): Zinninger; Thomas C. (Pittsburgh, PA), Deli; Joseph (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 4,404,016 Date filed: September 28, 1981 Abstract: Sucker growth on tobacco plants is controlled by applying to the topped plants, after application of a contact sucker control agent or a contact and a systemic sucker control agent, a solution of alkyl N-(halophenyl)carbamate, e.g., CIPC, in alkylene glycol, e.g., ethylene glycol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a chemical composition and method of controlling, i.e., inhibiting, the growth of suckers on tobacco plants. Sucker growth on tobacco plants is typically controlled by one or more periodic applications of contact sucker control agent, e.g., saturated fatty alcohol, to the plant, after topping which treatment is usually followed by one or more periodic applications of systemic sucker control agent, e.g., maleic hydrazide. Although this mode of treatment provides satisfactory sucker control, the tobacco plants have been found to contain undesirably high residues of maleic hydrazide, which is a suspected carcinogen. Alkyl N-(halophenyl)carbamates, e.g., isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate, are known to provide satisfactory control of sucker growth; however, when applied to typical sucker controlling amounts, these materials ordinarily cause deformation, i.e., puckering, of the tobacco plant leaf. This invention provides means for controlling, i.e., inhibiting, the growth of tobacco suckers, by applying to topped tobacco plants, that have been previously treated with contact

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sucker control agent, e.g., saturated fatty alcohol, a liquid composition comprising an alkylene glycol solution of alkyl N-(halophenyl)carbamate, e.g., isopropyl N-(3chlorophenyl)carbamate. The quantity of alky N-(halophenyl)carbamate in the composition may vary over a wide range, for example, from about 1.0 percent by weight up to the maximum solubility of the carbamate in the alkylene glycol. For example, the solubility of isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) in monoethylene glycol is about 0.156 gram per milliliter at ambient temperature. Typically the composition contains from about 8 to 14 percent by weight and preferably from about 12 to 14 percent by weight carbamate based on weight of alkylene glycol. Suitable alkylene glycols for use in accordance with this invention include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or mixtures of ethylene and propylene glycol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04404016__ ·

Composition and method for inhibiting the desire for tobacco Inventor(s): Ju; Wei (New York, NY), Westfried; Morris J. (Brooklyn, NY), Robilotto; Frank J. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Herbs for Health, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,592,956 Date filed: July 3, 1995 Abstract: A mixture of oil of cloves, oil of wintergreen, monosodiumglutamate, extract of evodia fruit, and extract of Sichuan Lovage Rhizome is applied to certain specific acupuncture points on the human body. As a result of such application, the desire for tobacco is reduced or eliminated and, if use of tobacco is attempted, unpleasant reactions, such as nausea, headaches, dizziness, and vomiting, are experienced. Excerpt(s): The present Invention is directed to a composition and method which assists tobacco users in breaking the habit. While portions of this Specification may be expressly directed to smoking, it is to be understood that the method and composition set forth herein are applicable to other forms of tobacco use, such as chewing. As a result of various scientific studies, as well as official and semi-official pronouncements, the dangers of tobacco use have been brought home rather emphatically. As a result, many long-time tobacco users are trying to quit. Various psychological approaches have been tried, including mental therapy, hypnotism, etc. In spite of the foregoing, the percentage of failures and recidivism is relatively high. Therefore, there is a need for something which will reduce the craving for tobacco and assist smokers in ceasing their use thereof. It is, therefore, an object of the present Invention to provide a composition which, when introduced into the body, lessens or eliminates the desire for tobacco. It is a further object of the present Invention to provide a composition which, if the user does take a cigarette, will cause the taste of the smoke to be unpleasant and even, in extreme cases, cause nausea, headaches, dizziness, and vomiting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05592956__

Patents 429

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Compositions for tobacco sucker growth control Inventor(s): Ronning; Patricia M. (St. Paul, MN), Vandesteeg; Gregg A. (Roseville, MN) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,556,410 Date filed: March 10, 1981 Abstract: Tobacco desuckering compositions containing mefluidide or maleic hydrazide, and condensate of about 2 to 40 moles of ethylene oxide with one mole of a C.sub.12-18 unsaturated fatty acid, C.sub.12-18 unsaturated fatty amine, C.sub.12-18 unsaturated fatty amide, or C.sub.12-18 unsaturated fatty alcohol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to plant growth regulator formulations. In addition, this invention relates to a method for inhibiting the growth of tobacco suckers. To stimulate the growth of tobacco leaves, farmers customarily remove the flowers, stem apex, and some top leaves of immature tobacco plants. This process is known as "topping". Topped tobacco plants have a tendency to grow axillary buds ("tobacco suckers") which consume energy otherwise available for the development of tobacco leaves. In order to produce high quality leaves, tobacco plants are desuckered, using manual means or with the aid of plant growth regulation agents. Most tobacco plants in the U.S. are desuckered using maleic hydrazide. Maleic hydrazide has some undesirable characteristics. Its use can undesirably flavor tobacco leaves, reduce their size, increase their reducing sugar content, imbalance their moisture content, and promote false ripening (premature yellowing) of the leaves. These problems become more severe when maleic hydrazide is applied frequently or at high application rates. for these reasons, it would be very desirable if tobacco desuckering could be carried out using other plant growth regulation agents, or using reduced frequency of application and/or amounts of maleic hydrazide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04556410__

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Compositions for treating tobacco withdrawal symptoms and methods for their use Inventor(s): Wurtman; Richard J. (Boston, MA), Wurtman; Judith J. (Boston, MA), Spring; Bonnie (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 4,999,382 Date filed: October 26, 1988 Abstract: Compositions useful in the treatment of disturbances of appetite, disturbances of mood, or both, nicotine withdrawal associated as well as experienced by individuals after discontinuing tobacco use as methods of use therefor. The compositions include serotoninergic drugs, such as d-fenfluramine and fluoxetine. Excerpt(s): Discontinuing the use of nicotine is extremely difficult for many smokers; approximately 70% of those who seek help in formal treatment programs are no longer abstinent twelve months later. Jaffe, J. (1980) In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, p. 535-584, A. G. Gilman, L. Goodman and A. Gilman eds., MacMillan Col, N.Y. Nicotine withdrawal causes symptoms that are most intense 48-72 hours after smoking is discontinued; they include increased anxiety, hostility and depression, as well as reduction in subjective vigor and impairment in concentration. D. K. Hatsukami et al. (1984) Psychopharmacology, 84:231-236. Subsequently, the withdrawn smoker

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experiences the absence of nicotine's reinforcing properties: muscle relaxation, reduction of irritability, facilitation of alertness, and suppression of appetite. The ex-smoker is also at risk for weight gain, the most reliably demonstrated behavioral consequence of smoking cessation. J. D. Matarazzo (1984) In: Psychology and Health, Vol. 3, p. 7-43, B. L. Hammonds and C. J. Scheirer (Eds.) Amer. Psych. Ass'n, Washington, D.C. In a majority of rats and humans, the weight gain is generated primarily by increased consumption of high-carbohydrate foods. N. E. Grunberg, 1982, Addictive Behaviors, 7:317-331; N. E. Grunberg et al., 1984, Psychopharmacology, 83:93-98; N. E. Grunberg et al., 1985, Psychopharmacology, 87:198-203. Because of the adverse effects of smoking on health and the difficulty so many smokers encounter in giving up smoking, it would be very useful to have an effective smoking cessation method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04999382__ ·

Compositions for treating tobacco withdrawl symtoms and methods for their use Inventor(s): Wurtman; Richard J. (Boston, MA), Wurtman; Judith J. (Boston, MA), Spring; Bonnie (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): Massachusettes Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,179,126 Date filed: November 28, 1990 Abstract: Compositions useful in the treatment of disturbances of appetite, disturbances of mood, or both, nicotine withdrawl associated as well as experienced by individuals after discontinuing tobacco use as methods of use therefor. The compositions include serotoninergic drugs, such as d-fenfluramine and fluoxetine. Excerpt(s): Discontinuing the use of nicotine is extremely difficult for many smokers; approximately 70% of those who seek help in formal treatment programs are no longer abstinent twelve months later. Jaffe, J. (1980) In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, p. 535-584, A. G. Gilman, L. Goodman and A. Gilman eds., MacMillan Col, NY. Nicotine withdrawal causes symptoms that are most intense 48-72 hours after smoking is discontinued; they include increased anxiety, hostility and depression, as well as reduction in subjective vigor and impairment in concentration. D. K. Hatsukami et al. (1984) Psychopharmacology, 84:231-236. Subsequently, the withdrawn smoker experiences the a reinforcing properties: muscle relaxation, reduction of irritability, facilitation of alertness, and suppression of appetite. The ex-smoker is also at risk for weight gain, the most reliably demonstrated behavioral consequence of smoking cessation. J. D. Matarazzo (1984) In: Psychology and Health, Vol. 3, p. 7-43, B. L. Hammonds and C. J. Scheirer (Eds.) Amer. Psych. Ass'n, Washington, DC. In a majority of rats and humans, the weight gain is generated primarily by increased consumption of high-carbohydrate foods. N. E. Grunberg, 1982, Addictive Behaviors, 7:317-331; N. E. Grunberg et al., 1984, Psychopharmacology, 83:93-98; N. E. Grunberg et al., 1985, Psychopharmacology, 87:198-203. Because of the adverse effects of smoking on health and the difficulty so many smokers encounter in giving up smoking, it would be very useful to have an effective smoking cessation method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05179126__

Patents 431

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Compression molding apparatus for a cut tobacco layer in a cigarette manufacturing machine Inventor(s): Okumoto; Yutaka (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Tobacco Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,810,016 Date filed: April 24, 1997 Abstract: A compression molding apparatus for a cut tobacco layer in a cigarette manufacturing machine comprises a shoe for separating the cut tobacco layer from a suction belt and feeding the cut tobacco layer onto paper and a tongue coupled integrally to the shoe. The respective lower surfaces of the shoe and the tongue are smoothly continuous with each other, and, in conjunction with a molding groove in a wrapping section, defines a compression molding passage for molding the cut tobacco layer into a rod. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for molding a cut tobacco layer into a predetermined shape by compression before a tobacco rod is formed with the cut tobacco layer and paper in a cigarette manufacturing machine. A cigarette manufacturing machine continuously forms a tobacco rod by wrapping a cut tobacco layer, attracted to a suction belt, in paper in a wrapping section. To attain this, the cigarette manufacturing machine is provided with a compression molding apparatus for smoothly guiding the cut tobacco layer from the suction belt onto the paper in the wrapping section. An example of the compression molding apparatus of this type is disclosed in Jpn. UM Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 62-33588. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05810016__

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Continuous method of denitrating tobacco extracts Inventor(s): Gaisch; Helmut (Cormondreche, CH), Krasna; Beth (Cormondreche, CH), Schulthess; Dieter (Neuchatel, CH) Assignee(s): Fabriques de Tabac Reunies S.A. (Neuchatel, CH) Patent Number: 4,622,982 Date filed: June 6, 1980 Abstract: An improved method of reducing the nitrate, nitrite and ammonium compound content of an aqueous tobacco extract employing microorganisms is described. The nitrates, nitrites and ammonium compounds are eliminated on a continuous basis via an aerobic assimilatory metabolic pathway by introducing aqueous tobacco extract and necessary additives into a work mixture, containing suitable microorganisms, at a dilution rate which does not exceed the growth rate of the microorganisms while withdrawing a portion of the work mixture at a rate such that the volume of the work mixture remains constant. Optionally the biomass may be removed from the withdrawn mixture. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a continuous process for reducing the levels of certain nitrogen-containing compounds present in tobacco materials using microorganisms. Specifically, the present invention provides a process for reducing the levels of nitrates, nitrites and ammonium compounds via an aerobic assimilatory metabolic pathway employing conditions such that continuous, rather thar batch, operation is possible. It is generally recognized that smoking products having lowered

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amounts of oxides of nitrogen present in smoke are desirable. Therefore, a number of methods have been developed to reduce the delivery of oxides of nitrogen by smoking products. Among these techniques are various methods wherein the nitrate content of the tobacco is altered. For example, methods involving microbial treatment of tobacco to accomplish such nitrate reduction have been proposed. Specifically in Gaisch et al. Belgian Pat. No. 886,445 published Aug. 14, 1978 and assigned to Fabriques de Tabac Reunies S.A. a process for degrading nitrates and nitrites in tobacco to nitrogen or ammonia compounds by means of microorganisms which would normally require oxygen, but are capable of anaerobic denitration is described. Gaisch et al. German Offenlegungsschrift No. 28 16427, filed Apr. 15, 1978 and published Nov. 9, 1978, describes a process for microbial degradation of nitrate, nitrite and other nitrogen containing compounds in tobacco. According to Gaisch et al., under nitrogen deficiency or oxygen deficiency conditions, the microorganisms employed obtain their nitrogen or oxygen requirements respectively from nitrate or nitrite degradation. The microorganisms which can be used in these two processes may be selected from the genus Aerobacter, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus or Escherichia, with Enterobacter aerogenes being specifically employed in the examples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04622982__ ·

Continuous process for microbial degradation of tobacco constituents containing nitrates Inventor(s): Gaisch; Helmut (Cormondreche, CH), Schulthess; Dieter (Neuchatel, CH) Assignee(s): Fabriques De Tabac Reunies S.A. (Neuchatel, CH) Patent Number: 4,524,786 Date filed: September 9, 1982 Abstract: Microbial degradation of nitrates in a tobacco extract takes place in a first fermenter under exponential growth conditions of the micro-organisms employed and subsequently in a second fermenter under stationary growth conditions of the degrading micro-organisms. In the first fermenter, carbohydrates are added, while in the second fermenter the depot carbohydrates which the micro-organisms have stored in the first fermenter are utilized. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a continuous process for the microbial degradation of tobacco constituents, containing nitrates, nitrites and ammonium. In such a process, a fresh aqueous tobacco extract is introduced continuously into a fermenter in which exponential growth conditions for the micro-organisms are maintained, and treated extract is removed. In the exponential growth phase of micro-organisms, in which the biomass multiplies in accordance with an exponential function, the micro-organisms take up excess carbohydrates and utilize them to form reserve depots. These reserve depots cannot be utilized for the desired microbial degradation during the exponential growth phase. In the stationary phase, however, that is to say under conditions in which the biomass just maintains its level, these reserve depots can be utilized, but only at the cost of very slow progress of the desired microbial degradation. It is an object of the present invention to provide a process of the above-mentioned type in which not only is the degradation rate high, but the depot losses are nevertheless reduced or diminished. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04524786__

Patents 433

Patent Applications on Tobacco As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tobacco: ·

Aluminum alloy heat exchanger resistive to tobacco odor impregnation Inventor(s): Sugawara, Hiroyoshi; (Anjo-city, JP), Hamamura, Kazunari; (Tokyo, JP), Kobayashi, Kengo; (Nagoya-city, JP), Kasebe, Osamu; (Okazaki-city, JP), Uchiyama, Kazuhisa; (Nagoya-city, JP) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE, PC; 1100 N GLEBE ROAD; 8TH FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030150600 Date filed: January 2, 2003 Abstract: An aluminum alloy heat exchanger having excellent hydrophilicity and resistance to absorption or impregnation of tobacco odorous components has an organic hydrophilic coating layer formed on at least a portion of a base body of the heat exchanger and containing (A) at least one chitosan compound, (B) at least one two or more carboxyl group-containing organic compound and (C) at least one hydrophilic polymeric substance different from the components (A) and (B), in which the total solid content of components (A) and (B) is 20 mass % or more and the solid content of component (C) is 0.1 to 10 mass %. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aluminum alloy heat exchanger resistive to tobacco odor impregnation, absorption and sticking. In particular, the present invention relates to an aluminum alloy heat exchanger with a coating having a reduced absorption of the odorous components of tobacco, etc. When an aluminum alloy heat exchanger usable as an air conditioner for a motor car is operated, condensed water adheres to the surfaces of fins. When the fin surfaces have a low wetting property, the condensed water forms water droplets substantially in the form of semispheres on the fin surfaces, or water bridges are formed between the fin surfaces. The semispheric water drops and the water bridges form resistance to airflow and other problems, for example, a reduction in heat exchange efficiency and generation of noise. In the prior art for solving the above-mentioned disadvantages, an organic hydrophilic coating is usually formed on the surface of the heat exchanger. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-299,877 discloses a coating formed from a combination of polyvinyl alcohol with a specific water-soluble polymer and a crosslinking agent, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-270,977 discloses use of polyacrylamide resins, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 6-306,247 discloses copolymerization of specific hydrophilic monomers, and Japanese Patent No. 2520308 (JP-A-2-258874) discloses use of organic hydrophilic treating agents comprising carboxymethylcellulose polymers, N-methylolacrylamide, polyacrylic acid and a zirconium compound. It is also known that odorous components contained in the ambient atmospheric air or air contained in the heat exchanger are absorbed by the condensed water adhered to the surface of the heat exchanger and are gradually accumulated on the heat exchanger surface over time, and then the odorous components

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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are released from the heat exchanger surface during operation of the air conditioner, and give off an offensive odor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Density checking apparatus for tobacco flavor-tasting article or component of tobacco flavor-tasting article Inventor(s): Ishikawa, Yoshiaki; (Sumida-ku, JP), Kida, Shinzo; (Sumida-ku, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020030820 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: In an optical density checking apparatus, a 0.7-.mu.m first light beam not transmitted through shredded leaf tobacco and a 1.3-.mu.m second light beam transmitted through the shredded leaf tobacco, which are from first and second light sources, are synthesized, and an obtained synthetic light beam is applied to a tobacco rod. The projected light quantities, reflected light quantities, and passing light quantities of the first and second light beams are measured by a composite light-receiving element, projected light quantity control circuit, and arithmetic circuit. The arithmetic circuit calculates the transmitted light quantity of the second light beam transmitted through the shredded leaf tobacco on the basis of the projected light quantities, reflected light quantities, and passing light quantities of the first and second light beams, and calculates the density of the shredded leaf tobacco on the basis of the transmitted light quantity. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation Application of PCT Application No. PCT/JP00/07455, filed Oct. 25, 2000, which was not published under PCT Article 21(2) in English. The present invention relates to a checking apparatus directed to as a test target a rod-like flavor-tasting article or a component thereof having an aggregate of a large number of small pieces, such as shredded leaf tobacco, to optically check the density of the small pieces. This checking apparatus can be used in, e.g., a system that manufactures a tobacco rod by wrapping shredded leaf tobacco with a wrapper, to feedback-control the amount of shredded leaf tobacco introduced to the tobacco rod and to eliminate a defective tobacco rod. In a process of manufacturing a flavor-tasting article such as a cigarette, tobacco rod, or tobacco filter, or a component of the same, to know whether the product is defective or not, the density of each constituent member of the flavortasting article must be checked. For example, in a system for manufacturing a tobacco rod by wrapping shredded leaf tobacco with a wrapper, an optical density checking apparatus is used to obtain the packed state of the shredded leaf tobacco in the tobacco rod. As a checking apparatus of this type, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKOKU Publication No. 82288 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,805, 641 and 4,986,285) discloses an apparatus for optically checking the density of a tobacco strand by using a light beam within a range of ultraviolet rays to infrared rays. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 435

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Device for perforating rod-shaped articles, particularly in the tobacco-processing industry Inventor(s): Voss, Helmut; (Lockstedt, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020158050 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: A device and a method for producing zones of desired air permeability in the enveloping material of rod-shaped articles, particularly in the tobacco-processing industry. The device comprises a beam-guiding device for focusing an energy-rich beam, generated by a radiation source, onto the enveloping material in order to form perforation zones, as well as a multiple beam-generating device that generates a multiple beam from the single beam. The multiple beam-generating device is provided with at least one optical element that is fixed in its operating position relative to the beam. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of German Patent Applications Serial Nos. 101 20 923.1, filed on 04.30.2001 and 101 60 167.0, filed on 12.07.2001. The disclosures of the above German priority applications and of each and every U.S. and foreign patent and patent application mentioned below are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a device for producing zones of desired air permeability in the enveloping material of rod-shaped articles, in particular rod-shaped articles in the tobacco-processing industry. The invention relates to a beam guiding arrangement for focussing an energy-rich beam produced by a radiation source onto the enveloping material to form a number of perforation zones, wherein the number of perforation zones corresponds to the number of partial beams. The invention furthermore relates to a multiple beam-generating device that generates a multiple beam from a single beam. The invention also relates to a beam divider, in particular for use in such a device, for dividing a beam generated by a radiation source into at least two partial beams. Finally, the invention relates to a method for producing zones of desired air permeability in the enveloping material of rod-shaped articles, particularly in the tobacco-processing industry. Such a method comprises the steps of focusing an energyrich beam, produced by a radiation source, onto the enveloping material in order to form perforation zones and to generate a multiple beam from a single beam. Rodshaped articles in the tobacco-processing industry in this connection are understood to include all articles provided with a perforation during production or following production. Above all, this refers to filter cigarettes, but can also refer to other types of cigarettes, other rod-shaped smoking articles or filter rods. The enveloping material is understood to include tape used for enveloping tobacco ropes or filter ropes, covering paper tape or sheets and the like, which can be perforated in the form of a material web, ready-to-use sections or as enveloping material for the rod-shaped articles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

436 Tobacco

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Device linking a supply unit and a user unit for the manufacture of tobacco products Inventor(s): Spatafora, Mario; (Bologna, IT) Correspondence: The Law Offices of; Timothy J. Klima; Suite 330; One Massachusetts Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030116168 Date filed: December 18, 2002 Abstract: A supply unit and a user unit employed in the manufacture of tobacco products, typically cigarettes and the like, are linked by a duct along which a mass of the cigarettes is advanced from the outfeed of the supply unit toward the infeed of the user unit. The advancing mass of cigarettes is parted at an intermediate zone of the duct either by rods or by a pair of frames, in such a way as to create a void that will accommodate a trolley directed into the duct from a housing by an elevator; once inside the duct, the trolley proceeds to push the mass of cigarettes from the intermediate zone toward the inlet of a hopper in such a way as to empty the duct completely, for example when changing over from one brand of cigarette to another. To advantage, the trolley is composed of two articulated structures so that its geometry and dimensions can be varied to match the variations in geometry and depth of the duct. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device linking a supply unit and a user unit for the manufacture of tobacco products. It is the practice among manufacturers of tobacco products to connect a supply unit, consisting by way of example in a cigarette maker or filter tip attachment, to a user unit such as a packer. The connection is provided normally by means of a duct extending along a path that presents straight horizontal and vertical portions joined together by curved portions, along which a flow of cigarettes is caused to advance continuously as a compact mass with the single cigarettes disposed transversely to the conveying direction. It is a necessary condition for the smooth operation of such a link that the mass of cigarettes be maintained as compact as possible, in order to prevent the single cigarettes from becoming positioned incorrectly as they advance. Conversely, it will often happen during operation of the machine units in question that the flow is interrupted for various reasons, such as a break in the flow from the supply unit caused by a failure or by a pause to enable changeover from one brand of cigarette to another. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Energy efficient tobacco curing and drying system with heat pipe heat recovery Inventor(s): Dinh, Khanh; (Gainesville, FL) Correspondence: KINNEY & LANGE, P.A. THE KINNEY & LANGE BUILDING; 312 SOUTH THIRD STREET; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55415-1002; US Patent Application Number: 20020088139 Date filed: January 8, 2002 Abstract: The invention is a drying system and a method for its use, the drying system having a container containing a product to be dried and a dryer. The dryer includes an inlet for providing the drying air, a drying air pathway, and a furnace for heating the drying air. The drying air flows through a supply route to the container, where the drying air dries the product and is converted into a return air. The return air flows through a return route back to the dryer. The return air flows through a return air

Patents 437

pathway and a heat exchanger which intersects the return air pathway and the drying air pathway. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the return air to the drying air. The return air is exhausted through an outlet. In a preferred embodiment, the container is a tobacco barn and the product is tobacco. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/260,287, filed Jan. 8, 2001, for "Energy Efficient Tobacco Curing and Drying System with Heat Pipe Heat Recovery" by Khanh Dinh. The curing of bright-leaf (or flue-cured) tobacco is particularly energy intensive, due to the large amount of moisture which must be removed from the freshly harvested leaf. For example, to dry a typical tobacco barn containing 10,000 pounds of green tobacco leaves, one must remove as much as 8,500 pounds of water. Conventional tobacco curing methods are relatively inefficient, requiring an input of heat energy approximately three times that theoretically needed for vaporizing the moisture contained in the harvested leaf. The curing and drying of bright-leaf tobacco is conventionally carried out by the "bulk curing" method, in which tobacco leaves are loaded in a relatively compact mass in racks or in containers and placed inside of an enclosed curing barn, where a furnace circulates a forced flow of heated air through the tobacco leaves under prescribed conditions of temperature and humidity. The curing process involves several distinct phases. Energy demand in the tobacco curing process differs at various phases during the curing cycle. The first phase, called yellowing, typically takes from about36 to 72 hours. During this phase, energy demand is relatively low, with the air temperature from about 95.degree. F. to about 105.degree. F. and with high air recirculation and relatively high humidity. After yellowing, the drying phase begins, and energy demand increases significantly as the curing air temperature is gradually increased up to about 165.degree. F. to about 170.degree. F. with low humidity during most of the drying phase and reduced air recirculation. These conditions fix the color and promote drying of the tobacco leaves. The thin, leafy portions of the tobacco dries first, and the thicker stem portions dry later. The total drying phase, including leaf and stem drying, requires about 3 to 4 days. The final phase is conditioning of the tobacco. When the cure is complete, the tobacco is generally dry and brittle, and requires the addition of sufficient moisture to soften it enough to allow it to be handled for removal from the barn. The total time for processing one "batch" of tobacco is generally about 5 to 8 days, depending upon maturity of the freshly harvested leaf and other factors. Harvest of an entire crop generally occurs over a 5-7 week period, with successive batches of tobacco cured in the same barn. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Filter cigarette with a tobacco filter Inventor(s): Henning, Paul-Georg; (Quickborn, DE) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C. 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020056463 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a tobacco filter for smoking products in which the tobacco material selected for the filter or parts thereof are subjected to a thermal treatment during the tobacco preparation process. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a filter cigarette with a tobacco filter and a method of manufacturing such a filter cigarette. It has been known for a long time that tobacco can also be used as filter material for smoking products. Compared with other customary

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filter materials such as cellulose (paper) or cellulose acetate, however, tobacco has a clearly lower retention capacity for condensate and nicotine with the same drawing resistance. Moreover, it is not easy, when using customary tobacco mixtures as used for cigarettes, to achieve such drawing resistances as are usual for cellulose filters or filters made of cellulose acetate, i.e. which lie between 50 and 100 mmWC for a filter length of e.g. 21 mm. To overcome this disadvantage, various solutions have already been suggested, one being to manufacture the filter part from cut rolled stem tobacco. However, this results in a poor taste. Another proposal was to make the filter section from expanded tobacco, but this only resulted in a very low retention capacity and thus an unsatisfactory filter effect. Finally, very finely cut tobacco has also been proposed as a filter element; however, this cannot be processed on customary machines and would thus lead to high filter costs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Filter material for reducing harmful substances in tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Braun, Hans-Peter; (Neustadt, DE), Meyer, Dieter; (Bad Nenndorf, DE) Correspondence: COLLARD & ROE, P.C. 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 115761696; US Patent Application Number: 20010045215 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: A filter material for reducing the content of harmful substances in tobacco smoke. The filter material comprises a ground and not additionally activated expanded clay produced without adding foreign substances, and zeolite as the filter material. The filter is suitable for tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, and for smoking articles such as tobacco pipes and cigarette and cigar holders. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/413,712, filed on Oct. 5, 1999 and benefit is claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120. Benefit is also claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of German Application No. 199 06 549.7 filed Feb. 17, 1999. The invention relates to a filter material for reducing harmful substances in tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is produced when tobacco is burning down. Said smoke is an aerosol consisting of a gas phase and a condensate phase. The gas phase of the tobacco smoke has a relatively simple composition and, in addition to nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and inert gases, also contains the toxic substances carbon monoxide (about 4.2%), hydrogen cyanide (about 0.16%), ammonia (about 0.03%), nitrogen oxides (about 0.02%), and traces of hydrogen sulfide. On the other hand, the main component of ingredients is found in the condensate phase ("tar"), including also the flavoring and odorous substances forming the aroma of tobacco smoke. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 439

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Glutathione, green tea, grape seed extract to neutralize tobacco free radicals Inventor(s): Hersh, Rebecca; (Atlanta, GA), Hersh, Theodore; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Malcolm B. Wittenberg; Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May; Suite 2000; Two Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20020117180 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: A composition for inclusion within a cigarette, cigar, pipe or smokeless tobacco. The composition can be included within the tobacco itself, a filter for filtering tobacco smoke once burned or even within the paper or wrapper surrounding the tobacco product. In the cigarette filter, be it internal or external filters, the antioxidant complex is capable of scavenging and neutralizing the free radicals emanating from the burning or heated tobacco and passing through the filter as the smoker inhales. The composition is also capable of reducing free radical damage to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs resulting from tobacco smoke. The composition includes glutathione and preferaby L-glutathione and green tea and/or grape seed extract. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/185,172 filed Nov. 3, 1998 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/933,696, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,449. The present invention deals with the combination of various synergistic antioxidants, enzymatic co-factors and amino acids in appropriate delivery vehicles employed in cigarette filters and in external filters such as cigarette and cigar "holders," in "pipe filters" and in tobacco, wrappers and papers and in so-called smokeless tobacco as a means of preventing or ameliorating signs and symptoms and complications to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs from damage by tobacco smoke and tobacco chewed induced free radical species. The present invention can be employed in filter cigarettes, unfiltered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco products. The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse are well known and regulatory agencies as well as the public constantly react to these scientific and epidemiologic evidences. Tobacco is indeed a worldwide public health hazard accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oral cavity, respiratory tract and lungs, evidence supports the notion that the oxidant burden is on the entire organism of the smoker. Smoking promotes development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, causing cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recently labeled "smoker's lung," cutaneous damage, especially to the face, called "smoker's face," and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Liquid cooling system for production machines of the tobacco- processing industry Inventor(s): Schicke, Joachim; (Wentorf, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030136133 Date filed: November 6, 2002

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Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid cooling system for machine components of production machines of the tobacco-processing industry. The object of the described cooling system is to improve the conveyance of liquid, both in terms of structure and function. This object is accomplished by dividing the liquid cooling system, which is embodied as a closed system, into at least two liquid loops (13, 17). The advantage that can be attained with the new liquid cooling system is that the liquid loops can be adapted to one another such that the temperature and output of the consumers match. The pipe cross-sections and pumps can therefore be kept small. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a liquid cooling system for machine components of production machines of the tobacco-processing industry. In accordance with the invention, the term "production machines of the tobacco-processing industry" encompasses machines, their individual components, and control units (switch cabinets) used to produce products for smoking and their filter components, packaging machines for such articles, handling and conveying units incorporated into production lines comprising such machines, and machines and devices for processing tobacco, at least those employing high-power drive units or large heat generators. U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,071 discloses an arrangement for limiting the operating temperature of tobacco-processing production machines in climate-controlled operating spaces. Here, the production machines or their individual components are provided with a liquid cooling system that is connected to a re-cooling device installed outside of the operating space. The cooling liquid for production machines, such as cigarette machines or filter-attachment machines, is supplied to the cooling units to be cooled of these machines and, after being heated, is conveyed out of the operating space, then returned to the operating space and the units of the production machines after being re-cooled. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Manufacturing method for cut tobacco and manufacturing system therefor Inventor(s): Nakanishi, Yukio; (Kanagawa, JP), Fujiwara, Junichi; (Tokyo, JP), Takase, Kazue; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20030010348 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: In a manufacturing method and a manufacturing system for cut tobacco, a first additive mainly containing a humectant is added to laminar tobacco, the laminar tobacco provided with the first additive is shredded to form cut tobacco, a second additive containing a perfume is added to the cut tobacco, the cut tobacco is dried thereafter, and a top flavoring as a third additive is added to the dried cut tobacco. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing cut tobacco by shredding leafy tobacco material and a manufacturing system therefor. Usually, leafy tobacco material is conditioned before a shredding process. Thereafter, an additive (socalled first flavoring) is added to the leafy tobacco material, the additive containing a perfume, humectant, water, etc. A first object of the addition of this additive is to improve the flavor of the tobacco material, and a second object is to soften the tobacco material, thereby preventing fracture of cut tobacco during the subsequent shredding process. After the shredding process, the cut tobacco is dried, and a top flavoring (socalled second flavoring) is added to the cut tobacco. The top flavoring contains a

Patents 441

perfume as its principal ingredient, depending on the brand of cigarettes to be manufactured from the cut tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method and a device for managing the supply of wrapping and/or additional and/or auxiliary materials in a system for the manufacture of tobacco products Inventor(s): Draghetti, Fiorenzo; (Medicina, IT), Pareschi, Cristina; (Ferrara, IT), Romagnoli, Stefano; (Casalecchio Di Reno, IT), De pietra, Gaetano; (Casalecchio Di Reno, IT), Berti, Danilo; (Bologna, IT) Correspondence: Timothy J. Klima; Suite 330; One Massachusetts Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030178037 Date filed: March 20, 2003 Abstract: The supply of consumables and other materials to production machines in a system for the manufacture of tobacco products is managed using a method whereby, once a nominal target number of products has been programmed at a master control unit, a tally is kept of the number of products emerging from the machine located farthest downstream, and a corresponding signal relayed back to the master control unit, together with a signal indicating the consumption of the various types of material. On the basis of the information received, the master control unit will process an output message indicating the requirement for at least one given type of consumable or wrapping or other auxiliary material to be supplied, whereupon the message is sent to an operator entrusted with the task of replacing the depleted material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and a device for managing the supply of wrapping and/or additional and/or auxiliary materials in a system for the manufacture of tobacco products. Manufacturing systems for tobacco products generally comprise a plurality of machines linked one to another along a common production line. In particular, such machines will include a cigarette maker at the upstream end of the line and, arranged in succession proceeding toward the downstream end, a filter tip attachment, a packer, a cellophaner, a cartoner and finally a machine by which pluralities of cartons are packed into boxes and transferred to an endof-line palletizer, ready for dispatch. The system may also comprise a temporary storage unit of variable capacity associated with one or more of the machines, serving to compensate any differences in operating speeds, and possibly a filter plug maker associated with the filter tip attachment. In systems of the type in question, each machine needs to be supplied periodically with consumables and packaging materials, including tobacco filler, filter plugs, rolls of cigarette paper, metal foil paper and thermoplastic material, packet blanks and finally coupons and revenue stamps. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

442 Tobacco

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Method and apparatus for storing tobacco-based products and packed beverages at the same time Inventor(s): Lucatello, Luciano; (Biancade, IT) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20030031777 Date filed: September 11, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides for the private use of an apparatus to cool down bottled and similarly packed beverages (further to other food products, if desired) and, at the same time, to keep at optimum temperature and relative humidity values tobacco products, in particular cagars. To this purpose, use is made in a cabinet (110) of a column (F1) of ascendinig air which, after undergoing refrigeration through a functional cooling unit (50) arranged in the lowest compartment (10), flows first through an intermediate compartment (120) holding the beverages, and then through the uppermost compartment (140) in w3hich the tobacco products are stored. Upon transfering its humidity over to said tobacco products, the air then flows back to the refrigerating unit (50) along a countercurrent flow (F3) with respect to the ascending column (F1). Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a method and an apparatus for preserving cigars (as well as other tobacco-based products) and bottled or similarly packed beverages at the same time, which is intended for private use, ie. for use not only in a private home or dwelling, including a hotel room, but also in restricted-access premises, admittance to which is restricted to persons of known identity and/or bound by statutory ties, such as for instance a club of cigar smoking persons. The optimum storage conditions for tobacco-based products required to ideally preserve the characteristics that are the most appreciated and valued ones by the consumers, starting from the scent thereof, are largely known to impose accurately controlled values of both temperature and relative humidity. On the other hand, there is currently no knowledge of the existence or availability of functional apparatuses, and not simple containers, which are adapted to ensure such optimum storage conditions even throughout longer periods of time. Known is on the contrary the existence of refrigerating apparatuses for bottled or canned beverages, which are commonly known as mini-bars and are traditionally not very much cared of under either the functional aspect or the aesthetical one. It therefore is a main purpose of the present invention to provide an apparatus in which there is generated a forced flow of air that is kept at the desired conditions of temperature and relative humidity in view of being able to store in a first compartment beverages held in a sealed container (such as in particular wine in bottles), or possibly even other fresh food products, cooled down at temperatures that are lower than the ambient temperature, but anyway higher than 0.degree. C., and tobacco-based products in a subsequent compartment, communicating with said first one, at a correct value of relative humidity to preserve their characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 443

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Method and composition for reducing the tobacco consumption of a human while freshening the breath from tobacco odors Inventor(s): Chadwick, William; (Costa Mesa, CA) Correspondence: Terry W. Kramer; Kramer & Associates; Suite 1101; 2001 Jeff. Davis Hwy. Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020088470 Date filed: January 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a composition which is useful for reducing tobacco consumption in humans while providing fresh breath comprising Plantago major and an additive for diminishing the odor of tobacco. The additives may be any breath freshener, masking agents, antiseptic agents and neutralizing agents. The present invention also provides a method for reducing the consumption of tobacco while providing fresh breath through the oral administration of a composition comprising Plantago major and an additive for diminishing the odor of tobacco. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for reducing the tobacco consumption of a human while freshening the breath from tobacco odors. More specifically, this invention relates to a composition, containing Plantago major, for reducing tobacco comsumption while diminishing tobacco odors in the mouth. The use of tobacco products has been shown to be a major health risk affecting all age groups and cutting across all socioeconomic levels. According to the American Heart Association, cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of premature death in the United States. Smokers' risk of heart attack is more than twice that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is The biggest risk factor for sudden cardiac death: Smokers have two to four times the risk to nonsmokers. Studies have shown cigarette smoking to be an important risk factor for Heart attack Available evidence also indicates that chronic exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke, passive smoking) may increase the risk of heart disease. Studies have also shown that of the estimated 47 million smokers in the United States, more than 32 million report a desire to quit. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been shown to be safe and effective in helping people stop using cigarettes when used as part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program. NRT medicines are available as gum and patches over-the-counter and as nasal sprays and puffers ("inhalers") by prescription. The consistent use of one of these products doubles the chances of success with stopping smoking. Behavioral changes and support are essential to success in conjunction with the NRT's and generally, the more intense the behavior modification therapy, the greater the chance of success. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material Inventor(s): Schmekel, Gerald; (Elmshorn, DE), Ehling, Uwe Werner; (Goldkronach, DE), Weiss, Arno; (Nordersted, DE), Pluckhahn, Frank; (Bayreuth, DE) Correspondence: JOHN F. SALAZAR; MIDDLETON & REUTLINGER; 2500 BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOWER; LOUISVILLE; KY; 40202; US Patent Application Number: 20020033182 Date filed: August 2, 2001

444 Tobacco

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material by heating and moistening with water vapor, wherein the comminuted tobacco material free-falls down through a chamber operating in a continuous process and is treated during free-fall with water vapor via nozzles; a hyperbaric pressure is maintained in said chamber. Excerpt(s): This utility patent application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 100 38 114.6, filed Aug. 4, 2000. The present invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material by heating and moistening with water vapor. The term "comminuted tobacco material" is here to be understood, for example, as threshed tobacco leaf, tobacco stems, tobacco stalks, each of these cut or comminuted, recycled tobacco as well as tobacco by-products such as tobacco primary winnowings and tobacco secondary winnowings. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method and device for regulating the output humidity of tobacco Inventor(s): Hofmann, Harald; (Hummeltal, DE), Fuchs, Hans-Werner; (Thurnau, DE), Schelhorn, Fritz; (Bayreuth, DE), Franke, Dietmar; (Bayreuth, DE) Correspondence: John F. Salazar; MIDDLETON REUTLINGER; 2500 BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOWER; LOUISVILLE; KY; 40202; US Patent Application Number: 20010000095 Date filed: December 4, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for regulating the output moisture content of tobacco conditioned by a loosening/conditioning and optionally casing (saucing) drum comprising injecting a throughflow of water into the infeed region of the drum by a first nozzle regulated depending on the target value for the tobacco output moisture content and the actual values for the tobacco mass flow, the steam throughflow and the tobacco input moisture content; and injecting a throughflow of water in the outlet region of the drum through a second nozzle, the target value of which is computed depending on the target value and actual value for the tobacco output moisture content. Excerpt(s): 2. The invention relates to a method and device for regulating/controlling the output moisture content of tobacco conditioned by a loosening/conditioning and optionally casing (saucing) drum. 4. It is in the tobacco industry, especially in the cigarette industry, that a loosening/conditioning and optionally loosening/conditioning/casin- g (saucing) drum has the function of loosening the raw tobacco furnished in bales, casing it (also called saucing so that hereinafter casing (saucing) is used) and conditioning it for further steps in the process of preparing the tobacco. Special embodiments of such drums are known, for example, from WO 90/13231, EP-B-0 424 501 and EP-A-0 471 513. 6. Experience has shown that the optimum target value necessary in each case fails to be attained by these known methods, thus resulting in fluctuations in the output moisture content of the tobacco and corresponding problems in subsequent steps in the method of preparing the tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 445

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Method and device for supplying a flowable medium to the tobacco of a smoking product Inventor(s): Hertrich, Heiko; (Bayreuth, DE), Grzonka, Horst; (Mistelgau, DE) Correspondence: JOHN F. SALAZAR; MIDDLETON & REUTLINGER; 2500 BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOWER; LOUISVILLE; KY; 40202; US Patent Application Number: 20020078970 Date filed: October 23, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for supplying a flowable medium to the tobacco of a smoking product (2), wherein the medium is introduced on a drum (1) of a cigarette machine, after the rod is formed, as well as to a device for supplying a flowable medium to the tobacco of a smoking product (2), comprising a means by which the medium is introduced on a drum (1) of a cigarette machine, after the rod is formed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to German Patent Application Serial Number 100 52 408.7, filed Oct. 23, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method and a device for supplying a flowable medium to the tobacco of a smoking product. Supplying flowable media, in particular for example flavor, to smoking products is carried out in many different ways in the prior art. Mostly, in this respect, a special flavor drum is provided in tobacco preparation, into which tobacco is introduced and in which flavor is added to said tobacco, after which it is transported to the production machine in order to produce the tobacco rod. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and product for removing carcinogens from tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Bereman, Robert D. (Apex, NC) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20030000538 Date filed: November 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to smoking articles such as cigarettes, and in particular to catalytic systems containing metallic or carbonaceous particles that reduce the content of certain harmful or carcinogenic substances, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbazole, phenol, and catechol, in mainstream cigarette smoke and in side stream cigarette smoke. Excerpt(s): This known type of machine 1 for processing tobacco bales or slices must break them up, heat the resulting intermediate product, designated by the reference numeral 3, to the intended temperature, maintain its temperature for a preset time, known as transit time, and finally humidify the intermediate product until a preset level of humidity is reached. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

446 Tobacco

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Method and system for authenticating tobacco products Inventor(s): Heide, Jirko; (Schwarzenbek, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020185141 Date filed: June 10, 2002 Abstract: A method and device is provided for processing an enveloping material for a tobacco product. An enveloping material is supplied to an operative range of at least one radiation source. A marking is created in at least one section of the enveloping material by subjecting the enveloping material to radiation emitted by the at least one radiation source. The marking has a geometric form with an outline having at least one of (a) a discontinuous slope in some sections and (b) convex or concave regions. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed with respect to German Patent Application No. 10128043.2, filed Jun. 8, 2001, the disclosure of which, along with the disclosures of each and every U.S. and foreign patent and patent application mentioned herein, being incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to a method and a device for processing an enveloping and/or packaging material for a product in the tobaccoprocessing industry, as well as a method and system for testing the authenticity of products in the tobacco-processing industry. An existing problem in the tobaccoprocessing industry is that a great number of counterfeit products are available on the market either in original packages (so-called repackaged items) or in counterfeit packages and, in the case of cigarettes, in cigarette packs. The quality of counterfeit cigarettes in the tobacco-processing industry is poor since they are generally produced by cheaper methods. Products of this type normally contain tobacco of a lower quality. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and unit for forming a tobacco bead Inventor(s): Boldrini, Fulvio; (Ferrara, IT) Correspondence: MARSHALL, GERSTEIN & BORUN; 6300 SEARS TOWER; 233 SOUTH WACKER; CHICAGO; IL; 60606-6357; US Patent Application Number: 20030084910 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: A method and unit for forming a tobacco bead, whereby a forming conveyor conveying the tobacco bead cooperates with a pressing device for compacting portions of the tobacco bead equally spaced with a given spacing, and cooperates with a shaving device; and whereby a distance between the pressing device and the forming conveyor is regulated independently of a distance between the shaving device and the forming conveyor, and as a function of a linear travelling speed of the forming conveyor or a physical quantity related to it. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of forming a tobacco bead on a cigarette manufacturing machine. Cigarette manufacturing machines normally comprise a tobacco bead forming unit, in turn comprising a forming conveyor for conveying a tobacco bead at a given linear speed; a pressing device for compacting portions, equally spaced with a given spacing, of the tobacco bead conveyed on the forming conveyor; and a shaving device coordinated with the forming conveyor to remove a surplus

Patents 447

tobacco portion off the tobacco bead conveyed on the forming conveyor. To keep the mass of tobacco per unit of length of the tobacco bead within a given acceptance range alongside variations in the humidity of the tobacco and in the speed of the forming conveyor, the distance between the shaving device and the forming conveyor is regulated continuously by keeping the forming conveyor fixed and moving the shaving device vertically, or vice versa. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for cutting the tie-leaf on bundled leaf tobacco Inventor(s): Coleman, G. A. John; (Richmond, VA) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop LLP; Intellectual Property Group; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; McLean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020129825 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for cutting tying elements of successive tobacco leaf bundles, wherein the butt ends of the leaves of each bundle are grouped and secured together by a transversely extending tying element disposed in surrounding relation to the grouped together butt ends. The method comprises moving successive bundles along a predetermined path past a cutting station with the grouped butt ends of successive bundles disposed transverse to the path within a predetermined transverse position within the path. A liquid jet configuration is established at the cutting station and moved through a repetitious path having a transverse extent greater than the transverse extent of the tying elements within the transverse position of the butt ends of the bundles. The moving jet configuration is directed onto the butt ends of successive bundles during the movement thereof along the predetermined path through the cutting station to transversely cut the tying elements thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/657,636, filed Sep. 7, 2000, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated into the present application by reference. The present invention relates to tobacco leaf processing and more particularly to the cutting of the tie-leaf on bundled leaf tobacco. In certain tobacco-producing regions, farmers grade tobacco leaves and tie them in bundles, varying from 10 to 30 leaves each. A single leaf is wrapped around the butt end of the bundle and tucked in between the stems to secure the bundle. When these bundles are processed, they are laid across a conveying structure such that the bundles are 90.degree. to the direction of travel of the conveying structure with the butt ends closest to the person placing them. Typically, the first operation is the cutting of the tips of the bundles to segregate them for a different process. A tipping board is used to line up the tips of the leaves as they are placed on the conveying structure and then they pass by a tip cutting mechanism, such as large intermeshing circular blades. Once this has happened, the remaining part of the bundle is passed by a mechanism for cutting the tie-leaf so the bundles can fall apart and the individual leaves can be further processed. If the bundles are not tipped, the butt ends are just lined up manually and then passed by the tie-leaf cutting mechanism. The tie-leaf must be cut or else the bundle remains intact and cannot be conditioned or threshed efficiently. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

448 Tobacco

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Method for improving the filling ability of tobacco Inventor(s): Ziehn, Klaus-Dieter; (Pinneberg, DE), Burmester, Ulrich; (Hamburg, DE), Fleischhauer, Holger; (Hamburg, DE), Pienemann, Thomas; (Rosengarten, DE) Correspondence: HOVEY WILLIAMS TIMMONS & COLLINS; 2405 GRAND BLVD., SUITE 400; KANSAS CITY; MO; 64108 Patent Application Number: 20030089376 Date filed: October 2, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving the fillability of tobacco, as tobacco leaves or ribs and/or tobacco additives, by treatment of the tobacco material, which has approx. up to 15 wt. % initial moisture with a treatment gas consisting of nitrogen and/or argon at pressures of 50 to 1,000 bar with continuous or graduated compression followed by continuous or graduated decompression, with the compression and decompression stages taking place in either one autoclave or with cascade-type switching in several autoclaves, followed by thermal after-treatment of the tobacco material discharged, which is characterised in that the compression is carried out at an operating temperature above 55.degree. C., preferably at 60 to 90.degree. C. and the initial moisture of the tobacco material lies within the range 8 to 14 wt. %. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for improving the fillability of tobacco, as cut tobacco leaves or ribs and/or tobacco additives, by treatment of the tobacco material, which initially has up to 15 wt. % moisture with a treatment gas consisting of nitrogen and/or argon at pressures of 50 to 1,000 bar with continuous or graduated compression followed by continuous or graduated decompression, in which the compression or decompression stages take place in either an autoclave or with cascadetype switching in several autoclaves, followed by thermal after-treatment of the tobacco material discharged. Methods of this kind, which are also known as INCOM expansion methods, have proved to be advantageous compared with the pressure treatment of tobacco with carbon dioxide, ammonia or volatile organic gases. Thus DE 31 19 330 A1 describes such an expansion method with operating temperatures of 0 to 50.degree. C. prevailing in the autoclave, wherein to increase the fillability or the degree of expansion, use of a tobacco material with moisture of up to 15 wt. % and after-treatment with water vapour was provided. In this case the aim was that lower moisture of the tobacco of 10 to 15 wt. % would lead to a desired greater cooling of the tobacco material to be discharged when the tension was released. Furthermore, DE 34 14 625 C2 discloses a cascade method, according to which, by the most widely varying measures such as cooling of the treatment gas before loading of the reactor, cooling of the autoclaves or use of an undercooled and liquefied treatment gas, a low operating temperature is to be effected during impregnation of the tobacco. It is true that the tobacco moisture may lie anywhere, for instance within the range of 10-30 wt. %, however it is expressly required that the autoclave temperature and/or its cooling water temperature must not exceed 50.degree. C. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 449

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Method for the preparation of wrapping material used in the manufacture of packs for tobacco products Inventor(s): Draghetti, Fiorenzo; (Medicina, IT), Polloni, Roberto; (Modigliana, IT), Bertinelli, Imelde; (Bologna, IT) Correspondence: The Law Offices of Timothy J Klima; Suite 330; One Massachusetts Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030119644 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: In a method of preparing the wrapping materials used to fashion packs (20) for tobacco products, typically cigarette packets and cartons, without installing extra machine units on the packer, a sliver (28) or continuous stripe (44) of pre-encoded or recordable magnetic ribbon (25) is applied to selected areas (29) of the wrapping material (21; 35), whereupon the material is divided into smaller strips (31) or sheets (37); these are then coiled into rolls (33) or ordered into stacks (42) of sheets (46) or blanks (41), serving as temporary storage units (34) that can be loaded onto the packer as and when needed. Each pack (20) will consist in at least one specific and essential packaging component (4, 8, 12, 13, 16, 19) obtained from the temporary storage unit (34) and bearing at least one sliver (28) or stripe (44) of the magnetic ribbon (25). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of wrapping material to be used in the manufacture of packs for tobacco products. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of wrapping material for the manufacture of packs containing tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars or the like, to which reference will be made throughout the following specification albeit with no limitation in scope implied; the invention relates also to a material for manufacturing packets either of the soft type or the rigid type, or for packaging groups of packets either in rigid cartons or in soft overwrappings. Generally speaking, cigarette packets of the soft type present a substantially parallelepiped shape and consist preferably of an inner wrapper fashioned as a rule in paper or metal foil, fully enveloping a group of cigarettes, also an outer wrapper or label folded from a sheet of wrapping material, usually paper, by which the inner wrapper is enveloped in part and the top end face left exposed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the reduction of tobacco specific nitrosamines by increasing antioxidants in tobacco Inventor(s): Hempfling, Walter P. (Mechanicsville, VA), Krauss, Marc R. (Midlothian, VA), Li, Qinglin; (Richmond, VA) Correspondence: BURNS DOANE SWECKER & MATHIS L L P; POST OFFICE BOX 1404; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030056801 Date filed: September 6, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is drawn to methods for reducing tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content in cured tobacco by increasing the levels of antioxidants in the tobacco prior to harvesting. Methods to be used in the present invention include root pruning of the tobacco plant prior to harvesting; severing the xylem tissue of the tobacco

450 Tobacco

plant prior to harvesting; and administering antioxidants and/or chemicals which increase antioxidants to the tobacco plant after harvesting. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to methods for reducing tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprising increasing the levels of antioxidants in the harvested tobacco. The invention also relates generally to methods for increasing advantageous antioxidants in any vegetable or fruit. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), can be found in smokeless tobacco; mainstream smoke; and side stream smoke of cigarettes. It has been reported that air-cured and flue-cured tobacco contain tobaccospecific nitrosamines. See, "Effect of Air-Curing on the Chemical Composition of Tobacco", Anna Wiernik et al., Recent Adv. Tob. Sci, (1995), 21, pp. 39-80. According to Wiernik et al., TSNAs are not present in significant quantities in growing tobacco plants or fresh cut tobacco (green tobacco), but are formed during the curing process. Bacterial populations which reside on the tobacco leaves are stated to largely cause the formation of nitrites from nitrate during curing and possibly effect the direct catalysis of the nitrosation of secondary amines at physiological pH values. The affected secondary amines include tobacco alkaloids, which form TSNAs when nitrosated. Star Tobacco and Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., has reported that it treats tobacco leaves before or during fluecuring by microwaving for purposes of reducing tobacco-specific nitrosamines. See WO 98/58555. The microwaving adds significant cost to the tobacco farmer, including the costs of excess handling and breakage of tobacco leaves, the microwave process, the microwave facility and the extra labor and time necessitated by the microwaving process. A further drawback to this method of reducing TSNAs is that microwaving of the tobacco leaves has a thermal effect upon the tobacco tissue resulting in heating of the tobacco leaves which may affect the taste and aroma of the smoke from the tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for treating nicotine addiction and deterring tobacco use with hypericum perforatum Inventor(s): Rosenthal, Norman E. (Rockville, MD), Friedman, Richard A. (New York, NY) Correspondence: SHANKS & HERBERT; Transpotomac Plaza; 1033 N. Fairfax St., Suite 306; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010036486 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating nicotine addiction or deterring tobacco use in a subject by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum or at least one active component thereof is disclosed. As disclosed, the composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may also comprise a supplementary compound such as L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, serotonin, calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide, kava-kava, a kava alkaloid, valerian, hops, a passion flower extract, vitamin C, or Echinacea. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/202,823, filed May 8, 2000, naming Norman E. Rosenthal, and Richard Friedman, which is herein incorporated by reference. The invention relates to a method of deterring, tobacco use, ending tobacco use, treating nicotine addiction, or a combination

Patents 451

thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum, or at least one active component thereof or both. Tobacco use is the number one source of preventable death, primarily due to cardiovascular disease and cancer, in the United States. Approximately one-half of the 50 million smokers try to quit each year, but only about 6% of those who attempt to quit succeed in the long term. See MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (1993) 42:504-507. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of and apparatus for densifying streams of filter material for tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Lorenzen, Heinz-Christen; (Wentorf, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE; Post Office Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20010013387 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: A filter rod making machine wherein successive increments of a stream constituting a converted tow of filamentary filter material for tobacco smoke are contacted by a compressing tool which is vibrated at a frequency and/or amplitude sufficient to prevent over-heating of the tool and/or of filaments of filter material, such as acetate fibers. Conversion of the tow into the stream and the wrapping of the compressed stream into a running web of filter paper are carried out in a conventional manner. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in so-called rod making machines, and more particularly to improvements in methods of and apparatus for treating tows, streams, fillers and similar accumulations of filamentary material in such machines. Rod making machines are utilized extensively in many branches of industry, for example, in connection with the making of catamenial tampons, in connection with the making of drinking straws and particularly in connection with the making of plain or filter cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and other rod-shaped smokers' products. The following passages of this specification will deal primarily with the making of filter cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos; however it is to be understood that the method and apparatus of the present invention can also be practiced and utilized in connection with the making of numerous other types of rod-shaped products which contain a single type or several types of filamentary material. A rod making machine which is utilized to turn out filter mouthpieces for tobacco smoke is normally designed to process filamentary filter material (such as cellulose acetate fibers) for tobacco smoke. The machine produces a continuous filter rod wherein a rod-shaped core (called filler) is surrounded by a tubular envelope or wrapper of so-called filter paper. The rod is advanced lengthwise and its front end portion is severed at required intervals to form a file of discrete filter sections or mouthpieces of unit length or multiple unit length. Such mouthpieces are fed into the magazine of a so-called filter tipping machine wherein the mouthpieces are connected with plain cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos (hereinafter referred to as plain cigarettes) to form therewith filter cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length. Reference may be had, for example, to commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,008 granted Aug. 4, 1992 to Oesterling et al. for "METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING FILTER CIGARETTES". Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

452 Tobacco

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Method of and apparatus for making a tobacco rod Inventor(s): Heitmann, Uwe; (Hamburg, DE), Lorenzen, Heinz-Christen; (Wentorf, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020043268 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus for making one or more rod-like fillers of shredded tobacco for use in the making of cigarettes or the like employs one or two pneumatic conveyors having endless foraminous belts trained over pulleys and including elongated stretches below communicating parts of a common suction chamber. A shower of intermixed tobacco shreds and smaller particles including tobacco dust and coarser particles is directed against the undersides of the elongated stretches. The shreds are attracted to and advance with the respective belts to form streams which are ready to be trimmed and thereupon draped into cigarette paper or the like. At least some smaller particles penetrate through the respective belts into the corresponding parts of the suction chamber. The contents of the suction chamber are evacuated by suction and are returned to the undersides of the elongated stretches of the belts for classification. At least some coarser particles advance with the belts and are incorporated into the respective streams of tobacco shreds. The smaller particles enter the respective parts of the suction chamber and are pneumatically conveyed to the main dedusting unit of the cigarette making plant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for making tobacco rods. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for making one or more continuous rodlike bodies, called fillers, which can be converted into tobacco-containing parts of plain or filter cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or analogous smokers' products. It is well known to make the rod-like filler of a cigarette by showering particles of tobacco (such as shreds of tobacco leaf laminae) which is supplied by a so-called distributor or hopper onto the exposed side of a running sieve-like endless foraminous belt while the other side of the belt travels along the open side of a stationary suction chamber. This results in conversion of the shower into a stream which contains a surplus of tobacco particles and moves lengthwise with the belt past a trimming or equalizing device which removes the surplus. The resulting rod-like filler is confined in a running continuous web of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material to form therewith a continuous rod which is severed at regular intervals to yield a succession of plain cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length. Such products are ready to be confined in packs or to be provided with filter mouthpieces to form therewith filter cigarettes of unit length or multiple unit length. The making of plain or filter cigarillos, cartridges, cigars or analogous smokers' products involves or can involve procedures or steps similar to those involving the making of plain or filter cigarettes. Conventional machines for the making of plain and filter cigarettes are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,670 granted Aug. 4, 1981 to Heitmann et al. for "APPARATUS FOR INCREASING THE PERMEABILITY OF WRAPPING MATERIAL FOR ROD-SHAPED SMOKERS' PRODUCTS". It is also known to segregate particles of tobacco dust or analogous less desirable fragments of smokable material from the much more desirable elongated shreds of tobacco leaf laminae and/or from the atmosphere in a cigarette making plant. The thus segregated particles can be utilized for the making of sheets or films of reconstituted tobacco. Alternatively, such less desirable particles of dust or the like can be introduced into the tobacco stream which is borne by the foraminous belt; such introduction takes place prior to removal of

Patents 453

the surplus, i.e., prior to conversion of the tobacco stream into a rod-like filler. The purpose of such introduction of tobacco dust and/or like particulate material into the tobacco stream is to contribute to the weight, bulk, density, "feel" and/or other desirable characteristics of smokers' products embodying lengths of the filler. It is normally preferred to remove all or practically all particles of tobacco dust from the shower or showers of tobacco particles (normally shreds) which are being conveyed to the streamforming station. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of and apparatus for making a tobacco rod with embedded additive Inventor(s): Schumacher, Peter; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030106561 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: The filler of a cigarette rod has a tubular portion made of shredded tobacco and surrounding at least one row of spherical inserts made of aromatic material or aerosol. The tubular portion is made by feeding tobacco shreds against the underside of the horizontal lower reach of a foraminous conveyor belt advancing beneath a suction chamber to accumulate a first layer of shreds. The inserts are delivered to the underside of the first layer and are attracted thereto by suction. A second layer of shredded tobacco is assembled by showering shreds against the underside of the first layer where the second layer underlies the spherical inserts. The thus obtained filler is draped into a web of wrapping material to form a cigarette rod ready to be subdivided into sections of unit or multiple unit length. The spherical inserts are expelled from a revolving receptacle under the action of centrifugal force to form a row which is conveyed toward the underside of and advances with the first layer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in methods of and apparatus for making rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry. Such articles include plain and filter cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and analogous smokers' products. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and apparatus for making a continuous rod wherein a tubular wrapper of cigarette paper or the like surrounds a rod-like filler consisting at least in part of a smokable material. Still more particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for making a continuous rod wherein a tubular wrapper surrounds a rod-like filler containing comminuted smokable material (such as shreds or other fragments of natural, reconstituted and/or substitute tobacco) as well as one or more additives. Typical examples of rod-shaped smokers' products which can be made in accordance with the method of and in the apparatus of the present invention are plain or filter cigarettes and, therefore, the following disclosure will refer primarily to the making of a rod which can be divided into plain cigarettes; however, it is to be understood that the improved method and apparatus can be resorted to with equal or similar advantage in connection with the making of all or practically all other rod-shaped smokers' products. It is already known to contact a rod-like filler of tobacco with an additive prior to draping of the filler into a web of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material, i.e., prior to completion of the making of a cigarette rod which is ready to advance through a suitable severing device (known as cutoff) which repeatedly cuts across the leader of the advancing cigarette rod to thus form a file of plain cigarettes of unit length

454 Tobacco

or multiple unit length. Plain cigarettes of unit length are or can be transported directly to a packing machine. Plain cigarettes of multiple unit length are transported to a socalled tipping machine which serves to turn out filter cigarettes. The aforementioned additive is or can be a liquid additive which is sprayed onto or otherwise contacted with the running rod-like filler of shredded and/or otherwise comminuted natural, reconstituted and/or artificial tobacco. As a rule, a liquid additive can constitute an aerosol or an aromatic substance such as menthol. If the additive is a volatile substance, it is preferably caused to contact the smokable material shortly or immediately prior to draping of the filler into cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material; this reduces the likelihood of evaporation of high percentages of such substances. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of and apparatus for manipulating tows of filter material for tobacco smoke Inventor(s): Wolff, Stephan; (Glinde, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP; P.O. BOX 34385; WASHINGTON; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020002766 Date filed: July 5, 2001 Abstract: A tow of filamentary filter material for tobacco smoke is stretched between an upstream pair and a downstream pair of advancing rolls. Suction nozzles are provided to evacuate air from those portions of the path for the tow which are located immediately upstream and immediately downstream of the path section at the nip of the downstream advancing rolls. This prevents eddying of air at the nip and a fluttering of filaments of the tow. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for manipulating (processing) so-called tows or analogous accumulations of acetate fibers or other suitable filamentary filter material for tobacco smoke. More particularly, the invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for treating tows of filamentary filter material for tobacco smoke on their way from one or more sources (such as bales of compacted tow) to the wrapping mechanism of a filter rod making machine wherein successive increments of the duly processed tow are draped into successive increments of a running web or strip of cigarette paper or other suitable wrapping material for a continuous rod-like filler of filter material. As a rule, and as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,007 (granted Aug. 10, 1976 to Greve for "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FILTER ROD SECTIONS OR THE LIKE") and U.S. Pat. No. 4,412,505 (granted Nov. 1, 1983 to Husler et al. for "APPARATUS FOR APPLYING ATOMIZED LIQUID TO A RUNNING LAYER OF FILAMENTARY MATERIAL OR THE LIKE"), a tow of acetate fibers is drawn from a bale and advances along an elongated path first through an expanding or stretching unit wherein the originally crimped and interlaced filaments undergo a straightening or lengthening or stretching action between a pair of relatively slow rotary trailing or rear rolls and a pair of relatively rapidly driven front rolls The thus stretched filaments are advanced through an applicator which sprays a suitable finely atomized plasticizer (such as triacetin) onto and thus causes localized melting of the material of which the filaments are made. The thus treated tow is converted into a rod-like filler wherein softened portions of neighboring filaments adhere to each other to establish a maze of discrete paths for the flow of tobacco smoke between the lighted end of a filter cigarette, cigar or cigarillo and the mouth of the smoker. Conversion of the flattened tow

Patents 455

of stretched filaments into a rod-like filler is effected. at least in part, by a so-called gathering horn which precedes the wrapping station. Reference may also be had to published German patent application Ser. No. 198 11 014. U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,449 (granted Jan. 7, 1997 to Chehab et al. for "APPARATUS FOR STRETCHING, PLASTICIZING AND GATHERING A TOW OF FILTER MATERIAL FOR TOBACCO SMOKE") further discloses a so-called gathering unit which is installed between the plasticizer applicator and the aforementioned gathering horn upstream of the wrapping station. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of and apparatus for recovering and recycling tobacco dust Inventor(s): Zielke, Dietmar; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: VENABLE; Post Office Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20010015209 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: Tobacco dust which develops in a machine or production line for the making of smokers' products is put to use in that it is gathered and agglomerated into particles having or exceeding a required size. Metered quantities of such particles are admitted into a stream of fragmentized tobacco leaves before the stream is draped into a web of cigarette paper or the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for processing comminuted tobacco leaves, and more particularly to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for recovering and processing (such as recycling) tobacco dust. Tobacco dust develops in connection with the treatment (such as shredding) of tobacco leaves as well as in connection with further processing of comminuted tobacco leaves and/or of fragments of recycled and artificial tobacco. It is customary to gather tobacco dust which develops in connection with the comminuting of tobacco leaves as well as in connection with further processing of comminuted (e.g., shredded) tobacco leaf stock. The recovery of tobacco dust is desirable and advantageous for several reasons, namely to clean the air in a tobacco processing plant as well as to recover a relatively high percentage of tobacco, i.e., of the most expensive part of a smokers' product. For example, relatively high quantities of tobacco dust develop in connection with the making of plain cigarettes or other rod-shaped smokers' products. Such dust accumulates in and contaminates the atmosphere around a cigarette making machine or around a production line which includes a cigarette making machine and one or more other machines such as a filter rod making machine and a socalled tipping machine wherein plain cigarettes and filter mouthpieces of unit or multiple unit length are assembled into filter cigarettes of unit or multiple unit length. The means for segregating tobacco dust from the atmosphere surrounding the machines and/or production lines of the above outlined character often includes filters, cyclones and/or other suitable dust-intercepting and collecting arrangements. The thus gathered tobacco dust is recycled or disposed of, i.e., not put to renewed use in a tobacco processing plant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

456 Tobacco

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Method of detecting and eliminating foreign bodies in a flow of tobacco Inventor(s): Cerati, Luca; (Bologna, IT), Draghetti, Fiorenzo; (Medicina, IT) Correspondence: The Law Offices of; Timothy J. Klima; One Massachusetts Avenue NW; Suite 330; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030137312 Date filed: January 22, 2003 Abstract: In a method of detecting and eliminating foreign bodies in tobacco, a flow of tobacco advances first through a preparation zone where it is gathered into a continuous ribbon of tobacco filler, then through a forming station at which the filler is used to fashion a continuous cigarette rod, and finally through a cutter device that divides the rod into cigarette sticks; the advancing flow is directed at a given point through a detection device and exposed to electromagnetic radiation of microwave frequency emitted and received in such a way as to generate output signals reflecting any variations in moisture content along the flow of tobacco, caused by the inclusion of foreign bodies and associated with given portions of the flow each coinciding with a singly identifiable cigarette stick. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the detection and elimination of foreign bodies in a flow of tobacco. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of detecting and eliminating foreign bodies such as might be contained within a flow of filler material used conventionally in the manufacture of tobacco products. The invention finds application, advantageously, in the art field concerned with the detection of nonmetallic foreign matter that may be present either in a ribbon of loose tobacco filler or in a continuous cigarette rod. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of fixing flavorant which improves sidestream smoke smell of tobacco and cigarette Inventor(s): Nakano, Hiroaki; (Tokyo, JP), Nagae, Hideki; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Tanabe, Hiroshi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Miyauchi, Masato; (Yokohama-shi, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020074007 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A method of fixing a flavorant for improving the small of a sidestream smoke of tobacco. This method includes applying, to tobacco wrapper paper, a tobacco sidestream smoke smell-improving agent including an ethanol or propylene glycol solution of the flavorant added to an emulsion of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having an ethylene content of 30% by weight or less, the emulsion having a solid content of 10 to 60% by weight, and drying it to fix the flavorant to the wrapper paper. The ethanol solution of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of ethanol is 40% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion, while the propylene glycol of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of propylene glycol is 11% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion.

Patents 457

Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation Application of PCT Application No. PCT/JP00/05648, filed Aug. 23, 2000, which was not published under PCT Article 21 (2) in English. This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 11-245290, filed Aug. 31, 1999, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method of fixing a flavorant which improves the smell of sidestream smoke of tobacco, as well as a cigarette, and more specifically, to a method of effectively fixing a flavorant on a tobacco wrapper paper without substantially modifying a flavorant to be fixed, as well as a cigarette. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of making a tobacco product Inventor(s): Sinclair, Daniel S. JR. (Mandeville, LA) Correspondence: GARVEY SMITH NEHRBASS & DOODY, LLC; THREE LAKEWAY CENTER; 3838 NORTH CAUSEWAY BLVD., SUITE 3290; METAIRIE; LA; 70002 Patent Application Number: 20020166561 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: A tobacco product is formed by rolling a sheet of material supplied by a roll or rolls (e.g. moistened tobacco leaves) and/or homogenized sheet tobacco about a slit mandrel to form a shaped tube. The shaped tube is then packaged for shipment to an end user or consumer. The shaped tube remains in the rolled, shaped tube form inside the package. After the shaped tube is removed from the package, a consumer can fill the tube with crushed tobacco leaves or other tobacco filler material of a favorite blend, thereby eliminating some steps in the making of a "roll-your-own" tobacco product. A liquid can be added to the sheet or to the finished tube to moisturize same. The liquid can include flavoring. The tubes are unfilled when packaged and sent to a consumer/end user in tube form so that they have a "memory" that helps hold a tubular cigar shape after they are filled with selected tobacco fill material. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/944,979, filed Aug. 31, 2001, and entitled "Method of Making a Tobacco Product", which is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,738, filed Dec. 7, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,755), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Also incorporated herein by reference is my U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/______, filed Feb. 15, 2002. Priority of this application is hereby claimed. Also incorporated herein by reference is my U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/318,976, filed Sep. 13, 2001. Priority of this application is hereby claimed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of treating tobacco to reduce nitrosamine content, and products produced thereby Inventor(s): Williams, Jonnie R. (Manakin-Sabot, VA) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020174874 Date filed: May 9, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating tobacco to reduce the content of, or prevent formation of, harmful nitrosamines which are normally found in tobacco is disclosed. The method includes the step of subjecting at least a portion of the plant, while the portion is uncured and in a state susceptible to having the amount of nitrosamines reduced or formation of nitrosamines arrested, to a controlled environment capable of providing a reduction in the amount of nitrosamines or prevention of the formation of nitrosamines, for a time sufficient to reduce the amount of or substantially prevent the formation of at least one nitrosamine, wherein the controlled environment is provided by controlling at least one of humidity, rate of temperature change, temperature, airflow, CO level, CO.sub.2 level, O.sub.2 level, and arrangement of the tobacco plant. Tobacco products and an apparatus for producing such tobacco products are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/668,144, filed Sep. 25, 2000, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/397,018, filed Sep. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,649, which is based on provisional application Serial No. 60/100,372, filed Sep. 15, 1998, and which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/998,043, filed Dec. 23, 1997, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-inpart of application Ser. No. 08/879,905, filed Jun. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,121, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/757,104, filed Dec. 2, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,803,081. U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/100,372, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/998,043 and 08/879,905, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,803,081 are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to an improved method of treating tobacco to reduce the content of, or to prevent the formation of, harmful nitrosamines, which are normally found in tobacco. The present invention also relates to tobacco products having low nitrosamine content. Prior attempts to reduce tar and harmful carcinogenic nitrosamines primarily have included the use of filters in smoking tobacco. In addition, attempts have been made to use additives to block the effects of harmful carcinogens in tobacco. These efforts have failed to reduce the oncologic morbidity associated with tobacco use. It is known that freshcut, green tobacco has virtually no nitrosamine carcinogens. See, e.g., Wiernik et al, "Effect of Air-Curing on the Chemical Composition of Tobacco," Recent Advances in Tobacco Science, Vol. 21, pp. 39 et seq., Symposium Proceedings 49th Meeting Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Sep. 24-27, 1995, Lexington, Ky. (hereinafter "Wiernik et al.". On the other hand, cured tobacco products obtained according to conventional methods are known to contain a number of nitrosamines, including the harmful carcinogens N'-nitrosonrnicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1butanone (NNK). It is widely accepted that such nitrosamines are formed post-harvest, during the conventional curing process, as described further herein. Unfortunately, fresh-cut green tobacco is unsuitable for smoking or other consumption. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 459

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Methods, pharmaceutical compositions, oral compositions,filters and tobacco products for preventing or reducing tobacco smoke-associated injury in the aerodigestive tract of a subject Inventor(s): Klein, Ifat; (Galil Elion, IL), Nagler, Rafael M. (Timrat, IL), Reznick, Abraham Z. (Nofit, IL) Correspondence: G.E. EHRLICH (1995) LTD. c/o ANTHONY CASTORINA; SUITE 207; 2001 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030031630 Date filed: November 15, 2001 Abstract: A method of preventing or reducing tobacco smoke-associated injury in the aerodigestive tract of a subject is disclosed. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antioxidant agent capable of preventing or reducing tobacco smoke-associated injury in the aerodigestive tract of a subject Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of preventing or reducing pathogenesis of oxidant stress-associated diseases of the aerodigestive tract. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods of employing hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a, OH--CO), deferoxamine (DES) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to reduce or prevent tobacco smoke (TS)-induced cellular or macromolecular damage in the aerodigestive tract. The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse, principally via cigarette smoking, are well known. Tobacco is a worldwide public health hazard accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oropharynx and respiratory tract, the oxidant burden is deleterious to the entire body of the tobacco consumer. Namely, tobacco consumption leads to development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung. There are three principal ways to consume tobacco: smoking, chewing and dipping and snuffing. Approximately 50 million Americans smoke and countless others are affected by tobacco smoke (TS) as secondary smokers. Children of smokers breathe this second-hand smoke and have more respiratory problems than children of non-smokers. Smokeless tobacco is used by as many as 12 million individuals and has a detrimental effect on the oral cavity plus systemic effects from buccal absorption of nicotine and other chemicals. Chewing looseleaf tobacco and "dipping" moist, ground snuff tobacco are common uses of tobacco without smoking. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nicotine therapy method and oral carrier for assuaging tobacco-addiction Inventor(s): Smith, Steve; (Richmond, CA), Wilhelmsen, Paul C. (Alamo, CA) Correspondence: RICHARD BREWSTER MAIN; 23777 MINES ROAD; LIVERMORE; CA; 94550; US Patent Application Number: 20020002189 Date filed: August 23, 2001 Abstract: A method for assuaging tobacco addiction comprises pulsing doses of nicotine into a user's bloodstream so it reaches the brain before passing through the liver. A nicotine-burst tablet is held in the mouth by a user to receive each nicotine-pulse dose.

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The tablet is configured to suddenly release its entire nicotine payload from an otherwise inert or benign material. Such nicotine payload is relatively small, e.g., under one milligram. The therapeutic effects depend on the change of nicotine levels in the blood over a change in time. Rapid nicotine onset of a small dose is more assuaging than a slow build-up to a high dosage. An oral carrier comprises a nicotine saturated instantdissolve paper that delivers one nicotine pulse. An additive prevents abuse by causing excessive use to catalyze a foul taste or sickening sensation. Excerpt(s): This Application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/771,454, filed Jan. 29, 2001, and which is, in turn, a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/292,045, filed Apr. 14, 2001, and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,760, on Jun. 19, 2001. Such are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to tobacco-addiction therapies, and more particularly to methods and devices for assuaging nicotine cravings in users. Tobacco-addiction is a serious health problem through out the world. The hundreds of compounds carried along with the nicotine cause most of the trouble, but the nicotine is responsible for the chemical addiction. Tobacco users find it too difficult to quit because both the nicotine cravings and ritual behaviors are too severe and ingrained. The prior art has therefore developed a multitude of therapies, devices, and methods for helping people quit tobacco. Many of them follow similar ritual patterns of putting things in the mouth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Nitrite scavenging formulation to reduce formation of nitrosamines during chewing of food items such as chewing tobacco and betel nuts Inventor(s): Mao, Hsiang-Kuen; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Hsiang-kuen Mao; 2800 West Pintail Way; Elk Grove; CA; 95758-8201; US Patent Application Number: 20030175367 Date filed: January 31, 2003 Abstract: This invention describes a formulation that removes or reduces the formation of nitrosamines when chewing food items such as chewing tobacco, betel nuts, and fruits that contain secondary amines or imines, or other manufactured food items containing sources of amines and imines that could form chemically stable nitrosamines with nitrites in saliva. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens. Excerpt(s): Case first filed in Taiwan, Republic of China, Feb. 5, 2002, number 91102034. Also see accompanied case, Table Salt, Table Sugar, And Table Vinegar Formulations with Nitrite Scavengers. Not applicable. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 461

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Oxidant/catalyst nanoparticles to reduce tobacco smoke constituents such as carbon monoxide Inventor(s): Hajaligol, Mohammad; (Midlothian, VA), Li, Ping; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Peter K. Skiff; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030131859 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: Cut filler compositions, cigarettes, methods for making cigarettes and methods for smoking cigarettes are provided, which involve the use of nanoparticle additives capable of reducing at least one constituent from mainstream and/or sidestream tobacco smoke, the at least one constituent being selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, otoluidine, 2-naphtylamine, nitrogen oxide, benzene, N-nitrosonornicotine, phenol, catechol, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the nanoparticle additives are effective as an oxidant for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or as a catalyst for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or catalyst for conversion of aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and acrolein, hydrocarbons such as isoprene and/or phenolic compounds such as catechol to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Methods for making a cigarette are provided, which involve (i) adding a nanoparticle additive to a cut filler; (ii) providing the cut filler comprising the additive to a cigarette making machine to form a tobacco rod; and (iii) placing a paper wrapper around the tobacco rod to form the cigarette. Further, methods of smoking the cigarette described above are described, which involve lighting the cigarette to form smoke and drawing the smoke through the cigarette, wherein during the smoking of the cigarette, the additive is capable of reducing at least one constituent from mainstream and/or sidestream tobacco smoke. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to methods for reducing constituents such as carbon monoxide in the mainstream smoke of a cigarette during smoking. More specifically, the invention relates to cut filler compositions, cigarettes, methods for making cigarettes and methods for smoking cigarettes, which involve the use of nanoparticle additives capable of acting as an oxidant for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or as a catalyst for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or catalyst for the conversion of hydrocarbons such as isoprene and/or aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and acrolein and/or phenolic compounds such as catechol to carbon dioxide and water. Various methods for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide in the mainstream smoke of a cigarette during smoking have been proposed. For example, British Patent No. 863,287 describes methods for treating tobacco prior to the manufacture of tobacco articles, such that incomplete combustion products are removed or modified during smoking of the tobacco article. This is said to be accomplished by adding a calcium oxide or a calcium oxide precursor to the tobacco. Iron oxide is also mentioned as an additive to the tobacco. Cigarettes comprising absorbents, generally in a filter tip, have been suggested for physically absorbing some of the carbon monoxide, but such methods are usually not completely efficient. A cigarette filter for removing unwanted byproducts formed during smoking is described in U.S. Reissue Patent No. RE 31,700, where the cigarette filter comprises dry and active green algae, optionally with an inorganic porous adsorbent such as iron oxide. Other filtering materials and filters for removing unwanted gaseous byproducts, such as hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide, are described in British Patent No. 973,854. These filtering materials and filters contain absorbent granules of a gas-adsorbent

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material, impregnated with finely divided oxides of both iron and zinc. In another example, an additive for smoking tobacco products and their filter elements, which comprises an intimate mixture of at least two highly dispersed metal oxides or metal oxyhydrates, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,412. Such an additive is said to have a synergistically increased absorption capacity for toxic substances in the tobacco smoke. British Patent No. 685,822 describes a filtering agent that is said to oxidize carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke to carbonic acid gas. This filtering agent contains, for example, manganese dioxide and cupric oxide, and slaked lime. The addition of ferric oxide in small amounts is said to improve the efficiency of the product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar Inventor(s): Sun, Lee Kyu; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: THE LAW OFFICES OF EUGENE M. LEE, PLLC; 1101 WILSON BOULEVARD; SUITE 2000; ARLINGTON; VA; 22209; US Patent Application Number: 20020153018 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A method for the preparation of tobacco, specifically a method for the preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar by adding playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) into tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specified size to reduce the toxicity of tobacco, to remove the nicotine and tar contained in the tobacco and to improve the fragrance of tobacco, by which an improvement of health can be achieved by smoking the tobacco. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of tobacco, specifically to a method for the preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar by adding playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) into tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specified size to reduce the toxicity of tobacco, to remove the nicotine and tar contained in the tobacco and to improve the fragrance of tobacco, by which an improvement of health can be achieved by smoking the tobacco. Playcodi radix (broad bellflower) of 2.about.3 years old, ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) of 1 year old and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) are dried under shade and are pulverized into a size of 100-130 meshes and are mixed together in an equal proportion. The mixture of playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) is mixed to tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specific size at the proportion of 0.9% herb mixture and 99.1% tobacco leaves to manufacture cigarette and/or tobacco, thereby improving fragrance of and reducing the content of nicotine and tar in tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 463

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Process and apparatus for the removal of toxic components of tobacco smoke and the standardization of the health hazards related to those components Inventor(s): Eichel, Bertram; (Framingham, MA) Correspondence: Mark S. Leonardo; Brown Rudnick Freed & Gesmer; One Financial Center; Box IP, 18th Floor; Boston; MA; 02111; US Patent Application Number: 20030140933 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: The oral cavity is a source of sensitive biomarkers that allow the development of novel tobacco filters to reverse and eliminate acute adverse effects of tobacco smoke. Useful biomarkers are ubiquitous functional leukocytes and associated essential biochemical mechanisms, including metabolic pathways and specific enzymes, such as myeloperoxidase contained in fluid-cell lavages obtained from the human mouth. These biomarkers derived from the human mouth and sputum from the human respiratory system can be used to evaluate long-term chronic effects of tobacco smoke. A tobacco filter comprising strongly basic anion exchange resins and strongly acidic cation exchange resins with or without activated carbon, is used to detect, reduce and eliminate toxic substances from tobacco smoke while retaining taste and aroma. The novel filter in conjunction with biomarkers allow the establishment of performance standards that permit the direct visualization and measurement of acute adverse reactions caused by tobacco smoke. The measurement of these adverse effects allow a human health hazard reduction scale to be created to inform smokers of the relative "safety" of any smoking product. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to novel tobacco filters and their use in determining the relative "saety" of tobacco products. The tobacco filters of the present disclosure eliminate toxic compounds found in the gas-vapor phase of tobacco smoke and reduce tar and nicotine found in the particulate phase of tobacco smoke. There is, therefore, a need for an improved tobacco filter that substantially removes the harmful components within the gas-vapor phase. There is a need for a filter that while removing the harmful components of tobacco smoke allows passage of those portions of tobacco smoke, which are taste and aroma acceptable by smokers, but not harmful to smokers and non-smokers. Further there is a need for a standard by which the relative "safety" of a tobacco product can be assessed. The oral cavity is the primary portal of entry for tobacco smoke. This fact leads to the conclusion that the maximum impact of tobacco is best observed by direct study of tobacco's effects on biological and biochemical mechanisms within the oral cavity. When humans smoke a single conventional over-thecounter unfiltered or filtered cigarette through a Cambridge Filter interposed between the cigarette and the smoker's lips, the filter separates and removes the particulate phase from the gas-vapor phase of tobacco smoke, permitting only the gas-vapor phase to enter the mouth. The action of the retained gas-vapor phase residue on the in situ exposed inflammatory cells and biochemical parameters induces the same adverse effects as obtained for whole tobacco smoke. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process and device for conveying a wrapper strip in a machine of the tobacco processing industry Inventor(s): Hartmann, Franz; (Geesthacht, DE) Correspondence: GREENBLUM & BERNSTEIN, P.L.C. 1950 ROLAND CLARKE PLACE; RESTON; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030145866 Date filed: January 31, 2003 Abstract: Process and apparatus for operating a machine of the tobacco processing industry. The process includes guiding at least one wrapper strip along a conveyor path from a wrapping strip supply to a garniture device, and fixing the at least one wrapper strip in at least one preset position along the conveyor path The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of German Patent Application No. 102 05 055.4, filed on Feb. 7, 2002, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The invention relates to a process for operating a machine of the tobacco processing industry. The invention also relates to a device for feeding at least one wrapper strip to a feed element that feeds the at least one wrapper snip to a rod of smokeable material or filter maternal of the tobacco processing industry, whereby the device comprises at least one cutting element severing the at least one wrapper strip. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process gas conditioning for tobacco dryers Inventor(s): Pluckhahn, Frank; (Bayreuth, DE), Weiss, Arno; (Norderstedt, DE), Schmekel, Gerald; (Elmshorn, DE), Franke, Dietmar; (Bayreuth, DE) Correspondence: JOHN F. SALAZAR; MIDDLETON & REUTLINGER; 2500 BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOWER; LOUISVILLE; KY; 40202; US Patent Application Number: 20020185755 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to process gas conditioning for tobacco dryers. In particular, it relates to a device for conditioning process gas for a tobacco dryer, in particular a flow dryer, comprising a means for introducing and vaporizing water to be added to the process gas, wherein the means comprises a vaporization unit arranged before the tobacco dryer and before the tobacco is introduced into the process gas. Furthermore, the invention relates to a vaporization unit for introducing water vapor into the flow of process gas in a tobacco dryer, comprising a through-flow tank in which water introduced via a number of spray jets is completely vaporized, in contact with the process gas, and to a method for conditioning process gas for a tobacco dryer, in particular a flow dryer, wherein vapor is added to the process gas by introducing and vaporizing water, the water in the flow of process gas being vaporized in an vaporization unit before the tobacco dryer and before the tobacco is introduced into the process gas. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to the German Patent Application No. 101 17 783.6, filed on Apr. 10, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention

Patents 465

relates to process gas conditioning for tobacco dryers. In particular, the invention relates to a device for conditioning process gas for a tobacco dryer, a vaporization unit for introducing water vapor into the flow of process gas in a tobacco dryer, and to a method for conditioning process gas for a tobacco dryer, in particular a flow dryer. In the tobacco industry, various methods of drying tobacco are known, for example passing the tobacco through a drum, as is described in DE 22 40 682 C2, or passing the tobacco through a tunnel conveyor, as is described in for example DE 29 04 308 C2. In all cases, it is very important for the tobacco to exhibit a particular moistness at the output of the dryer, which may vary only over a very small range. In order to be able to maintain tobacco moistness at all times, DE 22 40 682 C2 for example propose adding hot water or vapor directly into the moisture drum, while in accordance with DE 29 04 308 C2, water is directly added in the tunnel conveyer. When the water is added directly, there is always the disadvantage that optimum vaporization cannot be achieved, such that clumps are formed. If vapor is introduced separately and directly into a drum, for example into a moisture drum as described in DE 22 40 682 C2, then on the one hand there is an increased expenditure in apparatus, and on the other hand there is no guarantee that the vapor optimally mixes with the actual hot process gas, which could lead to a non-homogenous degree of moisture within the tobacco bulk. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR TOBACCO-GENERATED SECONDHAND SMOKE Inventor(s): Ammouri, Tahsin; (Lake Forest, CA) Correspondence: STETINA BRUNDA GARRED & BRUCKER; 75 ENTERPRISE, SUITE 250; ALISO VIEJO; CA; 92656; US Patent Application Number: 20020129710 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: A purification system for preventing secondhand tobacco smoke from reaching an ambient environment thereabout. Two components of the system include a smoke entrapment intake hood for aggregating the secondhand smoke and an electrostatic suction filter assembly in communication with the entrapment hood for extracting aggregated smoke from the hood, removing untoward particulate from the smoke, and releasing resulting clean air to the environment. The filter assembly includes at least one particulate filter for collecting smoke-borne particulate and at least one appropriately charged or grounded plate for electrostatically collecting charged smokeborne particulate. An exit port from the filter assembly permits the release of so-cleaned air to the environment as a negative-ion emitter, positioned immediately inside the exit port, introduces charged ions into the cleansed air. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date and disclosure of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/236,131, filed Sep. 28, 2000. The present invention relates in general to filtration systems, and in particular to a purification system for tobacco-generated secondhand smoke wherein a smoke entrapment intake hood and an electrostatic suction filter assembly concertedly first collect and clean tobacco-smoke saturated air and thereafter return clean air to the atmosphere. While the hazards of cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking to the smoker have been known for a relatively long time, the hazards of secondhand smoke, i.e. smoke emanating from the burning tobacco itself as well as that exhaled by the smoker and entering the ambient air, more recently have been recognized as a potential danger to non-smokers who are in the vicinity of the secondhand smoke. Especially vulnerable are children and anyone

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who has a respiratory or pulmonary disease since the inhalation of secondhand smoke is thought by some to be more dangerous than first-hand smoke inhaled by the smoker because the secondhand smoke has no benefit of filtration. Consequently, many establishments, as well as residences, have banned smoking altogether or have instigated requirements that limit smoking to a small area. Even with such limitations, however, the remnants of smoke as well as the potentially dangerous remaining particulate still can be present when smoking is permitted at a nearby site. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Reduction of nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco products Inventor(s): Baskevitch, Nicolas; (Alpharetta, GA), Le Bec, Lanig; (Le Mans, FR), Raverdy-Lambert, Diane; (Le Mans, FR) Correspondence: DORITY & MANNING, P.A. POST OFFICE BOX 1449; GREENVILLE; SC; 29602-1449; US Patent Application Number: 20020134394 Date filed: October 3, 2001 Abstract: A method for reducing the content of nitrosamines (e.g., N'Nitrosonornicotine, 4-(Methyinitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N'Nitrosoanatabine, and N'-Nitrosoanabasine) in tobacco is provided. In one embodiment, the method includes combining tobacco with a solvent (e.g., water and/or other compounds) to form a soluble portion. The soluble portion contains an initial total level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines per gram of the soluble portion. The soluble portion is contacted with a nitrosamine-reducing material such that the resulting weight percentage of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines per gram of said soluble portion is at least about 20% less than the initial total level of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines per gram of the soluble portion. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to a provisional application filed on Oct. 5, 2000 having Ser. No. 60/238,248. Smoking articles, (e.g., cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc) and smokeless tobacco products (e.g., chewing tobacco, snuff, etc.) are made from natural tobacco, reconstituted tobacco, and blends thereof. Reconstituted tobacco is a type of tobacco that is generally manufactured from natural tobacco by-products generated during the threshing of the natural tobacco leaf or during the manufacture of the tobacco article. However, some natural tobaccos, such as dark air cured, air cured, burley tobaccos, etc., may contain nitrosamines formed during the curing of tobacco, e.g., tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and non-tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Likewise, reconstituted tobacco formed from natural tobacco by-products may also contain nitrosamines. In addition, the smoke produced by tobacco products containing nitrosamines can also contain nitrosamines, which are either transferred from tobacco or pyro-synthesized in certain cases. Extensive research has been conducted on nitrosamines and TSNAs, particularly in tobacco products. In many cases, it has been determined that such ingredients may be unwanted in the final tobacco product. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,810,020 to Northway, et al. describes a process for removing TSNAs from tobacco by contacting the tobacco material with a trapping sink, wherein the trapping sink comprises a select transition metal complex which is readily nitrosated to form a nitrosyl complex with little kinetic or thermodynamic hindrance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 467

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RIGID CONTAINER FOR TOBACCO PRODUCTS Inventor(s): Draghetti, Fiorenzo; (Bologna, IT), Li Vigni, Angelo; (Bologna, IT) Correspondence: The Law Offices of Timothy J. Klima; Suite 330; One Massachusetts Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030106928 Date filed: December 3, 2002 Abstract: A rigid container for tobacco products is prismatic in shape, substantially rectangular or triangular in section, and presents a plurality of side faces each presenting a flat central portion and two longitudinally oriented lateral bands of curved profile of which the concave surface is directed toward the inside of the container; the contiguous lateral bands of each two adjacent side faces are joined one to the other along a sharp longitudinal corner edge. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a rigid container for tobacco products. The invention finds application to particular advantage in the manufacture of hinge-lid cigarette packets fashioned from relative flat precreased and diecut blanks of cardboard or the like, to which reference is made explicitly in the following specification albeit implying no limitation. The traditional type of rigid packet appears as a parallelepiped of rectangular section with sharp longitudinal corner edges; such a packet presents certain drawbacks deriving from a shape not readily adaptable to the human anatomy, and from the fact that the aforementioned longitudinal corner edges can occasion wear on the pockets of garments worn by the smoker. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Sheet tobacco, and process and system for manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Miyakoshi, Yoshisato; (Ibaraki, JP), Shimono, Naohiko; (Ibaraki, JP), Iijima, Toshiki; (Tokyo, JP), Kawai, Kiyotaka; (Shiga, JP), Ota, Akinori; (Kanagawa, JP), Narita, Hiroaki; (Tokyo, JP), Kan, Katsuhiko; (Tokyo, JP), Hagiwara, Kouichi; (Shiga, JP), Nakanishi, Yukio; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020129826 Date filed: December 4, 2001 Abstract: Sheet tobacco according to the present invention includes a carrier sheet made of nonwoven plant fibers, and a tobacco powder layer formed on the carrier sheet and containing a powder mixture of tobacco lamina powder and binder powder. In a sheet tobacco manufacturing process according to the present invention, a carrier sheet of plant fibers is formed by a nonwoven fabric production process, a tobacco powder layer is formed by spreading the powder mixture on the carrier sheet, and a cover sheet of plant fibers is optionally formed on the tobacco powder layer. Subsequently, the carrier sheet, the tobacco powder layer and the optical cover sheet are all together subjected to heating and pressing, thereby producing sheet tobacco with a two- or three-layer structure. The present invention also provides a manufacturing system for carrying out the sheet tobacco manufacturing process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sheet tobacco used as a sort of shredded filler for cigarettes or filter cigarettes, and a process and system for manufacturing such

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sheet tobacco. In general, sheet tobacco of this kind is produced by a rolling process, a papermaking process or a process using slurry as an intermediate. Each of these processes has its own merits and demerits; however, whichever process is employed, the sheet tobacco obtained has low expansion coefficient. Examined Japanese Patent Publication (KOKOKU) No. 56-19225 discloses a process for manufacturing sheet tobacco with high expansion coefficient. This conventional process utilizes techniques for producing nonwoven fabric. Specifically, first, a sheet-like mat is formed using a fibrous tobacco material, and the formed mat is then impregnated with a liquid binder to obtain sheet tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Shredded tobacco supply apparatus of cigarette manufacturing machine Inventor(s): Aizawa, Toshio; (Tokyo, JP), Mashino, Shigemi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020040719 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: A shredded tobacco supply apparatus of a cigarette manufacturing machine comprises two tobacco feeders 4 arranged along a tobacco band. Each of these tobacco feeders includes shredded tobacco reservoirs (12; 13), a deposition chute (26) receiving shredded tobacco from the reservoir through a bottom conveyor (18) and an ascending conveyor (22), and depositing the shredded tobacco, a feed roller unit (34) for delivering shredded tobacco, an acceleration roller (43) for accelerating the delivered shredded tobacco, and a jet diffuser (46) for blowing up the shredded tobacco toward a chimney (10). The chimney (10) adjoins the tobacco band in its traveling direction and inclines at an angle to the traveling direction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a supply apparatus for supplying shredded tobacco to a tobacco band of a cigarette manufacturing machine. In general, a troughtype shredded tobacco supply apparatus (refer to Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKOKU Publication No. 4-73992 or Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKOKU Publication No. 5-70422, for example) or a chimney-type shredded tobacco supply apparatus is used in a cigarette manufacturing machine. According to the trough-type supply apparatus, shredded tobacco is transferred from a reservoir to a feed roller unit by means of a slope conveyor and a gravity chute, further transferred together with an air current along a trough from the feed roller unit, and supplied to a tobacco band of the cigarette manufacturing machine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Smokeless tobacco container with display surfaces for advertising indicia Inventor(s): Cole, Stephen W. (Edmond, OK) Correspondence: MARY M LEE, P.C. 3441 W. MEMORIAL ROAD; SUITE 8; OKLAHOMA CITY; OK; 73134 Patent Application Number: 20020175195 Date filed: May 20, 2002

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Abstract: A holder for a container of smokeless tobacco. The holder provides a vehicle for advertising and can be removably attached to a automobile visor, belt or waistband, golf cart or the like. In its preferred form, the holder is a semi-cylindrical frame with an open top and side. In this way, the inner and outer surfaces of the side wall, as well as the inner surface of the back wall, are visible when the container is not in the holder. When the container is in the holder, the outer side wall is still visible. These visible surfaces are ideal as display surfaces for advertising indicia, which can relate to the brand of smokeless tobacco or to any other advertising subject matter. The holder is inexpensive and can be provided as an advertising "give-away" or sold with the smokeless tobacco as a promotional item. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of provisional application No. 60/293,583, filed May 24, 2001, entitled "Smokeless Tobacco Container Holder with Display Surfaces for Advertising Indicia," the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to holders for smokeless tobacco containers. Advertising is critical to most businesses for promoting the sale of products or services. Advertisers and marketing directors constantly are searching for news ways to communicate information about their products to potential customers. Tobacco companies, in particular, are disadvantaged in the realm of advertising, as state and federal laws severely restrict their advertising to certain types of media and locations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Smokeless tobacco product Inventor(s): Williams, Jonnie R. (Manakin-Sabot, VA) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020162563 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: A smokeless tobacco product suitable for human consumption is prepared from powdered tobacco. In one aspect, the powdered tobacco has a collective content of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) which is 0.3.mu.g/g or less. In another aspect, a smokeless tobacco product comprises powdered tobacco and from about 0.5 to about 15 wt % peppermint, from about 0.5 to about 15 wt % spearmint, from about 0.5 to about 15 wt % menthol, and from about 0.5 to about 15 wt % eucalyptus. The powdered tobacco can be prepared by pulverizing cured tobacco or, alternatively, from an aqueous extract of tobacco. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/845,249, filed May 1, 2001, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/331,326, filed Nov. 13, 2001, and to U.S. provisional application 60/326,224, filed Oct. 2, 2001. The invention relates to tobacco products and, more particularly, to smokeless tobacco products. There are many oral delivery forms of tobacco. Such forms include chewing tobacco, chewing gum, bits, capsules, and tablets. Chewing tobacco utilizes chopped or shredded tobacco, which is placed in the mouth and ultimately removed from the mouth. Bits, tablets, and the like, are often designed to dissolve slowly in order to administer nicotine over a period of time. Such products are often obtained by chopping the tobacco plant or leaf and then extracting soluble

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components from the tobacco using a solvent. The resulting extract is dried and combined with other ingredients to form the products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

System and method for receiving and shipping tobacco units Inventor(s): Purvis, Tracy G. (Winterville, NC) Correspondence: Christopher C. Campbell; HUNTON & WILLIAMS; 1900 K Street, N.W. Washington; DC; 20006-1109; US Patent Application Number: 20030009389 Date filed: July 6, 2001 Abstract: The systems and methods of the invention provide for enhanced communication and exchange of information, relating to tobacco transactions, between a grower, an agent and a controlling entity, for example. The controlling entity is allowed to closely monitor the activities of the agent and the grower, or multiple agents and multiple growers. An identification tag may be placed upon the tobacco unit when the unit is initially at the grower. This identification tag may then go with the tobacco unit through a variety of transactions. The ease and efficiency of the transactions are benefited by utilizing scanning techniques. Various other processing and tracking techniques are used in the systems and methods of the invention. Excerpt(s): The system and method of the invention relate to receiving and shipping units of tobacco by an agent under the control of an entity, and more particularly, to a system and method for monitoring the receipt of tobacco by the agent, storage of the tobacco in inventory by the agent, and thereafter, shipment of the tobacco from the agent to the entity. Tobacco is a plant that has been cultivated and sold for hundreds of years. The leaves of a tobacco plant may be utilized for a variety of purposes. For example, the leaves of the tobacco plant may be dried and thereafter processed in some manner suitable for the desired end product. The tobacco plant may be processed for use in cigarettes or smoking of pipes, for example. The growing, cultivation and ultimate sale to an end customer involves a wide variety of transactions. Commonly, the process starts with a grower growing the tobacco on a farm. One particular grower may control a number of farms. Alternatively, portions of one farm may be respectively controlled by different growers. Once the tobacco is cultivated, the tobacco is commonly then prepared for shipment. Typically, the tobacco may be prepared for shipment in the form of bales. The tobacco may be shipped utilizing any suitable technique such as by land, air, or sea. The tobacco may be shipped from the grower to an agent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco additive Inventor(s): Patel, Ranchhodbhai Dahyabha; (Evansville, IN) Correspondence: Gary K. Price, Esq. Bowers, Harrison, LLp; 25 N.W. Rverside Drive; P.O. BOX 1287; Evansville; IN; 47706-1287; US Patent Application Number: 20020179104 Date filed: May 30, 2001

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Abstract: The invention comprises the addition of aloeswood seeds to tobacco for use in smoking artifacts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is an additive for tobacco intended for use in smoking artifacts such as, but not restricted to, cigars, cigarettes, pipes and hookahs. A dictionary definition for a cigar, used for purposes of definition in this application is: "a more or less cylindrical roll of tobacco cured for smoking, of any of various lengths, thicknesses, degrees of straightness, usually wrapped in a tobacco leaf". A dictionary definition of a cigarette, used for purposes of definition in this application is: "a cylindrical roll of finely cut tobacco cured for smoking, considerably smaller than most cigars and usually wrapped in thin white paper". Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco and cigarette giving decreased sub-current smoke Inventor(s): Aoki, Hideki; (Ibaragi, JP), Kutsuno, Takashi; (Chiba, JP), Niwa, Motoo; (Tokyo, JP), Gotoh, Seishi; (Yamaguchi, JP), Kawai, Yasushi; (Saitama, JP), Matsuda, Kenichiro; (Yamaguchi, JP), Aoki, Hideo; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: NIXON PEABODY, LLP; 8180 GREENSBORO DRIVE; SUITE 800; MCLEAN; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20030070688 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: Tobacco preferably contains powdery basic calcium phosphate, particularly, powdery calcium-defective basic calcium phosphate, adsorbed on or mixed with the tobacco, for decreasing the amount of side stream smoke rising from the burning site. In the case that tobacco is used in the form of a cigarette, the paper sheet surrounding the tobacco may contain powdery basic calcium phosphate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tobacco and cigarette giving decreased sub-current smoke and reducing harmful tar and heavy metal contaminants in the main current smoke as well as sub-current smoke. The smoke emitting from the burning tobacco or cigarette is classified into a main current smoke which is absorbed by the smoker and a sub-current (side-stream) smoke which rises from the burning site. Mutation Research, 222(1989), 73-80, and Environ. Sci. Technol. 23(1989), 679-687 report that harmful materials such as tar and heavy metals are contained in larger amounts in the sub-current smoke than in the main current smoke. It is known that the sub-current smoke causes passive smoking. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco bale slicing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Coleman, G.A. John; (Richmond, VA), Frady, Joe A. (Rocky Mt., NC) Correspondence: Intellectual Property Group; Pillsbury Winthrop LLP; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; McLean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020014244 Date filed: October 15, 2001

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Abstract: The present application relates to a tobacco bale splitting apparatus for splitting a bale of compressed tobacco having a plurality of generally parallel tobacco leaves having stems. The present application also relates to a method of splitting a tobacco bale. Excerpt(s): The present application is a division of application Ser. No. 09,484,209, filed Jan. 18, 2000, which is a division of application Ser. No. 09/163,182, filed Sep. 30, 1998, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/061,404, the entirety of each of which are hereby incorporated into the present application by reference. The present invention relates to an apparatus for slicing leaf tobacco bales. Leaf tobacco bales are typically maintained in a highly compressed state which has many advantages over other methods of packing tobacco. One advantage is that the compressed leaves retain moisture longer than they would in a non-compressed state which makes conditioning and separating the tobacco leaves easier. After tobacco is picked, it is cured in an environment in which the humidity, temperature and other environmental variables are tightly controlled which allows the tobacco to cure without excessive desiccation. Once the proper curing and moisture content is established, the leaves are packed for shipment from the farm or baling site to a processing site. Packing the leaves in leaf bale assemblies maintains the moisture content in a manner superior to wrapping the leaves in sheets so the leaves can be conditioned and separated without undergoing the conventional vacuum conditioning step, the advantages of which will be described hereinbelow. Another advantage to compressing the leaves is that compressed leaves take up less storage space than do non-compressed leaves which results in substantial savings in storage and transportation costs when the tobacco is shipped for later processing. The bale assemblies can also be easily loaded into and out of a vehicle using a forklift and can be stacked, thus requiring less storage space. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco biomass utilization Inventor(s): Pandolfino, Joseph; (Clarence, NY) Correspondence: PHILLIPS, LYTLE, HITCHCOCK, BLAINE & HUBER LLP; 3400 HSBC CENTER; BUFFALO; NY; 14203-3509; US Patent Application Number: 20020197688 Date filed: June 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for the fermentative production of ethanol comprising providing a reduced nicotine recombinant tobacco plant or a portion thereof, fermenting the plant or portion thereof in a fermentation vessel for a time sufficient to produce ethanol therefrom, and then collecting the ethanol from the fermentation vessel. The present invention also discloses a method of sustaining an animal subject comprising feeding the animal subject a reduced nicotine recombinant tobacco plant or a portion thereof. The present invention also discloses a method of producing a protein fraction from plant biomass comprising providing a reduced nicotine recombinant tobacco plant or a portion thereof and then collecting a protein fraction from the recombinant plant or plant portion. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides methods for the use of reduced nicotine tobacco as, among other things, sources of protein, fiber, ethanol, and animal feeds. Tobacco plants can be used to efficiently achieve large quantities of biomass. This biomass can be produced by simply direct-planting tobacco seeds close together in a

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field. Since tobacco vigorously regenerates itself when cut, a field planted with tobacco can be mowed when plants reach about eighteen to twenty-four inches in height (conventional tobacco plants are usually harvested at about four feet) and new, thick, dense growth will replace the mowed plants. If plants are harvested in this manner three to four times per growing season, approximately 100 tons of tobacco biomass can be produced per acre. After subtracting the eighty to ninety percent water, as most plants contain, about 10 to 20 tons of dry solid weight remains. In addition to being highly efficient at producing biomass, tobacco is an extremely versatile plant. Unlike grains such as wheat and corn, tobacco does not have a substantial amino acid deficiency. Tobacco is a substantially allergen-free source of protein, which protein contains all 20 amino acids important to humans and most livestock, and has a great proportion of digestible sugars and starches. Tobacco is also a superior source of dietary fiber and is more digestible than fescue hay by ruminant animals. Bulk fiber volume of tobacco is much higher than that of alfalfa and wheat bran. By growing tobacco biomass, good agricultural land can be diverted to raising other crops: an important consideration for countries or locations with limited farmland. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide new ways to utilize this plant in a productive, effective and nontoxic manner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco cultivar NC 2000 Inventor(s): Rufty, Rebeca C. (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: MYERS BIGEL SIBLEY & SAJOVEC; PO BOX 37428; RALEIGH; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030115642 Date filed: September 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel tobacco cultivar designated NC 2000, which is resistant to blue mold caused by the fungus Peronospora tabacina Adam. The invention provides seeds of the cultivar NC 2000, plants and parts thereof of the cultivar NC 2000, a tissue culture derived from the cultivar NC 2000, hybrids produced from cultivar NC 2000 and lines derived from cultivar NC 2000, as well as genetically modified forms of the foregoing plants and tissue culture. Also provided are methods of producing cultivar NC 2000 plants, cultivar NC 2000 hybrid plants, and tobacco lines derived from cultivar NC 2000. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/323,908, filed Sep. 21, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to tobacco breeding, in particular, to a new tobacco cultivar designated NC 2000 that is resistant to blue mold caused by the fungus Peronospora tabacina Adam. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important commercial crop in the United States as well as in other countries. Blue mold is one of the most significant foliar diseases of tobacco. When weather conditions are favorable, the disease spreads rapidly and attacks plants throughout the growing season. It can completely destroy transplants in the bed. In the field, the presence of the pathogen can be seen as brown necrotic spots on the leaves or as a systemic infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco dipping cup with saliva reservoir Inventor(s): Wilson, Christopher A. (Tallahassee, FL) Correspondence: John Wiley Horton; Pennington, Moore, Wilkinson, Bell & Dunbar, P.A. 215 S. Monroe St., 2nd Floor; Tallahassee; FL; 32301; US Patent Application Number: 20030052018 Date filed: September 14, 2001 Abstract: A beverage cup having a detachable saliva reservoir so that a user may enjoy a beverage and smokeless tobacco products simultaneously. The cup has a saliva conduit running from its upper extremity down to a saliva reservoir which screws on the bottom. The upper portion of the conduit is formed into a mouthpiece which allows the user to easily deposit the saliva without the risk of it contaminating the contents of the cup. The beverage within the cup and the saliva reservoir are separated by an internal bulkhead. Cleaning is facilitated by the fact that the reservoir screws off the bottom. Both the cup and the reservoir can then be placed in a dishwasher or washed by hand. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of drinking vessels. More specifically, the invention comprises a drinking cup with an integral saliva conduit and reservoir, so that a user who is dipping tobacco (snuff) may use a single vessel to hold a liquid drink and hold the saliva which must be spit out of the user's mouth. Many persons enjoy the use of smokeless tobacco products. One method of using such a product is to place a small portion of tobacco between the teeth and gums--commonly referred to as "dipping." The presence of the tobacco causes the user to salivate. This saliva intermingles with the tobacco and can cause sickness if swallowed. Thus, the smokeless tobacco user commonly spits out the induced saliva. In some circumstances - such as when playing baseball--the user can simply spit the saliva onto the ground. This option is impractical when driving a car or generally when indoors. In these cases, the user must employ a can or cup to hold the saliva. As the can or cup is not really designed for this purpose, its use can be difficult. As one example, empty soda cans do not have a sufficiently large opening to receive the saliva. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco filter means superimposedly rechargeably filled with disposable filter units Inventor(s): Liu, Te-San; (Ping-Tung, TW) Correspondence: Te-San Liu; P. O. Box 55-846; Taipei; 104; TW Patent Application Number: 20030079755 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: A tobacco filter device includes a plurality of filter units superimposedly rechargeably filled in a sleeve member, having a bowl member connected to an outer end (smoking end) of the sleeve member and a mouthpiece connected to an inner end (mouth end) of the sleeve member, whereby upon smoking of tobacco or a cigarette as loaded or inserted in the bowl portion, the filter unit or units positioned on an outer portion of the sleeve member adjacent to the smoking end, after being saturated with smoking waste including tar and nicotine, may be pushed outwardly and discarded from the outer end of the sleeve member as thrusted and urged by a fresh (new) filter unit (or units) as recharged into the inner (mouth) end of the sleeve member, thereby

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still keeping use of those filter units not yet saturated and loaded in the rear portion of the sleeve member, without wasting the useful filter units. Excerpt(s): A conventional filter device may be used to insert a cigarette therein for filtering off nicotine or tar of tobacco smoke. However, the tar or smoke waste may easily clog the front portion of the filter device to influence a smooth cigarette smoking. Even the filter device may still be used since the filter material as filled in the filter device is not completely saturated, the smoker may discard the partially saturated filter device just simply because of unsmooth smoking through the partially clogged filter to thereby cause wasting of the filter device. The present inventor has found the drawbacks of conventional cigarette filter device and invented the present filter device having a plurality of filter units superimposedly rechargeably filled therein. The object of the present invention is to provide a tobacco filter device including a plurality of filter units superimposedly rechargeably filled in a sleeve member, having a bowl member connected to an outer end (smoking end) of the sleeve member and a mouthpiece connected to an inner end (mouth end) of the sleeve member, whereby upon smoking of tobacco or a cigarette as loaded or inserted in the bowl portion, the filter unit or units positioned on an outer portion of the sleeve member adjacent to the smoking end, after being saturated with smoking waste including tar and nicotine, may be pushed outwardly and discarded from the outer end of the sleeve member as thrusted and urged by a fresh (new) filter unit (or units) as recharged into the inner (mouth) end of the sleeve member, thereby still keeping use of those filter units not yet saturated and loaded in the rear portion of the sleeve member, without wasting the useful filter units. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco harvester and method Inventor(s): Taylor, Ron; (Elizabethtown, NC) Correspondence: Duane Morris LLP; Suite 700; 1667 K Street, N.W. Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030106298 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: An improved tobacco harvester which on a single pass through the field sorts tobacco leaves as the leaves are harvested based on the height at which they grow on the tobacco stalk. An adjustable guide directs leaves as they are stripped from the stalk onto upper and lower conveyor belts which transport the leaves into separate collection bins. Methods are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the harvesting of flue cured tobacco and, more specifically, to a tobacco harvester which separates the upper leaves from the lower leaves in a single pass of the harvester through the field. This harvester is an improvement over the harvester disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,921, issued Feb. 13, 2001 and assigned to the assignee hereof, the disclosure of which patent is incorporated herein by reference. Tobacco harvesting methods have changed in recent years. Previously, tobacco leaves were harvested progressively as they ripened from the bottom of the plant upward over the course of the ripening season. The harvesting was accomplished on a series of passes through the field to select only the leaves that were ripe, initially a manual harvesting with the leaf selection accomplished visually, and more recently mechanically with the leaf selection accomplished by an adjustment of the height at which the leaves were stripped form the stalk. The simultaneous mechanical

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harvest of most if not all of the tobacco leaves is now favored because of the cost of labor, the development of tobacco plants whose leaves ripen during a narrower time span and the availability of chemical ripeners. If the leaves are harvested in one pass through the field, the leaves thereafter must be sorted by quality, generally a function of the location of the leaf on the stalk. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco leaf handling assembly Inventor(s): Sturgill, James D. (Cheraw, SC), Stewart, Donald J. (Bennettsville, SC) Correspondence: Intellectual Property Group; Pillsbury Winthrop, LLP; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; McLean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020017308 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for transferring harvested tobacco leaves from an amorphous mass of harvested tobacco leaves to a bulk curing container component for subsequent transfer to a bulk curing site. According to the method, the bulk curing container component is positioned adjacent a tobacco discharging end of a tobacco transferring system. The transferring system has the discharging end, a tobacco receiving end opposite the discharging end, and a generally upwardly facing tobacco conveying apparatus for supporting and moving the leaves between the discharging and receiving ends. The amorphous mass of harvested tobacco leaves is supplied to the tobacco conveying apparatus at the tobacco receiving end of the transferring system in such a manner that the harvested tobacco leaves of the amorphous mass are randomly arranged and stacked on top of one another in a generally vertical direction. The transferring system is continuously operated under power such that the transferring system (a) conveys the harvested tobacco leaves from the tobacco receiving end thereof to the tobacco discharging end thereof and then subsequently discharges the conveyed tobacco leaves to the bulk curing container component, and (b) separates the leaves from one another and disperses the separated leaves along the tobacco conveying apparatus as the leaves are being conveyed to thereby reduce the aforesaid vertical stacking of the harvested leaves so that substantially all the leaves being discharged into the bulk curing container component from the discharging end thereof are separated from one another. The present invention also relates to a tobacco transferring system. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Appln. No. 60/1088,118, filed Jun. 4, 1998, the entirety of which is incorporated into the present application by reference. The present invention relates to tobacco leaf handling and more particularly to an assembly and method for transferring a large amorphous mass of harvested tobacco leaves from a collection receptacle in which they are collected during harvesting to a bulk curing container component. Some types of tobacco such as bright leaf or flue-cured tobacco are harvested by removing selected individual leaves from tobacco plants growing in a tobacco field. Typically the individual tobacco leaves are placed in a container component after removal from the tobacco plant where they are collected in bulk for transfer to a drying and curing facility for further processing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco mint plant material product Inventor(s): Atchley, Frank S. (Nashville, TN), Due, Vernie A. (Nashville, TN), Gray, Thomas R. (Murfreesboro, TN) Correspondence: FITCH EVEN TABIN AND FLANNERY; 120 SOUTH LA SALLE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030094182 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to smokeless tobacco compositions, such as a chewing tobacco and/or snuff composition comprising tobacco and mint plant material, where the mint plant material is mint leaf with or without endogenous mint oil, mint stems, and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tobacco compositions, more specifically smokeless tobacco compositions that are comprised of tobacco and mint plant material. More particularly, the composition is comprised of a mixture of tobacco and mint plant material including mint leaves, said leaves being with or without their endogenous mint oil, mint stems with or without their endogenous mint oil, and the like. Mixtures of mint plant material and tobacco are blended in amounts effective for minimizing the negative flavor attributes sometimes found in tobacco. Smokeless tobaccos are products that are orally consumed without subjecting the product to combustion. These products are manufactured in a variety of forms including chewing tobacco, dry snuff and moist snuff. Generally, these types of products are made as follows with the steps being in no particular order: cutting or grinding the tobacco into a suitable size; dipping or spraying the tobacco with a casing solution; partially drying the cased tobacco; holding the tobacco in containers for a period of time; and packaging it. Chewing tobacco is typically sold in one of three forms: a "plug" where the tobacco is compressed into one of any number of shapes; "twists", where leaves are entwined into a rope-shaped product; and loose, leafy chewing tobacco where it is presented in an envelop-like container. Plugs typically have a moisture content around 15% or less by volume for "hard" plugs and greater than 15% for "soft" plugs. Twists and loose, leafy material are typically lower in moisture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco processing Inventor(s): Peele, David McCray; (Edenton, NC) Correspondence: MYERS BIGEL SIBLEY & SAJOVEC; PO BOX 37428; RALEIGH; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030047190 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: Tobaccos are cured in a manner so as to provide tobaccos having extremely low tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) contents. Harvested Virginia tobacco is subjected to flue-curing so as to provide flue-cured tobacco. During the curing processing steps, contact of the tobacco with nitric oxide gases, such as those produced as combustion products of propane burning heating units, is avoided. Tobacco in curing barns is not subjected to direct-fire curing techniques, but rather, heat for tobacco curing can be provided by heat exchange or electrical heating methods.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tobacco, and in particular, to the postharvest treatment of tobacco. Nitrosamines are known to be present in air, foods, beverages, cosmetics, and even pharmaceuticals. Preussman et al., Chemical Carcinogens, 2.sup.nd Ed., Vol. 2, Searle (Ed.) ACS Monograph 182, 829-868 (1984). Tobacco and tobacco smoke also are known to contain nitrosamines. Green et al., Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci., 22, 131 (1996). Tobacco is known to contain a class of nitrosamines known as tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA). Hecht, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 11(6), 559603 (1998); Hecht, Mut. Res., 424(1,2), 127-142 (1999). TSNA have been reported to be present in smokeless tobacco, Brunnemann et al., Canc. Lett., 37, 7-16 (1987), Tricker, Canc. Lett., 42, 113-118 (1988), Andersen et al., Canc. Res., 49, 5895-5900 (1989); cigarette smoke, Spiegelhalder et al., Euro. J Canc. Prev., 5(1), 33-38 (1996); Hoffmann et al., J. Toxicol. Env. Hlth., 50, 307-364 (1997); Borgerding et al., Food Chem. Toxicol., 36, 169182 (1997); nicotine-containing gum, Osterdahl, Food Chem. Toxic., 28(9), 619-622 (1990); and nicotine-containing transdermal patch, Adlkofer, In: Clarke et al. (Eds.), Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems II, 17-25 (1995). Green and freshly harvested tobaccos have reported to be virtually free of TSNA. Parsons, Tob. Sci., 30, 81-82 (1986); Spiegelhalder et al., Euro. J Canc. Prev., 5(1), 33-38 (1996); Brunnemann et al., J Toxicol.Clin. Toxicol., 19(6&7), 661-668 (1982-3); Andersen et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 37(1), 4450 (1989); Djordjevic et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 752-756 (1989). However, it has been observed that TSNA form during the post-harvest processing to which tobacco is subjected. Tricker, Canc. Lett., 42, 113-118 (1988); Chamberlain et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 48-50 (1988). TSNA are recognized as being formed when tobacco alkaloids, such as nicotine, are nitrosated. Hecht, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 11(6), 559-603 (1998). There has been considerable effort expended toward studying the mechanism of formation of TSNA. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco processing machine Inventor(s): Favaro, Mansueto; (Treviso, IT) Correspondence: MODIANO & ASSOCIATI; Via Meravigli, 16; MILANO; 20123; IT Patent Application Number: 20030000537 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: A tobacco processing machine, comprising a frame that is cylindrical and hollow and has an inclined axis; the frame rotates axially so as to break up tobacco bales or slices and is internally provided with rods for moving the tobacco that protrude radially; the tobacco processing machine further comprising elements for feeding steam and/or water and/or another fluid, which are provided on the inner lateral surface of the frame. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a machine for processing tobacco bales or slices. Currently, in lines for processing tobacco at the manufacturing level, raw tobacco bales are broken up by means of a process that is commonly known as slicing and direct conditioning process. The tobacco bales, once freed from their packaging, depending on their dimensions may be subjected to slicing, so as to reduce them to dimensions that are compatible with the machines designed to process them. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco product carrying catalytically active material and its use in a smokers' article Inventor(s): Meier, Walter M. (Truttikon, CH) Correspondence: OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC; P.O. BOX 19928; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20020195115 Date filed: February 21, 2002 Abstract: The tobacco product carries on its surface catalytically active material for improving the burning process. The catalytically active material is selected from the group of crystalline and non-crystalline oxides and hydroxides of aluminium, e.g. gibbsite, having a particle size of 1 to 100.mu.m and a specific surface of 75 to 250 m.sup.2/g. With the use of the catalyst in the tobacco, the amount of noxious compounds in the mainstream and sidestream smoke can be considerably reduced in the combustion process of the smokers' article during its consumption.The said tobacco product is useful for smoker's articles comprising a filter, a tobacco rod and a wrapper. In such articles the tobacco rod consists of the tobacco product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a tobacco product carrying catalytically active material, to articles for smoking containing such a tobacco product and more particularly to cigarettes which contain non-zeolitic catalysts in the tobacco rod. The catalytically active material is useful for reducing toxic components in tobacco smoke of smokers' articles, particularly of cigarettes. As is well known, two kinds of smoke arise during the smoking of a cigarette, the mainstream smoke and the sidestream smoke. The mainstream smoke is the smoke which enters the mouth of the smoker when he draws on the cigarette through the filter part, while the sidestream smoke is the smoke which is released by the smouldering combustion of the cigarette in the interim phases. From technical literature it can be learned that approximately twice as much tobacco is burned during the glowing of a cigarette between the puffs than during the puffs. Although in the prior art many--albeit unsatisfactory--means of reducing the mainstream smoke of noxious substances have been proposed, there has been no solution so far which makes it possible to remove the noxious substances from the sidestream smoke in sufficient manner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco products merchandising method Inventor(s): Roscoe, John F. (Alamo, CA) Correspondence: Sean McDermott; HOWREY SIMON ARNOLD & WHITE, LLP; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20030159406 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of merchandising cigarettes, both in factory-made form and in the form of loose tobacco of the same blend and other related products bearing the same brand. Excerpt(s): Heretofore, "factory-made" cigarettes have been sold in a variety of brands in packs, each of which brands has a distinctive flavor. Tobacco companies have also sold loose tobacco and cigarette papers or prefabricated tubes from which the smoker may assemble, either manually or with small, hand-operated machines into individual "make

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(roll) your own" cigarettes. It is well known that smokers cigarettes tend to develop a loyalty for one brand which has an established tobacco mixture or blend of tobaccos that best satisfies their individual taste. With the increasing prices and taxes on cigarettes, more smokers are turning from factory-made cigarettes to make your own. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco rattle virus vectors and related compositions and methods Inventor(s): Schiff, Michael; (New Haven, CT), Liu, Yule; (New Haven, CT), Dinesh Kumar, Savithramma P. (New Haven, CT) Correspondence: ROPES & GRAY LLP; ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE; BOSTON; MA; 02110-2624; US Patent Application Number: 20030182684 Date filed: March 14, 2003 Abstract: The application provides, in part, vectors based on novel tobacco rattle virus replicons, as well as methods for using such vectors and transgenic plants. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/364,901, filed Mar. 14, 2002, entitled "Novel tobacco rattle virus based viral induced gene silencing system", by S. P. Dinesh Kumar, Y. Liu and M. Schiff. The entire teachings of the referenced application are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Aided by high-throughput sequencing technology, plant biologists have identified large numbers of novel open reading frames (ORFs). Large-scale functional genomic approaches are needed in order to convert this sequence information into functional information. Traditionally, Agrobacterium Ti plasmid transfer DNA (TDNA) and transposon-based insertional mutant populations have provided the resources for the analysis of phenotypes. Large collections of such insertion and deletion mutant populations have been generated for plants like Arabidopsis thaliana due to the ease of transformation. However, these mutant collections are not generally saturated, meaning that all ORFs have not been disrupted or tagged by an insertion or deletion. Saturation may be difficult to achieve because of bias in the insertion of T-DNA or transposons and because disruptions of essential genes often result in nonviable plants that are lost from the collection. In addition, many plant genomes have a high degree of gene duplication, and therefore a disruption of a gene will not yield any measurable phenotype because a duplicate copy of the gene compensates for the defect. Alternative methods for probing gene function have been developed, including dsRNA-mediated suppression of genes by vectors that produce sense and antisense transcripts. However, all of these approaches rely on the generation of transgenic lines. The generation of transgenic plant lines is a time consuming process, and is only practical for high throughput analyses in Arabidopsis. Gene silencing approaches, such as virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), offer an attractive and quick alternative for knocking out expression of a gene without the need to genetically transform the plant. Using this method, recombinant virus carrying a partial sequence of a host gene is used to infect the plant. When the virus spreads systemically, the endogenous gene transcripts, which are homologous to the insert in the viral vector (VIGS-vector), are degraded by posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Vectors for carrying out gene silencing suffer from a variety of shortcomings, including inability to silence genes in proliferating or non-proliferating cells, inability to silence genes in a large area of the target plant, and poor rate of infection in target plants.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco smoke filter Inventor(s): Von Borstel, Reid W. (Potomac, MD), Lesser, Craig A. (Middletown, CA) Correspondence: David A Farah; Sheldon & Mak; 9th Floor; 225 South Lake Avenue; Pasadena; CA; 91101; US Patent Application Number: 20030183239 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: A tobacco smoke filter a copper-containing porphyrin or an iron analog of C.I. Reactive Blue 21 dye. A method of making a first tobacco smoke filter segment, comprising the steps of, first, providing one or more than one substance; producing a mixture of cellulose fiber and the substance; heating the mixture for a sufficient time at one or more than one temperature sufficient to covalently link the substance to the cellulose fiber; and forming the cellulose fiber with covalently bound substance into the first tobacco smoke filter segment. The substance can be a copper-containing porphyrin or an iron analog of C.I. Reactive Blue 21 dye. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/232,048 titled "Cigarette Filter" and filed Sep. 12, 2000, the contents of which are incorporated in this disclosure by reference in its entirety. It is widely known that tobacco smoke contains mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds which cause substantial morbidity and mortality to smokers. Examples of such substances include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrosamines. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons appear to cause toxicity by intercalating within DNA molecules. Nitrosamines are electrophilic, alkylating agents which are potent carcinogens. Nitrosamines are not present in fresh or green tobaccos and are not formed during combustion. They are instead formed by reactions involving free nitrate during processing and storage of tobacco, or by the post-inhalation, metabolic activation of secondary amines present in tobacco smoke. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tobacco smoke filter and relative composition made of antioxidant and mineral substances Inventor(s): Pera, Ivo E. (Pembroke Pines, FL) Correspondence: Daniel S. Polley, Esq. Malin, Haley & DiMaggio, P.A. 1936 South Andrews Avenue; Fort Lauderdale; FL; 33316; US Patent Application Number: 20020148478 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A tobacco smoke filter synergist composition is provided comprised of antioxidants and minerals: the former are effective as free radical scavenger and the latter are capable of reducing the other harmful substances from tobacco smoke. In particular, minerals include the magnetized ferrite, which has great adsorbing capacity. The composition can be disposed within a one or more chambers. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of and priority to European Patent Application No. EP 01125053.7, filed Mar. 1, 2001. The present invention relates to the

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technical sector of smoking articles and in particular of tobacco smoke filter and relative compositions to insert in cigarettes, cigars and pipes. Accumulated evidence by competent medical authorities indicates that the death rate from disease of the coronary arteries and the death from cancer are much higher among persons with a history of regular cigarette smoking than among persons who did not smoke. Smoke free radicals and contaminants are believed to be the primary agents in cigarette smoke hastening death to coronary artery disease. Attempts have been made to reduce the amount of smoke contaminants and other ingredients in tobacco smoke absorbed by the smoker by causing the smoke to pass through filters, which are either embodied in a filter type cigarette or in a holder for the cigarette, cigars or pipe tobacco. Such filters remove a certain proportion of smoke contaminants and tars from the smoke, but the amount remaining and passing into the smoker's system is still far greater than a safe value and is capable of causing objective damage to the lung and heart lining and other parts of the body. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tobacco smoking mixture for smoking articles such as cigarettes Inventor(s): Hajaligol, Mohammad R. (Midlothian, VA), Lilly, A. Clifton JR. (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Peter K. Skiff; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030041867 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: A tobacco smoking mixture is provided that includes tobacco and at least one inorganic particulate material. The at least one inorganic particulate material is effective to reduce the temperature of a burning portion of the tobacco smoking mixture upon combustion/pyrolysis thereof. The at least one inorganic particulate material can be an inorganic carbonate, an inorganic hydrate, an inorganic oxide, an inorganic phosphate, a carbon material or combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tobacco smoking mixture. In particular, the invention relates to a tobacco smoking mixture, for a smoking article such as a cigarette, which includes at least one inorganic particulate material. The inorganic particulate material is present in an amount effective to reduce the temperature of a burning portion of the tobacco smoking mixture upon combustion/pyrolysis thereof. The present invention also relates to methods for manufacturing such novel tobacco smoking mixtures. Tobacco smoking mixtures and/or smoking articles are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,545,448; 3,885,574; 3,943,942; 4,008,723; 4,019,520; 4,119,104; 4,452,259; and 5,345,955, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Carbon and graphitic foams and methods of manufacturing carbon and graphitic foam materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,960,770 and 6,261,485. The '485 patent discloses carbon foams useful at high temperature and a process of making graphitic foam from a mesophase or isotropic pitch. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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USE OF TOBACCO MILD GREEN MOSAIC VIRUS (TMGMV) MEDIATED LETHAL HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE (HR) AS A NOVEL METHOD OF WEED CONTROL Inventor(s): Pettersen, Matthew Scott; (Gainesville, FL), Charudattan, Raghavan; (Gainesville, FL), Hiebert, Ernest; (Gainesville, FL) Correspondence: SALIWANCHIK LLOYD & SALIWANCHIK; A PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION; 2421 N.W. 41ST STREET; SUITE A-1; GAINESVILLE; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20030125208 Date filed: November 29, 2001 Abstract: Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) induces a lethal, systemic, hypersensitive response in Tropical Soda Apple (TSA). TMGMV is a member of the tobamoviruses, which consist of mechanically transmitted, rod-shaped, RNA viruses that are strictly plant pathogens. Excerpt(s): The subject invention pertains to the field of agriculture, more particularly to the biocontrol of undesirable plant species. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal; TSA) is a prickly perennial weed species indigenous to South America. Introduced into Florida in 1988 it has since become one of the most serious invasive weeds in the southeastern United States (Mullahey, 1996). Tropical soda apple is designated a noxious weed under the Federal Noxious Weed Statutes. It proliferates rapidly by both sexual and asexual means. TSA is dispersed by cattle, birds, wild animals, and certain ranching and agricultural practices. In addition to being a highly competitive weed, TSA poses an additional threat as a reservoir for several economically important plant viruses (McGovern et al., 1994). TSA is currently managed by a combination of mowing and application of the chemical herbicide triclopyr (Remedy.RTM.) (Akanda et al., 1997), but alternative means of control are necessary and desirable. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, to the extent not inconsistent with the explicit teachings set forth herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tobacco, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tobacco. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tobacco. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON TOBACCO Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tobacco. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tobacco include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on tobacco: ·

Tobacco control and prevention: A guide for low income countries Source: Paris, France: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1998. 129 pp. Contact: Available from Karen Slama, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tobacco Prevention Division, 68 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75006 Paris, France. Telephone: (33) 1 44 32 03 60 / fax: (33) 1 43 29 90 87 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This guide was written to be used by health professionals, but it can be used by others. The guide was written for use in low income countries to give an overview of the way tobacco control and prevention are evolving throughout the world. An implementation framework, with an emphasis on structure, management, and evaluation of cessation interventions with patients, is provided. Other areas covered include a framework for assessing tobacco use and its consequences in the population,

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assessing legislation and needs for advocacy, and developing and assessing prevention programs. ·

Reducing tobacco use among youth: Community based approaches: A guideline for prevention practitioners Source: [Rockville, MD]: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1997. 54 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Parklawn Building/Rockwall II, Ninth Floor, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (301) 443-0365 / fax: (301) 443-5447. Summary: The Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS) guidelines attempt to answer questions such as which interventions alone or in combination work in preventing substance use, under what circumstances do they work, how does a practitioner choose one intervention over another, and how can a chosen intervention be implemented. Using the evidence based methodology, the PEPS guidelines identify and analyze all the research as well as practice knowledge available in order to synthesize it and develop recommendations for practice. This guideline discusses why focus on tobacco use among youth, how big a problem is tobacco use among youth, and how practitioners can have the greatest impact. Six PEPS prevention approaches are described. The appendices provide criteria for establishing levels of evidence of effectiveness, an explanation of abbreviations, a glossary, and a resource guide. This guide responds to the needs of the states in meeting the Synar Amendment to the 1992 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Reorganization Act.

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Developing school-based tobacco use prevention and cessation programs Source: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 1995. 294 pp. Contact: Available from Sage Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 913202218. Telephone: (805) 499-9774 / fax: (805) 499-0871 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.sagepub.com. $24.00, paper; plus $2.00 shipping and handling; prepayment required for orders under $25.00. Summary: This book provides a guide toward developing tobacco and smokeless tobacco use prevention and cessation programs in schools. It reviews the foundations of such programs, looks at the prevention and cessation components of a present current program (Project TNT), presents a possible curriculum for such a program, and looks toward the future of such programs. Appendices include a more in-depth look at some components of Project TNT.

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Major local tobacco control ordinances in the United States Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1993. 139 pp. Contact: Available from Publications Office, National Cancer Institute, Building 31, Room 10A03, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20832-2580. Telephone: (301) 435-3848 / fax: (301) 402-0894h / Web site: http://www.nci.nih.gov/. Available at no charge. Summary: This publication summarizes the provisions of local ordinances regulating the use or sale of tobacco, including workplace and other public place provisions,

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vending machines, free samples, and access by minors. A set of model local ordinances is included. ·

Tobacco and Dental Health Source: Torrance, CA: Homestead Schools, Inc. 2000. 46 p. Contact: Available from Homestead Schools, Inc. 23844 Hawthorne Boulevard, Suite 200, Torrance, CA 90505. (310) 791-9975. Fax (310) 791-0135. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.homesteadschools.com. PRICE: $24.00 plus shipping and handling. Course No. 6450. Summary: Advice from health professionals has been shown to be a powerful influence on patient decision to stop or not begin using tobacco. This continuing education program focuses on tobacco and dental health, helping dentists to better recognize tobacco's adverse effects in the mouth and to encourage patients to discontinue their tobacco use. Topics include the oral examination designed to detect oral mucosal lesions and how to document findings; cigarette smoking as a course of cancer; risk factors in terms of behavioral patterns and population groups; relative risks of early cancer mortality; the risks of involuntary or passive smoking; tobacco-induced and tobaccoassociated oral conditions; tobacco-induced oral lesions and their clinical characteristics; tobacco-associated effects on the teeth and supporting tissues (periodontium); how to differentiate oral conditions that are and are not the result of tobacco use; tobacco effects on oral health care, patient fitness for health care, and family health and well-being; the extraoral examination, perioral and intraoral soft tissue examination, and dental and periodontal tissue examinations; patient tobacco-use assessment forms; and the effects of smokeless tobacco on oral health. The document includes a posttest with which readers can qualify for continuing education credit. The document is illustrated with numerous black and white photographs. 78 figures. 3 tables. 64 references.

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How to Help Your Patients Stop Using Tobacco: A National Cancer Institute Manual for the Oral Health Team Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI). 1998. 78 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237; TTY (800) 332-8615; Fax (301) 330-7968; http://rex.nci.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 91-3191. Summary: This tobacco intervention manual for the oral health team is part of a broad effort to develop, test, and disseminate the most effective techniques to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use in America. The manual provides brief, concise guidelines for dentists, hygienists, and other oral health staff to help patients stop using tobacco. The introduction discusses the rationale and benefits of offering tobacco use intervention services and addresses issues related to time investment and compensation. The bulk of the manual presents practical steps for getting ready to establish an office program, for helping patients stop using tobacco, and for following through with patients and others affected by tobacco use. The appendices contain additional information about tobacco use cessation, including sample forms and protocols, lists of available resources, selfhelp tips, and selected references. 28 references. (AA-M).

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Tobacco and Your Oral Health Source: Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1997. 38 p.

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Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $22.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153261. Summary: This book describes the oral health consequences of tobacco use. The authors explain how tobacco use can lead to stained teeth and other problems such as changes in appearance, bad breath, a decrease in the senses of smell and taste, facial wrinkling, the development of tartar (calculus), changes in periodontal structures (gums and supporting bone), impaired wound healing with dental therapy (such as implants), and a variety of other oral conditions including dental abrasion, hairy tongue, smoker's palate, leukoplakia, chronic sinusitis, and oral cancer. The authors also discuss developing a tobacco-free lifestyle, the health benefits of quitting, addiction, becoming an ex-tobacco user, choosing a cessation program, and tips for staying tobacco free. The book includes numerous full-color line drawings illustrating each of the tobacco-related problems. The book also includes two self-tests for nicotine addiction. (AA-M). ·

Texas Spit Tobacco Education and Prevention Plan: A Guide for Action Source: Austin, TX: Dental Oncology Education Program (DOEP), Texas Dental Association. April 1997. 60 p. Contact: Available from Dental Oncology Education Program (DOEP). Texas Dental Association, Suite 302A, Box 109, 1946 South Interregional, Austin, TX 78704. (888) 4432439 or (512) 443-1308; Fax (512) 443-0953; http://DentalOutreach.UTHSCSA.EDU/DEOP. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This document outlines the development and goals of the Spit Tobacco Education and Prevention Plan for the State of Texas. The plan addresses methods to avoid a potentially serious threat to health (the use of spit tobacco or ST) rather than a disease or the needs of a specific population. After a brief section on the vision, mission, and philosophy of this prevention plan, the document presents an Executive Summary of the four goals of the program. The first goal states that a comprehensive, integrated, and coordinated statewide research and information system will be created to provide the framework for developing, implementing, evaluating, and disseminating ST programs, policies, and service. Goal II states that Texans will have up to date knowledge, resources, and skills pertaining to ST prevention and cessation. Goal III states that health care professionals will have up to date knowledge and skills pertaining to ST and will use these skills with increased frequency to provide quality prevention and cessation education and services. The final goal states that Texans will enact public and worksite policies that create tobacco-free environments where ST use is viewed as an unhealthy and socially unacceptable behavior. The document also includes a lengthy background chapter which covers a definition of ST, health risks, epidemiology, ST use in Texas, Texas demographics, ST cessation, barriers to implement ST programs, and ST programs in Texas.

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Smokeless Tobacco: A Deadly Addiction Source: Waco, TX: HEALTH EDCO. 1997. 48 p. Contact: Available from HEALTH EDCO. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366 or (817) 776-6461. Fax (888) 977-7653. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.healthedco.com. PRICE: $5.95; bulk copies available. Order number JG42010.

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Summary: Americans have become very aware of the health risks of smoking cigarettes, but less is known about the dangers of their popular substitute: snuff and chewing tobacco. This booklet is designed to teach adolescents about the hazards of smokeless tobacco. The booklet defines and describes the different types of smokeless tobacco, including snuff and chewing tobacco, and discusses the drug involved, nicotine. Other topics include the symptoms of nicotine addiction, the history of tobacco use, the users of smokeless tobacco, the ingredients in smokeless tobacco (including carcinogens, nitrosamines, sugar, flavoring agents, nicotine), the health effects of smokeless tobacco (bad breath, dental problems, cancer, cardiovascular diseases), the advertising of smokeless tobacco, how tobacco companies control nicotine, legal factors related to smokeless tobacco, why people use snuff and chew, prevention programs in school, the history of smokeless tobacco and baseball (and current efforts to change that relationship), and how to quit the use of smokeless tobacco. The booklet also tells the story of Sean Marsee, a young man who died from oral cancer caused by his regular use of smokeless tobacco. The booklet concludes with a list of 9 reasons for quitting the use of smokeless tobacco. The booklet is illustrated with colorful photographs and graphics. ·

Impact of Tobacco Use on Nonmalignant and Precancerous Oral and Dental Diseases and Conditions: An Indiana University School of Dentistry Teaching Monograph. A Comprehensive Review Source: Indianapolis, IN: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Indiana School of Dentistry. June 1991. 80 p. Contact: Available from Indiana University School of Dentistry. Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5186. Website: www.iusd.iupui.edu. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: In addition to a number of intraoral malignancies (cancer), a wide variety of precancerous and nonmalignant oral and perioral diseases and conditions are also directly or indirectly linked to the use of smoked and smokeless (spit) tobacco (ST). This monograph is designed to help the reader understand the etiology, scope, and physical impact of these abnormalities as they relate to tobacco use. This document presents a comprehensive literature review on this topic. The authors reviewed over 800 scientific works and used 426 of these published articles as the basis for this document. The authors emphasize the oral effects of cigarette smoking, but they also review oral problems related to ST use. The literature review demonstrates how tobacco cessation benefits oral health, particularly regarding leukoplakia, stomatitis nicotina, impaired gingival bleeding, periodontitis, gingival (gum) recession, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, dental calculus, halitosis (bad breath) and dental staining, dental caries, delayed oral wound healing, smoker's melanosis, oral candidiasis, recurrent aphthous ulcers, and altered taste and smell. Information from this report can be used by oral health team members as they learn to recognize and deal with the tobacco related conditions which they diagnose in their patients. A subject index concludes the document. 4 tables. 426 references.

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Tobacco Use Prevention Materials Catalog Source: Bethesda, MD: Corporate Health Policies Group, Inc. 1994. 101 p. Contact: Available from Corporate Health Policies Group, Inc. 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 620, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 718-8440. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling.

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Summary: This catalog includes printed and audiovisual materials intended for use in tobacco control programs. Included are materials that educate about tobacco issues, materials designed to prevent uptake of tobacco use, and materials for decision makers and program planners. Materials NOT included are cessation materials, school curricula, scientific and medical literature, and materials available from for-profit vendors. Entries for each item list title, author, source organization, publication date, format, length, context, mode of delivery, target audience, setting, language, readability (grade level), scope, availability and price, notation of which tobacco issues are covered, and a description. Entries are organized by intended audience, including children, youth, parents, teachers and youth leaders, women, employers (worksite), tobacco control advocates and policymakers, men, the general public, health care providers, and ethnic minorities. Source and title indexes are included. ·

Tobacco and the Clinician: Interventions for Medical and Dental Practice Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1994. 420 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Office of Cancer Communications, Building 31, Room 10A24, Bethesda, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 94-3693. Summary: This monograph provides information on how health care professionals can contribute to the national effort to reduce smoking both among individual patients and in their communities. Five chapters cover strategies for office-based smoking cessation assistance; recruitment and training of practicing physicians, dentists, and their office staffs; the training of physicians in special practice settings, including pediatrics, health care for women, and head-and-neck cancer patients; and the dissemination, facilitation, and maintenance of office-based cessation assistance. Chapters include articles with references, and numerous appendices reproducing relevant forms. A detailed subject index concludes the volume.

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Enough Snuff: A Guide for Quitting Smokeless Tobacco. 3rd ed Source: Eugene, OR: Rainbow Productions. 1994. 50 p. Contact: Available from Tobacco Education Clearinghouse of California/ETR Associates. P.O. Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1830. (831) 438-4822. TDD (831) 4610205. Fax (831) 438-3618. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Item number J210. Also available from Rainbow Productions. 4080 Hilyard Street, Eugene, OR 97405. (503) 345-0404. PRICE: $9.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Summary: This manual is designed to help readers who wish to quit using snuff or chewing tobacco (smokeless tobacco, or ST). The steps described in the manual have been used by people of all ages who used ST and wanted to quit. First, readers will review their reasons for quitting, next they evaluate their pattern of using snuff or chew, then they choose a plan and quit. The manual is designed to both help readers to quit and to stay off smokeless tobacco. The nine chapters present information in outline or bulleted format, for ease of reading. Six appendices cover the proper use of nicotine gum, nicotine skin patches, a withdrawal scale, smokeless cessation resources, the nicotine content of ST products, and a smokeless self monitoring form.

Books 491

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tobacco” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tobacco” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tobacco” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

21st Century Guide to Energy and Commerce Policy and Oversight: Laws, Legislation, Hearings, House Energy and Commerce Committee - Enron, Health Care, HDTV, Telecommunications, Environment, Hazardous Materials, Tobacco Industry (Core Federal Information Series CD-ROM) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 1592482058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592482058/icongroupinterna

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21st Century Guide to the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) includes Arson and Explosives, Bomb Threat and Detection, Bomb Task Force, Ballistics Technology to Solve Crimes, Commerce in Firearms, Brady Law, Gang Resistance Education and Training, Special Agent Recruiting, Safety Information, Laws, Regulations, Manuals, Field Divisions, Laboratories, Forms, ATF Bulletins, Church Arson Task Force (Core Federal Information Series) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 1592480667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480667/icongroupinterna

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7 Short Farces by Anton Chekhov: The Bear, a Reluctant Tragic Hero, Swan Song, the Proposal, the Dangers of Tobacco, the Festivities, the Wedding Reception by Paul Schmidt (Translator), Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1998); ISBN: 0822216450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822216450/icongroupinterna

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7th Report, Session 1997-98: the Draft Directive on Tobacco Advertising: [HC]: [199798]: House of Commons Papers: [1997-98] by James Hood (1997); ISBN: 0102060983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102060983/icongroupinterna

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A Bahian Counterpoint: Sugar, Tobacco, Cassava, and Slavery in the Reconcavo, 17801860 by B. J. Barickman (1998); ISBN: 0804726329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804726329/icongroupinterna

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A Bibliography of Drug Abuse, Including Alcohol and Tobacco by Theodora Andrews; ISBN: 0872871495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0872871495/icongroupinterna

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A Guide for Smokeless Tobacco Users by Roy D. Kindrick (1996); ISBN: 0964804409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964804409/icongroupinterna

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A Most Promising Weed: A History of Tobacco Farming and Labor in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1890-1945 (Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series , No 69) by Steven C. Rubert (1998); ISBN: 0896802035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896802035/icongroupinterna

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A Smoking Gun: How the American Tobacco Industry Gets Away With Murder by Elizabeth M. Whelan; ISBN: 0893130397; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893130397/icongroupinterna

492 Tobacco

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A Tobacco Farmer's Daughter by Linda Hamlett Childress (2002); ISBN: 1403319073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403319073/icongroupinterna

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Active Parenting Family Guide: Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs by Nancy Ballance (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 1880283050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880283050/icongroupinterna

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Addiction-Free--Naturally: Liberating Yourself from Tobacco, Caffeine, Sugar, Alcohol, Prescription Drugs, Cocaine, and Narcotics by Brigitte Mars; ISBN: 0892818921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892818921/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol and Tobacco (1987); ISBN: 0870659022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870659022/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol and Tobacco - America's Drugs of Choice by Jacquelyn Quiram (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1573020494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573020494/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol and Tobacco (The Facts About) by Mary Turck; ISBN: 0896864111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896864111/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol and Tobacco: America's Drugs of Choice (Information Plus Reference Series) by Sandra Alters, Information Plus (2001); ISBN: 0787653918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787653918/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Their Use and Abuse by W. Wayne Worick; ISBN: 0130214361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130214361/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs May Harm the Unborn by Paddy S. Cook; ISBN: 016026698X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016026698X/icongroupinterna

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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs: Challenging Myths, Assessing Theories, Individualizing Interventions by Ann Augustine Abbott (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0871013169; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871013169/icongroupinterna

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All about tobacco by Milton M. Sherman (Author); ISBN: B00005VCAE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005VCAE/icongroupinterna

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American Tobacco Cards: A Price Guide and Checklist by Robert Forbes, Terence R. Mitchell (2000); ISBN: 0930625234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930625234/icongroupinterna

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An Ounce of Prevention: Strategies for Solving Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Problems (Jossey-Bass Health Series) by Don Cahalan; ISBN: 1555423485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555423485/icongroupinterna

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Assuming the Risk : The Mavericks, the Lawyers, and the Whistle-Blowers Who Beat Big Tobacco by Michael Orey (1999); ISBN: 0316664898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316664898/icongroupinterna

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Bacon, Beans, Tobacco 'N' Whiskey by Lynn Edwards (1998); ISBN: 0965294226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965294226/icongroupinterna

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Banishing Tobacco (Worldwatch Papers, 68) by William U. Chandler (1986); ISBN: 0916468682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916468682/icongroupinterna

Books 493

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Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures Since 1880 by Pete Daniel (1987); ISBN: 0252013913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252013913/icongroupinterna

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British American Tobacco plc [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B0000AKBJ8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000AKBJ8/icongroupinterna

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Brogans, Clothespins and a Twist of Tobacco by K. Maynard Head; ISBN: 089769077X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089769077X/icongroupinterna

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Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers : The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico by Susan Deans-Smith (Author) (1992); ISBN: 029270786X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/029270786X/icongroupinterna

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Challenge and Change: The History of the Tobacco Workers International Union by Stuart B. Kaufman (1987); ISBN: 0252014219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252014219/icongroupinterna

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Chewing Tobacco Tin Tags, 1870-1930: 1870-1930 (Schiffer Book for Collectors) by Louis Storino (1997); ISBN: 0887408575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887408575/icongroupinterna

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Cigarettes, Cigarettes: The Dirty Rotten Truth About Tobacco (The Dirty Rotten Truth Series) by Pete Traynor, et al; ISBN: 188636608X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188636608X/icongroupinterna

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Cipollone V. Liggett Group: Suing Tobacco Companies (Landmark Supreme Court Cases) by Diana K. Sergis; ISBN: 076601343X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076601343X/icongroupinterna

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Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers & the Struggle for Democracy in the MidTwentieth-Century South by Robert Rodgers Korstad; ISBN: 0807854549; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807854549/icongroupinterna

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Civil Warriors: The Legal Siege on the Tobacco Industry by Dan Zegart (2001); ISBN: 0385319363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385319363/icongroupinterna

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Clay Tobacco Pipes by Eric G. Ayto (2003); ISBN: 0747802483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0747802483/icongroupinterna

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Clearing the Air: Perspectives on Environmental Tobacco Smoke by Robert D. Tollison (Editor); ISBN: 0669180076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669180076/icongroupinterna

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Clearing the Smoke : Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction by Kathleen Stratton (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0309072824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309072824/icongroupinterna

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Connecticut Valley Vernacular: The Vanishing Landscape and Architecture of the New England Tobacco Fields by James F. O'Gorman, et al (2002); ISBN: 081223670X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081223670X/icongroupinterna

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Conquer Tobacco Naturally: Quit Tobacco in 12 Weeks or Less, Using Mind-Body and Naturopathic Medicine by Edward Blomgren (2003); ISBN: 1588320847; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588320847/icongroupinterna

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Cool Tobacco, Sweet Cocaine by Greenbooks Publishing (1996); ISBN: 0952730219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0952730219/icongroupinterna

494 Tobacco

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Cornered: Big Tobacco At the Bar of Justice by Peter Pringle; ISBN: 080504292X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080504292X/icongroupinterna

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Cuban Cigar Tobacco: Why Cuban Cigars Are the World's Best by Eumelio Espino Marrero, et al (1997); ISBN: 0793802946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0793802946/icongroupinterna

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Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar by Fernando Ortiz, Harriet De Onis (Translator) (1995); ISBN: 0822316161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822316161/icongroupinterna

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Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (Development in Practice (Washington, D.C.).) by Prabhat Jha, Frank J. Chaloupka (1999); ISBN: 0821345192; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821345192/icongroupinterna

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Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia by Edward L. Bond (2001); ISBN: 0865547084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865547084/icongroupinterna

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Deadly Enemies: Tobacco and Its Opponents in Australia by Ian Tyrrell (2000); ISBN: 0868407453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0868407453/icongroupinterna

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Dear Papa, Dear Charley: The Peregrinations of a Revolutionary Aristocrat, as Told by Charles Carroll of Carrollton and His Father, Charles Carroll of Annapolis, with Sundry Observations on Bastardy, Child-Rearing, Romance, Matrimony, Commerce, Tobacco, Slavery, and the Politics of Revolutionary America by Ronald Hoffman (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0807826499; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807826499/icongroupinterna

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Deliverance: A Romance of the Virginia Tobacco Fields by Ellen A. Glasgow (2004); ISBN: 0836971612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836971612/icongroupinterna

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Developing School-Based Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation Programs by Steve Sussman (Author), et al (1994); ISBN: 0803949286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803949286/icongroupinterna

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Drugs into File: From Alcohol & Tobacco to Ecstasy and Heroin by Miriam Stoppard; ISBN: 0751306231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751306231/icongroupinterna

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Drugs, Alcohol and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior by Rosalyn CarsonDewitt (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 002865756X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/002865756X/icongroupinterna

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Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco by Randy Page, et al (1995); ISBN: 0963000934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963000934/icongroupinterna

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Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Making the Science and Policy Connections (Oxford Medical Publications) by Griffith Edwards (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0192622579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192622579/icongroupinterna

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Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Totally Awesome Teaching Strategies®, by Linda Meeks, et al; ISBN: 0963000950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963000950/icongroupinterna

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Eglin Long-Horn of Nightshade County, a Teachers Guide: A Story about Tobacco Use & Choosing to Be Tobacco-Free by Penny Wheeler (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN:

Books 495

0944576265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944576265/icongroupinterna ·

Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870 by Lynda J. Morgan; ISBN: 0820314153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820314153/icongroupinterna

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Encyclopedia Of Smoking And Tobacco: by Arlene B. Hirschfelder (Author); ISBN: 1573562025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573562025/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke by Ronald R. Watson (Editor), Mark L. Witten (Editor); ISBN: 0849303117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849303117/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects; ISBN: 0309037301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037301/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University, 1989 by Donald J. Ecobichon, Joseph M. Wu (Editor); ISBN: 0669243655; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669243655/icongroupinterna

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Erskine Caldwell: The Journey from Tobacco Road by Dan B. Miller; ISBN: 067942931X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067942931X/icongroupinterna

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Federal Litigation Against the Tobacco Industry: Elevating Politics Over Law [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Todd Gaziano (Author); ISBN: B000062XYF; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000062XYF/icongroupinterna

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Flue-Cured Tobacco: The Complete Handbook (1993); ISBN: 078811185X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078811185X/icongroupinterna

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Food, Beverage and Tobacco Product Retailing in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C7Z; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C7Z/icongroupinterna

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Food, Beverage and Tobacco Products Wholesaling in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C7L; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C7L/icongroupinterna

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For Smokers Only: How Smokeless Tobacco Can Save Your Life by Brad Rodu; ISBN: 0945819773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945819773/icongroupinterna

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France and the Chesapeake: A History of the French Tobacco Monopoly, 1674-1791, and of Its Relationship to the British and American Tobacco Trades by Jacob M. Price; ISBN: 047208738X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047208738X/icongroupinterna

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Freedonia Focus on Tobacco Products [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by The Freedonia Group (Author) (2002); ISBN: B00008UYUL; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008UYUL/icongroupinterna

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Freedpeople in the Tobacco South: Virginia, 1860-1900 by Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie (1999); ISBN: 0807847631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807847631/icongroupinterna

496 Tobacco

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From the Tobacco Fields to the Killing Fields and Back by Robert Wall (2002); ISBN: 1401076033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401076033/icongroupinterna

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From Tobacco Road to Amen Corner: On Sports and Life by Ron Green; ISBN: 0962425591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962425591/icongroupinterna

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From Tobacco Road to Route 66: The Southern Poor White in Fiction by Sylvia Jenkins, Cook; ISBN: 0807812641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807812641/icongroupinterna

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Gilded Leaf: Triumph, Tragedy, and Tobacco: Three Generations of the R J Reynolds Family and Fortune by Patrick Reynolds, Tom Shachtman (Contributor); ISBN: 0316741213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316741213/icongroupinterna

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God's Breath : Writing To God While Quitting Tobacco by Lisa Huggins Oxendine; ISBN: 0970544502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970544502/icongroupinterna

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Government Response to the 2nd Report from the Health Committee, Session 199293: the European Commission's Proposed Directive on the Advertising of Tobacco Products (Cm.: 2163) by Great Britain (1993); ISBN: 0101216327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101216327/icongroupinterna

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Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths by Barbara S. Lynch (Editor), et al (1994); ISBN: 0309051290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309051290/icongroupinterna

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Guidelines for Controlling and Monitoring the Tobacco Epidemic by World Health Organization (1998); ISBN: 9241545089; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241545089/icongroupinterna

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Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency by Lauren Zeise (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0788188364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788188364/icongroupinterna

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Helping teens stop using tobacco : a step-by-step tobacco cessation program, grades 712: TAP, the Tobacco Awareness Program facilitator's guide by W. Keith Pendell; ISBN: 0945485379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945485379/icongroupinterna

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How to Quit Smoking in Only Three Days: A Personal Guide to End Tobacco Use by Dennis C. Brewer (2003); ISBN: 1410776263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410776263/icongroupinterna

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If You Can't/Won't Stop Smoking: How to Reduce the Ill Effects of Tobacco by James Scala; ISBN: 0312081413; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312081413/icongroupinterna

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I'm Free: Reaching Your Innder Desire to Free Yourself from Tobacco, Drugs, and Alcohol Addictions Forever! by Ervin, Rev. Dixon (2001); ISBN: 0805942963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805942963/icongroupinterna

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Immigrants in Industries: Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing, Furniture Manufacturing, and Sugar Refining, (Dillingham Reports--Pts. 14-16) Vol. 1 by

Books 497

Immigration Commission Reports; ISBN: 0405004052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405004052/icongroupinterna ·

In the Cross Fire: A Political History of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (U.S. Public Policy Series) by William J. Vizzard (1997); ISBN: 1555876714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555876714/icongroupinterna

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In the Tobacco Patch by Henry A. Buchanan (2000); ISBN: 1588202801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588202801/icongroupinterna

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Information Plus Alcohol & Tobacco (Information Plus Series) by Information Plus (2003); ISBN: 0787673390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787673390/icongroupinterna

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Japan Tobacco Inc. [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B0000AKBLR; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000AKBLR/icongroupinterna

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Japanese Tobacco Products Report 2001 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006AB7X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006AB7X/icongroupinterna

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Juan Cavila & His Childhood Memories: A Traditional Story of the Wonderful World of Sugar Cane and Tobacco by Juan Suarez, Pilar Mascaro Savristan (Translator); ISBN: 0963233416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963233416/icongroupinterna

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Just Say I Know How: Drug Alcohol & Tobacco Prevention Program for the Elementary Grades (Teachers Edition) by Dianne Schilling (Editor), Zoe Wentz (Illustrator) (1990); ISBN: 096254860X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096254860X/icongroupinterna

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Just Say No: A Book About Saying "No" to Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco (Golden Safety Book) by Barbara Shook Hazen, Joy Friedman (Illustrator); ISBN: 0307626121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307626121/icongroupinterna

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Keep Your Kids Tobacco-Free: Smart Strategies for Parents of Children Ages 3 Through 19 by Robert Schwebel, George D. Comerci; ISBN: 1557043698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557043698/icongroupinterna

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La Diva Nicotina: The Story of How Tobacco Seduced the World by Iain Gately; ISBN: 0743208129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743208129/icongroupinterna

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Laws and Regulations of the State of Maryland Relating to Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco Tax (1998); ISBN: 0327064447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0327064447/icongroupinterna

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Learning to Smoke: Tobacco Use in the West by Jason Hughes, University of Chicago Press (2003); ISBN: 0226359107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226359107/icongroupinterna

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Long Green: The Rise and Fall of Tobacco in South Carolina by Eldred E. Prince, Robert R. Simpson (2000); ISBN: 0820321761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820321761/icongroupinterna

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Lost Empire - The Fall of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company by Susan E. White Frank V. Tursi, Steve McQuilkin; ISBN: 0966840127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966840127/icongroupinterna

498 Tobacco

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Marihuana, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Reproduction by Ernest L. Abel; ISBN: 0849364809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849364809/icongroupinterna

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Market Share Report - Tobacco Product Wholesaling in Australia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B00008UVKS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008UVKS/icongroupinterna

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Mechanisms in Tobacco Carcinogenesis (Banbury Report, No 23) by Detrich Hoffmann, Curtis C Harris (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0879692235; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879692235/icongroupinterna

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Memoirs in a Country Churchyard: A Tobaccoman's Plea: Clean Up Tobacco Row! by Floyd H. Nuttall (1996); ISBN: 1556181590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556181590/icongroupinterna

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Merchants of Death: The American Tobacco Industry by Larry C. White; ISBN: 0517075539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517075539/icongroupinterna

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Mules and Memories: a Photo Documentary of the Tobacco Farmer by Pamela Barefoot; ISBN: 0960202404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960202404/icongroupinterna

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My Creator, My Life, My Choices: Nurturing Tobacco-Free Kids: A Leader's Guide for Youth by Chester D. Williams (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1578950422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578950422/icongroupinterna

·

Need to Know: Tobacco (Need to Know) by Rob Alcraft; ISBN: 0431097909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431097909/icongroupinterna

·

Nicotine and the Tobacco Smoking Habit by D. J. K. Balfour (Editor); ISBN: 0080307795; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080307795/icongroupinterna

·

Not Schools Alone: Guidelines for Schools & Communities to Prevent the Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, & Other Drugs Among Children & Youth (1991); ISBN: 0788127217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788127217/icongroupinterna

·

On Tobacco Road: Basketball in North Carolina by Smith Barrier; ISBN: 0880111755; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880111755/icongroupinterna

·

Oversight of FTC's shared responsibilities : hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, concerning advertising and labeling issues with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration, November 21, 1991; ISBN: 0160382890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160382890/icongroupinterna

·

Patronage and Poverty in the Tobacco South: Louisa County, Virginia 1869-1900 by C. A. Shifflett; ISBN: 0870493590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870493590/icongroupinterna

·

Peasants and Tobacco in the Dominican Republic, 1870-1930 by Michiel Baud (1995); ISBN: 0870498916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870498916/icongroupinterna

·

Peasants, Merchants, & Politicans in Tobacco Production: Philippine Social Relations in a Global Economy by Patricia Torres Mejia, Patricia Torres-Mejia (2001); ISBN:

Books 499

9715502822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9715502822/icongroupinterna ·

People and Issues in Tobacco Control: 124 Cyber-Interviews, 1999, 2000, 2001 by Philippe Boucher; ISBN: 1588985733; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588985733/icongroupinterna

·

People in the Tobacco Belt: Four Lives by Linda Degh (1980); ISBN: 0405133316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405133316/icongroupinterna

·

Physiology and biochemistry of tobacco plants by T. C. Tso; ISBN: 0879330007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879330007/icongroupinterna

·

Pipe Dreams: Early Advertising Art from the Imperial Tobacco Company by Mike Dempsey; ISBN: 0907516122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0907516122/icongroupinterna

·

Planning and Implementing Effective Tobacco Education and Prevention Programs by Martin L. Forst (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0398069905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398069905/icongroupinterna

·

Post-Harvest Tobacco Infestation Control by L. Ryan (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 041263130X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041263130X/icongroupinterna

·

Preventing Youth Access to Tobacco by Leonard A. Jason (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0789019620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789019620/icongroupinterna

·

Prime Leaf: A Novel of the Kentucky Tobacco Wars by Jack Wall; ISBN: 1892514826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892514826/icongroupinterna

·

Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina by Anthony J. Badger; ISBN: 0807813672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807813672/icongroupinterna

·

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco: Company Contact List [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Sheila Greco Associates LLC (Author); ISBN: B00009KGMV; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KGMV/icongroupinterna

·

Regulating Tobacco by Robert L. Rabin (Editor), Stephen D. Sugarman (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0195147561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195147561/icongroupinterna

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Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Iranian Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892 by Nikke Keddie (1966); ISBN: 071461971X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/071461971X/icongroupinterna

·

Robert Carter of Nomini Hall a Virginia Tobacco Planter of the 18th Century by Louis Morton (1983); ISBN: 0404201873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0404201873/icongroupinterna

·

Saying No Is Not Enough: Helping Your Kids Make Wise Decisions About Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs-A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 3 Through 19 by Robert Schwebel, Benjamin Spock (Introduction) (1998); ISBN: 1557043183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557043183/icongroupinterna

·

Saying No Is Not Enough: What to Say and How to Listen to Your Kids About Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs--A Positive Prevention Guide for Parents by

500 Tobacco

Robert Schwebel, Benjamin Spock (Introduction); ISBN: 1557043248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557043248/icongroupinterna ·

Saying No to Tobacco (It's Your Choice) by Nancy, Abbey, Ellen Wagman; ISBN: 0941816389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941816389/icongroupinterna

·

Singapore Tobacco Products Report 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B000083FE7; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000083FE7/icongroupinterna

·

Smoke in Their Eyes: Lessons in Movement Leadership from the Tobacco Wars by Michael Pertschuk (2001); ISBN: 082651393X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082651393X/icongroupinterna

·

Smoke Ring: The Politics of Tobacco by Peter Taylor; ISBN: 0370305132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0370305132/icongroupinterna

·

Smoke Screen: The Truth Behind the Tobacco-Industry Cover-Up by Philip J. Hilts (1996); ISBN: 0788157345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788157345/icongroupinterna

·

Smoke-Filled Rooms: A Postmortem on the Tobacco Deal (Studies in Law and Economics) by W. Kip Viscusi (2002); ISBN: 0226857476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226857476/icongroupinterna

·

Smokeless Tobacco in the Western World: 1550-1950 by Jan Rogozinski (Author) (1990); ISBN: 0275936007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275936007/icongroupinterna

·

Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective (1993); ISBN: 0788120670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788120670/icongroupinterna

·

Smokeless Tobacco: A Deadly Addiction by Herbert H. Severson (1997); ISBN: 1567961851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567961851/icongroupinterna

·

Smokerama: Classic Tobacco Accoutrements by Philip Collins, Sam Sargent (Photographer); ISBN: 0811801195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811801195/icongroupinterna

·

Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion by Francis Robicsek; ISBN: 0806115114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806115114/icongroupinterna

·

Smoking Out the Barons: The Campaign Against the Tobacco Industry: A Report of the British Medical Association Public Affairs Division by British Medical Association, et al; ISBN: 0471909378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471909378/icongroupinterna

·

Smoking: The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use an Annotated Bibliography With Analytical Introduction (Science and Social Responsibility Series) by Cecilia M. Schmitz, Richard A. Gray (1995); ISBN: 0876503431; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876503431/icongroupinterna

·

Special edition of Export directory of Denmark : food, beverage, tobacco; ISBN: 8772252251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8772252251/icongroupinterna

Books 501

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Spoor of a Gofer: The Big Tobacco Era, Radio's Golden Age, and TV Through Its Teens by Larry Bruff (2002); ISBN: 0759666342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759666342/icongroupinterna

·

Statistics on Alcohol, Drug & Tobacco Use: A Selection of Statistical Charts, Graphs and Tables About Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Use from a Variety of Published Sources With Explanatory comments (Statistics for Students) by Timothy L. Gall (Editor), Daniel M. Lucas (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0787605263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787605263/icongroupinterna

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Stop Smoking and Chewing Tobacco for Life Changes by David L. Johnson, Carole A. Johnson; ISBN: 0741404818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741404818/icongroupinterna

·

Strategies to Control Tobacco Use in the U. S.: A Blueprint for Public Health Action in the 1990's (1991); ISBN: 0788102931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788102931/icongroupinterna

·

Substance Abuse Sourcebook: Basic Health-Related Information About the Abuse of Legal and Illegal Substances Such As Alcohol, Tobacco, Prescription Drugs, Marijuana, Cocaine, and (Health Reference Series, Volume 14) by Karen Bellenir (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0780800389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780800389/icongroupinterna

·

Tae Teen Health Alcohol Drugs& Tobacco by Merkhi; ISBN: 0026525895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0026525895/icongroupinterna

·

Tail Tigerswallow & the Great Tobacco War by Arthur L. Hoffman (1988); ISBN: 0938513044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0938513044/icongroupinterna

·

Technical Vocabulary of Tobacco Vocabulaire Technique du Tabac by CILF Staff; ISBN: 0828807612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0828807612/icongroupinterna

·

Teen Smoking and Tobacco Use: A Hot Issue (Hot Issues) by Barbara Moe; ISBN: 0766013596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766013596/icongroupinterna

·

The 2000 World Forecasts of Beverages and Tobacco Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0741835967; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741835967/icongroupinterna

·

The 2000 World Forecasts of Tobacco and Tobacco Manufactures Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0741835959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741835959/icongroupinterna

·

The 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Beverages and Tobacco by The Research Group, The Beverages and Tobacco Research Group; ISBN: 0741829746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741829746/icongroupinterna

·

The 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Manufactured, Smoking, and Chewing Tobacco by The Research Group, Smoking The Manufactured; ISBN: 0741829711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741829711/icongroupinterna

·

The 2000-2005 World Outlook for Tobacco (Strategic Planning Series) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0757651402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757651402/icongroupinterna

502 Tobacco

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The 2000-2005 World Outlook for Tobacco Products (Strategic Planning Series) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0757657206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757657206/icongroupinterna

·

The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Smoking Tobacco [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KG1E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KG1E/icongroupinterna

·

The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Tobacco [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KG2N; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KG2N/icongroupinterna

·

The Best Tobacco Cartoons of All Time by C. Komkeaw (Illustrator), et al (1992); ISBN: 0962163996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962163996/icongroupinterna

·

The Book of Pipes and Tobacco. by Carl. Ehwa; ISBN: 0394470001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394470001/icongroupinterna

·

The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement, Second Edition by Roger A. Jenkins, et al; ISBN: 1566705096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566705096/icongroupinterna

·

The chemistry of tobacco and tobacco smoke; ISBN: 0306305976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306305976/icongroupinterna

·

The Cigarettes and Tobacco Sector in India [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Scope eKnowledge Center Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00006475T; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006475T/icongroupinterna

·

The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Britain, with Special Reference to Essex and East Anglia by Laurence S. Harley (1976); ISBN: 0905637003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905637003/icongroupinterna

·

The Collector's Price Guide to Bottles, Tobacco Tins, and Relics by Marvin. Davis; ISBN: 0883651912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883651912/icongroupinterna

·

The Cost of Using Tobacco by C. J. Westfield (2002); ISBN: 075968426X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075968426X/icongroupinterna

·

The Economics of the Tobacco Industry. by Paul R. Johnson (Author) (1984); ISBN: 0275911985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275911985/icongroupinterna

·

The Fascinating World of the Nightshades: Tobacco, Mandrake, Potato, Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, Etc. [UNABRIDGED] by Charles Bixler Heiser; ISBN: 0486253805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486253805/icongroupinterna

·

The Fight Against Big Tobacco: The Movement, the State, and the Public's Health (Social Problems and Social Issues (Paper)) by Mark Wolfson (2001); ISBN: 0202305988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0202305988/icongroupinterna

·

The Life of a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus As an Experimental Model, 1930-1965 by Angela N. H. Creager (2002); ISBN: 0226120260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226120260/icongroupinterna

·

The Market for Tobacco in China [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Euromonitor International (Author); ISBN: B00006923I; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006923I/icongroupinterna

Books 503

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The Market for Tobacco in France [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Euromonitor International (Author); ISBN: B00006924L; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006924L/icongroupinterna

·

The Market for Tobacco in Germany [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Euromonitor International (Author); ISBN: B00006924M; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006924M/icongroupinterna

·

The Market for Tobacco in India [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Euromonitor International (Author); ISBN: B00006923V; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006923V/icongroupinterna

·

The People Vs. Big Tobacco: How the States Took on the Cigarette Giants by Carrick Mollenkamp, et al (1998); ISBN: 1576600572; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576600572/icongroupinterna

·

The Politics of Despair: Power and Resistance in the Tobacco Wars by Tracy Campbell; ISBN: 0813118212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813118212/icongroupinterna

·

The Prince and the Tobacco Lords [LARGE PRINT] by Margaret Thomson Davis; ISBN: 1850573883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850573883/icongroupinterna

·

The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company by Nannie M. Tilley; ISBN: 0807816426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807816426/icongroupinterna

·

The Roots of Southern Distinctiveness: Tobacco and Society in Danville, Virginia, 1780-1865 by Frederick F. Siegel; ISBN: 0807817279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807817279/icongroupinterna

·

The Smoke Ring: Tobacco, Money, and Multinational Politics by Peter Taylor; ISBN: 0394532139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394532139/icongroupinterna

·

The Smoke-Free Guide: How to Eliminate Tobacco Smoke from Your Environment by Arlene, Rn Galloway (1988); ISBN: 0921348029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921348029/icongroupinterna

·

The Southern Poor-White from Lubberland to Tobacco Road by Shields McIlwaine; ISBN: 0815403534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815403534/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Atlas by J. Mackay, M. Eriksen; ISBN: 9241562099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241562099/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Dependence Treatment Handbook: A Guide to Best Practices by Michael G. Goldstein (Author), et al (2003); ISBN: 1572308494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308494/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Epidemic (Progress in Respiratory Research, Vol. 28) by C. T. Bolliger (Editor), Karl-Olov Fagerstrom (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 3805565313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805565313/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Industry in Transition: Policies for the 1980's by William R. Finger; ISBN: 0669045527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669045527/icongroupinterna

504 Tobacco

·

The Tobacco Industry Wheezing or Breezing?: Wheezing or Breezing by Argus V. Thompson (Editor), Mark E. Manyin (2002); ISBN: 1590332520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590332520/icongroupinterna

·

The tobacco lords : a study of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow and their trading activities, c. 1740-90 by T. M. Devine; ISBN: 0859760103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859760103/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Lords Trilogy by Margaret T. Davis (1994); ISBN: 1873631332; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1873631332/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and Their Trading Activities, 1740-1790 by Thomas Martin Devine; ISBN: 0748601724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748601724/icongroupinterna

·

The tobacco men; a novel based on notes by Theodore Dreiser and Hy Kraft by Borden Deal (Author), et al; ISBN: B00005WYZ7; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005WYZ7/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco War: Inside the California Battles by Stanton A. Glantz, Edith D. Balbach (2000); ISBN: 0520222865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520222865/icongroupinterna

·

The Tobacco Wars by Walter Adams, et al; ISBN: 0324012969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0324012969/icongroupinterna

·

The Tower of London to Tobacco Dock: Through St Katharine's Dock and Old Wapping by Robert Philpotts (1990); ISBN: 0946623023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946623023/icongroupinterna

·

The World Market for Tobacco [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Euromonitor International (Author); ISBN: B000083F9C; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000083F9C/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco & health 1990, the global war : proceedings of the Seventh World Conference on Tobacco and Health, 1st-5th April 1990, Perth, Western Australia; ISBN: 0730939529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0730939529/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco & Smoking: Opposing Viewpoints (Opposing Viewpoints Series) by Tamara L. Roleff (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1565108027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565108027/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco & the Clinician: Interventions for Medical & Dental Practice (1994); ISBN: 0788111426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788111426/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco (Drugs of Abuse, Vol 4) by Mark S. Gold (1995); ISBN: 0306449331; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306449331/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco (Drugs: The Complete Story Series) by Philip Cohen, Phil Cohen; ISBN: 0811432025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811432025/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco (Just the Facts) by Sean Connolly; ISBN: 1575722607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575722607/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco (Understanding Drugs) by Rob Stepney; ISBN: 0531104389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531104389/icongroupinterna

Books 505

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Tobacco : a valedictory, and other poems by John Jefferson Bray; ISBN: 0642104980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642104980/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco : the ants and the elephants by Charles Kellogg Mann; ISBN: 0913420492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913420492/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Advertising and the Proposed EC Directive: Government Response to the 1st Report of the Health Committee (1997); ISBN: 0101385927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101385927/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Advertising: The Great Seduction (Schiffer Book for Collectors) by Gerard S. Petrone (1996); ISBN: 0887409725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887409725/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Among the Karuk Indians of California (Bureau of American Ethnology Series) by John P. Harrington (1995); ISBN: 0781240948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781240948/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Americans by Robert K. Heimann (Author); ISBN: B00005WYZ6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005WYZ6/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Health by France)/ Slama, Karen World Conference on Tobacco and Health 1994 Paris (Editor), Karen Slama (1995); ISBN: 0306451115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306451115/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Kentucky by William F. Axton; ISBN: 0813102073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813102073/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Nicotine Drug Dangers (Drug Dangers (Cloth)) by Joan Vos Macdonald, Joan Vos Macdonald (2000); ISBN: 0766013170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766013170/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Public Health: Selections from the American Journal of Public Health by American Public Health Association; ISBN: 0875530311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875530311/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Shamanism in South America by Johannes Wilbert (1993); ISBN: 0300057903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300057903/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 16801800 by Allan Kulikoff (1988); ISBN: 0807842249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807842249/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Smoking: Opposing Viewpoints (Opposing Viewpoints Series (Unnumbered).) by Tamara L. Roleff (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1565108035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565108035/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Tea Growing in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C1S; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C1S/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Your Health by Harold S. Diehl; ISBN: 007016875X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/007016875X/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Your Health: The Smoking Controversy by Harold Sheely Diehl; ISBN: 0070168768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070168768/icongroupinterna

506 Tobacco

·

Tobacco and Your Mouth: The Incredibly Disgusting Story (Incredibly Disgusting Drugs) by Adam Winters, Michael A. Sommers (2000); ISBN: 0823932508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823932508/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco and Your Oral Health by Arden G. Christen, Jennifer A. Klein (1997); ISBN: 0867153261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867153261/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Biology and Politics by Stanton A. Glantz (1992); ISBN: 0941539970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941539970/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Coast: A Maritime History of the Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era by Arthur Pierce Middleton, Gregory A. Stiverson (1984); ISBN: 0801825342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801825342/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720 by Gloria L. Main; ISBN: 069104693X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/069104693X/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Control in Developing Countries (Oxford Medical Publications) by Prabhat Jha (Editor), Frank J. Chaloupka (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0192632469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192632469/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation and Enforcement by Peter D. Jacobson, Jeffrey Wasserman (1997); ISBN: 0833024868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833024868/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Control Policies: Strategies, Successes, and Setbacks by Joy De Beyer (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0821354027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821354027/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada by Donley T. Studlar (2002); ISBN: 1551114569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551114569/icongroupinterna

·

Tobacco culture : a D.I.Y. guide by Guy N. Smith; ISBN: 0904558282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904558282/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky's Burley Belt (Kentucky Remembered) by John Van Willigen, et al (1998); ISBN: 0813120667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813120667/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution. by T.H. Breen; ISBN: 0691089140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691089140/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Habits Other Than Smoking: Betel-Quid and Areca-Nut Chewing; And Some Related Nitrosamines (Iarc Monographis on Evaluation of the Carcinogen) by International Agency for Research On Can (1985); ISBN: 9283215370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283215370/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco in Australia by Australia (1990); ISBN: 0644099844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0644099844/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence by Jordan Goodman (1994); ISBN: 0415116694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415116694/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco in Song & Story by John, Jr. Bain (2001); ISBN: 1589630440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589630440/icongroupinterna

Books 507

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Tobacco in Song and Story by John Bain; ISBN: 0871042096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871042096/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Industry and Smoking (Library in a Book) by Fred C. Pampel (2004); ISBN: 0816054509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816054509/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Interventions by William L. Fibkins (1997); ISBN: 0873676211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873676211/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco litigation : AFCO v TIA, the case against passive smoking; ISBN: 1863160205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863160205/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Litigation and Insurance by David L. Leitner (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 1570733988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570733988/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Manufacturing in Indonesia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096C43; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096C43/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Manufacturing in Taiwan [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000066UBJ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000066UBJ/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Market, Ahoskie, N. C. by E. Frank Stephenson Jr., Jr. E. Frank Stephenson; ISBN: 0963767178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963767178/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Merchant: The Story of Universal Leaf Tobacco Company by Maurice Duke, Daniel P. Jordan (1995); ISBN: 0813118921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813118921/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Mosaic Virus: One Hundred Years of Contributions to Virology by KarenBeth Scholthof (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0890542368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890542368/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco or Health: Status in the Americas: A Report of the Pan American Health Organization (Scientific Publication, No 536) (1992); ISBN: 9275115362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9275115362/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco or Health? by Knut-Olaf Haustein; ISBN: 3540440313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540440313/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Product Manufacturing in Australia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B0000B19OH; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000B19OH/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Product Wholesaling in Australia [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B000096BZE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096BZE/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Products and Alcoholic Beverage Wholesaling in Taiwan [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B00005RB0X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005RB0X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Products Industry Report [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000069AST; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000069AST/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Products Value Set [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00008K33R; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008K33R/icongroupinterna

508 Tobacco

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Tobacco program : hearing before the Subcommittee on Specialty Crops and Natural Resources of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, July 11, 1994, Greensboro, NC; ISBN: 0160466938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160466938/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Road by Erskine Caldwell (1995); ISBN: 082031661X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082031661X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Road: The North Carolina Tar Heels Story (College Basketball Today) by John Nichols (1999); ISBN: 0886829941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886829941/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Smoke in Active and Passive Pollution: Reports of Harmful Conditions and Effects: Index of Authors and Subjects by Wayne W. Weiss (1994); ISBN: 0788303635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788303635/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 273) by John N. Diana (Editor); ISBN: 030643668X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030643668X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine: A Neurobiological Approach (Advances in Behavioral Biology, Vol 31) by William R. Martin, et al (1987); ISBN: 0306426110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306426110/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Smoking and Nutrition: Influence of Nutrition on Tobacco-Associated Health Risks (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 686) by John N. Diana (Editor), William A. Pryor (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0897668081; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897668081/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Sticks by William Elliot Hazelgrove, William Elliott Hazelgrove (1995); ISBN: 0963005286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963005286/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Talk and Smokers' Gossip by Anonymous (2003); ISBN: 141010270X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/141010270X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Talk: Educating Young Children About Tobacco (Issues Books Series) by Carol D'Onofrio; ISBN: 1560710527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560710527/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Tins and Their Prices by All Bergevin, et al; ISBN: 0870694642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870694642/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Tins: A Collector's Guide by Douglas Congdon-Martin (1992); ISBN: 0887404294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887404294/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco U.S.A.: The Industry Behind the Smoke Curtain by Eileen Heyes; ISBN: 0761309748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761309748/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Use (Perspectives on Physical Health) by Bonnie B. Graves; ISBN: 0736804145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736804145/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco Use Among U. S. Racial Ethnic Minority Groups: African Americans, American Indians & Alaska Natives, Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, Hispanics by David Satcher, Claire V. Broome (1998); ISBN: 0788177958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788177958/icongroupinterna

Books 509

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Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer (Civilization of the American Indian Series, Vol. 236) by Joseph C. Winter (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0806132620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806132620/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco, alcohol and drugs : choosing health, high school by Susan C. Giarratano; ISBN: 1560715200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560715200/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco, Arms and Politics - Greece and Germany From World Crisis to World War 1929-1941 by Mogens Pelt; ISBN: 8772894504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8772894504/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco, is Its Use a Sin? by John R. Rice (2000); ISBN: 0873988248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873988248/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco, Peace Pipes and Indians by Louis Sieg; ISBN: 0910584915; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910584915/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization by Iain Gately; ISBN: 0802117058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802117058/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: A Major International Health Hazard (Iarc Scientific Publication, No 74) by R. Peto (Editor), D. Zaridze (Editor); ISBN: 928321174X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/928321174X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: A Reference Handbook by Harold V. Cordry; ISBN: 0874369673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874369673/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: Facts for Decisions by Nancy Day; ISBN: 088336512X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088336512X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: Health Facts (Health Facts) by Kathleen Rae Miner, Nora J. Krantzler (1996); ISBN: 1560714778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560714778/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: Its History Illustrated by the Books & Manuscripts in the Library of George Arents by Jerome Brooks (1999); ISBN: 1578980992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578980992/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: People Profits & Public Health (Ideas in Conflict Series.) by Gary E. McCuen (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0865961425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865961425/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: Production, Chemistry, and Technology by D. Layten Davis (Editor), Mark T. Nielsen (Editor); ISBN: 0632047917; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632047917/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: The Public Health Disaster of the 20th Century by Peter Boyle (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0198526873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198526873/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: the Truth Behind the Smokescreen by James Wilkinson; ISBN: 014052374X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/014052374X/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco: What It Is, What It Does by Judith S. Seixas; ISBN: 0688007694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688007694/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco-free Youth: "A life skills" primer (2000); ISBN: 9275115796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9275115796/icongroupinterna

510 Tobacco

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Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills 1923 by John Harvey M. D. Kellogg (2003); ISBN: 0766145506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766145506/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco-related illnesses and VA compensation : hearing before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, March 31, 1998; ISBN: 0160582741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160582741/icongroupinterna

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Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines Recent Advances by Roger O. McClellan; ISBN: 084931156X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084931156X/icongroupinterna

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Trust in tobacco : the Anglo-American struggle for power by Maurice Corina; ISBN: 0718113063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0718113063/icongroupinterna

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Twilight in Arcadia: Tobacco Farming in Indiana by Susan Neville, et al (2000); ISBN: 0871951444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871951444/icongroupinterna

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Under Fire: A History of Tobacco Smoking in Australia by Robin Walker; ISBN: 0522842798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0522842798/icongroupinterna

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United States Internal Revenue Tax Paid Stamps Printed on Tin Foil and Paper Tobacco Wrappers by John Alan Hicks (1989); ISBN: 0961961104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961961104/icongroupinterna

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Up in Smoke: From Legislation to Litigation in Tobacco Politics by Martha A. Derthick (2001); ISBN: 1568026692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568026692/icongroupinterna

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Very Special Agents: The Inside Story of America's Most Controversial Law Enforcement Agency--The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms by Jim Moore, James Moore (2001); ISBN: 0252070259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252070259/icongroupinterna

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Waging change : women tobacco workers in Nipani organize by Chaya Datara; ISBN: 8185107114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185107114/icongroupinterna

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Warman's Tobacco Collectibles: An Identification and Price Guide by Mark F. Moran (2003); ISBN: 0873496094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873496094/icongroupinterna

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Wellness: Tobacco & Health by Richard Schlaadt; ISBN: 0879678771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879678771/icongroupinterna

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William Tatham and the culture of tobacco by George Melvin Herndon; ISBN: 0870241079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870241079/icongroupinterna

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You Are the Target: Big Tobacco: Lies, Scams--Now the Truth by Georgina Lovell; ISBN: 0973067004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0973067004/icongroupinterna

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Young People and Smoking: The Use and Abuse of Cigarette Tobacco by Arthur H. Cain; ISBN: 0381980731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0381980731/icongroupinterna

Books 511

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

Advertising tobacco; a study of expenditures and of trends in sales promotion, with a medical appendix. Author: Advertising Inquiry Council.; Year: 1970; London, 1962

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Bollywood victim or ally: a study on the portrayal of tobacco in Indian cinema: executive summary: report Author: Strategic Mediaworks (Firm); Year: 2003; Geneva World Health Organization, c2003; ISBN: 924159067X

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Books, manuscripts and drawings relating to tobacco from the collection of George Arents, Jr., on exhibition at the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., April 1938. Author: Arents, George,; Year: 1965; [Washington, 1938]

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Chart book on smoking, tobacco, & health. Author: Hedrick, James L.; Year: 1938; Arlington, Va., National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington] 1969

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Health care guideline: tobacco use prevention and cessation for infants, children and adolescents Author: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement.; Year: 2003; [Bloomington, Minn.]: ICSI, c2003

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Impact and implementation of the Finnish tobacco act in workplaces Author: Heloma, Antero.; Year: 2003; Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Uusimaa Regional Institute of Occupational Health; Tampere: University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine, [2003]; ISBN: 9518025363

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Panacea or precious bane; tobacco in sixteenth century literature. Author: Dickson, Sarah Augusta.; Year: 1857; New York, New York Public Library, 1954

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Pesticides on tobacco: federal activities to assess risks and monitor residues: report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Author: United States. General Accounting Office.; Year: 1964; Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office, [2003]

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References on experimental tobacco carcinogenesis, reported 1964-1967. Author: University of Kentucky. Tobacco and Health Research Program.; Year: 1967; Lexington, 1967

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Smoke screen; tobacco and the public welfare. Author: Neuberger, Maurine B.; Year: 1962; Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall [c1963]

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The tobacco-health problem; a handbook for teachers, 1965. Author: Texas Alcohol Narcotics Education.; Year: 1967; Dallas, Tane, 1965

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

512 Tobacco

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Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds; proceedings of the fourth international symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, February 1964. Edited by U. S. von Euler. Author: Euler, Ulf S. von (Ulf Svante),; Year: 1848; Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press [c1965]

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Tobacco and health almanac for 1849 Author: Burdell, John.; Year: 1963; New York: Fowlers and Wells., for sale by all booksellers, [1849]

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Tobacco or health: it's time to leave the pack behind: report of an international symposium, Kobe, 31 May 1999. Author: World Health Organization. Centre for Health Development.; Year: 1999; Kobe: World Health Organization, 1999

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Tobacco, a sensitive monitor for photochemical air pollution, by Walter W. Heck [et al.]. Author: Heck, Walter W.; Year: 2003; Cincinnati, 1969

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Tobacco, a study of its consumption in the United States. Author: Gottsegen, Jack Jacob,; Year: 1969; New York, Pitman [c1940]

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Tobacco, drug, and alcohol unit. Prepared by: Donna Aafedt [et al. Author: Great Falls Public Schools, Great Falls, Mont.; Year: 1940; Chevy Chase, Md.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs. U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington. 1970]

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Tobacco: experimental and clinical studies; a comprehensive account of the world literature [by] P. S. Larson, H. B. Haag [and] H. Silvette. Author: Larson, Paul Stanley,; Year: 1969; Baltimore, Williams; Wilkins, 1961

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Tobacco: its use and abuse: illustrated with engravings Author: Burdell, John.; Year: 1965; New York: Fowlers and Wells., 1848

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Use of tobacco; practices attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs, United States - fall 1964 and spring 1966. Statistics on the incidence of the use of tobacco, particulary the smoking of cigarettes, attitudes toward the use of tobacco, and other related variables. Based on data colected in household interview in the fall of 1964 and in the spring of 1966. Author: National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health.; Year: 1849; [Arlington, Va.] 1969

Chapters on Tobacco In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tobacco, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tobacco using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on tobacco: ·

Use of Nicotine and Tobacco in Colitis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 99-101. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220.

Books 513

Summary: This chapter on the use of nicotine and tobacco for treating colitis is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous epidemiological observations suggested a beneficial effect of smoking in patients with UC and led to the investigational use of nicotine as a therapeutic agent. Ulcerative colitis is a disease of nonsmokers. Treatment with transdermal (skin patch) nicotine appears to be effective for active UC at the highest tolerated dose of nicotine (22 to 25 milligrams every 24 hours ) but it is not effective at low doses as maintenance therapy. Uncontrolled pilot studies showed that nicotine enemas may be of clinical benefit for left-sided colitis. Controlled studies with topical nicotine treatment (enemas or delayed-release oral capsules) are awaited. Adverse reactions are a limiting factor for long-term transdermal nicotine therapy, particularly in life-long nonsmokers, whereas nicotine enemas have low systemic absorption and are well tolerated. At present, transdermal nicotine is not a first-line therapy for UC and should be reserved for patients who have failed other medical therapies. Although smoking is reported to be beneficial for the course of UC, prescription of smoking must be tempered by the significant and potentially fatal consequences of its effects on other body systems; in their clinical practice, the authors strongly discourage patients from smoking. 1 table. 9 references. ·

Tobacco Use and Its Relation to Periodontal Diseases Source: in Wilson, T.G., Jr. Kornman, K.S. Fundamentals of Periodontics. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc. 2003. p. 185-194. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $82.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154055. Summary: There is an increasing awareness of the role of tobacco use in the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases and subsequent tooth loss. Cigarette smoking is one of the most important risk factors in the development of a variety of periodontal diseases, including various forms of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and necrotizing periodontal disease. This chapter on tobacco use is from a periodontics textbook that focuses on diagnosis and clinical management. The author discusses the effect of tobacco smoking on the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases, alterations to periodontal treatment response in smokers, the underlying mechanisms of tobacco smoking in periodontal diseases, cigar smoking, pipe smoking, and smokeless tobacco products, and applications to clinical practice. The author concludes that cigarette smoking may play a harmful role in almost all forms of periodontal disease and adversely affect the outcomes of almost all forms of periodontal treatment. 4 figures. 126 references.

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Cessation of Tobacco Use Source: in Ciancio, S.G., ed. ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 2000. p. 569-581. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174-0776. (800) 947-4746. Fax (888) 476-1880 or (630) 443-9970. Website: www.ada.org. PRICE: $44.95 for members; $64.95 for nonmembers, plus shipping and handling.

514 Tobacco

Summary: Dentists are prescribing more medications than ever before and patients seeking dental care are using a wide range of medications for medical problems. And both dentists and patients have choices to make about the variety of nonprescription products available for treating various disorders of the mouth. This chapter on cessation of tobacco use is from a detailed guide to dental therapeutics. The author offers an overview of the rationale for clinical participation in tobacco use cessation programs and an outline for using intervention procedures. A few moments of assistance from a clinician can be significantly more effective than purely self help methods. Minimum assistance includes identifying whether patients use tobacco, advising users to stop, strengthening their interest in quitting, and for those who make a commitment to quit, equipping them with coping skills needed during the quitting process and providing follow up support. The author describes each of these steps in detail, then addresses special considerations, including patients who are resistant to quitting, fear of weight gain, pregnant patients, psychiatric comorbidity, and special dental considerations. Lengthy tables summarize intervention programs, dosage information for transdermal nicotine patches, and adverse effects of tobacco use cessation drugs. 3 tables. 9 references. ·

Tobacco Cessation: The Dentist's Challenge Source: in Ord, R.A. and Blanchaert, R.H., eds. Oral Cancer: The Dentist's Role in Diagnosis, Management, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 1999. p. 219-230. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153571. Summary: Tobacco use overall is implicated in 75 percent of oral and pharyngeal cancers. The National Cancer Institute (NCI), in its efforts to stem the incidence of cancer, has vigorously endorsed and promoted the role of the dentist, the dental hygienist, and the entire oral health team in aiding tobacco using patients in their efforts to abstain. This chapter on tobacco cessation and the dentist's role therein is from a book on oral cancer written specifically for the dental health care provider, including dental students, general dentists, dental specialists, and hygienists. This chapter is designed to assist the practicing dentist in comfortably assuming the role of tobacco use interventionist. The author highlights interventions that stress brief yet effective behaviors that are science based and have proven to be successful in clinical dental settings. The author explores useful approaches that enhance patient success and includes a discussion of the use of pharmacologic adjuncts (drug therapy) in the tobacco cessation program. The author stresses that assumption of these recommended tobacco use intervention behaviors will afford readers increased personal and professional satisfaction, gratified patients who may serve as future referral sources, more positive treatment outcomes, and, most importantly, the opportunity to prevent disease and save lives. 1 figure. 2 tables. 33 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to tobacco have been published that consolidate information across

Books 515

various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 ·

Injury control: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1995. 20 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide describes posters, brochures, fact sheets, newsletters, curricula, and other materials with injury prevention messages. Studies, articles, reports, and organizations are also listed. For each description of written materials it provides details on the target audience, setting, readability, and availability.

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Impaired driving: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1994. 24 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide lists prevention materials and programs for impaired driving. Studies, articles, posters, videotapes and reports are listed, with format, readability, language, setting, target audience and topic given. Brief annotations are also provided for each entry. Finally, there is a listing of groups, organizations and programs which address impaired driving.

·

Women: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1994. 22 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This resource guide lists materials that look at the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use specific to women. Some items are prevention materials for consumers, and others are aimed at professionals. A list of organizations is included.

12 You will

need to limit your search to “Directory” and “tobacco” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Youth in low-income urban environments: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1993. 19 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Summary: This guide lists prevention materials targeted to youths through communities, learning and recreational facilities, and programs. Studies, articles, and reports on youth and alcohol and other drug use are provided. The guide also lists groups, organizations, and programs on youth in low-income, urban environments. Contact information is also provided.

·

People with disabilities: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1993. 20 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This resource guide provides information to assist counselors, physical therapists, and mental health professionals in their understanding and interactions with individuals with disabilities who have problems with alcohol or other drugs. Some of the materials offer a prevention message to individuals with disabilities, and some are designed for use in schools.

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Violence: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide Source: Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 1993. 19 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This resource guide provides lists of materials and organizations for professionals in the prevention, criminal justice, policymaking, and education fields. The materials include consumer and professional materials about the relationship between alcohol and other drugs and violence.

·

Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs resource guide: Teenage pregnancy Source: Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1993. 18 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge.

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Summary: This annotated bibliography lists materials focusing on preventing the use of alcohol and other drugs by pregnant adolescents; it was assembled for the use of health professionals. The entries include terms of availability, and information on the format, length, topic, target audience, setting, readability, and annotations; citations are given for print and audiovisual materials. A resource list of groups, programs, and organizations working on adolescent pregnancy is also included. ·

S.T.O.P. Guide: The Smokeless Tobacco Outreach and Prevention Guide. A Comprehensive Directory of Smokeless Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Resources Source: Point Richmond, CA: Applied Behavior Science Press. 1997. 252 p. Contact: Available from Applied Behavior Science Press. 114 Washington Avenue, Point Richmond, CA 94801. (888) 222-7347 or (510) 236-9400. Fax (510) 236-1979. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus $10.00 for shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963955780. Summary: This directory provides a broad array of information regarding smokeless or spit tobacco use, focusing on cessation and prevention programs. Although titled a directory, the looseleaf notebook contains a variety of information materials, including published articles, essays, and statistics. Topics include the prevalence of snuff and chewing tobacco use in the U.S. legislation and litigation issues; tobacco industry marketing, sales and promotion; ingredients in smokeless tobacco products; health problems associated with spit tobacco use, including dental caries, periodontal effects, soft tissue alterations, leukoplakia, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, and cardiovascular effects; school-based prevention of spit tobacco use; spit tobacco cessation; and resources, including Internet resources and resource organizations. The directory concludes with an extensive bibliography of materials on prevalence, health effects and physiology, use patterns, attitudes and perceptions, prevention, assessment, addiction and withdrawal, cessation, marketing, production and content, and public policy. The directory also includes a glossary of terms, a list of recommended alternatives to spit tobacco, and a series of article reprints.

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Tobacco Use Prevention: A Resource Guide for Wisconsin Oral Health Professionals Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health. 1996. 35 p. Contact: Available from Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services. Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health, 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-2206; Fax (608) 267-3696. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This resource guide assists oral health care professionals in obtaining appropriate tobacco prevention materials for programs in tobacco use prevention and cessation. The author discusses tobacco's impact on the dental practice and then lists a variety of organizations and publishers as sources for information and materials. The remaining four sections list and annotate resources in the categories of general materials, stop smoking or cessation materials, spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco) materials, and miscellaneous resources. The Guide concludes with facts on tobacco use in Wisconsin and a listing of Wisconsin local Tobacco Control Coalitions. The Guide is presented in loose-leaf format for insertion into a binder.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tobacco. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on tobacco is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “tobacco” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on tobacco: ·

The trouble with tobacco Source: Niles, IL: United Learning. 1996. 1 videotape (10 minutes, VHS), 1 teacher's guide (14 pp.). Contact: Available from United Learning, 6633 West Howard Street., P.O. Box 48718, Niles, IL 60714. Telephone: (800) 424-0362 / fax: (708) 647- 0918). $79.50 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape is designed for use with preteens. It discussed why people smoke, medical and other problems associated with tobacco use, and how nicotine affects the brain's chemistry. The teacher's guide contains a program overview, suggested activities, and a transcript of the video.

·

Smokeless Tobacco: Breaking Free Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1997. (videocassette).

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Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. Item number VCS 6934. Summary: This health promotion videotape emphasizes that the best advice concerning smokeless tobacco is 'Don't start.' The program encourages children and teenagers who chew tobacco to stop immediately. Using graphic illustrations of cancerous lesions, mouth cankers, and gum disease, a medical expert sternly discusses the health hazards, while offering step by step advice on how to quit. Baseball star Rod Carew talks about his own addiction to the substance and advises young ballplayers against using it. Interviews with teenage users provide the basis for a classroom discussion of the issues. (AA-M). ·

Dangerous Game: Major League Baseball Players Tell Teens Why Smokeless Tobacco Users Are Playing a Dangerous Game Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH). August 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 330-7968. Website: rex.nci.nih.gov/. PRICE: Single copy free. Item Number K371. Summary: This videotape, targeted to teens, focuses on the dangers of using smokeless or spit tobacco. The videotape features Major League baseball players such as Nolan Ryan, Joe Carter, Jim Eisenreich, and Mike Timlin. The players speak out against the use of smokeless tobacco in professional baseball. They describe how they developed their habits, how smokeless tobacco affected them, and how addicting smokeless tobacco can be. A former amateur baseball player, Rick Bender, talks about his oral cancer and the surgery that removed parts of his jaw, mouth, and tongue. The videotape gives compelling reasons to avoid or quit using spit tobacco, corrects widely held myths and misconceptions about spit tobacco, and refutes the image of spit tobacco as integral to the success of Major League baseball players. The videotape concludes by giving the number for the National Cancer Institute hotline, 1-800-4-CANCER. (AA-M).

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Smokeless Tobacco: A Spittin' Image Source: Washington, DC: Durrin Productions, Inc. 1994. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Durrin Productions, Inc. 1748 Kalorama Road, NW, Washington, DC 20009. (800) 536-6843 or (202) 387-6700. Fax (202) 265-6079. PRICE: $149.00 plus shipping and handling; rentals $52.00 for 3 days. Also available from Health Edco. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366. Fax (817) 751-0221. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number JG46421. Summary: This videotape program refutes the messages presented by industry advertising that smokeless or spit tobacco is a harmless alternative to smoking. At a baseball game, a rodeo, a fast-food drive-in, and in the classroom, the videotape depicts the real image tobacco users project. The program is designed for children in grades 6 through 12. (AA-M).

·

Tobacco-Free: You and Me Source: Washington, DC: Durrin Productions, Inc. 1994. (videocassette).

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Contact: Available from Durrin Productions, Inc. 4926 Sedgwick Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016-2326. (800) 536-6843 or (202) 237-6700. Fax (202) 237-6738. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $249.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program, designed for children in grades four through six, features colorful graphics and upbeat music. Based on the CDC curriculum guidelines for this age group, it helps children speak up against tobacco use and second-hand smoke. The video shows a group of students at the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. These students analyze cigarette advertising aimed at children, discuss the dangers of second-hand smoke and spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco), and suggest activities for young viewers. The children depicted actively campaign against tobacco by talking to teen smokers, role playing, and creating their own ads. (AA-M). ·

Smokeless Tobacco: Is It Worth the Risk? Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). Order Fulfillment, One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. Fax (703) 683-5100. PRICE: $15.00 each (members); $20.00 (nonmembers); plus shipping and handling. Item Number 4763355. Summary: This videotape program, targeted at adolescent males, reminds viewers of the dangers of smokeless tobacco. The program opens with footage of various major league baseball games, accompanied by upbeat music, as the narrator, Mel Adams, describes baseball as a great American tradition. The narration continues to describe the use of tobacco as another not-so-great American tradition and the evolution from smoking to smokeless tobacco. The program interviews Dr. Byron Bailey, who shows slides of the oral and dental complications of spit tobacco use. The program describes how young players may be influenced by major league players, by advertising, and by peer pressure to use spit tobacco. Pitcher, Nolan Ryan, is interviewed about how he tries to influence young players not to use smokeless tobacco. Dr. Bailey discusses the addictive properties of nicotine, how spit tobacco hurts the teeth and gums, what to do if symptoms arise, diagnostic tests for oral cancer, and the importance of early diagnosis. Dr. Bailey also discusses surgical intervention often necessary to treat oral cancer, and shows postoperative slides of head and neck cancer patients. The program concludes with a section on how to quit using spit tobacco. After footage of another lively baseball game, the program ends with pictures of Sean Marsee, a young man who died of oral cancer related to smokeless tobacco use.

·

Spit Tobacco Kills: Extreme Danger of Chewing and Dipping Tobacco Source: Minneapolis, MN: Community Intervention. 199x. (videocassette, teacher's guide). Contact: Available from Community Intervention. 5295 Seventh Street, Suite 570, Minneapolis, MN 55415. (800) 328-0417. PRICE: $189.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This instructional kit contains a videotape program and a teacher's guide on the hazards of smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco). Topics include the health dangers of all tobacco products, the warning signs of diseases caused by using spit tobacco, how the media shapes the views of teenagers concerning spit tobacco, the comparative hazards of spit tobacco and cigarettes, and different forms of spit tobacco. The videotape program features rodeo riders and baseball players discussing the problems associated

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with spit tobacco and the misleading media images relating sports to spit tobacco. The video then interviews ordinary people who have used or still use spit tobacco, including adolescents, and talks with a panel of teenage girls who exclaim how disgusting they think spit tobacco is. Next, Richard Bender, a former spit tobacco user and cancer survivor, tells the story of his addiction and the subsequent cancer that almost took his life at age 27. One other vignette shows a police department operation in which the police and the school district are working together to stop tobacco sales to minors. The curriculum materials include goals and learning objectives, a summary of the videotape program, review questions and answers, and student project sheets, including class debate ideas, research topics, role plays, and fact sheets. The kit concludes with a glossary of terms and a bibliography. 10 references. (AA-M). ·

Tobacco-Free You and Me Source: Washington, DC: Durrin Productions, Inc. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Durrin Productions, Inc. 4926 Sedgwick Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016-2326. (800) 536-6843. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program helps preteens understand tobacco advertising and to avoid the hazards of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use. The video begins with a rock music introduction and kids talking about being cool, addiction, and the hidden messages in advertising; young adolescents are shown talking in a classroom setting with an anti-smoking educator. The program has five sections: how cigarette companies advertise to children; making ads honest (the use of counter advertising); smokeless tobacco; second hand smoke; and what kids can do. Specific topics include the children's products that have cigarette company's names on them; name recognition and association; oral cancer and what it really looks like; the myth that ST is safer than smoking; the psychological impact that parents who smoke have on their kids; and the health impact of second hand smoke. The program shows a group of five young adolescents going around to a local restaurant and a convenience store to talk with customers, smokers, and business owners about cigarettes and smoking. The program concludes with a section demonstrating the peer pressure that kids may face and offering suggestions for how to respond. Kids are shown with antismoking posters and messages that they have created. The program reminds viewers repeatedly that most kids do not smoke and that it is much easier to never start smoking than it is to try to quit.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on tobacco: ·

A Conversation About National AIDS Policy: Part 1 & Part 2 Contact: Institute for Learning Mastery, PO Box 314, Baltimore, MD, 21203, (410) 3667373.

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Summary: In this sound recording, several individuals discuss what they would do about Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), if they were President of the United States. The first speaker says that he would provide a plurality of health systems; that we do not have enough diversity of health care. He said he would make a 25 percent cut in the Department of Defense funds and would redistribute the money to health care and research. The next speaker, Kelly Dunn, says that she would decrease the cost of azidothymidine, and provide research money to identify the cofactors that turn HIV into into full-blown AIDS. She says that she would provide financial support to the small pharmaceutical companies and would educate the public through all of the media. The next speaker is a hemophiliac, who describes what it was like growing up with hemophilia in the 60's. He says that many things which happened to hemophiliacs then are happening to Persons with AIDS (PWA's) today. He says that as soon as health becomes cost effective, that we will see a great change. Next, Dr. Joan Priestley, from California, makes a few suggestions to improve the country. She says that any company convicted of fraud should be forever barred from doing business with the government. She says the government should also stop subsidizing the growing of In this, and that single-parent families should have a place to leave children during the day while the parent works. She says that more money should be put into alternative treatments for AIDS. The final speaker emphasizes the need for a massive expansion of drug treatment centers. ·

Taking it to the streets: Telling the Title V story Source: Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. 1997. 28 audiocassettes. Contact: Available from Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, 1220 19th Street, N.W., Suite 801, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 775-0436 / fax: (202) 775-0061 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.amchp.org. Summary: These tapes are about Title V including critical contracting issues for maternal and child health (MCH) service providers; involving families in activities related to Title V programs, managed care, and welfare reform; what Title V is; articulating a MCH message; quality assurance and children with special health care needs; the impact of welfare reform on MCH and children with special health care needs (CSHCN) populations and the Title V response; strengthening immunization partnerships; bringing economics to MCH; juvenile justice, welfare and school reform; innovations in public/private partnerships; implementing childrens supplemental security income (SSI), perspectives on welfare, Medicaid, and child health coverage; impact of welfare reform and MCH and CSHCN populations and the Title V response; managed care and public health partnerships; preventing family violence; lessons from tobacco prevention initiatives in working with the media; surviving and thriving with change; the interests of moms vs. kids; performance based measures for MCH and CSHCN; and implementing childrens SSI provision in welfare reform.

·

Chemical Dependencies and Dental Hygiene Care Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Hygienists' Association. 199x. (audiocassette). Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 243-2342 or (312) 440-8900; Fax (312) 4408929; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.adha.org. PRICE: $28.00 for members;

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$35.00 for nonmembers; $98.00 for set of four in the series ($126.00 for nonmembers). Order Number 2488. Summary: This audiocassette program is one of a series of audio self-study course packages. Featuring a professionally narrated cassette tape and companion study guide, each course presents the most current theories and techniques intrinsic to successful dental hygiene practice. This course is designed to enhance the dental hygienist's role in intervention. Topics covered include the nature of addiction, the types of drugs most frequently abused, including alcohol and This au, the oral and systemic effects of various chemicals, and the treatment options available. (AA-M).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Tobacco The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in tobacco (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on tobacco: ·

Additional documents relating to the committee's hearing on the proposed tobacco settlement, November 13, 1997 [electronic resource] Source: Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives; Year: 1997; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1997?]

·

Children & tobacco [electronic resource] Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Year: 9999; Format: Electronic resource; [Rockville, Md.: The Administration, 199-?]-

·

Documents relating to the committee's hearing on the proposed tobacco settlement, November 13, 1997 [electronic resource] Source: Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives; Year: 1998; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998]

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Medical aspects of tobacco [videorecording] Source: an FMS production, in association with Max A. Schneider and Armstrong Moving Pictures; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Carpinteria, CA: FMS Productions, c1990

·

New aspects of tobacco and cancer [videorecording]: a multidisciplinary seminar Source: sponsored by the University of Texas System Cancer Center, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, and the U.T. M.D. Anderson Associates; Year: 1987; Format: Videorecording; [Houston, Tex.]: University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, [1987]

·

Quitting tobacco [electronic resource] Source: Mary Alice Gillispie; Year: 1991; Format: Electronic resource; Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium, c1991

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Smokeless tobacco [videorecording]: a new threat to public health Source: with K. Thomas Robbins and Alan Blum; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1986

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Smokeless tobacco [videorecording]: a wad of trouble Source: CE, Cambridge Educational; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, WV: Cambridge Research Group, c1999

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·

Smokeless tobacco usage [slide]: a historical review and discussion of its health implications Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery; Year: 1989; Format: Slide; [Alexandria, Va.]: The Academy, c1989

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Tobacco and the human body [motion picture] Source: produced by Encyclopaedia Britannica Films in collaboration with C.A. Milis and Klaus R. Unna; Year: 1954; Format: Motion picture; United States: EB Films, c1954

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Tobacco Xfiles [videorecording] Source: [produced by] Discover Films Video, in association with W. Keith Pendell; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Verona, WI: Attainment Co., 1999

·

Youth and Elders against tobacco use [videorecording] Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; produced for Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion by Division of Media and Training Services, Public; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; [Washington, D.C.]: Public Health Service, 1994

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TOBACCO Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tobacco.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tobacco is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tobacco. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tobacco” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tobacco: ·

Canada sues tobacco firms Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 14, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/08/14/eline/links/20030814elin001.htm l

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·

Future tobacco deaths underestimated: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 07, 2003

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EU issues tobacco health warning to four countries Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 14, 2003

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Tobacco capital bans smoking Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 2003

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Major US tobacco center bans smoking Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 03, 2003

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Tobacco foes ready legal assault over obesity Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 20, 2003

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World Bank report sees progress in tobacco fight Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 19, 2003

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Nations flock to sign U.N. anti-tobacco treaty Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 16, 2003

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Tobacco plant source of rabies treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 03, 2003

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Ivax to acquire inhalation technology firm Advanced Tobacco Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 27, 2003

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Court overturns $145 billion tobacco ruling Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 2003

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Imperial Tobacco Canada sued over light cigarettes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 09, 2003

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Germany to hike tobacco tax to fund health reform Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2003

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German view on tobacco treaty could scupper EU support Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 02, 2003

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German view on tobacco pact may prevent EU approval Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 02, 2003

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Smoking foes urge tougher online tobacco curbs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 2003

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Tobacco chic for Paris museum of maligned smoker Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 25, 2003

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Sparks fly in Netherlands over tobacco additives Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 25, 2003

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Sparks fly in Holland over tobacco additives Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 25, 2003

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Online tobacco a growing hazard Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 23, 2003

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Loose tobacco sales halted in cyanide scare Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 31, 2003

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Court decision opens door to first lawsuit in Germany against tobacco firm Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 2003

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Tobacco, alcohol, drugs kill 7mln a year--study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 25, 2003

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tobacco” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tobacco, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tobacco” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Tobacco Find newsletters on tobacco using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following

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hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “tobacco.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: ·

Kidney Disease Source: Sarcoidosis Networking. 8(3): 2. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from Sarcoid Network Association. Sarcoidosis Networking, 13925 80th Street East, Puyallup, WA 98372-3614. Email: [email protected]. Summary: Sarcoidosis is a chronic, progressive systemic granulomatous (causing lesions) disease of unknown cause (etiology), involving almost any organ or tissue, including the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands or feet. This brief article, from a newsletter for patients with sarcoidosis, reviews kidney disease, its types, diagnosis, and management. The article begins with a summary of the anatomy and function of the kidneys, which filter the blood (removing waste and excess body fluids), and maintain the balance of some essential nutrients helping to regulate blood pressure, red blood cells, and elements such as potassium and calcium. Without functioning kidneys, one cannot live without dialysis, the mechanical filtration of the blood. Kidneys fail for a variety of reasons, including trauma to the kidney, toxins, heart failure, obstruction (kidney stones), overuse of some medications, and diseases that invade the kidney, such as sarcoidosis. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes for loss of kidney function. Warning signs of kidney disease are high blood pressure (hypertension), blood or protein in the urine, creatinine level greater than 1.2 in women or 1.4 in men, more frequent urination (especially at night), difficult or painful urination, and puffy eyes or swelling of the hands or feet (especially in children). Loss of kidney function can produce symptoms including fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, headaches, loss of appetite, increased edema (fluid retention), and fever or chills. Kidney failure is characterized as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and chronic kidney failure. The need to put a person on dialysis depends upon the levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in the blood and the evaluation of body parameters such as fluid status, and symptoms of toxicity. The author encourages readers to practice preventive measures which include drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water per day, preventing or treating diabetes and high blood pressure, avoiding tobacco, eating a well balanced diet, practicing good hygiene, treating wounds and infections, limiting exposure to heavy metals and toxic chemicals, and avoiding unnecessary over the counter drug use.

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Healthy generations Source: Minneapolis, MN: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota,. 2000-. frequency unknown. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This newsletter features articles on health promotion. The first issue has articles on tobacco use among adolescents and college age students. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Oral Health Practitioner Guide: NSTEP Source: Chicago, IL: National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP), Oral Health America. 1997. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP). Oral Health America, 410 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 352, Chicago, IL 60611-4211. (312) 836-9900. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This newsletter provides oral health practitioners with information about NSTEP (National Spit Tobacco Education Program), a tobacco prevention and cessation program. The newsletter contains articles describing the program and its activities thus far. The newsletter emphasizes the important 'front line' role of dentists, hygienists, dental assistants, and others on the dental team in this education effort about the dangerous effects of using spit tobacco (smokeless This ne, snuff, chew). The newsletter describes the NSTEP Practitioner Kits that are available, funding of the program, current statistics and trends in tobacco use in the United States (particularly among adolescents), recommendations for counseling patients to quit tobacco, spit tobacco quit tips for patients, and recommended community outreach activities. The newsletter concludes with a list of common questions and answers about spit tobacco, its accompanying risks, and NSTEP. Also included is a note from the national chairman of the program, Joe Garagiola.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on tobacco: ·

Non-Allergic Rhinitis Source: Fibromyalgia Frontiers. 9(1): 6-8. 2001. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. 140 Zinn Way, Linden, VA 22642-5609. (866) 725-4404 toll-free. Fax (540) 622-2998. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fmpartnership.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have fibromyalgia (FM) with information on nonallergic rhinitis. People who have FM exhibit many similar symptoms, including a chronic runny nose, a congested head, a throat clearing cough, or a postnasal drip. FM can cause muscular pain and spasm in the face and head, so tight muscles can press on fluid passages, thereby narrowing them and causing a backup in the sinuses. Myofascial trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid muscles can cause nasal discharge, congestion in the maxillary sinuses, a chronic sore throat or cough, and even dizziness and disequilibrium. In addition, many people who have FM become sensitive to various elements in the environment, including perfumes, tobacco smoke, odors, fumes, foods, medications, and climatic changes. This reaction is termed irritant rhinitis. The symptoms of irritant rhinitis are annoying, debilitating when severe, and

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difficult to treat. The only obvious antidote to irritant rhinitis is avoidance of the offending stimulus. However, environmental sensitivity is now being taken more seriously by the medical community, and several studies have been funded to investigate irritant rhinitis. 11 references. ·

Genetic Basis for Head and Neck Cancer Development and Treatment Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(5): 1-3. February 2002. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: Cancer, like other human diseases, results from abnormalities in DNA, which ultimately overcome normal growth regulation mechanisms. This unopposed growth is characteristic of cancer and is the cause of local tumor development. This newsletter article provides a basic review of the genetics related to head and neck cancer development and how genetics may have an impact on current and future treatments. The author first reviews how environmental and genetic factors may have an impact on cancer in general and then notes that, with respect to head and neck cancer, inherited factors likely play a role, but the precise genes involved remain to be identified. Probably the most important factor in the development of head and neck cancer, as it is in the majority of human cancers, is exposure to environmental or carcinogenic agents, primarily tobacco and alcohol. The author describes tumor progression, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes in head and neck cancer, abnormalities in surveillance genes, new therapeutic approaches derived from increasing understanding of the genetics of head and neck cancer, biologic therapy, and ongoing research in identifying genes that may be relevant to head and neck cancer. 1 figure.

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Cancer Registry Shows Increased Incidence and Survival Improvement in Tongue Cancer Among Young Adults Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 11(3): 3, 6. November 2001. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article reports on a study of tongue cancer among young adults. Younger patients consistently make up less than 5 percent of all squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in reported series. It is therefore difficult to accumulate sufficiently large numbers of young patients to make any statistically significant conclusions. On the other hand, mortality data and hospital based statistics can not confirm a real increase of this disease due to therapeutic influences or a lack of population denominator. The authors report on their research using a large cancer surveillance database in the United States to conduct statistical analysis. Results showed that tongue cancer incidence trends for young and old Americans changed at very different rates. In young Americans (below age 40), there was a significantly upward trend from 1973 through 1997 and a sharp acceleration of tongue cancer incidence was found from 1973 until 1985. After 1985, the incidence stopped rising but remained steadily high. The authors review possible risk factors for tongue cancer, including cigarette smoking, alcohol use, use of smokeless tobacco, marijuana use, and human papillomavirus (HPC) infection.

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Feminine Power, Macho Maleness Source: From Your Shoulders Up. 6(2): 2. Spring 1997. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 1 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-4444; Fax (703) 683-9100. Summary: This brief newsletter article reminds readers of the oral health problems associated with smoking. The author comments on the newly-chic messages from the tobacco industry, particularly on the phenomenal rise in cigar popularity. The author notes that people are appeased by the argument that cigar smoke isn't inhaled, but held in the mouth. However, the risks of lung, larynx, and oral cancer are still increased greatly by cigar smoking. The author concludes by outlining what readers can expect when they quit smoking, overcoming both the physical addiction and the social habit. The author encourages readers to quit smoking, even if failing the first time or several times. Most people who successfully quit for good have tried several times before finally beating the habit. The article concludes with a list of the toll-free telephone numbers of five smoking cessation resource organizations.

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Pathology of Head and Neck Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 6(8): 1-3. April 1997. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.spohnc.org. Summary: This newsletter article explains the pathology of head and neck cancer. The author defines cancer as a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, capable of recurring after excision and or metastasizing to other areas of the body distant from the original site of occurrence. The cell of origin for any given neoplasm (benign or malignant) is termed its histogenesis. The author explains the different cell types, the classification of malignancies (particularly those in the head and neck, including the salivary glands and skin), the role of lymphocytes, the incidence of various tumors, risk factors in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (notably, tobacco and alcohol), protective substances (predominantly dietary), the symptoms of early cancer or precancerous lesions, how these symptoms are graded and classified, prognostic considerations, and the role of the surgical pathologist. The article is written for the layperson, but contains detailed medical terms and concepts.

Academic Periodicals covering Tobacco Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tobacco. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering tobacco that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles.

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At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “tobacco” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Communications Programs for Demonstrating the Prevention of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Problems: Guidance for Applicants No. SP 95-05, Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance No. 93.901 Contact: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, PO Box 2345, Rockville, MD, 20852-2345, (301) 468-2600, http://www.health.org. Summary: These are guidelines for grant applicants who seek funds to conduct research on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) communication and prevention strategies. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) has targeted adolescent females ages 12-20; Native Americans; and field-selected and justified populations at high risk for ATOD problems. Grants will be funded in the area of mass media communication approaches and the effectiveness of a specific communication product or tool. The results of the demonstration projects funded through this program will provide the guidelines needed by states and localities to implement effective public information, education, and norm- changing programs to prevent ATOD problems in these target populations. This program is designed to prevent ATOD problems among the selected high-risk populations by demonstrating effective communications strategies, messages, and communication tools. The guidelines outline eligibility, availability of funds, period of support, special requirements and considerations, application procedures, receipt, and review, consequences of late submission, review process and criteria, award decision criteria, terms and conditions of support, and application instructions.

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State programs can reduce tobacco use Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2000. 17 pp. Contact: Available from National Cancer Policy Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N. W, Washington, DC 20418. Telephone: (202) 334-1382 / fax: (202) 334-1317 / e-mail: [email protected]. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report, written for state government officials, summarizes the existing information about state tobacco control programs and also describes the essential components of the different types of tobacco control programs. The report covers many different topics including: the evidence that state programs make a difference,

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counteradvertising and education, establishing smoke-free workplaces and public spaces, increasing prices through taxation, supporting treatment programs for tobacco dependence, enforcing youth access restrictions, monitoring performance and evaluating programs, and conclusions. This report was supported through funding provided by the National Cancer Institute; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the American Cancer Society; Amgen, Inc. Abbott Laboratories; and Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. ·

Tobacco-Free Futures II grant programs Source: Washington, DC: Association for Maternal and Child Health Programs. 1999. 10 pp. Contact: Available from Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, 1220 19th Street, N.W., Suite 801, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 775-0436 / fax: (202) 775-0061 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.amchp.org. Summary: This issue brief focuses on grants to Title V programs to reduce health problems associated with tobacco use and passive smoking that are managed by the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. Several articles present the health and environmental problems of tobacco use, explain the rationale for state program involvement, share highlights of successful state programs, and discuss what has been learned from assessment of the efforts of grantees in developing community based programs. States with successful programs include Arkansas, Georgia, Guam (territory), Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Ohio. Each of the state profiles describes a project and its accomplishments and provides contact information. This program was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Reproductive Health.

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Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs Source: [Atlanta, GA]: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1999. 87 pp. Contact: Available from National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E., Mailstop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Telephone: (770) 488-5705 or (800) CDC-1311 / fax: (770) 4885939 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This guidance document focuses on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendation that states establish tobacco control programs that are comprehensive, sustainable, and accountable. The document draws upon 'best practices' determined by evidence-based analyses of comprehensive state tobacco control programs. It is divided into three sections: (1) components of comprehensive tobacco control programs; (2) funding model for all 50 states; and (3) recommended program element budgets, by state. Section 1 is further divided into subsections including programs for the community, reduction of the chronic disease burden, schools, enforcement, statewide programs, counter-marketing, cessation, as well as surveillance and evaluation, and administration and management. The report also contains an appendix on the efficacy of comprehensive tobacco control programs in California and Massachusetts.

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Vital links: Maternal and child health program roles in tobacco control Source: Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. [1998]. 28 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Photocopy available at no charge. Summary: This report gives the findings of a focus group of state and local health official responsible for maternal and child health (MCH), on tobacco control. The focus group assessed barriers and opportunities for participation of the maternal and child health community in tobacco. The report includes a description of MCH program priorities, the methodology of the focus group, the urgency of dealing with tobacco prevention/cessation programs, strategies for success, and technical assistance needs. Appendices include a list of participants in the June 19, 1997 meeting 'MCH Tobacco Control Policy: Charting a Course for the Future,' and selected national health promotion and disease prevention objectives for the year 2000.

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Tobacco use among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups: African Americans, American Indians and Alaska natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, Hispanics: A report of the Surgeon General Source: Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Telephone: (202) 512-1991 for public information (D.C. office) or (202) 512-1800 for ordering and publication information (D.C. office) / fax: (202) 512-1293 (public information); (202) 512-2250 (ordering) / Web site: http://www.access.gpo.gov. $20.00 includes shipping and handling. Summary: This report offers current information on tobacco use among African Americans, Native Americans, Alaska natives, Asian Americans, Pacific Americans, and Hispanic Americans. The report covers patterns of tobacco use, health consequences of tobacco use, factors which influence tobacco use, and tobacco control and education in these populations. A glossary is included, and an executive summary accompanies the report.

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A capitol idea?: Earmarking alcohol, tobacco and gaming revenue to support children's education and health programs Source: Washington, DC: National Health and Education Consortium, Institute for Educational Leadership. 1996. 22 pp. Contact: Available from Sharon Williams, Institute for Educational Leadership, 1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 310, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 822-8405 / fax: (202) 872-4050 / e-mail: [email protected]. $15.00 includes shipping and handling if prepaid; otherwise shipping is $2.00 for first item, $1.00 for each additional item; discounts available for bulk orders; make checks payable to IEL. Summary: This report considers a trend increasingly used by state governments to tax the use of alcohol and tobacco and gaming to provide funding for educational and health care programs for children; these taxes are frequently called sin taxes, and the process is called earmarking. The report presents the findings of a study which

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examined earmarking in various states, presents data gathered during the study, and discusses the issues related to using the process in developing state policies. ·

Towards a smokeless future: A report on MCH program tobacco control activities described in Title V block grant applications Source: Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. 1994. 147 pp. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This report presents the findings from a review of the FY 1994 Maternal and Child Health Block Grant applications to identify attention to smoking in the needs assessments and program plans contained in these documents. The report serves as a preliminary assessment of the degree to which smoking/tobacco control activities are a focus for state MCH programs, and also serves as a baseline for project evaluation and a means to identify promising state endeavors.

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Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General Source: Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. 314 pp., exec. summ. (11 pp.), 1 fact sheet (4 pp.). Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Telephone: (202) 512-1991 for public information (D.C. office) or (202) 512-1800 for ordering and publication information (D.C. office) / fax: (202) 512-1293 (public information); (202) 512-2250 (ordering) / Web site: http://www.access.gpo.gov. $19.00 including shipping and handling; supplemental materials available through the Smoking, Tobacco, and Health Information Line (800-232-1311). Summary: This report on adolescent smoking focuses on the seriousness of tobacco use among young people, the relationship of smoking to other health risks for adolescents, and the responsibility of the community to engage in activities to protect the health of our children. Specific topics addressed include psychosocial risk factors for initiating tobacco use, the effects of tobacco advertising and promotional activities, and effective programs for smoking prevention. Supplemental materials developed to increase distribution of the report's conclusions include a fact sheet; an executive summary of the report; a magazine for children, 'SGR 4 Kids: The Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking;' a group leader's guide for use of the magazine in the classroom; and guidelines for school smoking prevention programs 'Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction.'.

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Growing up tobacco free: Preventing nicotine addiction in children and youths Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1994. 306 pp., overview (25 pp.). Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002 / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $24.95 plus $4.00 shipping and handling; prepayment required by check, money order, or credit card; purchase orders accepted.

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Summary: This book examines the use of tobacco products by children and youths; it considers the effects of nicotine and the process of addiction. It considers social norms and the acceptability of tobacco use and the extent of tobacco advertising and promotion. It analyzes youths' access to tobacco products such as cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff; and considers current trends in regulating, labeling, and packaging. The book also covers recent efforts to limit children's access and discusses controls or bans on tobacco sales. The book suggests ways to coordinate research and policy development and includes detailed recommendations to prevent the availability of tobacco to children. The overview consists of the first chapter of the report, and discusses a youth-centered prevention policy. ·

Helping women and children breathe easy: Results of a survey of state maternal and child health program tobacco control activities Source: Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. 1994. 48 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This report presents the findings of a survey of current MCH program tobacco control activities. The author provides information on the priority of tobacco control in state health agencies, commitment of program staff time to tobacco control, agency activities, barriers, assessment activities, and collaboration.

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Signs of effectiveness II: Preventing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use: A risk factor/resiliency-based approach Source: Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 93 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This report presents information about successful strategies for preventing substance abuse by adolescents; these strategies have been developed by recipients of the High-Risk Youth Demonstration Grant Program administered by the Division of Demonstration for High-Risk Populations of the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. The report describes the following risk factors and discusses strategies to address them: individual-based, family-based, school-based, peer group-based, and community-based. Appendices provide two matrices that indicate attributes of the programs run by the grant recipients and provide contact information for them. This report supplements material presented in 1993 in 'Signs of Effectiveness in Preventing Alcohol and Other Drug Problems.'.

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The Alaska Native Community-Oriented Tobacco project: Summary report Source: Anchorage, AK: Prevention Associates. 1994. 20 pp. Contact: Available from Prevention Associates, 101 East NInth Avenue, No. 7A, Anchorage, AK 99501. Telephone: (907) 272-6925 / fax: (907) 272- 6946. Single copies available at no charge.

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Summary: This report presents information about the Alaska Native CommunityOriented Tobacco Project, which used prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the incidence of tobacco use among children in grades 2-6 in Alaska. The report describes the objectives, design, and methodology of the project, and presents and analyzes the results of its application in three communities. Recommendations for future activities are included. ·

Maternal substance use assessment methods reference manual: A review of screening and clinical assessment instruments for examining maternal use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs Source: Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1993. 125 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Single copies available at no charge. Summary: This report reviews a wide range of clinical screening and assessment instruments that have been developed to evaluate alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use by adults and adolescents and discusses their applicability to the assessment of pregnant women. Evaluation criteria used to review them were developed by a panel of experts at an issues forum conducted under the auspices of the National Resource Center for the Prevention of Perinatal Abuse of Alcohol and Other Drugs. Information about each instrument includes an overview, possible advantages and disadvantages, development/psychometric properties, and references.

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Teen-age attitudes and behavior concerning tobacco Source: Princeton, NJ: George H. Gallup International Institute. 1992. 94 pp. Contact: Available from George H. Gallup International Institute, 47 Hulfish Street, P.O. Box 140, Princeton, NJ 08542. Telephone: (609) 921-6200 / fax: (609) 924-0228. $25.00 plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This report presents the findings of a survey of adolescents, ages 12 to 17, on their attitudes and behavior concerning tobacco taken between June and July, 1992. It includes a summary of the findings and the responses to the survey of questions; the appendix includes a copy of the survey tool and a description of the survey methodology. The survey gathered information in the following areas: their awareness of the dangers of tobacco, the reasons why they smoke, their smoking behavior, tobacco addiction, the availability of tobacco, and prevention and intervention programs.

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Parent perspectives: Findings from a survey of parents in Hennepin County relating to reducing alcohol, tobacco and other drug use problems among youth Source: Minneapolis, MN: National Adolescent Health Resource Center, University of Minnesota. 1992. ca. 150 pp. Contact: Available from National Adolescent Health Resource Center, University of Minnesota, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota Gateway, 200 Oak Street, S.E., Suite 260, Minneapolis, MN 55455-2002. Telephone: (612) 624-2820 / fax: (612) 626-2134 / e-mail: [email protected].

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Summary: This report presents the statistical results of a 1991 survey of parents, and was prepared for the Community Prevention Coalition of Hennepin County, Minnesota. The survey focused on adolescents' use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances and on ways to reduce or prevent their use of these substances. Questions covered topics such as community needs, prevalence of alcohol and other drug use, public perception and practice, media coverage, public opinion, risk factors, and public policies and programs. The report includes an executive summary, describes the study and its methodology, and presents and discusses the findings. Appendices include samples of the survey instruments and present the survey responses according to family characteristics, economic characteristics, geographic areas, and household chemical use patterns. The related report, 'Voices for Change,' presents the results of a survey of community opinion leaders on this subject. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. ·

Voices for change: Findings from a survey of community opinion leaders in Hennepin County relating to reducing alcohol, tobacco and other drug use problems among youth Source: Minneapolis, MN: National Adolescent Health Resource Center, University of Minnesota. 1992. 167 pp. Contact: Available from National Adolescent Health Resource Center, University of Minnesota, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota Gateway, 200 Oak Street, S.E., Suite 260, Minneapolis, MN 55455-2002. Telephone: (612) 624-2820 / fax: (612) 626-2134 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This report presents the statistical results of a 1991 survey prepared for the Community Prevention Coalition of Hennepin County, Minnesota. Community leaders who shape public opinion were surveyed about adolescents' use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances and about reduction and prevention efforts. Questions covered topics such as community needs, prevalence of alcohol and other drug use, public perception and practice, media coverage, public opinion, risk factors, and public policies and programs. The report describes the methodology, and summarizes and discusses the findings. Appendices present the responses of the survey group and samples of the survey instruments. The related report 'Parent Perspectives' presents the results of a survey of parents on this subject. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Tobacco Research Implementation Plan: Priorities for Tobacco Research Beyond the Year 2000 Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). November 1998. 64 p. Contact: Available from NCI Publications Department, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 422-6237. PRICE: Single copy free. Publication Number T644. Summary: This report outlines priorities for tobacco research beyond the year 2000, as determined by the Tobacco Research Implementation Group (TRIG), a group established at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The TRIG emphasized that formation of strategic partnerships, in both the public and private sectors, in the implementation of this research agenda is critical for success. The report includes two main components: a detailed Executive Summary that outlines the top nine recommendations of the TRIG; and the full report, which provides a detailed background and rationale for these nine highest priorities and other important research recommendations. Transdisciplinary Tobacco Research Centers should be created to study the initiation of tobacco use, prevention of tobacco use, addiction to tobacco, and or treatment of tobacco addiction

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and tobacco related cancers. Basic biobehavioral research and research concerning the treatment of nicotine addiction should be conducted to understand the sociocultural, psychological, physiological, and genetic factors that influence tobacco use. Research should be conducted to improve community and state tobacco control programs and to increase the effectiveness of these programs for populations at disproportionate risk. Research should be conducted to identify mechanisms for optimal dissemination of prevention and treatment interventions. Research should be conducted to understand the impact of tobacco policies, including taxation and pricing, clean indoor air policies, marketing restrictions, youth access restrictions, and tobacco product and nicotine replacement regulation. Research should be conducted to understand genetic and environmental interactions in susceptibility to tobacco related cancers in order to identify subgroups at risk. 39 figures. ·

Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Smokeless Tobacco Source: Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 59 p. Contact: Available from U.S. Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. (202) 512-1800. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This document on smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco, or ST) presents a reproduction of sections from Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the full Report of the Surgeon General on preventing tobacco use among young people. Topics include the health consequences of ST use among young people, the epidemiology of tobacco use among young people, psychosocial risk factors for initiating ST use, smokeless tobacco advertising and promotional expenditures, and efforts to prevent tobacco use among young people. The most notable health consequences associated with ST use include halitosis (bad breath), discoloration of teeth and fillings, abrasion of teeth, dental caries, gum recession, leukoplakia, nicotine dependence, and various forms of oral cancer, including cancers of the gum, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. This document also focuses on practical interventions to help young people avoid ST use or to quit already established ST use. 3 figures. 16 tables. 221 references. (AA-M).

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Mouth Power: The Tobacco Use Prevention and Oral Cancer Awareness Program for Brownies and Junior Girl Scouts Source: Baltimore, MD: Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry. 2001. 13 p. Contact: Available from Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry. 31 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 706-0810. Fax (410) 706-8313. Website: www.dentalmuseum.org. PRICE: Single copy free, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This instructional booklet for children was produced by the Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry. The booklet is designed to be used by groups as they visit the galleries and exhibits at the museum. Fully renovated and opened as a museum in June 1996, the building now houses collections of artifacts and entertaining educational exhibitions representing a riveting historical mix of gear, gadgets and lore associated with dentistry and teeth. The booklet includes ten stations for visitors to check out and answer questions about: dental instruments, healthy foods, fluoride, smart shopping, home care, the parts of the tooth, tobacco use prevention, spit tobacco, self esteem, and toothbrushes through time. Each page includes space for the child to answer questions, draw a picture, or solve puzzles. The booklet is illustrated with full color photographs and drawings. The booklet includes instructions for Junior Girl

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Scouts and Brownies who want to earn a MouthPower learning patch from their visit to the museum. The booklet concludes with a list of resources. ·

National Child Health Day, 1997: Tobacco and kids: No if, ands or butts! Source: Rockville, MD: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1997. 19 items. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This information packet contains fact sheets, posters, hand outs, and an order form for anti-tobacco materials. The theme of the packet is the theme of the 1997 National Child Health Day; prevention and cessation of tobacco use among children and adolescents.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 39305 1219 267 152 214 41157

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

17

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

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AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “tobacco” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Tobacco In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and tobacco.

20

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).24 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for tobacco: ·

Tobacco Addiction Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?188890

Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: ·

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

24

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html

Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: ·

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”

Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database25 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database26 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

25

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 26 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tobacco can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tobacco. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tobacco. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tobacco”:

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·

Other guides Oral Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html Secondhand Smoke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/secondhandsmoke.html Smokeless Tobacco http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokelesstobacco.html Smoking and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokingandyouth.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to tobacco, the following was listed: ·

General/Overviews Spit Tobacco: Does Smokeless Mean Harmless? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=CA00019 Spit Tobacco: It's No Game Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/tobacco/spit_tobacco.cfm

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_63.htm

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Children Smokeless Tobacco: Especially for Kids! Source: National Cancer Institute http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/tcrb/less_kids.html Smoking Stinks! Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/house/smoking.html Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: Is Smokeless Tobacco Safe? Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr4kids/smokless.htm Talking to Your Child about Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/talk/smoking.html What to Do If Your Kid Smokes or Chews Tobacco Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/smokes_chews.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Smokeless Tobacco: Quitting Source: National Cancer Institute http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/tcrb/less_quit.html Smokeless Tobacco: Health and Other Effects Source: National Cancer Institute http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/tcrb/less_effects.html Spit Tobacco: A Guide for Quitting Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health/newsandhealth/spitTobacco/ Spitting into the Wind: The Facts about Dip and Chew Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/pubs/chew/main.htm

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Men Women and Smokeless Tobacco Use Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Women.html

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Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/ American Dental Association http://www.ada.org/ Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Source: National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids http://tobaccofreekids.org/ CDC's TIPS: Tobacco Information and Prevention Source Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/

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Research Nicotine Patch Helps Smokeless Tobacco Users Quit, but Maintaining Abstinence May Require Additional Treatment Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Nicotine.html

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Statistics Healthy People 2010: Tobacco Use Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/html/volume2/27tobacco.htm

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Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco and Kids http://tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0003.pdf State-Specific Adult Smoking Prevalence, Smokeless Tobacco Prevalence and State Tax Paid Per Capita Sales of Cigarettes Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/fact/smokprev.htm Teen Tobacco Use Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ped/content/ped_10_2x_children_adolescents_a nd_tobacco_use.asp?sitearea=who ·

Teenagers I Quit: What to Do When You're Sick of Smoking, Chewing, or Dipping Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/educational_materials/iquit.htm Smokeless Tobacco Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/smokeless.html

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Women Women and Smokeless Tobacco Use Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Women.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tobacco. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Smoking and Other Uses of Tobacco Source: Rochester, NY: Substance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf (SAISD), Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). 1996. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Substance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf (SAISD). Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Hale-Andrews Student Life Center,

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115 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5608. Voice/TTY (716) 475-4978; Fax (716) 475-7375; E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides basic information for deaf people about smoking and other uses of tobacco. The brochure describes the addictive nature of nicotine, notes the risks of smoking and other tobacco use, describes the physical effects of nicotine in the body, and encourages readers to quit smoking. The brochure also includes a section listing places and organizations where readers can get help, including the American Cancer Society, the American Lung Association, the National Cancer Institute, hospitals, employee assistance programs, doctors, clergy and family counselors, the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency (NCADD), and Substance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf (SAISD). The front cover of the brochure is illustrated with the sign for smoking. ·

Thinking About Being Tobacco Free Source: Midland, MI: Health Enhancement Systems. 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from Health Enhancement Systems. P.O. Box 1035, Midland, MI 48641-1035. (800) 326-2317. Fax (517) 839-0025. PRICE: $0.68 each for a pack of 10 to 50 brochures; bulk quantities available; plus shipping and handling. Item number HESTF1. Summary: This brochure guides readers through the process of thinking about being tobacco free. The brochure begins by explaining the importance of quitting. Although smoking and tobacco related health complications are the single largest cause of preventable, premature death in the United States, once a person quits smoking, the body begins healing itself almost immediately. Quitting is challenging, so people who want to quit should talk with their doctor, make a plan, set a quit date, get support from family and friends, eat healthy, exercise frequently, reduce alcohol and caffeine consumption, and provide rewards for reaching goals. In addition, the brochure asks a series of questions that helps readers think about quitting smoking. The brochure includes a list of helpful organizations.

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Benefits of Being Tobacco Free Source: Midland, MI: Health Enhancement Systems. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from Health Enhancement Systems. P.O. Box 1035, Midland, MI 48641-1035. (800) 326-2317. Fax (517) 839-0025. PRICE: $0.98 each for a pack of 10 to 50 brochures; bulk quantities available; plus shipping and handling. Item number HESTF2. Summary: This brochure provides readers with information on the benefits of being tobacco free. The brochure begins by explaining the importance of quitting smoking. Quitting has immediate health benefits, so it is never too late for a tobacco user to quit. The brochure then presents information on the advantages of stopping tobacco use and the benefits of keeping a record of tobacco use for 1 week. In addition, the brochure presents several scenes that readers can reflect upon to help them quit using tobacco, provides sample questions that readers can answer to learn about the effects of quitting, and explains the importance of finding supportive people. The brochure includes a list of helpful organizations.

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Preparing to Be Tobacco Free Source: Midland, MI: Health Enhancement Systems. 1998. 14 p.

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Contact: Available from Health Enhancement Systems. P.O. Box 1035, Midland, MI 48641-1035. (800) 326-2317. Fax (517) 839-0025. PRICE: $1.96 each for a pack of 10 to 50 brochures; bulk quantities available; plus shipping and handling. Item number HESTF3. Summary: This brochure provides readers with information on preparing to become tobacco free. The brochure includes activities that readers complete to learn and practice the skills they need to quit using tobacco products for good. The brochure begins by outlining the advantages of quitting and the health related changes people will notice after quitting. This is followed by a list of strategies people can use to increase the likelihood that they will stay with their plan to quit and a description of various tobacco cessation aids, including nicotine nasal spray, the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, and Zyban. Other topics include identifying specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and trackable goals and putting a personal plan into action by setting a start date, telling others about one's commitment to smoking cessation, establishing priorities, and choosing a quitting option. In addition, the brochure presents suggestions for coping with withdrawal and 25 ways to control tobacco craving. The brochure includes a craving log and a list of helpful organizations. ·

Feeling Good About Not Using Tobacco Source: Midland, MI: Health Enhancement Systems. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from Health Enhancement Systems. P.O. Box 1035, Midland, MI 48641-1035. (800) 326-2317. Fax (517) 839-0025. PRICE: $0.98 each for a pack of 10 to 50 brochures; bulk quantities available; plus shipping and handling. Item number HESTF4. Summary: This brochure provides readers with information on feeling good about smoking cessation. The brochure begins by presenting ideas to help readers overcome some of the potential barriers to long term success such as feeling a nicotine craving, being in an environment where they are likely to smoke, and being frustrated with weight gain. This is followed by information on establishing goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and trackable. Other topics include ways to reward oneself for striving to permanently quit using tobacco and ways friends or family members can be supportive. The brochure includes a personal wellness contract and a list of helpful organizations.

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Maintaining a Tobacco-Free Lifestyle Source: Midland, MI: Health Enhancement Systems. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from Health Enhancement Systems. P.O. Box 1035, Midland, MI 48641-1035. (800) 326-2317. Fax (517) 839-0025. PRICE: $0.98 each for a pack of 10 to 50 brochures; bulk quantities available; plus shipping and handling. Item number HESTF5. Summary: This brochure provides readers with information on maintaining a tobacco free lifestyle. The brochure begins by explaining how readers can determine whether lapses in tobacco use are just a momentary slip or a more serious cause for concern. This is followed by information on staying focused on maintaining smoking cessation, renewing one's commitment to smoking cessation, balancing one's life, and finding new ways to build even more healthy changes into one's life. Readers answer questions or complete written statements to determine how well they are maintaining their smoking cessation efforts. The brochure includes a list of helpful organizations.

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Children and tobacco: A guide to the new federal regulations Source: Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. ca. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Consumer Affairs, HFE-88 Room 16-75, 5600 Fishers Lane , Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (888) 463-6332 / fax: (301) 443-9767. Summary: This pamphlet summarizes the reasons for regulating the sale of tobacco products to children, some facts about the current epidemic of youth smoking, how to help enforce the new regulations, and a summary of the regulations and when each takes effect.

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Children and tobacco: A retailer's guide to the new federal regulations Source: Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. ca. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20857. Summary: This pamphlet, prepared for retailers who sell tobacco products, explains why tobacco use is harmful to children's and adolescents' health, and how hard it is to tell a person's age by looking at him or her. It describes the new tobacco control regulations, when each rule comes into effect, and what retailers and their employees must do to comply with these rules.

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Photo-talk about tobacco Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 1992. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Tobacco Education Clearinghouse of California, ETR Associates, P.O. Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1830. Telephone: (408) 438-4822. Summary: This brochure shows a series of photographs of young children with balloon captions in which they discuss the effects that adult smoking has on them. The message is that adults should not smoke around children because it makes them sick. The children are from varied ethnic backgrounds.

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Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs may harm the unborn Source: Rockville, MD: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1990. 80 pp. Contact: Available from National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345. Telephone: (301) 468-2600 or (800) 729-6686 or (800) 487-4889 TDD / fax: (301) 468-6433 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.health.org. Out of print. Summary: This report contains the most recent findings of basic research and clinical studies conducted on the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs on the unborn child, the pregnant woman, and the infant after birth through lactation. It provides an overview of almost 300 scientific books and articles on perinatal drug exposure. It is written for health care providers and others working with young women of childbearing age, volunteers active in the prevention and early intervention of drug abuse, and for women of childbearing age and their partners.

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Tobacco abuse: A message to parents and teens Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1990. 1 p. Contact: Available from Publications Department, American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. Telephone: (847) 228-5005 or (800) 433-9016 / fax: (847) 228-5097 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aap.org. $15.00 for 100 copies, members; $20.00, nonmembers. Minimum order: 100 copies. Summary: This brochure discusses the harmful effects of passive smoking in children, points out the dangers of smokeless tobacco to adolescents, and encourages adult smokers to break the habit.

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Spit Tobacco: A Guide for Quitting Source: Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2000. 24 p. Contact: National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse (NOHIC). 1 NOHIC Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3500. (301) 402-7364. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nohic.nidcr.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Order Number NR-73. Summary: This booklet is designed to help people who use smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco) quit the habit. The guide is the result of advice from chewers and dippers who have broken their tobacco habit. The booklet uses the term 'spit tobacco' over the term 'smokeless tobacco,' contending that the latter term makes the products sound safe and they are not safe. The booklet reviews the dangers of dip and chew, including tooth decay, gum recession, leukoplakia and red sores, and oral cancer. Other reasons discussed for quitting include cost factors, the esthetic problems (smell on one's breath and clothing), and dental hygiene (stained teeth). Also included is a section for readers to assess how addicted they are to spit tobacco, a section of myths and truths about spit tobacco, an outline of a plan for quitting (including what to expect during nicotine withdrawal, how to avoid triggers to start using again), and additional strategies that are available and may be necessary (nicotine replacement therapy, counseling, medication, support groups). Numerous photographs of and comments from professional athletes about the problems associated with spit tobacco are included. The publication concludes with a list of selected resource organizations for more information and a tear-off commentary card for readers to assess the effectiveness of the booklet. The booklet is illustrated with full-color graphics.

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Let's Learn About Spit Tobacco: An Information and Activities Book Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 1998. 7 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. Dept. GSA, 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. Website: www.channing.bete.com. PRICE: $1.32 each for 1-24 copies; bulk pricing available. Item Number 56598E-4-98. Summary: This coloring and activities book provides children with information about smokeless or spit tobacco. Utilizing cartoons, crossword puzzles, and other word games, the booklet covers the types of spit tobacco; the ingredients of spit tobacco; why some people try spit tobacco; the myths about spit tobacco; the powerful effect of tobacco

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advertisements; oral health problems due to the use of spit tobacco; other health problems, including nicotine poisoning, dental problems, and reduced sense of smell and taste; and suggestions for what to do if offered spit tobacco. ·

Smokeless Tobacco: What's It Going to Cost You? Source: Waco, TX: Health Edco. 1998. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Health Edco, P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 2993366 or (817) 776-6461. Fax (888) 977-7653. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.healthedco.com. PRICE: $2.00; bulk copies available. Order number JG38099. Summary: This brochure provides information and statistics about smokeless tobacco. Aimed at adolescent and young men, the brochure reminds readers of the health risks associated with smokeless tobacco, including oral cancer, bad breath, stained teeth, high blood pressure, leukoplakia, and gum problems. The brochure first reports and then refutes five myths about smokeless tobacco, including: it's safer than cigarettes; if I don't use the strong stuff, I won't get addicted; I won't get cancer because I don't inhale any smoke; I'm young, so my body can take it for awhile; and snuff and chewing tobacco are symbols of independence and toughness. The brochure also describes the manipulation tactics of tobacco advertisers, with illustrations from some of the most popular brands. The brochure concludes with the contact information for three resource organizations: the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and the Office on Smoking and Health (of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

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Smokeless Tobacco: A Medical Perspective Source: Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society. 1997. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Cancer Society (ACS). 1599 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. (800) ACS-2345; http://www.cancer.org. Also available from your local American Cancer Society chapter. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This brief brochure reminds health care professionals of the problem of smokeless tobacco use. The author stresses that the medical and dental professions must recognize and educate the public about the serious health risks of smokeless tobacco use. The brochure presents basic facts about smokeless tobacco use and its adverse affects, including carcinogenesis, gingival recession, in utero damage, and long-term nicotine dependence. Full-color photographs illustrate some of the oral health problems, notably oral carcinoma, resulting from smokeless tobacco use. 3 figures.

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What Everyone Should Know About Spit Tobacco Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. Dept. GSA, 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733; Fax (800) 499-6464; http://www.channing.bete.com. PRICE: $1.326 each for 1-24 copies; bulk pricing available. Item Number 19455D-8-93. Summary: This booklet provides basic information about smokeless tobacco or spit tobacco in an easy-to-read format. Topics covered in the booklet include a definition of spit tobacco; how spit tobacco can contribute to serious health problems; a brief history of tobacco; why spit tobacco has become popular again; basic facts about spit tobacco and its effects on the body; oral health complications of using spit tobacco; cancers

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related to spit tobacco, including mouth, larynx, and esophagus cancers; other health risks associated with spit tobacco, including high blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and reduced senses of taste and smell; and some alternatives to spit tobacco. The booklet is illustrated with simple, cartoon line drawings and is aimed at an adolescent reading audience. ·

Issues for Today: Dangers of Cigars and Pipe Tobacco Source: Waco, TX: HEALTH EDCO. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from HEALTH EDCO. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366 or (817) 776-6461. Fax (888) 977-7653. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.healthedco.com. PRICE: $2.00; bulk copies available. Order number JG40479. Summary: This brochure outlines the dangers of cigars and pipe tobacco and offers readers the chance to explore the truths and myths about tobacco use. The brochure first describes the tobacco used in cigars and pipes (which is the same as that used in cigarettes), and outlines the history of tobacco. Other topics include the popularity of cigar and pipe smoking, magazines and the media influence, cigar and pipe smoking bars and clubs, women who smoke, enticing ads and social acceptance. It also discusses the dangers of tobacco, toxic substances in tobacco, how nicotine affects the body (including the long term effects and the impact of nicotine on pregnancy), nicotine addiction, secondhand smoke, how oral cancer begins, and how to stop smoking. The brochure concludes with the contact information, including websites, of resource organizations, including the American Lung Association, the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the National Drug and Alcohol Treatment and Referral Hotline, ONCOLINK (University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center Resource), and Tobacco BBS. The brochure is illustrated with full color photographs and bright graphics.

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Tobacco and Gum Disease Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Periodontology. 1996. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Academy of Periodontology. Sales and Marketing Department, Suite 800, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 573-3253; Fax (312) 787-3670; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.perio.org. PRICE: $20.00 per 50 plus shipping and handling; bulk rates available. Summary: This health education brochure familiarizes readers with the interplay between tobacco and gum disease, stressing that tobacco use may be one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease. Topics covered include a definition of periodontal disease, how tobacco use affects oral health, smokeless tobacco users, and why quitting makes sense. Researchers have shown that people use tobacco are more likely to have oral cancer, bad breath, stained teeth, tooth loss, bone loss, loss of taste and smell, less success with periodontal treatment, less success with dental implants, gum recession and mouth sores. The brochure encourages readers to talk with their dentists, periodontists, or physicians about a tobacco-cessation program.

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Spit Tobacco: Dangerous and Deadly Source: Chicago, IL: Oral Health America. 1996. 4 p.

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Contact: Available from Oral Health America. America's Fund for Dental Health, 410 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 352, Chicago, IL 60611-4211. (312) 836-9900. PRICE: $0.35 each. Summary: This brochure provides readers with basic facts about smokeless or spit tobacco and the National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP). NSTEP is a collaborative effort linking many of baseball's most colorful and popular personalities with the nation's leading oral health experts and government agencies. NSTEP's goal is to educate Americans that spit tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. The brochure features photographs and quotations from famous baseball players, including two who have struggled with oral cancer. Striking postoperative photographs of the latter are included. The brochure also presents basic facts about spit tobacco and the addictive nature of nicotine. It provides statistics on users of the products and discusses what is being done to address the problems associated with smokeless tobacco. 6 figures. ·

Quitting Spitting: More Than Enough Reasons to Stop Using Spit Tobacco NOW! Source: Washington, DC: American Cancer Society. 1996. [8 p.]. Contact: Available from American Cancer Society. 1599 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. (800) ACS-2345 or (404) 320-3333; http://www.cancer.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available from local American Cancer Society offices. Summary: This brochure encourages adolescents to quit the use of spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco). The brochure first lists the consequences of using spit tobacco, including oral cancer, mouth sores, bad breath, stained teeth, and tooth loss. The brochure also reminds readers of the addictive potential of nicotine and how difficult it can be to quit a nicotine habit. The brochure presents the decision to quit using spit tobacco as just one in a series of lifestyle decisions that young adults are making at this point in their lives. The brochure outlines three reasons why this is a good decision: to save money, to save one's looks, and to save lives. A form for determining how much money is spent on spit tobacco (for the individual reader) is provided. The brochure concludes with a section on the difficulties of quitting a spit tobacco habit and how to address those issues. A final section includes a pledge to quit spit tobacco; readers can sign the pledge and send it to the American Cancer Society. The organization will send congratulations in return. The brochure emphasizes the positive feelings that will result in knowing 'you did something on your own for your own good with your own strength and determination.' The brochure is illustrated with line drawings of young adult males.

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Truth About Smokeless Tobacco Source: Waco, TX: HEALTH EDCO. 1996. 8 p. Contact: Available from HEALTH EDCO. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366 or (817) 776-6461. Fax (888) 977-7653. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.healthedco.com. PRICE: $2.00; bulk copies available. Order number JG42501. Summary: Americans have become very aware of the health risks of smoking cigarettes, but less is known about the dangers of their popular substitute: snuff and chewing tobacco. This booklet is designed to teach readers about the hazards of smokeless tobacco. The booklet likens the use of smokeless tobacco to lighting a fuse on a bomb and then putting the bomb in one's mouth. The brochure first defines and describes the different types of smokeless tobacco, including snuff and chewing tobacco, and

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discusses the drug involved, nicotine. Other topics include the related mouth problems (mouth cancer, leukoplakia, gum disease, bad breath, tooth decay, and worn and stained teeth), heart and blood flow problems (stroke, hypertension, heart disease), the myth that smokeless tobacco enhances athletic performance, the signs of addiction, and the warning signs of cancer. The booklet concludes with a chart comparing the lies and the truths about smokeless tobacco. The booklet is illustrated with colorful line drawings and graphics. ·

Spit Tobacco Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology. 1995. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure warns readers of the problems associated with spit tobacco, including chewing tobacco and snuff. Topics covered include how the two forms are used; how the nicotine is absorbed by the body; the ingredients, mostly chemicals, that are in spit tobacco; the process of addiction; the physical and mental effects of using smokeless tobacco, including cancer, leukoplakia, heart disease, gum and tooth disease, and social effects; the early warning signs of oral cancer; and tips to help readers quit using spit tobacco. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the discipline of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

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Chew Sucks! Get the Facts: The Dangers of Smokeless Tobacco Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 1995. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174. (800) 947-4746; Fax (630) 443-9970. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. Order Number W132. Summary: This colorful brochure from the American Dental Association warns young readers about the risks inherent in the use of smokeless or spit tobacco. The brochure lists seven facts about the addictive nature of smokeless tobacco and the adverse effects of using it. Another section profiles the story of Sean Marsee, including photographs before he was ill and just before he died of cancer caused by using snuff. The third section depicts a cartoon figure of an adolescent male, with descriptions of the impact of smokeless tobacco on different parts of his body. The brochure encourages readers not to start using smokeless tobacco, or if already using it, to quit.

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Smokeless Tobacco: A Chemical Time Bomb Source: Waco, TX: Health Edco. 1995. 16 p. Contact: Available from Health Edco. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 2993366 or (817) 776-6461. Fax (817) 751-0221. PRICE: $2.00 each for 1 to 49 copies; bulk orders available. Item Number JG40014. Summary: This brochure, written by a medical doctor, informs readers about the negative health consequences of using smokeless tobacco. Topics include a definition of the types of smokeless tobacco; the ingredients of smokeless or spit tobacco, including nicotine, sweeteners, salts, carcinogens, chemicals, and abrasives; the hazards of each of these ingredients; smokeless tobacco and problems with oral hygiene, including halitosis, stained teeth, calculus deposits, worn-down teeth, gingivitis, and gum ulcers;

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smokeless tobacco and oral cancer, including leukoplakia, early cancer, mouth cancer, cancer of the roof of the mouth, and cancer of the tongue; the cardiovascular consequences of smokeless tobacco; and the hormonal effects of smokeless tobacco, including on glucose, insulin, cortisol, vasopressin, acetylcholine, and fats. The brochure concludes with a list of ten myths about smokeless tobacco and five cartoons humorously noting the problems associated with smokeless tobacco. The brochure is illustrated with detailed, full color photographs and medical drawings. ·

Smokeless Tobacco: Guidelines for Teens Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1995. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Division of Publications, P.O. Box 747, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 4339016 or (847) 228-5005; Fax (847) 228-1281; http://www.aap.org. PRICE: $34.95 per 100 copies (100 copy minimum order) for members; $29.95 per 100 copies for nonmembers. Order Number B-HEO189. Summary: This brochure provides information for teenagers about smokeless or spit tobacco, including chewing tobacco and snuff. Written in a question-and-answer format, the brochure describes smokeless tobacco and how it is used, the chemicals and nicotine that are present in smokeless tobacco, why nicotine is an addictive substance, the physical and mental effects of using smokeless tobacco, the early warning signs of oral cancer, and the benefits of quitting smokeless tobacco use. The brochure includes a set of eight suggestions to help users quit using smokeless tobacco. A few line drawings illustrate the brochure.

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Tobacco-Free For Life! Source: Kansas City, MO: School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City. May 1995. [19 p.]. Contact: Available from University of Missouri-Kansas City. School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2784. (816) 235-2160. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet focuses on tobacco addiction and on how to quit using tobacco products. It explains why people use tobacco and why it is difficult for people to quit. It lists reasons why tobacco users should quit. By quitting, tobacco users can have better health, including cleaner teeth, fresher breath, healthier gums, fewer colds, better taste and smell, easier breathing, and can also lower the risk for serious health problems such as cancer, emphysema, heart disease, and stroke. After explaining the problems smoking causes, the booklet offers suggestions on how to quit using tobacco. It describes withdrawal symptoms that may be expected and offers suggestions on how to relieve these symptoms. The booklet also covers spit tobacco. It warns that spit tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes and can cause bad breath, stained teeth, loss of teeth from gum disease, and cancer. A pinch of spit tobacco has the same amount of nicotine as 2.5 cigarettes and can be more addicting than cigarettes. The booklet is filled with colorful, cartoon-like line drawings.

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Dangerous Game: The Truth About Spit Tobacco Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). August 1995. [8 p.]. Contact: Available from NCI Publications Department. P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 422-6237. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 95-3880.

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Summary: Spit tobacco (ST or smokeless tobacco) comes in two forms: snuff and chewing tobacco. This brochure from the National Cancer Institute reminds readers of the hazards of ST, including the facts that it is highly addictive, contains nicotine, does not help performance (i.e., in sports), and is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. The brochure uses clean bold graphics in black, white and red to remind readers of the addictiveness of ST and the importance of not starting the habit. The brochure includes full color photographs of some of the hazards of using ST, depicting gums pulling away from the teeth, and white, wrinkled patches inside the mouth that can turn into cancer. The brochure also features before and after photographs of Rick Bender, a young man who underwent major jaw surgery to treat cancer. The brochure concludes by describing the signs and symptoms of oral and head and neck cancer. A brief description is also provided of a guide that can help readers quit the smokeless tobacco habit. ·

Smokeless Tobacco Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-4444. PRICE: Single copy free (send self-addressed, stamped envelope); $20.00 per 100 copies for members, $25.00 for nonmembers. Virginia orders require sales tax. Summary: This health education brochure describes the problems associated with smokeless or spit tobacco. Topics covered include statistics that document the growing problem with smokeless tobacco, nicotine and related chemicals and their relation to cancer, the effects of smokeless tobacco, and the cost of smoking and using other tobacco products in health care costs and taxes. The brochure includes a list of suggestions to help readers quit. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the specialty of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

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Facts About: Is There a Safe Tobacco? Source: Timonium, MD: American Lung Association of Maryland. 1992. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Lung Association of Maryland. 1840 York Road, Timonium, MD 21093. (800) 492-7527 (in Maryland) or (410) 560-2120. Also available from local American Lung Association chapters. PRICE: $0.15 each. Stock Number 1092 3/92. Summary: This brochure addresses the myth that some forms of tobacco are safer to use than others, including different types of cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Topics covered include the health risks of cigarette smoking; the changes in tobacco advertising as cigarette smoking becomes unpopular; the health risks of pipes and cigars, including 'little cigars'; low tar and nicotine cigarettes and their impact on the smoker's health risks, including their addictive nature; the hazards of secondhand smoke; newer cigarettes that are advertised as being safer than regular cigarettes, including low-smoke, perfumed, or de-nicotined cigarettes; risks from chewing tobacco and snuff; clove cigarettes; the risks of marijuana use; and the use of nicotine chewing gum or skin patches as replacement therapy. The information is presented in straightforward language, with no illustrations.

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Smokeless Tobacco: Three Strikes, You're Out Source: Hagerstown, MD: Health Connection. 1992. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Health Connection. Department 8101, 55 West Oak Ridge Drive, Hagerstown, MD 21740-7390. (800) 548-8700 or (301) 790-9735; Fax (888) 294-8405; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.healthconnection.org. PRICE: $0.45 each for 1-24 copies; bulk rates available. Item Number 12665. Summary: This colorful brochure uses a baseball metaphor to advise readers of the hazards of spit tobacco (smokeless tobacco). The brochure tells readers the rules of the game: Strike One is risk of nicotine addiction; Strike Two is risk of oral cancer; and Strike Three is other health risks, including oral health problems, heart disease, and birth defects. The section on oral cancer risk lists the warning signs of oral cancer, including a sore that doesn't heal; white or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth; and difficulty chewing, swallowing, or moving the tongue or jaw. One sidebar provides readers with suggestions on how to quit a smokeless tobacco habit. The brochure is illustrated with bold graphics of young people and smokeless tobacco products. 3 references.

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Smokeless Tobacco: Think Before You Chew Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 1990. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174. (800) 947-4746; Fax (630) 443-9970; http://www.ada.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk rates available. Order Number W190. Summary: This brochure describes the oral health hazards associated with snuff dipping and tobacco chewing. Topics include the warning labels on smokeless tobacco; the facts about snuff, smokeless tobacco, and nicotine; the cosmetic effects of using smokeless tobacco; oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco; and the myths about who really uses smokeless tobacco. The brochure concludes with a glossary of terms and their definitions. The brochure includes full-color pictures of teeth and gums affected by smokeless tobacco, as well as before and after pictures of a young man named Sean Marsee, who died at age 18 of cancer related to smokeless tobacco.

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Tobacco and Your Mouth: The Oral Health Team's View of What Smoking does to the Oral Cavity Source: Hagerstown, MD: Health Connection. 1990. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Health Connection. Department 8101, 55 West Oak Ridge Drive, Hagerstown, MD 21740-7390. (800) 548-8700 or (301) 790-9735; Fax (888) 294-8405; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.healthconnection.org. PRICE: $0.45 each for 1-24 copies; bulk rates available. Order Number 13810 (English); 13815 (Spanish). Summary: This brochure features full-color photographs of the destruction and oral complications caused by smoking. Photographs depict stomatitic nicotina ('smoker's palate'); cancer of the tongue; the differences in tooth color and tongue status in smokers versus non-smokers; tooth staining; leukoplakia; oral cancer; periodontal disease; acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis ('trench mouth'); papillomatosis; and tooth wear and shifting. Each photograph is accompanied by a caption detailing the person's condition, age, and smoking habits. The textual material in the brochure discusses smoking as a functional and social disability; the life-threatening aspects of using tobacco; how

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smoking can affect the head sinuses; and other health-related problems of tobacco use. The brochure concludes with a section suggesting strategies to help readers quit smoking. 24 figures. ·

Risks of Tobacco Use: A Message to Parents and Teens Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1990. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Division of Publications, P.O. Box 747, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 4339016 or (847) 228-5005. Fax (847) 228-1281. Website: www.aap.org. PRICE: $29.95 per 100 copies (100 copy minimum order) for members; $34.95 per 100 copies for nonmembers. Order Number B-HE0065. Summary: This brochure reviews tobacco-related health problems. Designed for both parents and adolescents, the brochure covers topics including the effect of second-hand, or environmental, tobacco smoke on infants and young children; the impact of advertising on the tobacco use habits of teenagers; the health risks of smoking; the risks of using smokeless tobacco; statistics on the morbidity of smoking among adults; and suggestions for tobacco users who would like to quit the habit.

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Smokeless Tobacco: Are You Feeling the Pinch? Source: Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Department of Health. 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Indiana State Department of Health. 1330 West Michigan Street, P.O. Box 1964, Indianapolis, IN 46206-1964. (317) 633-0306. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure, designed for adolescents, urges readers to say 'no' to the use of smokeless tobacco. The brochure focuses on the dangers of smokeless tobacco, including bad breath, stained teeth, abrasion, gum recession, sensitive teeth, leukoplakia, oral cancer, and addiction to nicotine. The brochure also includes a fictional letter to Dear Abby and a statement from professional baseball player, Carlton Fisk, against the use of smokeless tobacco.

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Death in Bloom: A Maturing Tobacco Plant in the Field Source: Montgomery, AL: Alabama Department of Public Health. 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Alabama Department of Public Health. Dental Health Division, 434 Monroe Street, Montgomery, AL 36130. (334) 206-5661. PRICE: Single copy free; reproduction permitted. Summary: This brochure provides information on nicotine and the health dangers it poses. Topics covered include the addictive nature of nicotine; problems with sidestream or second-hand smoke, especially for children; smokeless tobacco and the oral health risks involved with its use; and smoking and pregnancy. Oral health risks discussed include problems with leukoplakia, gum disease, dental caries, and oral cancer. The brochure includes full-color photographs, including one depicting an example of leukoplakia and gum recession.

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Smokeless Tobacco: Warning: Chewing and Dipping Can be Hazardous to Your Health Source: Austin, TX: Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Dental Health. 199X. 2 p.

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Contact: Available from Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Dental Health. 1100 West 49th Street, Austin, TX 78756. (512) 458-7525 or (516) 458-7232. PRICE: Single copy free. Item Number 8-28. Summary: This brochure presents basic facts about the dangers of smokeless tobacco. After a few stories and statistics about health problems caused by smokeless tobacco, the brochure discusses how chewing tobacco and the resulting juices can produce leukoplakia; carcinogens in some forms of smokeless tobacco; and other hazards of smokeless tobacco due to nicotine and sugar content. The brochure is written in clear, easy-to-understand language, and is illustrated with simple graphics. ·

What's Really in Spit Tobacco? Source: Chicago, IL: National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP), Oral Health America. 199x. [8 p.]. Contact: Available from National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP). Oral Health America, 410 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 352, Chicago, IL 60611-4211. (312) 836-9900. PRICE: $0.45 each. Summary: This brochure aims to convince readers of the hazards of spit tobacco. Cleverly shaped like a can of smokeless tobacco, the brochure invites readers to discover what is really in smokeless tobacco. The brochure emphasizes that spit tobacco is addictive, contains chemicals (including carcinogenic ones), and causes gum disease, oral cancer, and even death. The brochure features full-color photographs of sports figures with quotations explaining why they do not support the use of spit tobacco. Photographs are also included of gum disease and oral cancer patients (including Sean Marsee, who died at age 19 of oral cancer).

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Focus on tobacco-free schools = Tobacco-free schools resource packet Source: Denver, CO: School Health Resource Services, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. 1996. 53 items. Contact: Available from Marilyn G. Harmacek, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Office of School Health Programs Office, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box C287, Denver, CO 80262. Telephone: (800) 669- 9954 / fax: (303) 315-3198. $12.00 plus $3.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This information package contains materials that health professionals, educational policymakers, and community members can use to develop school-based tobacco prevention and intervention programs for children and adolescents. The materials include fact sheets, pamphlets, resource lists, and a sample journal. The main topics addressed are the number of children and adolescents smoking and the health consequences; an overview of theories for developing prevention and intervention programs; classroom strategies including curricula and strategies to be shared between the school and the community; information on successful intervention programs; materials on federal, state, and local policy initiatives; and resource materials. [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Restricting access and appeal of tobacco products to children and adolescents: Information resource and referral guide Source: Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1995. 58 pp.

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Contact: Available from Rebecca Lee-Pethel, Program Services Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E., Mailstop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Telephone: (770) 488-5705 or (800) CDC-1311 / fax: (770) 488-5939 / Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco. Summary: This information package contains material relating to the Clinton Administration effort to set measures to significantly reduce the number of children and adolescents who become addicted to nicotine in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. The three sections of the package contain: information on the proposed rule of the Food and Drug Administration; supporting data on tobacco use; and the transcript of the Presidential Press Conference (8/10/95). A separate conference participant packet contains many of the same items. ·

Tobacco Cessation Resource Kit Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 199x. (information packet). Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2678. (312) 440-2879. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This resource kit, from the American Dental Association, provides brochures and journal articles about tobacco cessation. Two brochures provide a general overview of smoking and oral health and describe the oral health team's view of what smoking does to the oral cavity (including full-color photographs). The journal articles are grouped in three categories: clinical interventions for tobacco cessation; nicotine replacement therapies for tobacco cessation; and general information on tobacco cessation, including demographic data, consequences of tobacco use, and community interventions. Specific topics include the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) educational support services for dental action, implementing a tobacco cessation program in clinical practice, helping patients remain tobacco-free for life, dentists' attitudes regarding tobacco issues, the respiratory health effects of passive smoking, dental hygienists' role in reducing tobacco use, tobacco use cessation curricula in dental schools and dental hygiene programs, tobacco dependence and the nicotine patch, transdermal and transmucosal nicotine delivery systems, the use of nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette), preventing tobacco use among young people, the benefits of tobacco cessation, and the neurochemistry of nicotine addiction. Other materials include a list of NCI publications for health professionals, a list of resource organizations for more information, and a detailed booklet describing the Indiana University School of Dentistry's smoking cessation program for the dental office.

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Smokeless Tobacco Resource Kit Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 199x. (information packet). Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2678. (312) 440-2879. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This resource kit, from the American Dental Association, provides brochures and journal articles about smokeless tobacco and cessation programs. Brochures are included on the following topics: a general overview of smokeless tobacco and oral health, the hazards of smokeless tobacco (including full-color photographs), a reprint of a 'Reader's Digest' article about Sean Marsee, and two brochures advertising additional

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information resources. The journal articles are grouped in three categories: clinical and community interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation; general information on the health implications of smokeless tobacco use; and ADA policies, congressional testimonies, and general statistics. Specific topics include an international perspective on the use of smokeless tobacco; the sugar and fluoride content of various forms of tobacco; the reversibility of leukoplakia caused by smokeless tobacco; the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among adolescent male athletes; smokeless tobacco use, oral lesions and cessation in high school males; oral cancer and its detection; screening recommendations for the dental practitioner; and the COMMIT dental model. Other materials include a list of National Cancer Institute (NCI) publications for health professionals and a list of audiovisual materials (posters) promoting smokeless tobacco cessation. ·

California smoke-free cities: A successful state level partnership for tobacco control Source: Sacramento, CA: California Healthy Cities Project. n.d. 2 pp. Contact: Available from California Healthy Cities Project, P.O. Box 942732, MS 675, Sacramento, CA 94234-7320. Telephone: (916) 327-7017 / fax: (916) 324-7763. Summary: This fact sheet describes the work of California's Healthy Cities Project, a local partnership designed to support cities in the development of regulations and programs which discourage tobacco use. It contains brief information on the project's background, the challenges met, and some practical considerations for replication elsewhere.

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On the Tobacco Front.Oral Cancer Facts Source: AAOM News. 3(1): [1 p. insert]. Spring 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). Editor, AAOM News, 193 Somerset Road, Norwood, NJ 07648-1929. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet offers a series of oral cancer facts, designed for dentists and for dentists to share with their patients. Topics include the incidence and prevalence of oral cancer, age factors, risk factors, prognosis, mortality, morbidity, symptoms, the different types of oral cancer, lifestyle factors, and screening for oral cancer as part of the dental examination. The fact sheet concludes that the oral medicine professional community has a significant clinical impact on the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of oral cancer. The dentist has the primary responsibility to screen for oral cancer. As advocates of health promotion, dentists can educate patients on oral cancer risk factors and can advocate tobacco cessation, moderate alcohol consumption, sunlight avoidance protection, and a healthy diet and lifestyle.

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Oral Health America, National Spit Tobacco Education Program, Tobacco Trends Source: Chicago, IL: Oral Health America. 1996. 1 p. Contact: Available from Oral Health America. 410 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 352, Chicago, IL 60611-4211. (312) 836-9900; Fax (312) 836-9986. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: By the year 2000, 75 percent of all dentists will be expected to help their patients stop smoking or chewing tobacco, according to Healthy People 2000, the Federal government's agenda for the improved health of all Americans. This fact sheet describes how Oral Health America is working to help the nation achieve this goal through its National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP). Conducted under the

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leadership of National Chairman, Joe Garagiola, NSTEP is a public education anti-spit tobacco initiative dedicated to promoting oral health and educating youth, parents, and coaches about oral cancer prevention and the dangers of spit tobacco use. The fact sheet lists statistics and epidemiologic information about spit tobacco and people who use spit tobacco. ·

Tobacco Effects on the Mouth: A National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Dental Research Guide for Health Professionals Source: Bethesda, MD: Cancer Information Service. 1994. 34 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 330-7968. Website: rex.nci.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 96-3330. Summary: This guide was written to help health professionals better recognize tobacco's adverse effects in the mouth and encourage patients to discontinue their tobacco use. The guide is divided into three main section: a description and illustrated guide of tobacco-induced and associated oral conditions; a description of the multiple, insidious effects that tobacco use has on clinical care; and a description of the systematic method for conducting an oral examination and documenting one's findings. Four appendices include a guide to helping patients stop using tobacco; a selective references list; an extraoral, perioral, and intraoral examination form; and a patient tobacco-use assessment form. Full-color photographs of various oral health problems are included. 44 figures. 50 references.

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Dental Health Fact Sheet: Smokeless Tobacco Source: Madison, WI: Wisconsin Division of Health, Department of Health and Social Services, Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Oral Health Consultant, Bureau of Public Health. 1414 East Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53703. (608) 266-5152 or (608) 267-3824. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number POH 4293. Summary: This dental health fact sheet provides information about smokeless tobacco and young people. The fact sheet lists statistical information in four categories: the types of products available; usage patterns; the U.S. Surgeon General's Report; and health facts. The fact sheet stresses that smokeless tobacco can cause cancer and other mouth disorders and that it contains high levels of nicotine and is addicting. Oral health problems covered include periodontal diseases and tooth loss, bad breath and stained teeth, and dental caries from sugar added to these products.

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Quitting Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet Source: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Health. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Arizona Department of Health Services. Office of Dental Health, Division of Family Health Services, 1740 West Adams, Phoenix, AZ 85007. (602) 542-1866. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet provides a checklist of suggestions to help the reader who is trying to break the habit of using smokeless tobacco. Five sections provide suggestions on what to do before quitting, when one quits, when facing the urge to use tobacco, if more assistance in quitting is required, and after quitting. The contact information for

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the American Cancer Society (toll-free telephone number) and the Arizona Lung Association is included. ·

Don't Chews to Lose: Some Facts on Smokeless Tobacco Source: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Health. 199x. 3 p. Contact: Available from Arizona Department of Health Services. Office of Dental Health, Division of Family Health Services, 1740 West Adams, Phoenix, AZ 85007. (602) 542-1866. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This three-page fact sheet provides readers with current information about smokeless or spit tobacco. Topics covered include a definition of smokeless tobacco and its various shapes and forms, statistics on the use of smokeless tobacco, smokeless tobacco use among children, the health effects of using smokeless tobacco, nicotine and its addictive qualities, risk factors for cancer, and information from the tobacco companies on how smokeless tobacco is advertised and promoted. The fact sheet concludes with a lengthy poem about smokeless tobacco and one user's experience with mouth cancer caused by tobacco.

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Spit Tobacco Quit Tips Source: Chicago, IL: Oral Health America. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Oral Health America. 410 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 352, Chicago, IL 60611-4211. (312) 836-9900; Fax (312) 836-9986. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet provides suggestions for readers who wish to quit using spit tobacco. The fact sheet is part of a multi-media, multi-year effort by Oral Health America's National Spit Tobacco Education Program (NSTEP) to help teach Americans that spit tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes. The fact sheet lists eight ideas and tips for quitting. It suggests being committed; setting a quit date and sticking to it; enlisting the aid of friends and family; taking it one day at a time; substituting seeds, gum, or water for tobacco use; learning how to cope with stressful situations without resorting to tobacco use; asking a dentist or physician about nicotine replacement products; and don't quit trying to quit.

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “tobacco” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: ·

Recommendations regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2614&nbr=1840&a mp;string=tobacco

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Tobacco use cessation in the primary care setting Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 May; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2576&nbr=1802&a mp;string=tobacco

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Tobacco use prevention and cessation for adults and mature adolescents Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1994 May (revised 2002 Jun); 35 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3408&nbr=2634&a mp;string=tobacco

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Tobacco use prevention and cessation for infants, children and adolescents Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1994 May (revised 2002 Jun); 25 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3409&nbr=2635&a mp;string=tobacco

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Tobacco-cessation patient counseling Source: American College of Preventive Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 August; 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1504&nbr=730&am p;string=tobacco

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Treating tobacco use and dependence. A clinical practice guideline Source: Public Health Service (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2000 June; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2360&nbr=1586&a mp;string=tobacco

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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American Indian and Alaska Native Women's Health: Substance Abuse/Mental Health Summary: This page features links to information on drugs, tobacco, alcohol, and mental health. Source: Indian Health Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6868

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American Indians and Alaska Natives and Tobacco Summary: This page describes the health effects of smoking, cigarette smoking prevalence, and cigarette smoking behavior among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6778

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American Lung Association® Fact Sheet Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and Tobacco Summary: While in the general population, smoking among women decreases with age, smoking rates among Asian American and Pacific Islander women increase with age. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7448

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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and Tobacco Summary: Smoking is responsible for 87% of the lung cancer deaths in the United States. In 1993, lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death 22.3% among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7487

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke Summary: Fact sheet discusses the health risk of ETS -- lung cancer, elevated rates of respiratory symptoms and respiratory tract infections in children -- and public policies restricting smoking. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2461

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Fact Sheet American Indians and Alaska Natives and Tobacco Summary: Tobacco use is a risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and stroke, all leading causes of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6855

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FAQs: National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention Summary: Frequently asked questions for adults and teens from the National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention. Source: National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6364

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Girl Power!: Body FX Summary: Information on alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, and club drugs that is written for girls. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6440

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Kids and Tobacco: Sites for Parents, Educators, & Youth Group Leaders Summary: This web page for parents, educators, and youth group leaders links users to web resources that offer services and programs that discourage children from using tobacco products. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4376

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Making Prevention Work: Actions For Parents, Guardians, And Caretakers Summary: This fact sheet calls on all adults to take responsibility for preventing alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse among America's youth. Specific action steps and suggestions are included. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=920

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Name Your Poison Summary: Poster about Tobacco products. Source: National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7596

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Overview CDC's Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage TIPS Summary: Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, yet 400,000 people die each year as a result of tobacco use. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=966

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Questions and Answers About Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Summary: A brief review of the health risks associated with smoking tobacco. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=170

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Secondhand Smoke (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Summary: This fact sheet presents basic information for consumers about secondhand smoke including a definition, health effects, tips to reduce family exposure, and access to related resources. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3003

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Selected Actions of the U.S. Government Regarding the Regulation of Tobacco Sales, Marketing, and Use Summary: This page outlines selected actions of the U.S. Government regarding the regulation of tobacco sales, marketing, and use. Presents a history of legislation and regulation from 1906 to the present. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1837

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Smokeless Tobacco: Tips On How To Stop Summary: Advice on how to quit using smokeless tobacco. This document also discusses the health risks associated with smokeless tobacco use and why it is important for the user to quit. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6057

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Smoking Cessation/Tobacco Abuse - NetWellness Summary: This web site presents a general overview of the adverse effects of smoking, other tobacco abuses and nicotine addiction. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4879

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Smoking Tips 4 Youth Summary: Links to fact sheets, educational programs and other tobacco information and prevention sources (TIPS) designed to educate young people on the dangers of smoking and other tobacco use. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5815

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Spitting into the Wind -- The Facts about Dip and Chew Summary: Information and resources about the health risks associated with chewing tobacco -- mouth and throat cancer. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5202

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State and National Tobacco Control Highlights Summary: This page contains information regarding tobacco use among adults and youth, legislation, and the medical costs related to tobacco use. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1836

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Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: 10 Things You Can Do to Make Your World Smoke-Free Summary: Become part of the movement against tobacco! Here are 10 ways you can help to make your world smoke-free. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1372

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Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: Be an Ad Buster Summary: Tobacco ads don't tell the whole truth. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1370

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Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: Is Smokeless Tobacco Safer Than Cigarettes? Summary: Is smokeless tobacco safer than cigarettes? The answer is NO! This page details the problems associated with smokeless tobacco. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1369

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Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: Smoke-Free from Coast to Coast Summary: Kids everywhere are banding together to stamp out tobacco. See how kids throughout the country are becoming involved and making an impact. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1371

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Surgeon General's Report for Kids about Smoking: The Real Deal about Tobacco Summary: The Surgeon General says that 3,000 kids start smoking every day. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1367

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Take a Closer Look at What the Tobacco Industry Won't Show You Summary: A poster about the risks of snuff. Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7601

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Targeting Tobacco Use, The Nation’s Leading Cause of Death Summary: This report discusses tobacco use, its critical impact on the Nation's health and economy, and CDC's partnership programs that pursue changes that encourage behavior changes and better treatment Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2939

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Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage (TIPS): News Page - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary: Youth across the country recently spoke out against teen smoking during a national media campaign. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=972

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Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage: Educational Materials Summary: This page provides links to government publications on smoking, smoking cessation and smoking programs for all audiences. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=977

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Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage: History Of The 1964 Surgeon General's Report Summary: This story summarizes statistics on smoking and prevention outlined in the 1964 Surgeon General's Report. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=973

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Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage: Publications Page Summary: An online list of tobacco-related government materials. Includes fact sheets, posters, materials for adolescents, the general public, and the health care provider. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1010

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Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage: Surgeon General's Reports - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary: The Surgeon General's Reports on Smoking from 1964 through 2001 are referenced on this page. Detailed information is available on each report. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=974

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·

Tobacco Information & Prevention Sourcepage: Tobacco Use In The United States Summary: Statistics correlating smoking with death have continued to mount since the Surgeon General's first warning. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=967

·

Tobacco Information and Prevention Source Summary: This page links to a publications catalog, Surgeon General's reports, research, information on how to quit, and educational materials. Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7169

·

Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups - A Report of the Surgeon General Summary: This site contains the following: links to fact sheets that summarize the findings for each of the four ethnic groups -- African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics and American Indians; an Source: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2691 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tobacco. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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·

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Tobacco The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to tobacco: ·

Canadian Lung Association Telephone: (613) 747-6776 Fax: (613) 747-7430 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.lung.ca/ Background: The Canadian Lung Association is a national nonprofit organization that is dedicated to improving respiratory health and combating disease of and environmental threats to the lungs. The Association works to fulfill its mission by promoting research, increasing public awareness, and providing patient support programs. Established in 1900, the Association is an umbrella organization that currently consists of 10 provincial and one territorial association. Each provincial association maintains a professional staff including health educators who work with volunteers to develop and conduct community program services. One of the Association's primary objectives is to reduce tobacco use by influencing people to quit or not to start smoking, promoting smoke-free workplaces, and supporting legislation to regulate or prohibit smoking in public enclosed areas. In addition, the Canadian Lung Association is committed to supporting respiratory health and respiratory disease research at several levels. Nationally, the Association provides research funding that is administered by the Canadian Thoracic Society, the Canadian Nurses Respiratory Society, and the Physiotherapy CardioRespiratory Society. Each member association also supports research at the provincial level. The Canadian Lung Association also provides a variety of educational materials and has a web site on the Internet.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tobacco. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tobacco.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tobacco. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tobacco” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tobacco”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tobacco” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tobacco” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.27

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

27

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)28: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

28

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 591

·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 593

·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

595

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tobacco: ·

Basic Guidelines for Tobacco Tobacco use - smoking and smokeless tobacco Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm

·

Signs & Symptoms for Tobacco Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Coughing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Diaphoresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Hunger Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003134.htm Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm ·

Diagnostics and Tests for Tobacco Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Cocaine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Lung function Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003443.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm

·

Nutrition for Tobacco Simple carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm

·

Background Topics for Tobacco Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Ammonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002759.htm

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Blood clot Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001124.htm Blood clots Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001124.htm Carbon monoxide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002804.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Phenol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002903.htm Propane Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002836.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Smoking--tips on how to quit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001992.htm Stressful situations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001942.htm Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TOBACCO DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetolactate Synthase: A flavoprotein that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. EC 4.1.3.18. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an

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increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acupuncture Points: Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25. [NIH]

Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH]

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Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Alcohol-Related Disorders: Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH]

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Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in

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determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anion Exchange Resins: High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional anionic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions. These resins are used for ion exchange chromatography, as gastric antacids, hypocholesteremics, etc. [NIH]

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Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthranilate Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (oaminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. Anthranilate is the biosynthetic precurser of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. EC 4.1.3.27. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the

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antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arabidopsis: A genus of flowering plants found in north temperate regions. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Areca: A small genus of East Indian palms (Palmae) whose leaves and nuts yield arecoline. Its leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in

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traditional medicine. [NIH] Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures.

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Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH]

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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It

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includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus

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consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution.

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When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or

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disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH]

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Cation Exchange Resins: High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional cationic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions; used in various types of chromatography; also to treat hyperkalemia. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated kinases, cyclins, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (phosphoprotein phosphatase) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

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Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Chlorogenic Acid: A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and

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emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Civilization: The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but

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some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colletotrichum: A genus of mitosporic Phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. They have teleomorphs in the genus Glomerella (phyllachorales). [NIH]

Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the

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classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the

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formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished.

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[NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a

620 Tobacco

representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]

Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. EC 4.2.99.8. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior

Dictionary 621

of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinin: One of a group of N-substituted adenines which promote the division of plant cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deception: The act of deceiving or the fact or condition of being deceived. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH]

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Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dental Calculus: Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dental Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks. [NIH] Dental Offices: The room or rooms in which the dentist and dental staff provide care. Offices include all rooms in the dentist's office suite. [NIH] Dental Staff: Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Dictionary 623

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH]

624 Tobacco

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for

Dictionary 625

its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

626 Tobacco

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH]

Dictionary 627

Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU]

Dictionary 629

Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family. [NIH] Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH]

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Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]

Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves,

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and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicular Fluid: A fluid consisting of sex steroid hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and electrolytes that is present in the vesicular ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) surrounding the ovum. [NIH] Forced Expiratory Volume: Measure of the maximum amount of air during a forced vital capacity determination that can be expelled in a given number of seconds. It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH]

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Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Duplication: It encodes the major envelope protein and includes all the specifications for HBsAg. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of

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fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]

Gingival Recession: The exposure of root surface by an apical shift in the position of the gingiva. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid

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(glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Group Practice: Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income. [NIH]

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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs,

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and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Hermetic: Impervious to air; airtight. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

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Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (gene expression regulation, developmental). [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homeotic: Characterizes genes the mutations of which lead to inappropriate expressions of characteristics normally associated with another part of the organism (homeotic mutants). [NIH]

Homogamy: Inbreeding, commonly due to spatial isolation. [NIH] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time

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unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxocobalamin: A B12 vitamin. It has been used therapeutically in the treatment and prevention of vitamin B12 deficiency. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxysteroids: Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic

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chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Identity Crisis: Chaotic concept of self wherein one's role in life appears to be an insoluble dilemma often expressed by isolation, withdrawal, rebellion and extremism. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or

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radioactive material. [EU] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.

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[NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insurance Benefits: Payments or services provided under stated circumstances under the terms of an insurance policy. In prepayment programs, benefits are the services the programs will provide at defined locations and to the extent needed. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage

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requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and

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energy levels. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the

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inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labor Unions: Organizations comprising wage and salary workers in health-related fields for the purpose of improving their status and conditions. The concept includes labor union activities toward providing health services to members. [NIH] Laboratory Personnel: Those health care professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing a research or health care facility where specimens are grown, tested, or evaluated and the results of such measures are recorded. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU]

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Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH]

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Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to nicotine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune

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system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH]

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Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. [NIH] Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH]

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Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meristem: A tissue capable of active cell division and therefore of adding new cells to the plant body. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the

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cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]

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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mixed Function Oxidases: Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucilaginous: Pertaining to or secreting mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH]

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Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH]

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Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural Language Processing: Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and

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normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nitrosation: Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a

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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH]

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Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]

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Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH]

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Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Planning: Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

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Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues. [NIH] Periodontist: A specialist in the treatment of diseases of the gums. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Permissiveness: The attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary

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disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Personal Space: Invisible boundaries surrounding the individual's body which are maintained in relation to others. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenethyl isothiocyanate: PEITC. A naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. It is being studied as an agent to prevent cancer. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase: An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of Lphenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia. It may also act on L-tyrosine. Since the enzyme deprives neoplastic tissue of phenylalanine, it has been used experimentally in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzyme is obtained from many plants. EC 4.3.1.5. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine

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(sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoprotein Phosphatase: A group of enzymes removing the serine- or threoninebound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.3.16. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phyllachorales: An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota characterized by stromatic perithecial forms in most species. Notable genera are Magnaporthe and Glomerella, the latter having the anamorph (mitosporic form) colletotrichum. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytochrome: A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Physiology: Physiological functions characteristic of plants. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polygalacturonase: A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand

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as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and

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costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of

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a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The

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predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH]

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Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Opinion: The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Relations: Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right

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ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiata: The hyaline or faintly radially striated oesinophilic membrane in immediate contact with the outer wall of the ovum. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It

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is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly brachytherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in

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crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH]

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Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respirable: Dust particles smaller than 0. 005 mm, which are deposited in the respiratory region of the lungs. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the

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retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Role Playing: The adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person. [NIH] Root Caries: Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in

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cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH]

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Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an

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activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social pressure: A strategy used in behavior therapy in which individuals are told that they possess the basic self-control ability to lose weight, but that coming to group meetings will strengthen their abilities. The group is asked to listen and give advice, similar to the way many self-help groups, based on social support, operate. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is

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provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar Energy: Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. [NIH]

Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH]

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Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] State Government: The level of governmental organization and function below that of the national or country-wide government. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU]

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Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Students, Medical: Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse, the side effects of a medication, toxin exposure, and alcohol-related disorders. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH]

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Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Technology Transfer: Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less

Dictionary 681

comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH]

682 Tobacco

Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The type species of tobamovirus which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation. [NIH] Tobacco Smoke Pollution: Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke. [NIH] Tobacco Use Cessation: Cessation of the habit of using tobacco products for smoking or chewing, including the use of snuff. [NIH] Tobacco, Smokeless: The powdered leaves of Nicotiana tabacum which are either inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches. It includes any product of tobacco that is not smoked. [NIH] Tobamovirus: A genus of plant viruses in which the virion is a rigid filament. Transmission is by mechanical inoculation or seed. The type species is tobacco mosaic virus. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case

Dictionary 683

of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transposase: An enzyme that binds to single-stranded DNA. It is thought to recognize the repetitive ends of a transposon and to participate in the cleavage of the recipient site into which the new transposon copy inserts. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Transposons: Discrete genetic elements capable of inserting, in a non-permuted fashion, into the chromosomes of many bacteria. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Trichome: A filamentous or hairlike structure. [NIH] Trichosanthin: Plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein purified from the Chinese medicinal herb tian-hua-fen which is obtained from the root tubers of Trichosanthes kirilowii. It has been used as an abortifacient and in the treatment of trophoblastic tumors. GLQ223 (Compound Q), a highly purified form of trichosanthin, has been proposed as antiviral treatment for AIDS. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained

684 Tobacco

primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH]

Dictionary 685

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

686 Tobacco

called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

Dictionary 687

Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

688 Tobacco

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

689

INDEX A Abdomen, 599, 610, 627, 642, 646, 657, 677, 678 Abdominal, 599, 600, 649, 657, 659, 685 Abdominal Pain, 599, 685 Aberrant, 63, 100, 599 Ablation, 147, 599 Abrasion, 22, 488, 549, 572, 599 Absenteeism, 206, 599 Acatalasia, 599, 612 Acceptor, 599, 645, 657, 683 Acculturation, 34, 43, 94, 137, 138, 599 Acetaldehyde, 86, 175, 461, 599, 601 Acetolactate Synthase, 165, 599 Acetylcholine, 63, 100, 569, 599, 614, 654 Acetylcholinesterase, 63, 599 Acetylcysteine, 321, 599 Acne, 220, 599, 671 Acne Vulgaris, 220, 599 Acoustic, 373, 600, 670 Acrylonitrile, 461, 600, 672 Actin, 180, 302, 319, 600, 650 Acupuncture Points, 428, 600 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 600, 660 Acyl, 364, 600 Adaptability, 600, 613 Adaptation, 41, 80, 105, 292, 600 Adduct, 39, 82, 113, 117, 201, 303, 600 Adenocarcinoma, 31, 67, 81, 235, 600, 636, 654 Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, 245, 600 Adenosine, 600, 611, 661 Adenylate Kinase, 304, 600 Adhesives, 600 Adipocytes, 600, 644 Adjustment, 274, 347, 475, 600 Adjuvant, 116, 600, 632 Adrenal Cortex, 600, 619, 665 Adrenal Medulla, 601, 612, 627, 654 Adrenergic, 601, 604, 625, 627, 679, 684 Adverse Effect, 7, 53, 80, 302, 367, 430, 463, 487, 514, 568, 576, 581, 601, 643, 674 Aerobic, 431, 601 Aerosol, 366, 367, 380, 423, 424, 438, 453, 454, 601 Afferent, 601, 644, 664 Affinity, 162, 601, 606, 650, 676

Age Factors, 575, 601 Age Groups, 108, 141, 443, 601 Age of Onset, 601, 684 Aged, 80 and Over, 601 Agonist, 601, 606, 625, 652, 654, 680 Airway, 27, 55, 205, 227, 260, 274, 355, 601, 687 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 87, 601 Alcohol Drinking, 186, 227, 303, 338, 601 Alcohol-Related Disorders, 601, 678 Aldehydes, 425, 461, 601 Alertness, 430, 602, 611 Alfalfa, 147, 473, 602 Algorithms, 602, 609 Alimentary, 602, 623 Alkaline, 117, 373, 426, 602, 603, 611, 616, 657, 660, 668, 678 Alkaloid, 320, 450, 602, 606, 615, 646, 654 Alkylating Agents, 481, 602 Alkylation, 111, 602 Alleles, 59, 602, 637 Allergen, 473, 602, 674 Allylamine, 602 Alpha Particles, 602, 668 Alternative medicine, 530, 602 Aluminum, 433, 602 Alveoli, 602, 622, 686 Ameliorating, 126, 371, 439, 602 Amine, 429, 602 Amino Acid Sequence, 602, 604 Amino Acid Substitution, 147, 603 Ammonia, 156, 162, 426, 432, 438, 448, 596, 602, 603, 634, 660, 685 Ammonium Compounds, 431, 603 Amnion, 603 Amniotic Fluid, 239, 603, 633, 648 Amphetamines, 603, 615 Anaerobic, 432, 603 Anaesthesia, 175, 603, 640 Anal, 54, 116, 119, 137, 303, 603, 627, 630, 646, 652 Analog, 481, 603 Anatomical, 603, 618, 626, 639, 658, 673 Anemia, 39, 52, 553, 603, 631 Anesthesia, 601, 603, 604 Animal model, 42, 44, 48, 111, 181, 603, 684

690 Tobacco

Anion Exchange Resins, 463, 603 Anionic, 161, 603, 604 Anions, 604, 642, 679 Ankle, 604, 686 Anomalies, 604, 680 Antagonism, 604, 611 Anthranilate Synthase, 157, 167, 169, 315, 348, 604 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 604, 667, 682 Antibacterial, 55, 604, 676 Antibiotic, 157, 604, 676 Antibodies, 125, 153, 312, 604, 628, 635, 639, 647, 662, 668 Antibody, 170, 246, 601, 604, 616, 635, 637, 639, 640, 648, 668, 674, 676 Anticoagulant, 604, 666 Antidepressant, 11, 46, 80, 604, 611, 619, 630 Antidepressive Agents, 604, 667 Antidote, 533, 604 Antifungal, 147, 162, 164, 168, 319, 323, 604, 683 Antigen, 601, 604, 617, 628, 633, 637, 638, 639, 640, 648, 674 Anti-infective, 605, 637, 642 Anti-inflammatory, 605, 613, 623, 633, 658, 672 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 605, 613 Antineoplastic, 602, 605, 610 Antineoplastic Agents, 602, 605 Antioxidant, 105, 110, 150, 168, 274, 317, 323, 355, 371, 439, 459, 481, 605, 606, 657 Antiseptic, 443, 605, 612 Antiviral, 306, 321, 335, 599, 605, 683 Anuria, 605, 643 Anus, 603, 605, 610 Anxiety, 37, 69, 138, 178, 429, 430, 604, 605, 643 Anxiety Disorders, 69, 178, 605 Anxiolytic, 37, 605, 656 Aperture, 399, 411, 424, 605 Apoptosis, 63, 111, 127, 229, 605 Appetitive Behavior, 360, 605 Applicability, 547, 605 Aqueous, 63, 247, 431, 432, 469, 605, 608, 621, 626, 637, 647 Arabidopsis, 147, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 162, 170, 302, 310, 317, 348, 351, 480, 605 Arachidonic Acid, 605, 665 Areca, 22, 245, 317, 506, 605, 606 Arecoline, 605, 606 Arginine, 606, 654, 684

Argon, 448, 606 Arterial, 44, 67, 243, 602, 606, 638, 666, 679 Arteries, 482, 606, 607, 610, 619, 650, 652 Artifacts, 471, 549, 606 Asbestos, 206, 279, 314, 606 Asbestosis, 606 Ascorbic Acid, 189, 365, 606, 638 Aseptic, 606, 656, 677 Aspartic, 368, 606 Aspartic Acid, 368, 606 Assay, 50, 117, 125, 151, 223, 313, 606, 616, 639, 684 Astringent, 606, 612 Astrocytes, 606, 651 Asymptomatic, 270, 599, 606 Ataxia, 553, 606, 680 Atherogenic, 67, 607 Atmospheric Pressure, 386, 607, 638 Atopic, 202, 607 Atrophy, 24, 552, 553, 607 Attenuated, 100, 163, 607, 624 Attenuation, 607 Auditory, 101, 607, 648, 664 Autoclave, 448, 607 Autonomic, 599, 607, 632, 655 Autopsy, 121, 607 Auxin, 149, 155, 160, 311, 607 Axillary, 375, 413, 429, 607 B Bacterial Infections, 55, 607 Bacterial Physiology, 600, 607 Bactericidal, 55, 607, 628, 685 Bacteriophage, 607, 662, 683, 687 Bacteriostatic, 400, 607 Bacterium, 607, 616, 618 Basal cells, 111, 607 Basal Ganglia, 77, 607, 645 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 607 Basement Membrane, 608, 612, 644 Basophils, 608, 634, 645 Behavior Therapy, 192, 608, 675 Benign, 37, 117, 460, 534, 608, 635, 653, 658, 668, 687 Benzene, 127, 461, 608 Benzo(a)pyrene, 44, 461, 608 Berylliosis, 608 Beryllium, 314, 608 Beta Rays, 383, 608, 625 Bewilderment, 608, 618 Bile, 608, 631, 633, 646, 648, 677 Bile Pigments, 608, 648 Bilirubin, 608, 633

Index 691

Bioassay, 608, 609 Bioavailability, 22, 47, 175, 608 Biological Assay, 63, 608 Biological Factors, 109, 609 Biological therapy, 609, 635 Biological Transport, 609, 623 Biomass, 52, 431, 432, 472, 609 Biopsy, 9, 108, 609 Biosynthesis, 149, 155, 157, 160, 165, 167, 170, 310, 311, 320, 599, 605, 609, 620, 674, 685 Biotechnology, 145, 171, 221, 302, 314, 511, 530, 541, 552, 553, 554, 609 Biotic, 609, 685 Biotin, 148, 609 Biotransformation, 62, 609, 660 Bivalent, 609, 650 Bladder, 21, 32, 81, 117, 126, 174, 609, 653, 666, 670, 685, 687 Blastocyst, 609, 617, 626, 661 Bleomycin, 68, 609 Blood Coagulation, 610, 611, 681 Blood Glucose, 610, 636, 641 Blood Platelets, 610, 674 Blood pressure, 8, 25, 77, 85, 189, 531, 565, 566, 596, 610, 612, 632, 638, 651, 676 Blood vessel, 610, 612, 614, 626, 642, 646, 649, 659, 675, 676, 678, 680, 681, 686 Blood-Brain Barrier, 610, 648 Body Fluids, 531, 609, 610, 625, 676, 684 Bone Marrow, 127, 600, 608, 610, 639, 646, 651, 676 Bowel, 512, 603, 610, 624, 640, 642, 644, 659, 685 Bowel Movement, 610, 624 Bradykinin, 610, 654, 662 Branch, 241, 349, 420, 574, 593, 610, 620, 626, 646, 648, 656, 658, 660, 667, 676, 679, 680 Breakdown, 610, 624, 632 Breast Feeding, 239, 610 Breeding, 473, 610 Bronchi, 610, 627, 682 Bronchial, 203, 255, 261, 610 Bronchitis, 288, 325, 610, 614, 628 Buccal, 116, 127, 138, 321, 459, 610, 638, 678 Buccal mucosa, 321, 610 Buffers, 34, 610 Bupropion, 46, 47, 56, 172, 187, 188, 192, 337, 353, 611 Burns, 9, 263, 276, 288, 611

Burns, Electric, 611 C Caffeine, 36, 100, 189, 287, 328, 337, 492, 561, 611 Calcium, 146, 152, 154, 167, 303, 306, 367, 450, 461, 471, 531, 606, 611, 615, 617, 657, 675, 680 Calcium Carbonate, 367, 450, 611 Calcium Oxalate, 611, 657 Calmodulin, 152, 153, 611 Candidiasis, 489, 611 Candidosis, 611 Cannabis, 178, 189, 194, 309, 338, 611 Capillary, 610, 611, 633, 672 Capillary Fragility, 611, 672 Capsules, 469, 513, 612, 630, 632, 633 Carbohydrate, 148, 430, 612, 634, 663 Carbon Dioxide, 372, 386, 438, 448, 461, 612, 630, 632, 661, 671 Carboxymethylcellulose, 433, 612 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 172, 612 Carcinoma, 9, 39, 60, 62, 67, 191, 247, 255, 316, 533, 534, 565, 612, 627, 654, 677 Carcinoma in Situ, 9, 612 Cardiac, 602, 611, 612, 626, 627, 652, 671, 677, 679 Cardiovascular disease, 8, 21, 44, 56, 92, 189, 207, 272, 355, 371, 439, 451, 459, 489, 612 Carotene, 110, 211, 328, 612, 671 Case-Control Studies, 87, 612, 627 Catalase, 160, 371, 599, 612 Catechol, 445, 461, 612 Catecholamine, 604, 612, 624, 660 Cathode, 608, 612, 613, 625 Cation Exchange Resins, 463, 613 Cations, 613, 642 Caudal, 613, 623, 639, 663 Causal, 6, 28, 76, 101, 127, 142, 244, 339, 613, 627, 642 Cause of Death, 7, 33, 48, 52, 57, 90, 121, 134, 581, 583, 613 Celecoxib, 357, 613 Cell Cycle, 63, 70, 149, 152, 161, 212, 613, 615, 620, 666, 686 Cell Cycle Proteins, 212, 613 Cell Death, 50, 149, 150, 155, 156, 157, 161, 163, 206, 605, 613, 633, 653 Cell Differentiation, 55, 100, 613, 675 Cell Division, 146, 212, 552, 607, 613, 621, 633, 635, 642, 648, 649, 651, 662, 665, 673 Cell proliferation, 111, 613, 675

692 Tobacco

Cell Survival, 50, 613, 635 Cellobiose, 613 Cellulose, 411, 412, 413, 415, 418, 419, 427, 438, 451, 481, 613, 631, 662 Central Nervous System, 77, 137, 599, 603, 608, 611, 613, 615, 623, 632, 634, 635, 650, 674 Centrifugation, 613, 650 Cerebellar, 607, 613, 670 Cerebral, 67, 189, 272, 607, 610, 613, 614, 627, 628, 630, 631, 680, 681 Cerebrovascular, 607, 612, 614, 680 Cerebrum, 613, 614, 680, 684 Cervical, 22, 111, 127, 224, 614, 672 Cervix, 614, 642 Character, 32, 364, 365, 370, 381, 383, 391, 406, 418, 455, 614, 622 Chemoprevention, 40, 42, 43, 104, 135, 311, 320, 357, 614 Chemopreventive, 42, 112, 127, 614 Chemotherapy, 68, 614 Child Behavior, 89, 614 Chlorogenic Acid, 368, 614 Chlorophyll, 155, 614, 631 Chloroplasts, 146, 151, 160, 162, 165, 170, 614 Cholesterol, 25, 77, 154, 162, 313, 317, 326, 339, 608, 614, 619, 638, 673, 677, 680 Cholesterol Oxidase, 154, 313, 614 Choline, 63, 154, 164, 599, 614 Cholinergic, 63, 614, 646, 654 Chromatin, 170, 605, 613, 614, 627, 676 Chromosomal, 32, 191, 229, 614, 662, 673 Chromosome, 32, 50, 68, 614, 618, 635, 645, 673 Chronic Disease, 172, 285, 306, 316, 355, 543, 573, 574, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 614 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 227, 371, 439, 459, 614 Chronic renal, 615, 662 CIS, 35, 150, 165, 558, 615, 671 Cisplatin, 615, 656 Citric Acid, 366, 615 Citrus, 312, 349, 425, 606, 615 Civilization, 197, 349, 509, 615 Clamp, 615 Clear cell carcinoma, 615, 623 Clinical Medicine, 615, 664 Clinical study, 615, 619 Clinical trial, 27, 39, 74, 88, 119, 128, 135, 217, 353, 361, 541, 615, 619, 661, 666, 669

Cloning, 150, 151, 160, 161, 162, 193, 311, 350, 609, 615, 641, 645 Coal, 608, 615 Coca, 615 Cocaine, 136, 231, 264, 281, 357, 492, 493, 501, 596, 615 Cod Liver Oil, 615, 626 Codon, 255, 615 Coenzyme, 155, 158, 166, 169, 170, 314, 315, 606, 616 Cofactor, 616, 666, 681 Cognition, 126, 616, 644, 653 Cohort Studies, 616, 627 Colitis, 512, 513, 616 Collagen, 224, 600, 608, 616, 632, 662, 665 Collapse, 413, 418, 610, 616 Colletotrichum, 351, 616, 661 Colorectal, 238, 616 Colorectal Cancer, 238, 616 Comet Assay, 316, 616 Communicable disease, 99, 616 Comorbidity, 131, 290, 338, 514, 616 Competency, 34, 140, 616 Complement, 616, 617, 632, 662, 674 Complementary and alternative medicine, 309, 331, 617 Complementary medicine, 309, 617 Compress, 617 Computational Biology, 541, 552, 617 Computed tomography, 206, 617 Computer Simulation, 75, 617 Computerized axial tomography, 617 Computerized tomography, 617 Conception, 79, 617, 630, 648, 664, 677 Concomitant, 63, 92, 194, 618 Concretion, 618, 622 Cone, 375, 618, 679 Confounding, 4, 100, 618 Confusion, 369, 618, 624, 653, 685 Congestion, 327, 345, 532, 596, 618 Conjugated, 618, 620 Conjugation, 159, 609, 618, 633 Connective Tissue, 606, 610, 616, 618, 630, 632, 646, 649 Consciousness, 85, 604, 618, 624, 671 Constipation, 47, 531, 618 Constitutional, 61, 618 Constriction, 618, 642, 673, 686, 687 Constriction, Pathologic, 618, 686 Consultation, 64, 70, 78, 144, 199, 618 Consumer Satisfaction, 618 Contamination, 217, 250, 381, 618, 682

Index 693

Continuum, 140, 618 Contraindications, ii, 619 Control group, 21, 24, 27, 88, 120, 144, 619, 661, 669 Controlled clinical trial, 86, 619 Controlled study, 90, 263, 619 Convulsion, 609, 619 Corneum, 619, 627 Coronary, 32, 67, 182, 237, 274, 339, 482, 612, 619, 650, 652 Coronary heart disease, 67, 237, 612, 619 Coronary Thrombosis, 619, 650, 652 Corpus, 79, 619, 665, 681 Corpus Luteum, 619, 665 Corrosion, 619 Cortex, 77, 117, 607, 619, 628, 630, 664, 670 Cortical, 619, 628, 664, 673, 680 Corticosteroids, 619, 633 Cortisol, 80, 289, 569, 619 Cortisone, 619, 623 Coumarin, 65, 619 Courtship, 605, 619 Creatinine, 531, 619, 643 Cross-Sectional Studies, 619, 627 Crowns, 620, 622 Cruciferous vegetables, 620, 660 Cues, 46, 103, 109, 313, 620 Cultured cells, 162, 620 Curative, 620, 654, 680 Cutaneous, 371, 439, 611, 620 Cyanide, 529, 620 Cyclic, 152, 611, 620, 635, 654, 666 Cyclin, 149, 152, 162, 613, 620 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 149, 613, 620 Cysteine, 151, 157, 160, 168, 599, 620, 679 Cysteine Synthase, 151, 160, 620 Cystine, 620 Cytochrome, 65, 68, 87, 153, 154, 156, 168, 170, 212, 254, 312, 620 Cytochrome b, 154, 168, 620 Cytochrome b5, 154, 620 Cytogenetics, 620, 673 Cytokine, 44, 56, 621 Cytokinin, 149, 621 Cytoplasm, 605, 608, 621, 627, 634, 650, 651, 672 Cytosine, 113, 621 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 613, 621 Cytoskeleton, 169, 621, 650 Cytotoxic, 621, 656, 668, 675 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 621, 656 Cytotoxicity, 65, 305, 319, 602, 615, 621

D Dairy Products, 621, 673 Data Collection, 41, 54, 99, 137, 621, 630 Databases, Bibliographic, 541, 621 De novo, 165, 621 Deamination, 621, 651, 660, 685 Deception, 79, 181, 621 Decision Making, 57, 174, 621 Decompression, 448, 621 Decompression Sickness, 621 Defense Mechanisms, 39, 55, 622 Deferoxamine, 459, 622 Degenerative, 286, 622 Deletion, 32, 480, 605, 622 Delivery of Health Care, 622, 635 Delusions, 622, 635, 667 Dental Abutments, 622 Dental Assistants, 26, 45, 532, 622 Dental Calculus, 489, 622 Dental Care, 16, 514, 622 Dental Caries, 14, 489, 517, 549, 572, 576, 622 Dental Hygienists, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 20, 25, 45, 254, 296, 523, 574, 622 Dental implant, 5, 10, 566, 622 Dental Instruments, 549, 622 Dental Offices, 4, 5, 11, 12, 20, 622 Dental Staff, 6, 622 Dentition, 25, 622 Dentures, 108, 622, 680 Deoxyguanosine, 289, 622 Depolarization, 623, 675 Depressive Disorder, 80, 265, 623 Deprivation, 149, 303, 312, 623 Dermal, 623, 645 DES, 306, 459, 623 Desiccation, 472, 623 Detoxification, 59, 67, 68, 108, 126, 142, 229, 259, 623, 633 Deuterium, 92, 623, 637 Developed Countries, 18, 42, 61, 64, 623 Developing Countries, 52, 63, 506, 623, 680 Dexamethasone, 311, 623 Dextroamphetamine, 623, 650 Diabetes Mellitus, 325, 623, 636 Diagnostic procedure, 363, 530, 623 Diarrhea, 531, 595, 623, 628 Diarrhoea, 623, 638 Diastolic, 623, 638 Diencephalon, 623, 638, 664, 680, 681 Dietary Fiber, 473, 623

694 Tobacco

Diffusion, 120, 135, 341, 410, 609, 623, 624 Digestion, 602, 608, 610, 623, 624, 642, 646, 678, 685 Digestive system, 361, 624 Digestive tract, 63, 70, 624, 675, 677 Dihydrotestosterone, 624, 670 Dihydroxy, 624, 628, 672 Dilatation, 624, 665 Dilution, 85, 431, 624 Diploid, 624, 662 Discrimination, 79, 624 Disease Progression, 61, 624 Disinfectant, 624, 628, 677 Disorientation, 618, 621, 624 Dissociation, 146, 164, 200, 601, 624, 642 Distal, 73, 410, 624, 643, 667 Diuresis, 611, 624 Diuretic, 624, 648, 676 Dizziness, 428, 532, 624, 686 Dominance, 375, 413, 624 Dopamine, 47, 56, 70, 100, 103, 139, 195, 246, 253, 357, 611, 615, 623, 624, 651, 660 Dosimetry, 126, 173, 186, 625 Drip, 532, 625 Drug Tolerance, 625, 682 Duodenum, 608, 625, 657, 678 Dura mater, 625, 649, 657 Dysphoric, 623, 625 Dysplasia, 9, 108, 111, 112, 553, 625 Dystrophy, 553, 625 E Ectopic, 151, 153, 625 Edema, 531, 625, 652, 686 Effector, 599, 616, 625 Ejaculation, 625, 674 Elasticity, 625 Elastin, 616, 625 Electrolyte, 625, 643, 663, 676 Electromagnetic Fields, 383, 625 Electrons, 605, 608, 612, 625, 642, 651, 657, 658, 668 Electrophoresis, 616, 625 Electroplating, 612, 626 Embryo, 603, 609, 613, 626, 629, 640, 662, 664, 677 Embryo Transfer, 626, 664 Emergency Medicine, 136, 626 Emergency Treatment, 626 Emollient, 626, 634, 655 Emphysema, 55, 400, 569, 615, 626 Empirical, 54, 70, 71, 73, 104, 298, 340, 626 Emulsion, 456, 626, 630

Enamel, 622, 626, 643 Endocarditis, 611, 626 Endocrine System, 626, 653 Endothelium, 626, 654 Endothelium-derived, 626, 654 Endotoxin, 147, 626, 684 End-stage renal, 615, 626, 662 Energy balance, 626, 644 Enhancer, 148, 627 Enteropeptidase, 627, 684 Environmental Exposure, 101, 340, 627, 655 Enzymatic, 67, 371, 439, 611, 612, 617, 620, 622, 627, 671 Eosinophils, 627, 634, 645 Epidemic, 34, 40, 61, 63, 121, 122, 189, 222, 271, 297, 299, 494, 496, 503, 563, 627, 677 Epidemiologic Studies, 21, 627 Epidemiological, 6, 15, 23, 39, 42, 50, 58, 61, 64, 65, 81, 98, 111, 113, 126, 179, 186, 190, 209, 271, 287, 513, 627, 629 Epidermal, 55, 240, 627, 643, 645, 649, 687 Epidermal Growth Factor, 55, 240, 627 Epidermis, 318, 607, 619, 627, 637, 643, 645, 664, 668 Epidermoid carcinoma, 627, 677 Epigastric, 627, 657 Epinephrine, 601, 624, 627, 654, 684 Epithelial, 9, 50, 105, 108, 260, 261, 277, 600, 609, 612, 627, 628, 644, 658 Epithelial Cells, 50, 105, 260, 627, 628, 644 Epithelium, 63, 105, 111, 117, 227, 239, 608, 626, 628, 658 Epitopes, 164, 628 ERV, 542, 628, 629 Erythrocytes, 603, 610, 628, 670, 674 Escalation, 129, 628 Esophageal, 42, 63, 227, 248, 265, 628 Esophagus, 42, 56, 82, 117, 371, 439, 459, 549, 566, 624, 628, 660, 678 Essential Tremor, 553, 628 Estrogen, 31, 628, 673, 680 Estrogen receptor, 31, 628 Ethanol, 18, 40, 377, 425, 456, 472, 601, 628, 629 Ethnic Groups, 51, 60, 75, 138, 585, 628 Ethylene Glycol, 427, 428, 628 Eucalyptus, 469, 628 Eukaryotic Cells, 621, 628, 640, 655, 656 Eustachian tube, 4, 628 Evacuation, 398, 618, 628, 644 Evoke, 184, 628, 678

Index 695

Excitatory, 628, 633, 634 Excrete, 605, 628, 643 Exocrine, 628, 657 Exogenous, 38, 154, 609, 628, 633, 684 Expiration, 628, 629, 671, 687 Expiratory, 28, 85, 628, 629 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 628, 629 Extensor, 629, 667 Extracellular, 146, 148, 155, 606, 618, 629, 666, 676 Extraction, 38, 59, 70, 108, 117, 306, 426, 629 Extrapyramidal, 624, 629 Extremity, 394, 474, 629 F Facial, 488, 629, 648, 658 Family Characteristics, 548, 629 Family Health, 52, 124, 487, 576, 577, 629 Family Planning, 541, 629 Family Practice, 6, 25, 93, 180, 214, 228, 629 Fat, 232, 600, 605, 610, 612, 619, 629, 644, 645, 655, 673, 676, 683 Fatal Outcome, 629, 668 Fatigue, 531, 596, 629, 636 Fatty acids, 154, 629, 633, 648, 665 Feces, 612, 618, 629 Femoral, 189, 629 Femur, 629 Fenfluramine, 429, 430, 629 Fermentation, 472, 601, 629 Fertilization in Vitro, 629, 664 Fetal Development, 74, 629 Fetus, 102, 629, 630, 648, 661, 664, 677, 678, 685 Fibrosis, 22, 55, 186, 280, 303, 325, 553, 602, 630, 672, 673 Filtration, 27, 412, 465, 531, 630, 643 Firearms, 235, 491, 497, 498, 510, 630 Fissure, 630, 664 Fixation, 630, 674 Flatus, 630, 632 Flavoring Agents, 416, 489, 628, 630 Flexor, 629, 630, 645 Fluorescence, 50, 630 Fluoxetine, 429, 430, 630 Focus Groups, 41, 45, 57, 64, 93, 108, 134, 630 Folate, 111, 285, 630, 631 Fold, 31, 65, 384, 630 Folic Acid, 630 Follicular Fluid, 247, 631

Forced Expiratory Volume, 27, 631 Forearm, 610, 631, 669 Frameshift, 631, 684 Frameshift Mutation, 631, 684 Fraud, 523, 631 Freeze-dried, 42, 631 Friction, 366, 631 Frontal Lobe, 631, 664 Fructose, 631, 633 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 77, 116, 631 Fungi, 604, 616, 618, 631, 650, 661, 688 Fungus, 350, 473, 611, 631 G Gallbladder, 599, 624, 631 Gamma Rays, 631, 652, 668 Ganglia, 599, 607, 632, 653 Ganglionic Blockers, 632, 648 Gas exchange, 632, 671, 686 Gasoline, 608, 632 Gastric, 603, 627, 632 Gastrin, 632, 637 Gastrointestinal, 606, 610, 612, 627, 628, 632, 648, 674, 678, 684 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 606, 632 Gastrointestinal tract, 612, 628, 632, 648, 674, 684 Gelatin, 416, 632, 634, 679, 681 Gene Duplication, 480, 632 Gene Expression, 43, 55, 105, 150, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 316, 553, 632, 637 Gene Silencing, 152, 319, 480, 632 Generator, 383, 632 Genetic Engineering, 609, 615, 632 Genetic Markers, 130, 632 Genotype, 31, 81, 632, 660 Germ Cells, 632, 648, 656, 676 Gestation, 48, 56, 213, 632, 659, 661, 677 Gestational, 39, 633 Gestational Age, 39, 633 Giant Cells, 633, 672 Gibberellin, 163, 235, 633 Gingival Recession, 22, 115, 565, 633 Ginseng, 462, 633 Gland, 600, 601, 619, 633, 646, 657, 658, 666, 673, 678, 681 Glioma, 267, 633 Glomerular, 633, 643, 648 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 633, 643, 648 Glucocorticoid, 80, 623, 633

696 Tobacco

Glucose, 77, 176, 552, 569, 606, 610, 613, 623, 633, 636, 641, 672, 676 Glucuronic Acid, 633, 685 Glucuronides, 117, 633 Glucuronosyltransferase, 142, 633 Glutamate, 633, 634 Glutamic Acid, 368, 630, 633, 634, 665 Glutamine, 368, 604, 634 Glutathione Peroxidase, 634, 673 Glycerol, 377, 634, 660 Glycine, 154, 160, 634, 674 Glycols, 428, 634 Glycoprotein, 163, 164, 612, 633, 634, 644, 652, 681, 684 Glycosidic, 613, 634, 655 Glycosylation, 193, 634 Goiter, 183, 634 Gonadal, 634, 677 Governing Board, 634, 664 Government Agencies, 567, 634, 664 Grade, 34, 57, 73, 83, 102, 128, 142, 214, 270, 335, 342, 347, 447, 490, 634 Graft, 634, 637 Gram-positive, 240, 634 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 240, 634 Granule, 634, 672 Granulocytes, 634, 675, 687 Group Practice, 68, 634 Growth, 56, 83, 92, 99, 100, 101, 137, 147, 148, 149, 154, 157, 158, 162, 163, 166, 179, 205, 213, 227, 273, 317, 320, 343, 375, 413, 414, 427, 429, 431, 432, 473, 533, 534, 553, 600, 604, 605, 607, 609, 613, 623, 627, 629, 633, 635, 637, 647, 653, 655, 656, 657, 661, 669, 673, 681, 684, 686, 687 Growth factors, 56, 635 Guanylate Cyclase, 635, 654 H Habitual, 15, 32, 33, 117, 374, 614, 635 Habituation, 635 Halitosis, 489, 549, 568, 635 Hallucinogens, 635, 667 Haploid, 635, 662 Haptens, 125, 601, 635 Headache, 325, 611, 635 Health Behavior, 10, 30, 51, 87, 172, 206, 282, 635 Health Care Costs, 92, 570, 635 Health Education, 24, 33, 122, 124, 177, 198, 226, 249, 261, 276, 334, 341, 566, 570, 635

Health Expenditures, 635 Health Services, 27, 94, 129, 355, 576, 577, 622, 636, 644 Health Status, 79, 115, 317, 629, 635, 636 Heart attack, 443, 612, 636 Heart failure, 291, 531, 636 Heartbeat, 636, 679 Heme, 608, 620, 636, 657 Hemodialysis, 611, 636, 643 Hemoglobin, 21, 81, 82, 603, 628, 636, 642 Hemoglobin A, 81, 636 Hemoglobinuria, 552, 636 Hemorrhage, 635, 636, 678 Hemostasis, 636, 674 Hepatocellular, 218, 636 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 218, 636 Herbicide, 153, 156, 483, 636, 647 Hereditary, 636, 659, 671 Heredity, 600, 632, 636 Heritability, 103, 636 Hermetic, 636 Heterogeneity, 158, 288, 601, 636 Heterozygotes, 624, 637 Histology, 32, 637, 658, 659 Homeobox, 148, 153, 159, 637 Homeodomain Proteins, 168, 637 Homeostasis, 111, 154, 637 Homeotic, 151, 637 Homogamy, 36, 637 Homogenate, 365, 637 Homogeneous, 402, 422, 618, 637 Homologous, 480, 602, 609, 637, 666, 673, 674, 679 Homozygotes, 624, 637 Hormonal, 31, 77, 179, 248, 311, 569, 607, 609, 637 Hormone, 148, 268, 316, 608, 619, 623, 627, 632, 637, 641, 642, 644, 665, 675, 680, 681 Horny layer, 627, 637 Host, 39, 55, 69, 71, 142, 341, 350, 480, 607, 611, 637, 639, 687 Human Development, 100, 199, 356, 540, 637 Human papillomavirus, 60, 111, 533, 637 Hybrid, 90, 163, 368, 473, 637 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic, 86, 353, 637 Hydrogen Cyanide, 438, 461, 637 Hydrogen Peroxide, 156, 157, 612, 614, 634, 637, 645, 679 Hydrolysis, 599, 606, 609, 613, 615, 638, 660, 662, 663, 684 Hydrophilic, 433, 638

Index 697

Hydrophobic, 417, 418, 638 Hydroxides, 479, 638 Hydroxocobalamin, 459, 638 Hydroxylation, 163, 224, 638 Hydroxylysine, 616, 638 Hydroxyproline, 163, 616, 638 Hydroxysteroids, 614, 638 Hyperbaric, 444, 638 Hyperbaric oxygen, 638 Hypercholesterolemia, 326, 638, 659 Hypericum, 450, 451, 638 Hyperkeratosis, 11, 638 Hyperplasia, 638, 645 Hypersensitivity, 154, 602, 638, 674 Hypertension, 8, 248, 327, 531, 568, 612, 635, 638, 648, 681 Hypoglycemia, 77, 326, 638 Hypothalamic, 77, 80, 638 Hypothalamus, 77, 623, 638, 645, 681 Hypothyroidism, 221, 639 I Id, 307, 324, 558, 577, 578, 585, 592, 594, 639 Identity Crisis, 180, 639 Idiopathic, 639, 672 Imidazole, 609, 639 Immune response, 600, 604, 619, 635, 639, 674, 678, 684, 687 Immune Sera, 639 Immune system, 609, 639, 647, 660, 685, 687 Immunity, 639, 655, 683 Immunization, 523, 639, 664, 674 Immunoassay, 125, 639 Immunodeficiency, 523, 552, 639 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 523, 639 Immunohistochemistry, 63, 639 Immunologic, 633, 639, 668 Immunology, 135, 184, 202, 205, 208, 322, 600, 601, 639 Immunosuppressant, 602, 639 Immunosuppressive, 633, 639 Impairment, 3, 4, 77, 189, 429, 430, 606, 608, 639, 649, 667, 686 Implantation, 617, 639 Impregnation, 372, 386, 433, 448, 640 In situ, 50, 105, 463, 640 In Situ Hybridization, 50, 640 In vitro, 40, 43, 55, 68, 110, 125, 157, 167, 169, 303, 312, 323, 608, 626, 640, 681 In vivo, 40, 43, 55, 65, 77, 86, 113, 125, 127, 168, 227, 274, 608, 640, 657

Incision, 640, 642 Incubated, 365, 640 Incubation, 365, 640 Indicative, 383, 393, 395, 491, 640, 658, 686 Induction, 105, 112, 127, 142, 148, 156, 160, 161, 166, 240, 311, 315, 632, 640 Infancy, 40, 640 Infant Behavior, 614, 640 Infant, Newborn, 601, 640 Infarction, 640 Inflammatory bowel disease, 513, 640 Infrared Rays, 434, 640 Infusion, 110, 423, 641 Ingestion, 77, 635, 638, 641, 662 Inhalation, 466, 481, 528, 601, 606, 641, 662, 677 Initiator, 609, 641 In-line, 641 Inorganic, 461, 482, 600, 603, 615, 638, 641, 647, 652, 654, 673 Inositol, 171, 289, 311, 641 Inotropic, 625, 641 Insecticides, 641, 687 Insertional, 480, 641 Insight, 31, 40, 50, 54, 77, 125, 641, 672 Insomnia, 641, 646 Instillation, 117, 641 Insulin, 77, 326, 329, 569, 609, 641, 684 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 641 Insurance Benefits, 98, 641 Intensive Care, 175, 641 Interindividual, 68, 105, 641 Interleukin-1, 17, 205, 641 Interleukin-2, 642 Intermittent, 642, 646 Interphase, 50, 642, 655 Interstitial, 412, 413, 642 Intervention Studies, 17, 104, 105, 642 Intestinal, 612, 627, 642, 647, 648 Intestine, 610, 616, 642, 644 Intoxication, 642, 687 Intracellular, 155, 158, 166, 611, 640, 642, 654, 663, 666, 669, 672, 673, 674 Intravenous, 358, 641, 642 Intrinsic, 39, 524, 601, 608, 642 Invasive, 68, 222, 483, 534, 639, 642, 647 Invasive cervical cancer, 222, 642 Involuntary, 13, 487, 607, 619, 627, 628, 642, 652, 676 Iodine, 183, 642 Ion Exchange, 603, 613, 642 Ionization, 113, 642

698 Tobacco

Ionizing, 602, 627, 642, 647, 648, 668, 685 Ions, 465, 608, 610, 611, 624, 625, 637, 642, 658 Ischemia, 607, 642 Isoenzyme, 142, 642 Isoleucine, 599, 642 Isopropyl, 427, 643 Isothiocyanates, 68, 643 Isotope Labeling, 113, 643 J Joint, 37, 62, 67, 69, 286, 621, 625, 630, 643, 679 K Kava, 329, 450, 643 Kb, 540, 643 Keratin, 643, 673 Keratinocytes, 63, 258, 643 Keratolytic, 622, 643 Kidney Cortex, 643, 650 Kidney Disease, 361, 531, 540, 553, 643 Kidney Failure, 531, 626, 643, 648 Kidney Failure, Acute, 643 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 531, 643 Kidney stone, 531, 643, 657 Kidney Transplantation, 643, 644 Kinetic, 466, 642, 644, 658 L Labor Unions, 79, 238, 644 Laboratory Personnel, 58, 644 Lactation, 563, 644 Lag, 132, 644 Laminin, 408, 608, 644 Language Development, 101, 644 Large Intestine, 616, 624, 642, 644, 670, 675 Laryngeal, 193, 270, 644 Larynx, 56, 189, 534, 549, 566, 644, 682 Latent, 83, 137, 644, 664 Laxative, 612, 644, 647, 676 Least-Squares Analysis, 644, 670 Lectin, 151, 304, 644 Leptin, 77, 644 Lesion, 9, 17, 24, 167, 644, 646, 685 Lethal, 320, 483, 607, 620, 644, 652 Lethargy, 639, 644 Leukemia, 127, 552, 600, 645 Leukocytes, 463, 608, 610, 627, 634, 645, 651, 659, 684 Library Services, 592, 645 Lichen Planus, 22, 24, 645 Life cycle, 159, 423, 631, 645 Ligament, 645, 666 Ligands, 44, 645

Ligase, 166, 170, 645 Likelihood Functions, 645, 670 Limbic, 645, 664 Limbic System, 645, 664 Linear Models, 645, 670 Linkage, 72, 84, 613, 632, 645 Lip, 117, 645 Lipid, 183, 237, 315, 317, 614, 634, 641, 645, 657, 683 Lipid Peroxidation, 645, 657 Lipopolysaccharide, 17, 645 Litter, 413, 646 Lobeline, 303, 312, 646 Localization, 77, 146, 150, 157, 158, 159, 166, 639, 646 Localized, 77, 102, 111, 168, 454, 622, 630, 640, 644, 645, 646, 651, 661, 662, 685 Locomotion, 646, 662 Locoregional, 60, 646 Logistic Models, 646, 670 Longitudinal Studies, 76, 620, 646 Longitudinal study, 51, 54, 69, 76, 99, 119, 136, 138, 173, 268, 309, 646 Long-Term Care, 136, 646 Lucida, 644, 646 Lymph, 531, 607, 614, 626, 646, 672, 678 Lymph node, 531, 607, 614, 646, 672 Lymphatic, 626, 640, 646, 649, 676, 677, 681 Lymphatic system, 646, 676, 677, 681 Lymphocyte, 605, 646, 648 Lymphocytic, 68, 600, 647 Lymphoid, 604, 619, 647 Lymphoma, 164, 172, 552, 647 Lysine, 160, 638, 647, 684 Lysosome, 40, 647 Lytic, 647, 674, 687 M Macrophage, 50, 641, 647 Magnesium Hydroxide, 647 Magnesium Oxide, 450, 647 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 647 Maintenance therapy, 513, 647 Malabsorption, 552, 647 Maleic Hydrazide, 375, 427, 429, 647 Malignancy, 42, 111, 647, 658 Malignant, 9, 15, 21, 42, 111, 117, 534, 552, 600, 605, 612, 647, 653, 668 Malignant tumor, 42, 117, 612, 647 Malnutrition, 607, 647, 652 Mammary, 647, 680 Manic, 647, 667

Index 699

Manic-depressive psychosis, 647, 667 Manifest, 14, 81, 647 Man-made, 222, 612, 647 Mannans, 631, 647 Mannitol, 154, 408, 648 Mass Media, 124, 246, 542, 648 Mastication, 414, 416, 648 Maternal Exposure, 205, 648 Maxillary, 532, 648, 658 Maxillary Sinus, 532, 648 Meat, 648, 673 Meatus, 648 Mecamylamine, 47, 648 Meconium, 100, 648 Medial, 77, 648, 656 Mediate, 36, 116, 292, 624, 648 Mediator, 56, 159, 642, 648, 674 Medical Records, 58, 648 Medicament, 648, 679 MEDLINE, 541, 552, 553, 648 Meiosis, 159, 609, 648, 679 Melanin, 648, 649, 660, 684 Melanocytes, 649 Melanoma, 552, 649 Melanosis, 9, 489, 649 Memantine, 46, 649 Memory, 3, 116, 126, 189, 337, 457, 649 Meninges, 613, 625, 649 Meningitis, 250, 649 Menopause, 649, 663, 664 Menstrual Cycle, 649, 665 Mental Disorders, 338, 362, 649, 664, 667 Mental Health, iv, 27, 80, 266, 338, 362, 486, 516, 540, 542, 551, 579, 649, 655, 664, 667 Mental Processes, 624, 649, 667 Menthol, 92, 367, 378, 380, 423, 454, 469, 649 Mentors, 649 Mercury, 200, 649 Meristem, 235, 413, 649 Mesenchymal, 627, 649 Mesentery, 649, 659 Metabolite, 59, 66, 67, 82, 110, 125, 142, 237, 609, 649 Metallothionein, 161, 649 Metastasis, 61, 650 Metastatic, 42, 182, 650, 673 Methamphetamine, 357, 650 Methionine, 152, 650, 679 Methyltransferase, 85, 154, 162, 166, 167, 169, 317, 320, 650

MI, 29, 31, 33, 81, 94, 164, 180, 205, 230, 273, 306, 322, 561, 562, 597, 650 Microbe, 306, 311, 650, 682 Microbiology, 205, 600, 650 Microfilaments, 319, 650 Micronutrients, 68, 650 Microorganism, 616, 650, 658, 687 Micro-organism, 432, 622, 650 Microsomal, 39, 87, 167, 313, 650 Microtubules, 146, 150, 155, 166, 309, 650 Migration, 63, 424, 650 Milligram, 460, 650 Milliliter, 428, 650 Minority Groups, 34, 95, 508, 544, 585, 650 Mitochondrial Swelling, 650, 653 Mitosis, 605, 651 Mixed Function Oxidases, 620, 651 Mobilization, 55, 83, 651 Modeling, 71, 77, 83, 99, 124, 137, 160, 164, 243, 339, 651 Modification, 90, 98, 112, 182, 267, 443, 632, 651, 668 Monitor, 34, 85, 103, 121, 132, 202, 351, 384, 470, 511, 512, 612, 619, 651, 655 Monoamine, 243, 252, 604, 623, 651, 684 Monoamine Oxidase, 252, 604, 623, 651, 684 Monocytes, 17, 641, 645, 651 Mononuclear, 17, 205, 651, 684 Morphogenesis, 169, 637, 651 Morphological, 42, 333, 626, 631, 649, 651 Morphology, 303, 651 Motility, 651, 674 Motion Sickness, 651, 653 Mucilaginous, 648, 651 Mucins, 651, 672 Mucociliary, 652, 675 Mucolytic, 599, 652 Mucosa, 11, 18, 22, 40, 82, 91, 184, 652, 653, 678 Mucus, 111, 651, 652, 685 Multivariate Analysis, 102, 142, 652 Muscle Fibers, 652 Muscle Relaxation, 430, 652 Muscular Atrophy, 553, 652 Muscular Dystrophies, 625, 652 Mustard Gas, 652 Mutagen, 68, 608, 652 Mutagenesis, 65, 113, 254, 316, 652 Mutagenic, 40, 67, 401, 481, 602, 652, 654, 685 Mutagenicity, 254, 264, 652

700 Tobacco

Myocardial infarction, 207, 227, 619, 650, 652 Myocardium, 650, 652 Myotonic Dystrophy, 553, 652 N Naloxone, 652 Naltrexone, 356, 652 Narcotic, 30, 599, 652, 653 Nasal Cavity, 648, 653, 658 Nasal Mucosa, 82, 653 Natural Language Processing, 59, 653 Nausea, 428, 531, 596, 653, 656, 685 NCI, 1, 89, 118, 132, 135, 140, 144, 357, 361, 486, 487, 490, 514, 520, 539, 548, 558, 559, 569, 574, 575, 576, 615, 653 Necrosis, 320, 605, 640, 650, 652, 653, 672 Needs Assessment, 35, 545, 653 Neonatal, 39, 100, 192, 205, 239, 272, 653 Neoplasia, 85, 552, 653 Neoplasm, 534, 653, 658, 684 Neoplastic, 18, 40, 111, 647, 653, 660 Nephropathy, 643, 653 Nerve, 601, 603, 607, 648, 651, 653, 657, 658, 663, 671, 673, 678, 681, 683 Nervous System, 100, 553, 597, 601, 613, 648, 653, 654, 668, 678, 679, 684, 686 Networks, 72, 93, 95, 104, 138, 653 Neural, 77, 103, 109, 116, 601, 632, 651, 653 Neuroendocrine, 247, 653 Neurogenic, 653, 685 Neuroleptic, 653, 656 Neuromuscular, 599, 654, 671 Neuromuscular Junction, 599, 654, 671 Neuronal, 56, 63, 654 Neurons, 615, 628, 632, 654, 679 Neurotic, 604, 654, 686 Neutrons, 602, 654, 668 Neutrophil, 180, 229, 246, 302, 654 Niacin, 654, 684 Nitrates, 431, 432, 654 Nitric acid, 654 Nitric Oxide, 27, 127, 150, 161, 227, 477, 654 Nitrogen, 303, 417, 431, 438, 448, 461, 531, 602, 606, 621, 630, 634, 637, 643, 654, 684 Nitrogen Oxides, 438, 654 Nitrosation, 450, 654 Nonmalignant, 9, 489, 654 Non-small cell lung cancer, 216, 357, 654 Norepinephrine, 47, 56, 601, 624, 654 Nucleic acid, 621, 640, 654, 655 Nucleolus, 655, 672

Nursing Assessment, 20, 655 O Occupational Exposure, 244, 655 Occupational Health, 55, 297, 511, 655 Odds Ratio, 108, 655, 670 Odour, 606, 655 Office Visits, 98, 655 Ointments, 655, 658 Oligosaccharides, 306, 655 Oliguria, 643, 648, 655 Omega-3 fatty acid, 302, 655 Oncogene, 113, 158, 168, 201, 209, 257, 279, 285, 303, 305, 552, 655 Oncologist, 195, 283, 655 Ondansetron, 359, 656 On-line, 143, 595, 656 Opacity, 622, 656 Open Reading Frames, 156, 480, 656 Ophthalmic, 656, 663 Optic Chiasm, 639, 656 Oral Hygiene, 15, 16, 568, 635, 656 Orbit, 380, 382, 385, 389, 656 Orbital, 389, 656 Organ Culture, 656, 681 Organelles, 157, 613, 621, 649, 651, 656, 662 Organoleptic, 364, 365, 370, 656 Oropharynx, 459, 656 Osmolarity, 648, 656 Otitis, 4, 327, 656 Otolaryngology, 4, 11, 269, 521, 525, 534, 558, 568, 570, 656 Otorhinolaryngology, 20, 656 Outpatient, 41, 82, 136, 656 Ovarian Follicle, 619, 631, 656 Ovary, 619, 656, 657, 662 Overexpress, 154, 657 Ovum, 619, 631, 633, 645, 656, 657, 665, 668, 688 Oxalate, 303, 657 Oxidants, 127, 657 Oxidation, 109, 142, 599, 605, 609, 614, 620, 634, 645, 657 Oxidation-Reduction, 609, 657 Oxidative Stress, 67, 127, 153, 157, 258, 323, 614, 657 Oxides, 432, 462, 479, 654, 657 Oxygenase, 163, 166, 168, 657 P P53 gene, 113, 258, 312, 657 Pachymeningitis, 649, 657 Palate, 24, 488, 571, 657, 678

Index 701

Palliative, 657, 680 Pancreas, 32, 56, 82, 117, 599, 609, 624, 641, 657, 684 Pancreatic, 178, 225, 552, 657 Pancreatic cancer, 552, 657 Pancreatic Juice, 225, 657 Papilla, 657, 658 Papillary, 24, 638, 658 Papilloma, 255, 658 Papillomavirus, 658 Paraffin, 108, 658 Paranasal Sinuses, 648, 658, 675 Parasite, 341, 658 Parasitic, 658, 661, 672 Parenchyma, 658 Parietal, 658, 659 Parotid, 658, 672 Paroxysmal, 552, 658 Particle, 172, 269, 366, 367, 409, 414, 420, 421, 479, 647, 658, 683 Particle Accelerators, 647, 658 Patch, 11, 72, 83, 86, 88, 337, 354, 356, 373, 478, 497, 513, 550, 559, 562, 574, 645, 658, 682 Pathogen, 147, 151, 153, 162, 163, 166, 170, 342, 473, 640, 658 Pathogenesis, 17, 55, 146, 148, 151, 158, 162, 165, 166, 170, 309, 459, 508, 658 Pathologic, 22, 605, 609, 611, 619, 638, 658, 667 Pathologic Processes, 605, 658 Pathologies, 13, 658 Pathophysiology, 178, 658 Patient Care Planning, 655, 658 Patient Education, 144, 196, 254, 560, 590, 592, 597, 658 Pectins, 426, 427, 659 Pedigree, 659 Peer Group, 546, 659 Pelvic, 659, 666 Peptide, 146, 159, 627, 643, 644, 659, 663, 666, 669, 681 Perceived risk, 659 Perception, 15, 45, 101, 105, 133, 148, 347, 400, 548, 618, 635, 659, 673 Perennial, 483, 638, 659, 683 Perforation, 435, 605, 659 Perfusion, 189, 659 Perinatal, 100, 101, 214, 239, 340, 547, 563, 659 Periodontal disease, 6, 8, 12, 15, 17, 21, 56, 72, 180, 302, 513, 566, 571, 576, 659

Periodontics, 513, 659 Periodontist, 5, 659 Periodontitis, 5, 7, 12, 15, 17, 21, 489, 513, 659 Perioral, 487, 489, 576, 659 Peripheral blood, 17, 205, 659 Peritoneum, 21, 649, 659 Permissiveness, 305, 659 Peroxidase, 158, 161, 163, 303, 645, 659 Peroxide, 660 Personal Space, 660 Petrolatum, 626, 660 Petroleum, 632, 658, 660 Phagocyte, 657, 660 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 613, 628, 632, 660, 665 Pharmacist, 49, 71, 272, 660 Pharmacogenetics, 69, 198, 253, 660 Pharmacokinetic, 660 Pharmacologic, 11, 19, 514, 603, 660, 682, 685 Pharmacotherapy, 98, 214, 252, 305, 354, 355, 660 Pharynx, 18, 115, 117, 371, 439, 459, 517, 549, 653, 656, 660 Phenethyl isothiocyanate, 321, 660 Phenolphthalein, 626, 660 Phenotype, 37, 38, 81, 92, 109, 162, 163, 167, 260, 480, 660 Phenylalanine, 150, 156, 161, 162, 248, 319, 450, 660, 684 Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase, 150, 161, 248, 319, 660 Phospholipases, 660, 675 Phospholipids, 629, 641, 660 Phosphoprotein Phosphatase, 613, 661 Phosphorus, 303, 611, 661 Phosphorylated, 616, 661 Phosphorylation, 162, 163, 247, 600, 620, 661 Phyllachorales, 616, 661 Physical Examination, 633, 661 Physiologic, 601, 609, 629, 649, 650, 661, 665, 669 Physiology, 206, 229, 277, 297, 311, 499, 517, 659, 661 Phytochrome, 163, 166, 661 Pigment, 608, 614, 649, 661 Pigmentation, 649, 661 Pilot Projects, 131, 135, 661 Pilot study, 11, 16, 26, 56, 60, 73, 112, 174, 187, 252, 286, 305, 355, 661

702 Tobacco

Pitch, 482, 661 Placebos, 356, 661 Placenta, 661, 665 Plant Physiology, 206, 248, 289, 313, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, 323, 605, 661 Plant Proteins, 322, 661, 686 Plant Viruses, 483, 661, 682 Plants, 146, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 193, 206, 212, 302, 303, 304, 313, 314, 320, 333, 335, 338, 368, 375, 413, 427, 429, 450, 472, 473, 476, 480, 499, 602, 605, 606, 607, 610, 612, 614, 615, 620, 633, 636, 638, 644, 651, 655, 659, 660, 661, 662, 672, 681, 682, 683, 686 Plaque, 607, 662 Plasma cells, 604, 662 Plasma protein, 631, 662 Plasmid, 480, 662, 686 Plastids, 156, 165, 656, 662 Platelet Activation, 662, 675 Platelet Aggregation, 654, 662 Platelets, 654, 662 Pleated, 409, 643, 662 Point Mutation, 113, 662 Poisoning, 565, 566, 608, 642, 649, 653, 662 Policy Making, 52, 134, 349, 634, 662 Pollen, 146, 157, 159, 163, 322, 662 Polycystic, 553, 662 Polygalacturonase, 148, 662 Polymerase, 113, 156, 158, 662 Polymers, 433, 603, 613, 663, 666 Polymorphic, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 142, 368, 663 Polymorphism, 65, 103, 116, 142, 182, 218, 240, 253, 255, 265, 663 Polypeptide, 602, 616, 627, 663, 688 Polyposis, 600, 616, 663 Polysaccharide, 604, 613, 663, 685 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 411, 412, 413, 433, 663 Population Growth, 92, 663 Port, 270, 349, 465, 663 Port-a-cath, 663 Post partum, 39, 663 Posterior, 603, 607, 657, 663 Postmenopausal, 360, 663 Postnatal, 4, 56, 100, 101, 663 Postoperative, 175, 521, 567, 663 Postsynaptic, 663, 675, 679 Potassium, 27, 203, 531, 663 Potentiates, 44, 641, 663

Potentiating, 609, 663 Potentiation, 663, 675 Practicability, 663, 683 Practice Guidelines, 58, 72, 246, 550, 577, 664 Precancerous, 9, 42, 489, 534, 614, 664 Precipitation, 664 Preclinical, 43, 134, 135, 664 Precursor, 59, 461, 605, 614, 624, 625, 627, 654, 660, 664, 684, 686 Predisposition, 38, 69, 664, 680 Prefrontal Cortex, 77, 117, 664 Pregnancy Outcome, 52, 664 Pregnancy Tests, 633, 664 Premalignant, 664 Premenopausal, 222, 664 Prenatal, 4, 39, 99, 100, 137, 213, 252, 254, 626, 664 Prenatal Care, 252, 664 Prickle, 643, 664 Primary Prevention, 108, 135, 664 Primary tumor, 60, 664 Private Sector, 268, 548, 664 Probe, 65, 109, 665 Problem Solving, 665 Professional Practice, 6, 124, 665 Progesterone, 359, 665, 677 Program Development, 35, 665 Progression, 15, 42, 44, 54, 63, 73, 76, 80, 114, 117, 138, 152, 257, 292, 533, 566, 603, 620, 665, 684 Progressive, 74, 140, 531, 613, 615, 625, 628, 635, 643, 652, 653, 662, 665, 684 Projection, 411, 622, 655, 664, 665, 670 Proline, 368, 616, 638, 665 Promoter, 152, 157, 159, 160, 164, 169, 304, 311, 340, 665 Prone, 113, 665 Prophase, 609, 665, 679 Prophylaxis, 622, 665, 671 Proportional, 392, 665 Propylene Glycol, 377, 428, 456, 665 Prospective Studies, 85, 665 Prospective study, 102, 121, 137, 143, 174, 207, 646, 665 Prostaglandin, 17, 665 Prostaglandins A, 666 Prostate, 21, 552, 609, 666, 684 Protease, 312, 666 Protein C, 146, 158, 168, 473, 603, 607, 615, 643, 666, 685

Index 703

Protein S, 55, 65, 161, 511, 553, 554, 609, 666, 672 Protein Transport, 169, 666 Protocol, 10, 25, 70, 87, 131, 233, 375, 661, 666 Protons, 602, 637, 642, 658, 666, 668 Proto-Oncogenes, 111, 666 Protozoa, 618, 650, 666 Proximal, 73, 624, 643, 653, 667 Pruritic, 645, 667 Psoriasis, 216, 652, 667, 671 Psychiatric, 46, 92, 131, 266, 268, 514, 649, 667 Psychogenic, 667, 685 Psychopathology, 34, 104, 191, 667 Psychosis, 178, 633, 667 Psychotropic, 70, 667 Psychotropic Drugs, 70, 667 Public Opinion, 133, 269, 548, 667 Public Policy, 70, 71, 125, 133, 134, 199, 497, 517, 541, 667 Public Relations, 133, 667 Publishing, 7, 9, 10, 13, 18, 146, 487, 488, 493, 513, 514, 667 Pulmonary Artery, 610, 667, 686 Pulmonary Edema, 327, 643, 668 Pulmonary Ventilation, 668, 671 Pulse, 459, 596, 651, 668 Purifying, 400, 668 Pustular, 600, 668 Q Quality of Life, 94, 668 Quaternary, 47, 668 R Rabies, 528, 668 Race, 13, 36, 62, 81, 126, 130, 346, 650, 668 Radiata, 311, 668 Radiation oncologist, 655, 668 Radioactive, 637, 640, 642, 643, 647, 655, 668, 669 Radiography, 633, 668 Radioimmunotherapy, 668 Radiopharmaceutical, 632, 668 Radiotherapy, 68, 668, 669 Radium, 668, 669 Radius, 88, 669 Radon, 303, 669 Random Allocation, 669 Randomization, 41, 96, 669 Randomized clinical trial, 106, 669 Rape, 311, 669 Ras gene, 113, 669

Reactive Oxygen Species, 104, 150, 305, 319, 669 Reality Testing, 667, 669 Receptivity, 12, 76, 88, 230, 669 Receptors, Serotonin, 669, 674 Recombinant, 47, 74, 150, 151, 170, 314, 472, 480, 669, 686 Recombinant Proteins, 74, 170, 669 Recombination, 618, 632, 669 Rectum, 605, 610, 616, 624, 630, 632, 640, 644, 666, 670, 679 Recurrence, 60, 614, 647, 670 Red blood cells, 531, 628, 657, 670, 672 Red Nucleus, 607, 670 Reductase, 149, 155, 158, 166, 206, 254, 259, 314, 315, 322, 670 Refer, 1, 10, 389, 413, 435, 453, 468, 610, 616, 624, 630, 631, 646, 653, 654, 667, 668, 670 Reference point, 23, 670 Refraction, 670, 676 Refractory, 15, 670 Regeneration, 154, 670 Regimen, 43, 625, 660, 670 Regression Analysis, 73, 137, 670 Relapse, 46, 47, 77, 96, 107, 120, 354, 670 Relative risk, 487, 670 Reliability, 96, 670 Remission, 647, 670 Renal pelvis, 32, 644, 670 Reproduction Techniques, 664, 670 Research Design, 35, 51, 57, 69, 93, 98, 123, 671 Respirable, 269, 292, 671 Respiration, 176, 220, 277, 291, 292, 297, 302, 304, 612, 651, 671 Respiratory Paralysis, 599, 671 Respiratory Physiology, 206, 238, 270, 671, 686 Respiratory System, 127, 463, 652, 671 Response rate, 7, 105, 671 Resuscitation, 626, 671 Retina, 656, 671, 672 Retinal, 618, 656, 671 Retinoblastoma, 162, 552, 671 Retinoids, 55, 671, 687 Retrospective, 30, 121, 671 Reversion, 671, 684 Rheumatoid, 657, 671 Rhinitis, 325, 532, 671 Riboflavin, 408, 671 Ribosome, 302, 306, 314, 321, 672, 683

704 Tobacco

Rickettsiae, 672 Rigidity, 662, 672 Risk patient, 61, 672 Role Playing, 48, 521, 672 Root Caries, 22, 672 Rubber, 600, 672 Rural Population, 115, 672 Rutin, 368, 672 S Salicylate, 148, 672 Salicylic, 147, 148, 156, 159, 161, 166, 168, 672 Saliva, 30, 115, 117, 124, 185, 196, 271, 279, 414, 417, 460, 474, 672 Salivary, 19, 29, 203, 268, 279, 534, 624, 657, 672, 678 Salivary glands, 534, 624, 672 Saponins, 672, 677 Sarcoidosis, 531, 672 Satellite, 72, 320, 672 Saturated fat, 427, 673 Schizoid, 673, 687 Schizophrenia, 264, 268, 290, 340, 354, 673, 687 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 673, 687 Sclerosis, 553, 673 Screening, 12, 53, 62, 93, 104, 112, 123, 135, 136, 223, 249, 427, 547, 575, 615, 673 Sebum, 600, 673 Secondary tumor, 650, 673 Secretion, 17, 55, 164, 205, 600, 627, 639, 641, 644, 651, 652, 673, 674, 685 Sedative, 643, 673, 686 Segregation, 669, 673 Seizures, 658, 673 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 673, 680 Selenium, 128, 673 Selenium Compounds, 128, 673 Self Administration, 131, 674 Self-Help Groups, 674, 675 Semen, 462, 625, 666, 674 Senescence, 159, 166, 674 Sensitization, 109, 674 Sensor, 392, 398, 674 Sequencing, 99, 150, 480, 674 Serine, 620, 661, 674, 684 Serologic, 639, 674 Serotonin, 47, 200, 450, 629, 630, 651, 656, 660, 669, 674, 684 Serous, 55, 626, 674

Serum, 25, 61, 72, 209, 211, 270, 271, 274, 285, 616, 639, 643, 674, 684 Sex Characteristics, 600, 674, 680 Sex Determination, 553, 674 Shock, 674, 683 Side effect, 601, 609, 674, 678, 682 Signal Transduction, 159, 170, 344, 641, 674 Signs and Symptoms, 371, 439, 570, 670, 675 Sil, 178, 399, 675 Silicon, 675 Silicon Dioxide, 675 Sinusitis, 327, 488, 675 Skeletal, 615, 652, 675, 676 Skeleton, 600, 629, 638, 643, 665, 675 Skull, 656, 675, 680 Small cell lung cancer, 675 Small intestine, 625, 637, 642, 675, 684 Smooth muscle, 44, 602, 603, 611, 675, 676, 678 Social Environment, 100, 668, 675 Social pressure, 299, 675 Social Support, 33, 138, 675 Socioeconomic Factors, 37, 676 Sodium, 203, 676 Soft tissue, 487, 517, 610, 675, 676 Solar Energy, 676 Solid tumor, 610, 676 Solvent, 340, 377, 466, 470, 608, 628, 634, 665, 676 Somatic, 600, 645, 648, 651, 664, 676 Somatic cells, 648, 651, 676 Sorbitol, 648, 676 Spasm, 532, 676 Spatial disorientation, 624, 676 Specialist, 86, 199, 587, 659, 676 Specificity, 125, 168, 601, 676 Spectrum, 7, 105, 128, 640, 676, 685 Sperm, 614, 662, 676, 684 Spermatozoa, 674, 676 Sphincter, 644, 677 Spinal cord, 606, 613, 614, 625, 649, 653, 657, 671, 677 Spinous, 627, 643, 677 Spleen, 531, 646, 672, 677 Spontaneous Abortion, 327, 664, 677 Sporadic, 671, 677 Sprayer, 375, 677 Sputum, 463, 677 Squamous cells, 677 Stabilizer, 612, 677

Index 705

Stasis, 677, 686 State Government, 542, 544, 677 Statistically significant, 18, 19, 533, 677 Steel, 615, 677 Sterility, 146, 160, 164, 677 Steroid, 268, 619, 631, 633, 672, 677 Stillbirth, 212, 664, 678 Stimulant, 37, 357, 606, 611, 619, 623, 650, 678, 686 Stimulus, 38, 46, 533, 625, 644, 678, 681 Stomach, 56, 192, 327, 599, 609, 624, 628, 632, 637, 653, 660, 675, 677, 678 Stomatitis, 9, 489, 678 Strand, 50, 321, 399, 400, 404, 405, 406, 434, 616, 662, 678 Striatum, 357, 678 Stroke, 32, 67, 272, 362, 407, 540, 568, 569, 580, 612, 678 Stroma, 658, 678 Strontium, 678 Students, Medical, 131, 678 Subacute, 640, 675, 678 Subclinical, 67, 210, 221, 640, 673, 678 Subcutaneous, 600, 625, 678 Sublingual, 263, 678 Submaxillary, 627, 678 Submucous, 22, 186, 280, 303, 678 Subspecies, 676, 678 Substance P, 649, 673, 678 Substance-Related Disorders, 80, 678 Substrate, 103, 169, 417, 422, 423, 620, 651, 678, 684 Suction, 380, 387, 388, 397, 398, 402, 403, 405, 420, 421, 431, 452, 453, 454, 465, 630, 678 Sudden cardiac death, 443, 679 Sulfur, 151, 650, 679 Superoxide, 127, 152, 167, 169, 371, 679 Superoxide Dismutase, 152, 169, 371, 679 Supplementation, 128, 317, 323, 355, 679 Support group, 564, 679 Suppositories, 632, 679 Suppression, 66, 70, 152, 163, 167, 430, 480, 632, 679 Survival Rate, 42, 679 Sympathomimetic, 623, 625, 627, 650, 655, 679, 684 Symphysis, 666, 679 Symptomatology, 30, 679 Synapsis, 679 Synaptic, 100, 654, 675, 679 Synaptic Transmission, 654, 679

Synergist, 481, 679 Synergistic, 37, 42, 43, 108, 110, 278, 371, 439, 679 Systemic, 8, 15, 21, 22, 25, 125, 166, 306, 427, 459, 473, 483, 513, 524, 531, 610, 611, 627, 640, 672, 678, 679, 683 Systemic disease, 15, 679 Systolic, 638, 679 T Tachycardia, 415, 680 Tamoxifen, 116, 673, 680 Tartar, 488, 680 Technology Transfer, 103, 144, 680 Teichoic Acids, 634, 680 Telangiectasia, 553, 680 Telencephalon, 607, 680 Temperament, 100, 137, 680 Temporal, 56, 648, 680 Teratogenic, 101, 602, 680 Terminator, 615, 680 Testosterone, 670, 680 Thalamic, 607, 680 Thalamic Diseases, 607, 680 Thalamus, 623, 645, 664, 680 Therapeutics, 200, 429, 430, 513, 514, 651, 680 Thermal, 437, 448, 450, 606, 624, 654, 680 Thigh, 629, 680 Third Ventricle, 639, 680, 681 Threonine, 368, 661, 674, 681 Threshold, 396, 638, 681 Thrombin, 662, 666, 681 Thrombomodulin, 666, 681 Thrombosis, 666, 678, 681 Thylakoids, 614, 681 Thymus, 639, 646, 681 Thyroid, 221, 250, 634, 639, 642, 681, 684 Thyroid Gland, 634, 681 Thyrotropin, 639, 681 Thyroxine, 660, 681 Time Factors, 601, 681 Tinnitus, 656, 681 Tissue Culture, 149, 169, 473, 681 Tobacco Smoke Pollution, 106, 353, 682 Tobacco Use Cessation, 7, 10, 16, 20, 26, 47, 244, 254, 487, 514, 574, 682 Tobacco, Smokeless, 85, 577, 682 Tobamovirus, 682 Tolerance, 13, 57, 151, 153, 154, 191, 200, 206, 302, 600, 682 Tomography, 682 Tooth Loss, 12, 21, 513, 566, 567, 576, 682

706 Tobacco

Tooth Preparation, 600, 682 Topical, 513, 606, 628, 637, 658, 660, 682 Toxicity, 83, 127, 140, 462, 481, 531, 649, 682 Toxicokinetics, 682 Toxicology, 42, 74, 172, 173, 175, 207, 225, 250, 289, 305, 313, 316, 320, 542, 682 Toxins, 531, 604, 633, 640, 668, 682 Trace element, 675, 682 Trachea, 610, 644, 660, 681, 682 Traction, 615, 682 Tranquilizing Agents, 667, 682 Transcription Factors, 56, 613, 682 Transdermal, 11, 92, 126, 221, 356, 359, 360, 366, 478, 513, 514, 574, 682 Transduction, 674, 682 Transfection, 111, 609, 683 Transfer Factor, 639, 683 Transferases, 318, 634, 683 Translating, 8, 45, 69, 683 Translation, 163, 683 Translational, 91, 632, 683 Translocation, 666, 683 Transmitter, 599, 606, 624, 648, 655, 683, 684 Transplantation, 615, 626, 639, 683 Transposase, 164, 683 Transposons, 480, 683 Trauma, 531, 607, 635, 653, 680, 681, 683 Treatment Failure, 131, 683 Treatment Outcome, 13, 29, 86, 131, 231, 514, 683 Trees, 628, 661, 672, 683 Triacetin, 454, 683 Trichome, 169, 683 Trichosanthin, 314, 683 Triglyceride, 683 Trypsin, 159, 627, 684 Tryptophan, 155, 157, 167, 315, 450, 604, 616, 674, 684 Tuberculosis, 52, 55, 250, 485, 618, 672, 684 Tuberous Sclerosis, 553, 684 Tubulin, 151, 650, 684 Tumor marker, 609, 684 Tumor model, 173, 684 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 55, 205, 684 Tumor suppressor gene, 31, 113, 533, 657, 684 Tumor-derived, 164, 684 Tumour, 70, 684 Type 2 diabetes, 180, 684 Typhimurium, 254, 684

Tyramine, 651, 684 Tyrosine, 155, 450, 624, 660, 684 U Ulcer, 9, 685 Ulcerative colitis, 513, 640, 685 Ultrasonography, 633, 685 Ultraviolet Rays, 434, 685 Unconscious, 622, 639, 685 Urea, 531, 643, 685 Uremia, 643, 685 Ureter, 670, 685 Urethra, 666, 685 Uridine Diphosphate, 633, 685 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 633, 685 Urinary, 32, 65, 66, 67, 81, 110, 117, 211, 223, 224, 274, 289, 322, 655, 685 Urinary Retention, 322, 685 Urinate, 685, 687 Uterus, 614, 619, 665, 685 V Vaccine, 600, 666, 684, 685 Vacuoles, 151, 656, 685 Vagina, 611, 614, 623, 685, 686 Vaginitis, 611, 686 Valerian, 450, 686 Valine, 599, 686 Valves, 686 Vascular, 44, 66, 163, 602, 626, 640, 646, 654, 656, 661, 681, 686 Vasoconstriction, 100, 627, 686 Vasodilator, 610, 625, 686 VE, 291, 296, 299, 686 Vector, 52, 350, 480, 641, 683, 686 Vegetable Proteins, 661, 686 Vegetative, 153, 161, 609, 686 Vein, 378, 642, 655, 658, 672, 686 Venous, 238, 243, 666, 686 Venous Insufficiency, 238, 686 Ventilation, 182, 211, 686 Ventricle, 668, 679, 681, 686 Vertigo, 656, 686 Vesicular, 631, 650, 666, 686 Veterinary Medicine, 541, 686 Viral, 154, 158, 164, 171, 480, 599, 633, 666, 668, 682, 686, 687 Viral vector, 480, 687 Virulence, 607, 609, 682, 687 Virulent, 311, 687 Virus, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 183, 255,

Index 707

304, 306, 309, 313, 314, 315, 320, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 480, 483, 502, 507, 523, 607, 627, 632, 633, 637, 662, 682, 683, 686, 687 Visceral, 645, 659, 687 Viscosity, 599, 687 Vital Capacity, 631, 687 Vitamin A, 641, 687 Vitro, 68, 110, 687 Vivo, 40, 55, 125, 167, 182, 687 Void, 420, 436, 687 Volition, 642, 687 W War, 255, 280, 400, 501, 504, 509, 652, 687 Warts, 637, 687 Weight Gain, 77, 348, 430, 514, 562, 687

Wheezing, 56, 204, 504, 687 White blood cell, 600, 604, 640, 645, 646, 647, 652, 654, 662, 687 Windpipe, 660, 681, 687 Wound Healing, 10, 488, 489, 687 X Xenobiotics, 40, 142, 687 Xenograft, 603, 684, 687 X-ray, 303, 612, 617, 630, 631, 647, 652, 655, 668, 677, 685, 688 Y Yeasts, 611, 631, 660, 688 Z Zoonoses, 668, 688 Zygote, 618, 688 Zymogen, 666, 688

708 Tobacco