TRICHOMONIASIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Trichomoniasis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83610-8 1. Trichomoniasis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on trichomoniasis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TRICHOMONIASIS ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Trichomoniasis .............................................................................. 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TRICHOMONIASIS............................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Trichomoniasis............................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TRICHOMONIASIS ..................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TRICHOMONIASIS ...................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 64 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 64 Chapters on Trichomoniasis......................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON TRICHOMONIASIS ........................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 67 Bibliography: Multimedia on Trichomoniasis ............................................................................. 67 Academic Periodicals covering Trichomoniasis ........................................................................... 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 76 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 93 TRICHOMONIASIS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 95 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 125
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with trichomoniasis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about trichomoniasis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to trichomoniasis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on trichomoniasis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to trichomoniasis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on trichomoniasis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TRICHOMONIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on trichomoniasis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and trichomoniasis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002 Source: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports May 10 2002;51(RR-6):1-84. Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This report for health professionals provides guidelines and recommendations for the most effective treatment regimens, screening procedures, and prevention strategies for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which infect an estimated 15 million people each year in the United States. Some of the significant new
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recommendations and guidelines include (1) an expanded recommendation for chlamydia screening among women; (2) recommendations for alternative treatments for gonorrhea due to increasing drug resistance in California; (3) recommendations for health care providers to focus on risk assessment and counseling in addition to the clinical aspects of STD control, screening, and treatment; (4) findings from recent studies regarding the use of the spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9); (5) expanded risk assessment and screening among gay and bisexual men; (6) new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and (7) a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault. The report also includes recommendations for screening and/or treatment of the following infections: epididymitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), syphilis, This report fo, human papillomavirus infection (HPV), hepatitis C, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and scabies. •
Introduction to STD Treatment Guidelines Source: The Provider; Vol. 19, No. 2. Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Indian Health Service, Office of Human Resources, Clinical Support Center, 1616 E Indian School Rd, Ste 375, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, (602) 640-2140. Summary: This special issues of a journal lists the criteria for diagnosis of common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and discusses management strategies. It provides background information, clinical symptoms, and the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) treatment recommendations. In addition, management of patients and their sex partners is discussed. When treating the following infections, HIV-positive patients are treated the same as HIV-negative: cervicitis, Urethritis, This special i, and chlamydia. Other infections require more aggressive therapy for HIVpositive patients, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), herpes, and syphilis. Gonorrhea and papillomavirus infections are also examined.
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Management of the Patient with Urethritis Source: IHS Provider. 19(2): 29-40. February 1994. Contact: Available from IHS Clinical Support Center. 1616 East Indian School Road, Suite 375, Phoenix, AZ 85016. (602) 640-2140. Fax (602) 640-2138. Summary: Urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, is caused by an infection characterized by the discharge of mucoid or purulent material and by burning during urination. This article outlines the management of the patient with urethritis. The two bacterial agents primarily responsible for urethritis among men are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Testing to determine the specific diagnosis is recommended because both of these infections are reportable to State health departments. In addition, with a specific diagnosis, treatment compliance may be better and the likelihood of partner notification may be improved. If diagnostic tools are unavailable, health care providers should treat patients for both infections. The authors discuss patient care management, followup considerations, the management of sex partners, and special considerations for nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), mucopurulent cervicitis, chlamydial infections, gonococcal infections, human papillomavirus infection, Urethritis, or, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (AA-M).
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Federally Funded Research on Trichomoniasis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to trichomoniasis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to trichomoniasis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore trichomoniasis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for trichomoniasis: •
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF A TRICHOMONAD INITIATOR BINDING PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Lau, Audrey O. Microbiology and Immunology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Our laboratory recently identified a novel, 39 kDalton initiator (lnr) binding protein of Trichomonas vaginalis which we named IBP39.Because Inr is present in all T. vaginalis genes as the only core promoter element, we believe that IBP39 may be essential in T. vaginalis gene transcription. We propose to further characterize IBP39 by first identifying the domain(s) that are responsible for recognizing the Inr. We plan to achieve this by studying binding interactions between deletion mutants of IBP39 and both wild type and a mutant lnr, as validated in our laboratory. Furthermore, we would like to identify amino acids that are essential in the interaction with the Inr sequence. We propose to perform in situ site-directed mutagenesis experiments targeting residues based on results we obtain from the deletion mutant studies. Transcription factors are known to work together in the initiation of transcription. We hypothesize that IBP39 may be a member of a larger protein complex that binds to the Inr. Therefore, iBP39 will be used in a series of experiments, such as size exclusion and affinity chromatography, native gel electrophoresis and the yeast-two-hybrid system to identify other proteins that interact with IBP39. Last but not least, we would also like to explore the idea that IBP39 may be essential in T. vaginalis gene transcription by testing the effect of knocking out IBP39. If IBP is found to be essential, it might be an excellent drug target against Trichomoniasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: CONTROL OF TRICHOMONIASIS -A PARADIGM FOR STD CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwebke, Jane R. Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan sexually transmitted disease (STD), which causes vaginitis and urethritis. Complications associated with this infection include preterm birth and HIV acquisition. Despite the availability of generally effective single dose, affordable antibiotic therapy, this infection remains extremely prevalent worldwide. At a time when bacterial STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia have decreased, rates of trichomoniasis have remained constant. Contributors to this continued infection rate may include less sensitive diagnostic tests, especially in males, lack of systematic partner notification and treatment methods, and possibly, decreased susceptibility to metronidazole. In fact, the most effective means of partner notification for STDs in general has not been well studied. We propose to investigate three different methods of partner notification for trichomoniasis via a randomized study design (including partner referral, partner delivered medication and medication delivered by a field worker), determining relative effectiveness rates based on recurrent infection in the female. The role of stigma as a barrier to partner notification and treatment will also be evaluated. The information gained from this study will have broad applicability for control of other STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. In addition, we will utilize specimens from the study to improve diagnostic methods for T. vaginalis, to examine strain differences using PFGE, and to examine the prevalence of resistance strains and their potential contribution to treatment failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENZYME ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF OLIGO & POLY N ACETYL LACTOSAMINE GLYCANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Renkonen, Ossi; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonasfoetus is the causative agent of bovine trichomoniasis, an infection of substantial agricultural importance that results in abortion and sterility. The objective of this project is to study the T foetus cell surface glycoconjugates and their involvement in adhesion of parasites to host target tissues, which will help to define the pathobiochernistry of T foetus parasite. The parasites possess novel lipophosphoglycan (LPG)-like glycoconjugates (2-3x 106 copies/parasite) anchored on the cell surface via an inositol phosphoceramide distinct from any other GPI anchor reported so far. Recent results from competition experiments using LPG suggest the involvement of glycoconjugates'in the adhesion of T foetus to HeLa cells. Anti-T foetus mAb that inhibits the adhesion of T foetus to HeLa cells recognizes T foetus LPG, as well as the glycoprotein GP 180-200 kDa. These two glycoconjugates may represent adhesion molecules. We have also identified a unique glycolipid, TF,from T foetus and because of its structural similarities to LPG, it is probable that TF, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of LPG molecules. The specific objectives of the current project are I) to structurally characterize the LPG and clarify its relationships to GP 180200 kDa; H) to study inununological structure/function(s) of LPG using mAbs directed against T foetus developed for this purpose; III) to study the involvement of LPG in
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adhesion of T foetus to HeLa cells- IV) to characterize the involvement of a unique fucosyl-inositol (alpha 1--->4) transferase in 'u,synthesis; and V) to study the biosynthesis of TF, glycolipid utilizing isotopic incorporation. Trichomonads are cultured and exposed to radio- and stable-isotopic tracers and harvested. Cells are extracted and glycoconjugate-analyzed by chemical and enzymatic digestion in combination with HPLC, GCIMS, MS, MALDI-TOF MS and NMR. The mAbs against T foetus LPGare to be generated by standard methodology to study the structure/function(s) of LPG. Experimental conditions are to be optimized to examine the involvement of LPG in adhesion of parasites to monolayers of HeLa cells. Knowledge acquired from these unique glycan structures that appear to be parasitespecific could be exploited as targets for chemotherapy by selectively inhibiting the transferases involved in their synthesis. Furthermore, these studies should provide essential knowledge of the structure/function relationships of LPG and thus lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in hostparasite interactions. In addition, these findings will contribute to the development of effective diagnosis and therapies forbovine trichomoniasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jemilohun, Philip F. Biology; University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Box 4038, 1200 N University Pine Bluff, AR 71601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Of all the sexually transmitted diseases, Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral infection. An estimated 200 million people are infected annually all over the world, with greater than four million new cases per year in the United States alone. The agent of the disease, Trichomonas vaginalis, is a protozoan parasite with four anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum. Trichomoniasis has recently been associated with severe complications such as development of cervical cancer, high probability of infection by human immunodeficiency virus and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In spite of the high incidence of trichomoniasis and the complications associated with the disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the parasite are not well understood and some drug resistant strains of T. vaginalis are emerging. Therefore, there is urgent need for research in the area of subcellular structures of the parasite for; (a) adhesion molecules whose antisera will be of prophylactic value (b) discovery of new targets for anti-parasitic drugs (c) better understanding (immunobiology and functions) of the subcellular structures of the parasite. Our Preliminary Studies revealed several flagellar polypeptides that showed strong immuno-reactivity with human anti-Trichomoniasis sera in immunoblots. Furthermore, studies from different laboratories have shown that T. vaginalis cells are immunogenic in humans and laboratory animals. Based on these reports and our Preliminary Studies we hypothesize that flagellar proteins of the parasite are involved in adhesion of the parasite to the host cells. This hypothesis will be tested by isolating flagella followed by immunoprecipitation and analysis of flagellar antigens on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SOSPAGE). The flagellar antigens will be used to immunize rabbits and the rabbit antisera will be utilized to screen the parasite for adhesion inhibition. Flagellar antigens whose antisera show significant degree of adhesion inhibition will be considered to be flagellar adhesins. The role of the adhesins as ligands in the cytoadhesion of the parasite to host cells will be tufty examined by adhesion/adhesion inhibition assays. The adhesins will be characterized to know if they are surface exposed and the biochemical make up of the reacting epitopes.
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It is anticipated that the results of these studies will yield new information about the roles of flagellar proteins in the pathogenesis of T. vaginatis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOTYPING OF THE PARASITE TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Upcroft, Peter; Microbiology and Immunology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The overall goal of this project is to establish the first successful comprehensive genotyping system to clearly distinguish at the genetic level individual, drug resistant and virulent isolates of the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis for future epidemiological and biochemical studies of pathogenesis, virulence and drug resistance. The genotyping system will also be applied to linkage studies, mapping the genome, and determining variability among genomes including the detection of drug resistant, pathogenic and virulent strains. Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. Symptoms include virginities and acute inflammatory disease of the genital mucosa, and infections have been associated with pre-term delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any STI, and its eradication may well be the single most cost-effective step in HIV incidence reduction. This proposal utilises pulsed field gel electrophoresis of very large chromosomal DNA segments cleaved by restriction endonucleases of the Trichomonas genome, combined with gene hybridization, to generate a genotyping system, which distinguishes individual isolates. Such an analysis has not previously been achieved due to extensive endogenous nuclease activity. The genotyping system will be coupled to in situ hybridization of whole chromosomes and electrophoretic karyotyping for gene linkage studies, mapping genome organization and structure, determining genome variability among isolates, and defining markers for virulence and drug resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GLYCOCONJUGATES INTERACTIONS
INVOLVED
IN
HOST/PARASITE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Bibhuti N. Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Upstate Medical University Research Administration Syracuse, NY 13210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Trichomonas vaginalis, causes one of the most common sexually transmitted disease in humans, trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis is a serious disease that causes flagrant vaginitis and has been linked to infertility, preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, cervical cancer and markedly increased susceptibility to HIV. Cell surface glycoconjugates appear to mediate parasite binding to host cells. An in vitro culture system of human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs), which exhibits parasite-host specificity, has been developed. Exposure of HVECs to parasites results in destruction of HVECs within 30 h. Periodate treated parasites do not damage HVECs. T. vaginalis possesses a cell surface glycoconjugate, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which displaces parasites binding to HVECs, implying a specific receptor-ligand interaction. A related water soluble glycan (TV-SG), released by parasites, has also been purified. The long term goal of this proposal is to elucidate the mechanism(s) of T. vaginalis pathobiology
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on a molecular and cellular level. The specific aims are: 1) to utilize the HVEC culture system and an 35S-methionine-labeled-parasite binding-displacement assay to study the role of LPG in host-parasite adhesion, and to identify and purify "receptor" molecules on the HVEC surface that bind parasites. 2) to complete the structural characterization of LPG and study its relationship to TV-SG; with the expectation that structural analysis will be correlated with bioactivity. The binding assay will also be employed to assay portions of the LPG molecule derived by chemical and enzymatic treatments. 3) Parasite cytotoxicity toward HVECs will be studied by quantitative assays and contactdependent and contact-independent mechanisms will be evaluated. HVEC destruction will be assayed for necrosis vs. apoptosis using an ELISA assay. Receptor purification will be based on either a panning technique to search for radiolabeled HVEC surface molecules that bind to LPG or an affinity column approach with immobilized LPG. LPG structure will be characterized using a variety of techniques, including HPLC, GlykoFACE, MALDI-TOF MS and NMR. These studies will help to define the mechanisms of T. vaginalis pathogenicity, which will ultimately lead to better treatments for trichomoniasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIV AND STIS IN YOUNG ADULTS: A NETWORK APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, W M. Professor; Ctr/Studs/Demography & Ecology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) This proposal seeks funding to support analyses of the biomarkers for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that will be collected in the forthcoming wave (Survey 2000) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The central aim of Survey 2000 is to document the health status of young adults (18-26 years old), and to provide data that make it possible to analyze the relationships between social context, behavior, and health outcomes. Specimens will be tested for four STIs in Survey 2000: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Neisseria gonorrhea (GC), Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The analyses proposed in this project will focus on three interrelated STI topics: 1) basic descriptive work on STI prevalence; 2) the development of multiple imputation strategies for missing behavioral and biomarker data; 3) the measurement and analysis of epidemiologically relevant aspects of network location and structure; and 4) multivariate analyses of individual STI risk that explicitly integrate measures of network exposure. The prevalence analyses will provide the first detailed population based estimates of STIs in this age group. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are reportable, and their prevalence is estimated to peak during the age range of the Survey 2000 sample. Trichomoniasis is not reportable, but it is thought to peak during a similar age range. Prevalence of HIV among young adults is not well established. The size of the Survey 2000 sample (N=19,500) will make it possible to estimate prevalence of each of these STIs for detailed race, sex, region, and other subgroups for the first time. All prevalence analyses will implement existing statistical corrections for the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. We estimate that the biomarker collection will have a non-response rate of about 15%. We will therefore develop multiple imputation strategies for the missing data. Comparable strategies have been developed successfully for the NHANES III. There is a wealth of both cross-sectional and longitudinal data in Add Health that can be used to construct an effective imputation scheme. We will produce a public use data set containing the imputed variables, and instructions on the use of existing statistical software for implementing a multiple imputation analysis, available electronically
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through the Add Health project website. The network and multivariate analyses that comprise the third and fourth foci of this project will take advantage of the unique local network data that will be collected on respondents' sexual partners. STIs travel through networks of sexual partnerships, and Survey 2000 will provide the first nationally representative data on local networks for this highly active age group. Local network data consist simply of respondent reports about their partners, rather than tracing and enrolment of the partners themselves. While relatively simple to collect, these data provide a rich source of information on network exposure, mixing, and concurrent partnerships that can be incorporated into traditional epidemiological models of infection risk. The goal of these analyses will be to identify the relative contribution of individual attributes and network exposure to the risk of infection, and to establish the implications for prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIV SEXUAL RISK-REDUCTION FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN COUPLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wingood, Gina M. Associate Professor; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: The broad objective of this Interactive proposal is to test the efficacy of a contextually appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases among African American HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couple. This is a collaborative effort by four PIs (El-Bassel in New York, Jemmott in Philadelphia, Wingood in Atlanta, and Wyatt in Los Angeles) to use a common protocol to implement a randomized controlled trial. While most HIV/STD risk-reduction interventions Are conducted at the individual level, a couple-based approach may be more efficacious and consistent with cultural values. The participants will be 800 African American HIV serodiscordant (200 per site) recruited from community-based organizations (CBOs), health departments, and HIV clinics. The couples will be randomized to one of two interventions: an 89-session HIV/STD sexual risk-reduction intervention (the Eban Program) or an 8-session general health promotion intervention concerning health issues unrelated to sexual behavior, which will serve as the control group. Both interventions will involve couple and group sessions led by specially trained male and female co-facilitators. The approach draws upon the social cognitive theory, an ecological framework, and the applicants' previous HIV/STD risk-reduction research with inner-city African-American populations. The primary biological outcome is sexually transmitted disease (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis) based on DNA amplification tests on urine and vaginal specimens. The primary behavioral outcome is the self-reported rate of condom-protected sexual intercourse. Secondary outcome measures include theoretically relevant variables hypothesized to mediate intervention effects. Audio computer-assisted self- interviewing (ACASI) will be used to collect data at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-up. To address the Specific Aims, we will analyze the data with generalized estimating equations (GEE). For instance, analyze will test (a) the effects of the intervention on STD incidence, sexual behavior, and mediators of sexual behavior, including gender of seropositive partner, length of relationship, psychological distress, sexual abuse history, and substance abuse history. The findings will contribute significantly to the field of HIV/STD risk reduction by developing and testing an intervention with African American couples that can be offered to HIV clinics and CBOs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIV/STD RISK REDUCTION AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN COUPLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyatt, Gail E. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: The broad objective of this Interactive proposal is to test the efficacy of a contextually appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases among African American HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples. This is a collaborative effort by four PIs (El-Bassel in New York, Jemmott in Philadelphia, Wingood in Atlanta, and Wyatt in Los Angeles) to use a common protocol to implement a randomized controlled trial. While most HIV/STD risk-reduction interventions are conducted at the individual level, a couple-based approach may be more efficacious and consistent with cultural values. The participants will be 800 African American HIV serodiscordant couples (200 per site) recruited from community-based organizations (CBOs), health departments, and HIV clinics. The couplers will be randomized to one or two interventions: an 8-session HIV/STD sexual risk-reduction intervention (the Eban Program) or an 8-session general health promotion intervention concerning health issues unrelated to sexual behavior, which will serve as the control group. Both interventions will involve couple and group sessions led by specially trained male and female co-facilitators. The approach draws upon the social cognitive theory, an ecological framework, and the applicants' previous HIV/STD risk-reduction research with inner-city African American populations. The primary biological outcome is sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis) based on DNA amplification tests on urine and vaginal specimens. The primary behavioral outcome is the self-reported rate on condom-protected sexual intercourse. Secondary outcome measures include theoretically relevant variables hypothesized to mediate intervention effects. Audio computer-assisted self- interviewing (ACASI) will be used to collect data at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. To address the Specific Aims, we will analyze the data with generalized estimating equations (GEE). For instance, the analyses will test (a) the effects of the intervention on STD incidence, sexual behavior, and mediators of sexual behavior; and (b) whether the intervention's effects are different depending on key moderator variables, including gender of seropositive partner, length of relationship, psychological distress, sexual abuse history, ethnic identity, relationship satisfaction and substance abuse history. The findings will contribute significantly to the field of HIV/STD risk reduction by developing and testing an intervention with African American couples that can be offered to HIV clinics and CBOs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIV/STD RISK REDUCTION FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN COUPLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Jemmott, John B. Professor; None; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: The broad objective of this Interactive proposal is to test the efficacy of a contextually appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among African American HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples. This is a collaborative effort by four PIs (El-Bassel in New York, Jemmott in Philadelphia, Wingood in Atlanta, and Wyatt in Los Angeles to use a common protocol to implement
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a randomized controlled trial. While most HIV/STD risk- reduction interventions are conducted at the individual level, a couple- based approach may be more efficacious and consistent with cultural values. The participants will be 800 African American HIV serodiscordant couples (200 per site) recruited from community-based organizations (CBOs), health departments, and HIV clinics. The couples will be randomized to one of two interventions: an 8-session HIV/STD sexual risk-reduction intervention (the Eban Program) or an 8-session general health promotion intervention concerning health issues unrelated to sexual behavior, which will serve as the control group. Both interventions will involve couple and group sessions led by specially trained male and female co-facilitators. The approach draws upon the social cognitive theory, an ecological framework, and the applicants' previous HIV/STD risk-reduction research with inner-city African American populations. The primary biological outcome is STDs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis) based on DNA amplification tests on urine and vaginal specimens. The primary behavioral outcome is the self-reported rate of condom-protected sexual intercourse. Secondary outcome measures include theoretically relevant variables hypothesized to mediate intervention effects. Audio computer-assisted self- interviewing (ACASI) will be used to collected data at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. To address the Specific Aims, we will analyze the data with generalized estimating equations (GEE). For instance, analyses will test (a) the effects of the intervention on STD incidence, sexual behavior, and (b) whether the intervention's effects are different depending on key moderator variables, including gender of seropositive partner, length of relationship, psychological distress, sexual abuse history, and substance abuse history. The findings will contribute significantly to the field of HIV/STD risk reduction by developing and testing an intervention with African American couplers that can be offered to HIV clinics and CBOs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIV/STD RISK REDUCTION FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN COUPLES Principal Investigator & Institution: El-Bassel, Nabila; Associate Professor; None; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, NY 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad objective of this proposal is to test the efficacy of a contextually appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases among African American HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples. This is a collaborative effort by four PIs (El-Bassel in New York, Jemmott in Philadelphia, Wingood in Atlanta, and Wyatt in Los Angeles) to use a common protocol to implement a randomized controlled trial. While most HIV/STI risk-reduction interventions are conducted at the individual level, a couple-based approach may be more efficacious and consistent with cultural values. The participants will be 800 African American HIV serodiscordant couples (200 per site) recruited from communitybased organizations (CBOs), health departments, and HIV clinics. The couples will be randomized to one of two interventions: an 8-session HIV/STI sexual risk-reduction intervention (the Eban Program) or an 8-session general health promotion intervention concerning health issues unrelated to sexual behavior, which will serve as the control group. Both interventions will involve couple and group sessions led by specially trained male and female co-facilitators. The approach draws upon the social cognitive theory, an ecological framework, and the applicants? previous HIV/STI risk-reduction research with inner-city African American populations. The primary biological outcome
Studies 13
is sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis) based on DNA amplification tests on urine and vaginal specimens. The primary behavioral outcome is the self-reported rate of condom-protected sexual intercourse. Secondary outcome measures include theoretically relevant variables hypothesized to mediate intervention effects. Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI) will be used to collect data at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. To address the Specific Aims, we will analyze the data with generalized estimating equations (GEE). For instance, analyses will test (a) the effects of the intervention on STI incidence, sexual behavior, and mediators of sexual behavior; and (b) whether the intervention?s effects are different depending on key moderator variables, including gender of seropositive partner, length of relationship, psychological distress, sexual abuse history, and substance abuse history, ethnic identity and relationship satisfaction. The findings will contribute significantly to the field of HIV/STI risk reduction by developing and testing an intervention with African American couples that can be offered to HIV clinics and CBOs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INCREASED ACCESS TO EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Family Health International Box 13950 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) can substantially reduce the chance of unintended pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. However, over the longer term, broad availability of this method could affect women's use of other contraceptive methods, which could in turn have either beneficial or adverse consequences on the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Data on this issue are needed to inform policies and practices regarding provision of ECPs to women. The primary purpose of the proposed randomized trial is to evaluate the impact of maximally increased access to ECPs on pregnancy and STI rates. Secondary research aims are (1) to determine what contraceptive or STIprevention behaviors ore influenced by ready access to ECPs. and (2) to examine determinants of these behaviors. The trial will be conducted in young, primarily minority women, a population with a disproportionately high risk of these two outcomes. Sexually active women who are using barrier methods of contraception, oral contraceptive pills, or no contraception will be enrolled at two clinics in Indiana and California. Each woman will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the standard care group, women will be counseled about ECPs and invited to come to the clinic to obtain them (at usual clinic charges) when necessary. In the advance provision group, women will be given a supply of ECPs free of charge to keep at home in case of need. The two groups will be monitored over the following year. The primary analysis will compare the two groups for: 1. the 12-month incidence of pregnancy, and 2. the combined 12-month incidence of three STIs: cervical gonorrhea infection, cervical chlamydia infection and vaginal trichomoniasis. In addition, we will also compare behaviors in the two groups, specifically use of condoms, other contraceptive methods, and ECPs, and also motivating or deterrent determinants of these behaviors using a modified Health Behavior framework. These secondary analyses should help explain the primary biologic outcomes and should be useful in the development of counseling messages and service protocols in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MICROBICIDAL LACTOBACILLI FOR PREVENTION OF GENITAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hillier, Sharon L. Professor; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Lactobacilli function as microbicides in the human vagina through production of H2O2, acids and other products which inhibit the survival and/or growth of genital pathogens. The goal of the proposed project is to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus capsule in colonizing the vagina and decreasing acquisition of bacterial vaginosis. Longitudinal cohort data supports the association between lack of vaginal lactobacilli and acquisition of bacterial vaginosis. A vaginal capsule containing Lactobacillus crispatus has been developed and shown to colonize women during a phase II study. The proposed study is a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus capsule in women attending an Adolescent Medicine Clinic (n=200), the Allegheny County Health Department (n=250). Women will be followed at 3 month intervals for 1 year. The presence of genital tract infection and vaginal lactobacilli will be determined at baseline and each follow-up visit. The hypothesis is that monthly use of exogenous lactobacilli intravaginally will decrease acquisition of bacterial vaginosis. The specific aims are 1) to assess the relationship between genital infection and lack of lactobacilli in a population of women of reproductive age; 2) to assess the effect of the Lactobacillus capsule on the vaginal ecosystem (vaginal pH, lactobacilli, other microorganisms); 3) to determine whether women randomized to receive the Lactobacillus capsule have decreased acquisition of bacterial vaginosis compared to placebo-treated women after accounting for potentially confounding behaviors; 4) to evaluate the effect of the Lactobacillus capsule on acquisition of other infections including chlamydia, trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candiddiasis, urinary tract infections and pelvic inflammatory disease; 5) assess the immunologic response to Lactobacillus crispatus among women assigned to the L. crispatus capsule versus placebo; and 6) to assess demographic, behavioral and microbiologic factors associated with loss or acquisition of H2O2-producing and H202-negative lactobacilli. This project will yield new information on lactobacilli as endogenous microbicides and suggest new strategies for prevention of STD's and their sequelae. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Okumura, Cheryl Y. Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. Despite the high occurrence of infection, little is understood about host-pathogen interactions. The overall goal of this study is to identify novel pathogenic factors involved in T. vaginalis infections. T. vaginalis-specific receptors on host cells have previously not been identified. The surfaces of Leishmania and T. vaginalis harbor similar phosphoglycans, and recently it has been found that the lymphocyte trafficking molecule dendritic cellspecific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), is capable of binding to Leishmania. Aim 1 seeks to determine whether DC-SIGN on host cells may also be able to bind to T. vaginalis. New host-pathogen attachment factors will be identified in Aim 2. T. vaginalis
Studies 15
mutants will be generated using transposon mutagenesis, screened by phenotypic assays, and genes responsible for the mutant phenotypes will be characterized. The effect of the parasite on the host immune response will also be analyzed. Aim 3 seeks to determine the cytokine and chemokine profile elicited by the host in response to T. vaginalis, and whether the parasite is capable of modulating the overall cytokine response via cysteine proteinases. In general, the results of these studies will greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of the parasite, which will ultimately lead to better treatment of the infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REDUCING HIV RISK IN FEMALE TEENS: A TAILORED APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Diclemente, Ralph J. Professor and Chairperson; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The search for effective HIV interventions tailored to African American female adolescents remains a public health priority. A subgroup at considerable risk of HIV are African American adolescent females being treated for STDs. Thus, there is an urgent need for efficacious, cost-effective interventions that can be used in public health STD clinics to reduce female adolescents' HIV risk. The proposed study uses a Phase III randomized, controlled trial design, to evaluate the efficacy of an HIV intervention plus standard-of-care counseling compared with standard-of-care counseling only. A random sample of 960 females, 15-19 years of age, will be recruited at the Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness (FCDHW) STD Program following receipt of STD treatment and standard-of-care counseling. Eligible teens, at baseline, will complete an audio computer-assisted interview (ACASI) and provide a urine specimen that will be analyzed using nucleic acid amplification assays to detect STDs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis). The interview, derived from Social Cognitive Theory and the Theory of Gender and Power, will measure HIV risk behaviors, sociodemographics, culturally- and gender-relevant factors associated with risk and preventive practices, and other theoretically-relevant mediators of HIV risk behaviors. After 40 adolescents complete baseline assessments, they will be re- contacted and asked to return to the FCDHW (we expect 80 percent will return). Returning teens will be randomized to either an HIV intervention or a control condition. Adolescents in the control condition will view a video about the importance of nutrition. Those assigned to the HIV intervention will participate in a culturally-relevant and gender-tailored intervention implemented by FCDHW health educators, assisted by peer educators, over three consecutive Saturdays. The HIV intervention will emphasize enhancing: (a) gender and ethnic pride, (b) HIV prevention knowledge, (c) self-efficacy for condom use, negotiation skills, and refusal skills, (d) norms supportive of abstaining from sex and using condoms if engaging in sexual behavior, and (e) building healthy relationships. All adolescents will return at 4-, 8- and 12-months post-intervention to complete an ACASI interview, similar to the baseline interview, and provide a urine specimen for STD assay. Immediately following their completion of the 4- and 8-month follow-up assessments, adolescents in the HIV intervention will also participate in booster sessions designed to reinforce prevention messages and prevent relapse to risk behaviors. An intent-to-treat analysis, controlling for baseline assessments, will determine the efficacy of the HIV intervention plus the standard-of-care counseling, relative to standard-ofcare STD counseling only, in reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors and incident STDs over
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a 12-month follow-up period. Secondary analyses will evaluate the impact of the intervention condition, relative to the control condition, on hypothesized mediators of HIV-preventive behavior, and, evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention condition, relative to the control condition, with respect to increasing random use and averting incident STDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHOTGUN SEQUENCING OF THE TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS GENOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlton, Jane; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, MD 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. The parasite is responsible for an estimated 5 million cases annually in North America alone, with over 170 million cases reported worldwide. T. vaginalis infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposition to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Its abundance as a pathogen, the increased incidence of HIV transmission in T. vaginalisinfected individuals and the increase in drug resistant strains underscore the societal value of obtaining the complete genome sequence of this parasite. In addition, T. vaginalis is one of the deepest-branching eukaryotes known. Given the tremendous evolutionary distance between the human host and this pathogen, its genome sequence is likely to reveal a number of candidate genes encoding potential chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets specific for the parasite. Furthermore, from a purely academic viewpoint, the complete genomic sequence of T. vaginalis will offer significant insights into the evolution of deep-branching eukaryotic organisms and will help to answer many new evolutionary questions. We propose to sequence, assemble and annotate the approximately 16 Mb genome of T. vaginalis strain G3, using a whole genome shotgun (WGS) strategy. A variety of computer programs and algorithms will be used to provide a comprehensive and current annotation of the T. vaginalis genome. This will include identifying genes through similarity searches of current databases, as well as analysis of sequences for signal peptide motifs and other motifs. Use will be made of the sequence data from the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia genome projects, in a comparative approach to gene identification. In addition, we will generate 30,000 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) to aid in gene identification. A publically accessible, user-friendly web site will be created for access to the genome and EST data during the project, and for access to the final finished genome sequence and annotation at the conclusion of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STIS/HIV RISK IN YOUNG ADULTS: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Upchurch, Dawn M. Associate Professor; Community Health Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this inquiry are to: (i) investigate the sociodemographic correlates of current STI/HIV status and history; (ii) examine the multiple ways that sexual and protective practices influence STI risk; (iii) explore how
Studies 17
interpersonal and sexual relationship-specific factors affect these practices; and (iv) assess the ways in which social environments influence individual risk. To attain these objectives, we will analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a three-wave panel survey of a nationally representative sample of over 20,000 adolescents followed through their young adult years. Several sources of data will be used in the proposed research: biomarker indicators of gonorrhea, Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and HIV; self-reported STI histories; person- and relationship-specific sexual and protective practices; psychosocial and sociodemographic measures; and social and demographic variables for census tracts, counties, and states. The core premise of the investigation is that multiple levels of social context shape individuals' attitudes and beliefs, which in turn affect individuals' relationship experiences and sexual and protective practices, which ultimately affect their risk of STIs. The proposed study has three major components. First, we will compare biomarker and self-report data to assess STI risk. Second, we will assess the relative contributions of four critical sexual and protective practices on STI risk. Third, we will examine the effects of relationship-specific characteristics on the propensity to practice protective behaviors within relationships. The project will use several methods of multilevel modeling (e.g., fixed effects, Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), random coefficients, classical estimation with covariance matrix adjustments via the "sandwich estimator" tailored for clustering) to account for clustering, and will also explore the effectiveness of alternate definitions of contexts in a study of STI and HIV. Because the study will use a population-based approach that incorporates multiple social contexts, it will be possible to assess the impact of intervention strategies targeted at individuals, relationships, and communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM ISOLATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Peter A.; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The trichomonad parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, causes a major sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis, in humans, an infection of substantial medical importance. T vaginalis is the most common cause of vaginitis in women and has been linked to several major pathological symptoms such as severe vaginal inflammation and irritation, infertility, preterm delivery, low-birth-weight infants, invasive cervical carcinoma and increased intrauterine transmission of cytornegalovirus and also susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The ability of parasites to adhere to host cells plays an integral role in establishing infections. Such interactions may be mediated by cell surface glycoconjugates. The long term objective of this project is to use highly purified parasite glycoconjugate products to determine the role of cellbound and free lipophosphoglycan (TV-LPG) upon T vaginalis infection pathology, andimmunity. The parasite possesses novel LPG-like glycoconjugates (3 X 106 copies/parasite) anchored on the cell surface via an inositol phosphoceramide, distinct from any other GPI anchor reported so far. The experimental data suggest that TV-LPG is involved in adhesion of T vaginalis to HeLa cells through a specific receptor-ligand interaction. The water soluble TV-LPG related glycan (TV-GL) purified from conditioned media of T vaginalis may also be involved in T vaginalis pathogenesis. The specific aims of the project are: 1) to establish in vitro cultures of human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) to study the involvement of the LPG-like glycoconjugates in
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adhesion of T vaginalis to HVECs and also examine the hormonal effects of adhesion of T vaginalis; II) to structurally characterize TV LPG and clarify its relationship to the water soluble TV-GL; III) to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against LPG and its fragments, to examine which LPG epitopes are expressed on the surface of the live parasite; and IV) to determine if mAbs specific for surface expressed LPG epitopes inhibit adhesion to HVECs and are cytotoxic to the parasite in vitro. The glycoconjugates from cultured parasites are analyzed by chemical and enzymatic digestion in combination with HPLC, Glyko-FACE, GC/M[S, MS, MALDI-TOF MS andNMR. HVECS are being cultured as we have established for bovine "vaginal' epithelial cells to study bovine trichomonad pathogenesis, and will be exposed to hormone to study the binding of T vaginalis to HVECs. These biological and chemical studies will provide essential knowledge of the structure/function relationships of TV-LPG and will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in hostparasite interactions. In addition, these findings will contribute to the development of effective diagnosis and therapies of human trichomoniasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VAGINAL DOUCHING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR VAGINITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hatch, Maureen C. Director; Community and Preventive Med; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Incident and recurrent vaginitis are highly prevalent health problems in women of reproductive age resulting in significant medical care costs and limitation of work activity. The symptoms of excessive vaginal discharge, malodor and intensive vulvovaginal pruritus can seriously impair women=s productivity and social life. Vaginitis also facilitates HIV transmission. Bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis are the most common causes of vaginitis. However, despite their high prevalence, risk factors for developing these infections remain unclear. The investigators hypothesize that frequent vaginal douching increases the risk of bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis by disturbing the normal vaginal microflora and immunologic defense system. To test this hypothesis, it is proposed to recruit a cohort of 1260 black women seeking treatment at Mount Sinai Hospital's outpatient gynecologic/family planning clinic between January, 1999 and June, 2000. A standardized questionnaire will be used to collect detailed information on douching practices and other risk factors for vaginitis, with particular attention to the three months prior to the clinic visit. In addition to recording clinical symptoms and signs, samples of vaginal discharge will be collected for diagnostic verification using Gram stain with scoring (for bacterial vaginosis) and culture (or Candida albicans). Subjects will also be tested for trichomoniasis (culture), gonorrhea and chlamydia (DNA probe tests); those with symptomatic infections will be excluded. The association between vaginal douching in the previous three months and risk of bacterial vaginosis and between douching and candidacies will be examined using multiple logistic regression models to control for confounding variables. In addition, frequency of douching and duration of douching practice will be examined to test a dose-response pattern. The investigators state that the elucidation of the role of douching practices in the etiology of vaginitis will have important public health implications and could make a major contribution to promoting women's health. Further, both douching and vaginitis are very common in minority heterosexual women, among whom the prevalence of AIDS is growing fastest. In the era of the AIDS epidemic, this study will have public health significance beyond vaginitis.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with trichomoniasis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for trichomoniasis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
24-Hour treatment of trichomoniasis with nimorazole (nitrimidazine). Author(s): Campbell AC. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 531-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4651183&dopt=Abstract
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2-day treatment of trichomoniasis with nimorazole. Author(s): McCann JS, Horner T, Shepherd I, Quin N. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1974 October; 50(5): 375-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4425934&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical and laboratory study of trichomoniasis of the female genital tract. Author(s): Hughes HE, Gordon AM, Barr GT. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1966 October; 73(5): 821-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5919105&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical evaluation of trichomoniasis in San Jose, Costa Rica using the InPouch TV test. Author(s): Borchardt KA, Hernandez V, Miller S, Loaiciga K, Cruz L, Naranjo S, Maida N. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 October; 68(5): 328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1427806&dopt=Abstract
3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Sharma P, Malla N, Gupta I, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1991 July; 43(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816659&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind controlled clinical trial of carnidazole and tinidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Chaudhuri P, Drogendijk AC. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1980 June; 10(5): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6995193&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind study of the value of treatment with a single dose tinidazole of partners to females with trichomoniasis. Author(s): Lyng J, Christensen J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1981; 60(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7018164&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Barbone F, Austin H, Louv WC, Alexander WJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 August; 163(2): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2167008&dopt=Abstract
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A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Wiese W, Patel SR, Patel SC, Ohl CA, Estrada CA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March; 108(4): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014723&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial of intravaginal nonoxynol 9 versus oral metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD000218 Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 May; 182(5): 1008-10. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12804391
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A simple diagnostic method in uro-genital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Pandele A, Popescu G, Sufrin W. Source: Rom Med Rev. 1968 April-June; 12(2): 70-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5655997&dopt=Abstract
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A study on Trichomoniasis vaginalis and female infertility. Author(s): El-Shazly AM, El-Naggar HM, Soliman M, El-Negeri M, El-Nemr HE, Handousa AE, Morsy TA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 August; 31(2): 545-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478453&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of treatment for trichomoniasis to syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Price MA, Zimba D, Hoffman IF, Kaydos-Daniels SC, Miller WC, Martinson F, Chilongozi D, Kip E, Msowoya E, Hobbs MM, Kazembe PN, Cohen MS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 June; 30(6): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782954&dopt=Abstract
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Amine content of vaginal fluid from patients with trichomoniasis and gardnerella associated non-specific vaginitis. Author(s): Sanderson BE, White E, Baldson MJ. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1983 October; 59(5): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6604557&dopt=Abstract
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An electron microscopic investigation on the pathogenesis of human vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Garcia-Tamayo J, Nunez-Montiel JT, de Garcia HP. Source: Acta Cytol. 1978 November-December; 22(6): 447-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=310614&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of trichomoniasis in two ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Zigas V. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1977 April-June; 4(2): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=910202&dopt=Abstract
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An in vitro metronidazole susceptibility test for trichomoniasis using the InPouch TV test. Author(s): Borchardt KA, Li Z, Zhang MZ, Shing H. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1996 April; 72(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698362&dopt=Abstract
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An incremental dosing protocol for women with severe vaginal trichomoniasis and adverse reaction to metronidazole. Author(s): Pearlman MD, Yashar C, Ernst S, Solomon W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 March; 174(3): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8633672&dopt=Abstract
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Antenatal screening for candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhoea. Author(s): Sparks RA, Williams GL, Boyce JM, Fitzgerald TC, Shelley G. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1975 April; 51(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=805628&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-trichomonad IgA antibodies in trichomoniasis before and after treatment. Author(s): Sharma P, Malla N, Gupta I, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1991; 36(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1841864&dopt=Abstract
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Association of mast cells with vaginal trichomoniasis in endocervical smears. Author(s): Kobayashi TK, Fujimoto T, Okamoto H, Yuasa M, Sawaragi I. Source: Acta Cytol. 1983 March-April; 27(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6601348&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial and fungal growth in urinary trichomoniasis. Author(s): El-Rifaie SA, Ezzat MM, Amin FM, Soliman AA, Bassiouni GA, Omar SH. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1983 December; 13(2): 397-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6607296&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. Author(s): Soper DE, Bump RC, Hurt WG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 101621; Discussion 1021-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2403128&dopt=Abstract
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Bovine trichomoniasis as a model for development of vaccines against sexuallytransmitted disease. Author(s): Corbeil LB, Munson L, Campero C, BonDurant RH. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2001 May; 45(5): 310-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432406&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the vaginal flora of trichomoniasis patients after vaccination with SolcoTrichovac. Author(s): Milovanovic R, Grcic R, Stojkovic L. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 50-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6354887&dopt=Abstract
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Chemotherapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Michaels RM. Source: Adv Chemother. 1968; 3: 39-108. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4872132&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia and trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Nurse-midwifery management. Author(s): Uzodinma MS, Haynes AE, Hughes JA, Sibley S. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1989 January-February; 34(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926513&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and laboratory findings in women with bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis versus controls. Author(s): van der Meijden WI, Duivenvoorden HJ, Both-Patoir HC, Hazen-Engelsman ME, Drogendijk AC. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1988 May; 28(1): 39-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3260566&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and laboratory studies on vaginal trichomoniasis in Egypt. Author(s): Morsy TA, Hosni MA, el-Masry G. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1984 December; 14(2): 329-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6512283&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and laboratory studies on vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Nagesha CN, Ananthakrishna NC, Sulochana P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 March 15; 106(6): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4905837&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and microbiological correlates of vaginal trichomoniasis during pregnancy. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Author(s): Pastorek JG 2nd, Cotch MF, Martin DH, Eschenbach DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 November; 23(5): 1075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922806&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical evaluation of a single dose of tinidazole in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Ali SE. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 November; 18(5): 669-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=812644&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical experience with SolcoTrichovac in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Ngumbi PM, Nyakeri LN. Source: East Afr Med J. 1984 May; 61(5): 372-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6439544&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of female trichomoniasis and comparison of direct microscopy and culture media in its diagnosis. Author(s): Imandel K, Aflatoni M, Behjatnia Y. Source: Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1985; 78(3): 360-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028319&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Krieger JN, Jenny C, Verdon M, Siegel N, Springwater R, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993 June 1; 118(11): 844-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8480958&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Wolner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky L, Critchlow C, DeRouen T, Hillier S, Holmes KK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 January 27; 261(4): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2783346&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical quiz. Trichomoniasis. Author(s): Kirschstein M, Hof M, Jensen R. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1998 April; 12(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630049&dopt=Abstract
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Collaborative approach to improve the detection and management of trichomoniasis in a low prevalence district. Author(s): Waghorn DJ, Tucker PK, Chia Y, Spencer S, Luzzi GA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 March; 9(3): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530903&dopt=Abstract
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Combined systemic and topical treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis with azanidazol. Author(s): Marchionni M, Innocenti Degli A, Penna C. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 8(1): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7307267&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of direct microscopy and culture in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): McCann JS. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1974 December; 50(6): 450-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4217209&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of ornidazole and tinidazole in single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Hillstrom L, Pettersson L, Palsson E, Sandstrom SO. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1977 June; 53(3): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=326349&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two different metronidazole regimens in the treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis infection with or without trichomoniasis. Author(s): Mohanty KC, Deighton R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1985 December; 16(6): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879249&dopt=Abstract
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Consider diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Krieger JN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 April; 27(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782748&dopt=Abstract
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Conventional therapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Richter R. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 23-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629131&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between trichomoniasis vaginalis and female infertility. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD000220 Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2000 April; 30(1): 287-94. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12137609
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Cost-effective screening for trichomoniasis. Author(s): Schwebke JR. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 8(7): 749; Author Reply 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095452&dopt=Abstract
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Cure of metronidazole- and tinidazole-resistant trichomoniasis with use of high-dose oral and intravaginal tinidazole. Author(s): Saurina G, DeMeo L, McCormack WM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 May; 26(5): 1238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597267&dopt=Abstract
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Current approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and reporting of trichomoniasis and candidosis. Author(s): O'Connor BH, Adler MW. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1979 February; 55(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=427516&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and characterization of serum antitrichomonal antibodies in urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Cogne M, Brasseur P, Ballet JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1985 April; 21(4): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3886694&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of antitrichomonal antibodies in sera and cervical secretions in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Romia SA, Othman TA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 August; 21(2): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1875069&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of serum antitrichomonal antibodies in urogenital trichomoniasis by immunofluorescence. Author(s): Bhatt R, Pandit D, Deodhar L. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 April-June; 38(2): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432833&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of trichomoniasis by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Ryu JS, Chung HL, Min DY, Cho YH, Ro YS, Kim SR. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1999 February; 40(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10198607&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. Author(s): Krieger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE, Nielsen IO, Hale J, Kiviat NB, Holmes KK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 February 26; 259(8): 1223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2448502&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of vaginal mycosis and trichomoniasis. Reliability of cytologic smear, wet smear and culture. Author(s): McLennan MT, Smith JM, McLennan CE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 August; 40(2): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4558651&dopt=Abstract
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Difficult-to-treat trichomoniasis: results with paromomycin cream. Author(s): Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD, Weitz MV, Leaman DJ, Gelone SP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 April; 26(4): 986-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564487&dopt=Abstract
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Double blind comparative study of tinidazole and ornidazole as a single dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Chaisilwattana P, Bhiraleus P, Patanaparnich P, Bhadrakom C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1980 August; 63(8): 448-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7000949&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a five-day course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Thin RN, Symonds MA, Booker R, Cook S, Langlet F. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1979 October; 55(5): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=389352&dopt=Abstract
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Dyskaryosis in cervical cytology and its relationship to trichomoniasis therapy. A double blind study. Author(s): Hulka BS, Hulka JF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 May 15; 98(2): 180-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023671&dopt=Abstract
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Electron microscopy of Trichomonas vaginalis Donne: interaction with vaginal epithelium in human trichomoniasis. Author(s): Nielsen MH, Nielsen R. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [b]. 1975 August; 83(4): 305-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1080326&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme immunoassay for urogenital trichomoniasis as a marker of unsafe sexual behaviour. Author(s): Mason PR, Gregson S, Gwanzura L, Cappuccinelli P, Rapelli P, Fiori PL. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 February; 126(1): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293668&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Sibau L, Bebb D, Proctor EM, Bowie WR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1987 October-December; 14(4): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501903&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiologic study of trichomoniasis in normal women. Author(s): Naguib SM, Comstock GW, Davis HJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 May; 27(5): 607-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5937665&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological features of women with trichomoniasis in Auckland sexual health clinics: 1998-99. Author(s): Lo M, Reid M, Brokenshire M. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 August 9; 115(1159): U119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362164&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological studies on human trichomoniasis in southwestern Nigeria. Author(s): Adeniran AF, Akinboade OA, Akinrinmade JF, Olaleye OD. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1986 September; 13(3): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3557831&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology and symptomatology of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Ruttgers H. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 3-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629133&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a murine model of experimental trichomoniasis. Author(s): Nogal Ruiz JJ, Escario JA, Martinez Diaz RA, Gomez Barrio A. Source: Parasite. 1997 June; 4(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9296057&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the laboratory diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis in Khartoum. Author(s): Omer EF, el-Naeem HA, Ali MH, Catterall RD, Erwa HH. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 December; 91(6): 292-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2462646&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with trichomoniasis, candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Hart G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1993 January-February; 4(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427898&dopt=Abstract
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First experiences with single-dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with carnidazole (R 25831). Author(s): Notowicz A, Stolz E, de Koning GA. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1977 April; 53(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=322823&dopt=Abstract
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Flunidazole--a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Pereyra AJ, Nelson RM, Ludders DJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 April 1; 112(7): 963-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4557646&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts, trichomoniasis and other concurrent STIs in Scotland. Author(s): Thompson C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 June; 8(6): 412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179657&dopt=Abstract
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Gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and yeast infection in late pregnancy in an unselected series of gravidae. Author(s): Purola E, Jahkola M, Osterlund K. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn. 1967; 56(1): 95-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6030229&dopt=Abstract
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Growth studies of various strains of T. vaginalis and possible improvements in the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Cox PJ, Nicol CS. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1973 December; 49(6): 536-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4586942&dopt=Abstract
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High prevalence of trichomoniasis in rural men in Mwanza, Tanzania: results from a population based study. Author(s): Watson-Jones D, Mugeye K, Mayaud P, Ndeki L, Todd J, Mosha F, West B, Cleophas-Frisch B, Grosskurth H, Laga M, Hayes R, Mabey D, Buve A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 October; 76(5): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141851&dopt=Abstract
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History of the treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Forgan R. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 522-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4568471&dopt=Abstract
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Human amnion membrane as a model for studying the host-parasite relationship in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Warton A, Papadimitriou JM, Venaille TJ, Mendis AH, Robinson BW. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1988 November; 18(7): 1003-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3265702&dopt=Abstract
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Immunofluorescence demonstration of antibodies in urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Kramar J, Kucera K. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1966; 10(1): 85-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5332087&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoglobulin isotypes of anti-Trichomonas vaginalis antibodies in patients with vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Wos SM, Watt RM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 November; 24(5): 790-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490492&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapeutic effect of the lactobacillus vaccine, Solco Trichovac, in trichomoniasis is not mediated by antibodies cross reacting with Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Gombosova A, Demes P, Valent M. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 April; 62(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3522408&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy in vaginal trichomoniasis--therapeutic and prophylactic effects of the vaccine SolcoTrichovac. Author(s): Bonilla-Musoles F. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1984; 24 Suppl 3: 63-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6399489&dopt=Abstract
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Implications of metronidazole pharmacodynamics for therapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Larsen B, Wilson AH, Glover DD, Charles D. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1986; 21(1): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3949253&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro drug susceptibility and doses of metronidazole required for cure in cases of refractory vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Lossick JG, Muller M, Gorrell TE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 May; 153(5): 948-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486237&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro susceptibility of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole and treatment outcome in vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Muller M, Lossick JG, Gorrell TE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1988 January-March; 15(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258675&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of urogenital trichomoniasis among high risk Sudanese groups. Author(s): Omer EE, Catterall RD, Ali MH, Erwa HH. Source: East Afr Med J. 1984 February; 61(2): 140-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6332003&dopt=Abstract
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Indigenous intravaginal pentatrichmonads vitiate the usefulness of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) as models for trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Hollander DH, Gonder JD. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1985 June; 61(3): 212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4007864&dopt=Abstract
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Infection of female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with trichomonas vaginalis as a model of trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Street DA, Taylor-Robinson D, Hetherington CM. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1983 August; 59(4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6409346&dopt=Abstract
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Interrelationships among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and the presence of yeasts. Author(s): Moodley P, Connolly C, Sturm AW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 January 1; 185(1): 69-73. Epub 2001 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756983&dopt=Abstract
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Interventions for treating trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Forna F, Gulmezoglu AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2): Cd000218. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804391&dopt=Abstract
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Interventions for treating trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Forna F, Gulmezoglu AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (3): Cd000218. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908466&dopt=Abstract
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Interventions for treating trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Gulmezoglu AM, Forna F. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000218. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796512&dopt=Abstract
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Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Author(s): Gulmezoglu AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (3): Cd000220. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137609&dopt=Abstract
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Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000218 Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000220. Review. Update In: /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10908466
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Investigation of a suspected outbreak of vaginal trichomoniasis among female inmates. Author(s): Klausner JD, Baer JT, Contento KM, Bolan G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 July; 26(6): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417021&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a local production of nitrosamines by the vaginal microflora in anaerobic vaginosis/trichomoniasis? Author(s): Pavic N. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1984 December; 15(4): 433-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6396500&dopt=Abstract
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Is trichomoniasis often associated with bacterial vaginosis in pregnant adolescents? Author(s): James JA, Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, Osypowski P, Kaiser P, Hanson L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 166(3): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1372472&dopt=Abstract
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Leucotriene B4 levels in the vaginal discharges from cases of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Shaio MF, Lin PR. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1995 February; 89(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741600&dopt=Abstract
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Local application of metronidazole in vaginal ovules for treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Rivera y Almodovar E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 August 1; 149(7): 807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6465242&dopt=Abstract
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Management of causes of vaginal discharge (especially trichomoniasis and mycosis). Author(s): Hesseltine HC, Lefebvre Y. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1965 September; 128(3): 333-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4378486&dopt=Abstract
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Managing vaginal trichomoniasis resistant to high-dose metronidazole therapy. Author(s): Lewis DA, Habgood L, White R, Barker KF, Murphy SM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 December; 8(12): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433954&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of toxicity of nitro compounds used in the chemotherapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Moreno SN, Docampo R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1985 December; 64: 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3830698&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole and trichomoniasis. Author(s): Glover DD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 March; 78(3): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4038821&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole for vaginal trichomoniasis. Seven-day vs single-dose regimens. Author(s): Hager WD, Brown ST, Kraus SJ, Kleris GS, Perkins GJ, Henderson M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 September 12; 244(11): 1219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6997516&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole in a single dose for the treatment of trichomoniasis. Failure of a 1-g single dose. Author(s): Austin TW, Smith EA, Darwish R, Ralph ED, Pattison FL. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 April; 58(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7039761&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole in the single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in men and women. Author(s): Morton RS. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 525-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4539889&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Sadana SR, Kumar K, Sarin RC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1970 October; 24(10): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5494290&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of treatment failure in trichomoniasis--A case report. Author(s): Kulda J, Vojtechovska M, Tachezy J, Demes P, Kunzova E. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 December; 58(6): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6983379&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole resistant trichomoniasis successfully treated with paromomycin. Author(s): Coelho DD. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 October; 73(5): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534753&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. II. Oral vs. vaginal therapy. Author(s): Porapakkham S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 February; 29(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6018168&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole-induced pancreatitis in a patient with recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Feola DJ, Thornton AC. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 22(11): 1508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432979&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis--an emerging problem. Author(s): Sobel JD, Nagappan V, Nyirjesy P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 July 22; 341(4): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419394&dopt=Abstract
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Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis. Author(s): duBouchet L, Spence MR, Rein MF, Danzig MR, McCormack WM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 March; 24(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9132982&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of urogenital trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Krieger JN, Verdon M, Siegel N, Holmes KK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 June; 149(6): 1455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8501787&dopt=Abstract
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Nimorazole compared with metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Tinkler AE. Source: Practitioner. 1974 January; 212(267): 115-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4591199&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrimidazine compared with metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Evans BA, Catterall RD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 October 16; 4(780): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4939601&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrimidazine in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Moffett M, McGill MI, Schofield CB, Masterton G. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1971 June; 47(3): 173-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5090741&dopt=Abstract
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Nitro-imidazole in protozoal infections (amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis). Author(s): Abd-Rabbo H, Montasir M, Abaza H, el-Gohary Y. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 November; 72(11): 271-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5357261&dopt=Abstract
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Nitroimidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis treated with paromomycin. Author(s): Poppe WA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 May; 96(1): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311775&dopt=Abstract
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Nitroimidazoles in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. Author(s): Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H, Cho YW. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 February; 22(2): 63-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6698665&dopt=Abstract
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N-nitrosamines, trichomoniasis and cervical cancer. Author(s): O'Farrell N. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1989 March 4; 75(5): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2928867&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of trichomoniasis in women in Denmark, 1967-1997. Author(s): Dragsted DM, Farholt S, Lind I. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403189&dopt=Abstract
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Possibilities of rationalization in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Valent M, Catar G, Janoska A, Scholz W. Source: Wiad Parazytol. 1977; 23(5): 625-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=607577&dopt=Abstract
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Practical problems of diagnosing trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Clay JC, Veeravahu M, Smyth RW. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 April; 64(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3290090&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy, trichomoniasis, and metronidazole. A novel dose schedule. Author(s): Sands RX. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 February 1; 94(3): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5905052&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and effects of trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Author(s): Mathai E, Muthaiah A, Mathai M, Jasper P. Source: Natl Med J India. 1998 May-June; 11(3): 151. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9707712&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis in prostitutes in Burkina Faso. Author(s): Damiba AE, Vermund SH, Kelley KF. Source: East Afr Med J. 1990 July; 67(7): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2226226&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence, incidence, and persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and among HIV-negative women at high risk for HIV infection. Author(s): Cu-Uvin S, Ko H, Jamieson DJ, Hogan JW, Schuman P, Anderson J, Klein RS; HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 May 15; 34(10): 1406-11. Epub 2002 April 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981738&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of vaginal trichomoniasis by compliant use of the female condom. Author(s): Soper DE, Shoupe D, Shangold GA, Shangold MM, Gutmann J, Mercer L. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1993 May-June; 20(3): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511706&dopt=Abstract
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Proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis: antibody response in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Bozner P, Gombosova A, Valent M, Demes P, Alderete JF. Source: Parasitology. 1992 December; 105 ( Pt 3): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1461679&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary trichomoniasis and Trichomonas tenax. Author(s): Hersh SM. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1985 August; 20(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3894667&dopt=Abstract
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Quinolones lack efficacy for treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): King CT, Finley RW, Lushbaugh WB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 September; 164(3): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1651363&dopt=Abstract
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Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Author(s): Shuter J, Bell D, Graham D, Holbrook KA, Bellin EY. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 July; 25(6): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662764&dopt=Abstract
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Recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Pattman RS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 April; 75(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448372&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced lymphocyte responses to mitogens in natural and experimental trichomoniasis. Author(s): Mason PR, Gwanzura L. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1990 November; 58(11): 3553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2228226&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of resistant vaginal trichomoniasis associated with the use of intravaginal nonoxynol-9. Author(s): Livengood CH 3rd, Lossick JG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 78(5 Pt 2): 954-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1656351&dopt=Abstract
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Risk assessment and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Krieger JN, Verdon M, Siegel N, Critchlow C, Holmes KK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 December; 166(6): 1362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1431254&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at a public clinic in Los Angeles County, California: implications for HIV prevention. Author(s): Sorvillo F, Kovacs A, Kerndt P, Stek A, Muderspach L, Sanchez-Keeland L. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998 April; 58(4): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574798&dopt=Abstract
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Salivary trichomoniasis. A case report of infestation of a submaxillary gland by Trichomonas tenax. Author(s): Duboucher C, Mogenet M, Perie G. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1995 March; 119(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7887784&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and candidosis in women presenting for termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Singha HS, Balsdon MJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1979 June; 33(6): 163-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=526420&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, moniliasis and syphilis in pregnancy. Author(s): Cassie R, Stevenson A. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 January; 80(1): 48-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4633175&dopt=Abstract
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Self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Lowry DL, Heine RP, Krohn MA, Bittner H, Kellinger K, Shultz M, Sweet RL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403188&dopt=Abstract
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Serological survey of trichomoniasis in Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Author(s): Mason PR, Forman L. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1980 January; 26(1): 6-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6988080&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually acquired metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in a lesbian couple. Author(s): Kellock D, O'Mahony CP. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1996 February; 72(1): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655171&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents: focus on gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis--issues and treatment guidelines. Author(s): Patel K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1998 July-August; 12(4): 211-5; Quiz 216-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832736&dopt=Abstract
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Short treatment for human urogenital trichomoniasis with tinidazole: a preliminary report. Author(s): Bedoya JM. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407703&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term high-dose metronidazole for vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Davidson F. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 April; 80(4): 368-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4704685&dopt=Abstract
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Single dose therapy of trichomoniasis with tinidazole. Author(s): Sarwar N, Said M, Jafarey SN. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1976 February; 26(2): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=817044&dopt=Abstract
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Single dose therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis with 2 grams tinidazole. Author(s): Dellenbach P, Muller P. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407699&dopt=Abstract
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Single dose treatment of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Gabriel G, Robertson E, Thin RN. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7067925&dopt=Abstract
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Single oral dose of ornidazole in women with vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Fugere P, Verschelden G, Caron M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 October; 62(4): 502-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6350957&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose metronidazole treatment for vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Lossick JG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 October; 56(4): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7422197&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose oral treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with tinidazole and metronidazole. Author(s): Manorama HT, Shenoy DR. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=627305&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose therapy of trichomoniasis with tinidazole. Introduction. Author(s): Swarz H, Lahon HF. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407696&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose therapy with tinidazole in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Milek E, Nedelkova E. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407704&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with tinidazole ('Fasigyn'). Author(s): Thavabalan PB, Oriel JD. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407849&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with tinidazole. Author(s): Rees PH, McGlashan HE, Mwega V. Source: East Afr Med J. 1974 November; 51(11 Spec No): 782-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4617665&dopt=Abstract
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Single-dose treatment with tinidazole: progress in the therapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Schmor J. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407698&dopt=Abstract
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Some experiences with the treatment of gynaecological candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Author(s): Adamcova V, Otcenasek M. Source: Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove. 1972; 15(2): 135-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4545913&dopt=Abstract
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Specific IgA response, T-cell subtype and cytokine profile in experimental intravaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Paintlia MK, Kaur S, Gupta I, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC, Malla N. Source: Parasitology Research. 2002 April; 88(4): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999021&dopt=Abstract
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Split dose metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): O-Prasertsawat P, Pongthai S, Phiromsawat S, Sugkraroek P, Srisupundit S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1988 July; 71 Suppl 2: 58-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3183556&dopt=Abstract
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Split-dose metronidazole or single-dose tinidazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): O-Prasertsawat P, Jetsawangsri T. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1992 September-October; 19(5): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411848&dopt=Abstract
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Study of female babies of women entering confinement with vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Bramley M. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 February; 52(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1083275&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of four patients with recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis with a combination of zinc sulfate douche and metronidazole therapy. Author(s): Houang ET, Ahmet Z, Lawrence AG. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 February; 24(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111758&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis in a rural community in Edo State, Nigeria. Author(s): Nimorsi OP, Egwunyenga AO, Bajomo DO. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 June; 33(2): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170944&dopt=Abstract
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Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Patel SR, Wiese W, Patel SC, Ohl C, Byrd JC, Estrada CA. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(5-6): 248-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11220487&dopt=Abstract
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The “other” venereal diseases: herpes simplex, trichomoniasis and candidiasis. Author(s): McNab WL. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1979 February; 49(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=253167&dopt=Abstract
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The chitinase system from Trichomonas vaginalis as a potential target for antimicrobial therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Loiseau PM, Bories C, Sanon A. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 December; 56(10): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504272&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): McLellan R, Spence MR, Brockman M, Raffel L, Smith JL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 July; 60(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6896368&dopt=Abstract
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The diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Lossick JG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 February 26; 259(8): 1230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3257533&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of metronidazole therapy on cervical histology in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Gray B, Harper WF, Still RM. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 February; 74(1): 98-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6018103&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of trichomoniasis and the role of this infection in the development of carcinoma of the cervix. Author(s): Bertini B, Hornstein M. Source: Acta Cytol. 1970 May; 14(5): 325-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5284267&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of trichomoniasis in women in four African cities. Author(s): Buve A, Weiss HA, Laga M, Van Dyck E, Musonda R, Zekeng L, Kahindo M, Anagonou S, Morison L, Robinson NJ, Hayes RJ; Study Group on Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 August; 15 Suppl 4: S89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686470&dopt=Abstract
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The incidence of trichomoniasis and dysuria in pregnant women in Eastern Uganda. Author(s): Lightman SL, Powell-Jackson PR. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1971 March; 23(1): 113-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5573578&dopt=Abstract
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The minimum single oral metronidazole dose for treating trichomoniasis: a randomized, blinded study. Author(s): Spence MR, Harwell TS, Davies MC, Smith JL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 May; 89(5 Pt 1): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166304&dopt=Abstract
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The Papanicolaou smear as a diagnostic tool in male trichomoniasis. Author(s): Summers JL, Ford ML. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1972 May; 107(5): 840-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4537135&dopt=Abstract
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The plastic envelope method, a simplified technique for culture diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Beal C, Goldsmith R, Kotby M, Sherif M, el-Tagi A, Farid A, Zakaria S, Eapen J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 September; 30(9): 2265-8. Erratum In: J Clin Microbiol 1993 January; 31(1): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1400989&dopt=Abstract
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The present status of urogenital trichomoniasis. A general review of the literature. Author(s): Gallai Z, Sylvestre L. Source: Appl Ther. 1966 September; 8(9): 773-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5331331&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of vaginal trichomoniasis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women colonized with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Paisarntantiwong R, Brockmann S, Clarke L, Landesman S, Feldman J, Minkoff H. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1995 November-December; 22(6): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8578405&dopt=Abstract
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The tampon test for trichomoniasis: a comparison between conventional methods and a polymerase chain reaction for Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Author(s): Paterson BA, Tabrizi SN, Garland SM, Fairley CK, Bowden FJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 April; 74(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9634327&dopt=Abstract
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The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of SolcoTrichovac in women with trichomoniasis. Investigations in Cairo. Author(s): Elokda HH, Andrial M. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 85-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629139&dopt=Abstract
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Therapy of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Baker RM, Kennan AL. Source: Wis Med J. 1967 August; 66(8): 370-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6074633&dopt=Abstract
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Tinidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Report of a multicentre study. Author(s): Apte VV, Packard RS. Source: Drugs. 1978; 15 Suppl 1: 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=657995&dopt=Abstract
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Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 October 15; 33(8): 1341-6. Epub 2001 September 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565074&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment failure in trichomoniasis and persistence of the parasite after Lactobacillus immunotherapy; two case reports. Author(s): van der Weiden RM, van der Meijden WI, Bogchelman DH, Polderman AM. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1990 January-February; 34(1-2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2105899&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of candidiasis and trichomoniasis of the female genital tract. Author(s): Lohmeyer H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 July; 50 Suppl 1: 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4619465&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and vaginal trichomoniasis with panidazole and its comparison with metronidazole. Author(s): Botero D, Perez A. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977; 71(6): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=343312&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis among adult women using oral nitroimidazoles. Author(s): Chunge CN, Kangethe S, Pamba HO, Owate J. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 July; 69(7): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1396198&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis in females with and without gonorrhoea. Author(s): Eriksson G, Wanger L. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 August; 52(4): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=963493&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis in the female with a 5-day course of metronidazole (Flagyl). Author(s): McClean AN. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1971 February; 47(1): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5550860&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis in the female with a single dose of tinidazole. Author(s): Rosemann GW, Vaughan J. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1973 July 21; 47(28): 1222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4721041&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. A comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole. Author(s): Roy RB, Laird SM, Heasman L. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1975 August; 51(4): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1098732&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis with a single dose of nimorazole (nitrimidazine). Author(s): Jones JP. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 528-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4651182&dopt=Abstract
46 Trichomoniasis
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Treatment of trichomoniasis with a single oral dose of tinidazole ('Fasigyn'). Author(s): Schellen TM, Meinhardt G. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407702&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis with complications. Author(s): Szule E. Source: Ther Hung. 1966; 14(1): 30-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5946508&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of trichomoniasis with metronidazole rectal suppositories. Author(s): Panja SK. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 August; 58(4): 257-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7104657&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis with klion. Author(s): Breier M. Source: Ther Hung. 1972; 20(3): 109-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4568867&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Karnaky KJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 February 15; 115(4): 587-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685516&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of vaginal infections: candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. Author(s): Ries AJ. Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996). 1997 September-October; Ns37(5): 563-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9479409&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with a new anti-protozoal compound ( chloromethyl-2-methyl-5-nitro-1-imidazole-ethanol). Author(s): Lean TH, Vengadasalam D. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1973 February; 49(1): 69-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4348437&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with a single dose of tinidazole. Author(s): Quartararo P, Fiorino S. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1974; 2(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407701&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Single, 2-gram dose of metronidazole as compared with a seven-day course. Author(s): Aubert JM, Sesta HJ. Source: J Reprod Med. 1982 December; 27(12): 743-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7161754&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomonal urethritis in Nigerian males. Author(s): Sogbetun AO, Osoba AO. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1974 September; 26(3): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4548252&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis. Author(s): Jirovec O, Petru M. Source: Adv Parasitol. 1968; 6: 117-88. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4892506&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Wendel KA, Erbelding EJ, Gaydos CA, Rompalo AM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 September 1; 35(5): 576-80. Epub 2002 August 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173132&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis. II. Laboratory investigations in trichomoniasis. Author(s): Nielsen R. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1973 December; 49(6): 531-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4543452&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis amongst students of a higher institution in Nigeria. Author(s): Anosike JC, Onwuliri CO, Inyang RE, Akoh JI, Nwoke BE, Adeiyongo CM, Okoye SN, Akogun OB. Source: Appl Parasitol. 1993 February; 34(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508217&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis and cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Krvavac S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 February; 66(772): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2349194&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis and gonorrhea. Author(s): Hawkins DF. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 April 12; 2(649): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5775436&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis and gonorrhoea. Author(s): Tsao W. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 March 8; 1(644): 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5766142&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis and the dermatologist. Author(s): Csonka GW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 June; 90(6): 713-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4546970&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis complicating esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis: diagnosis by transmission electron microscopy. Author(s): Guccion JG, Ortega LG. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 1996 March-April; 20(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882356&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in a closed community: efficacy of metronidazole. Author(s): Keighley EE. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 January 23; 1(742): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5099972&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in a postmenopausal woman cured after discontinuation of estrogen replacement therapy. Author(s): Sharma R, Pickering J, McCormack WM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 October; 24(9): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9339974&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in men: old issues and new data. Author(s): Krieger JN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1995 March-April; 22(2): 83-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7624817&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in non-gonococcic urethritis among male patients. Author(s): Ozbilgin A, Ozbel Y, Alkan MZ, Guruz Y, Atambay M, Tasci S, Ozcel MA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1994 December; 24(3): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7844427&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Author(s): Saurina GR, McCormack WM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 July; 24(6): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9243744&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight. Author(s): Sutton MY, Sternberg M, Nsuami M, Behets F, Nelson AM, St Louis ME. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 181(3): 656-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486480&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis of the breast diseased by fibrocystic mastopathy: pathogenic rather than saprophytic relationship (Trichomonas in fibrocystic mastopathy process). Author(s): Krvavac S. Source: Med Arh. 1998; 52(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863319&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis treated with a single dose of benzoylmetronidazole. Author(s): Roos RF. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 November 18; 54(21): 869-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=746400&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis treatment in women: a systematic review. Author(s): Gulmezoglu AM, Garner P. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 July; 3(7): 553-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9705189&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and Corynebacterium vaginale vaginitis. Author(s): Felman YM, Nikitas JA. Source: N Y State J Med. 1979 September; 79(10): 1563-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=293511&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and the minor venereal diseases. Author(s): Rein MF, Chapel TA. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 March; 18(1): 73-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1091389&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis, sterility and abortion. Author(s): Carvalho G, Baska BA. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1969 August; 96(8): 444-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805129&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis. Author(s): Brown MT. Source: Practitioner. 1972 November; 209(253): 639-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4635620&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis. Author(s): Watt L. Source: Practitioner. 1965 November; 195(169): 613-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5849932&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis. New ideas on an old disease. Author(s): Mason PR. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 November 22; 58(21): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6969449&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis: always with us--but controllable. Author(s): Hildebrandt RJ. Source: Med Times. 1978 December; 106(12): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=739868&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges. Author(s): Borchardt KA. Source: Am Clin Lab. 1994 September; 13(9): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10163483&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis: mechanism of infection, recurrences and reinfections in man. Author(s): Bedoya JM. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 10-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6688792&dopt=Abstract
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Trichomoniasis: perspectives in declining prevalence in a GUM clinic. Author(s): Harry TC, Rashid S, Saravanamuttu KM, Shrestha TL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1994 November-December; 21(6): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871451&dopt=Abstract
Studies 51
•
Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management. Author(s): Lossick JG, Kent HL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 October; 165(4 Pt 2): 121722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1951578&dopt=Abstract
•
Trichomoniasis--eight reasons why you should take it seriously. Author(s): Hume JC. Source: Med Times. 1978 August; 106(8): 59-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=682893&dopt=Abstract
•
Trichomoniasis--incidence in pill users and associated Pap smear abnormalities. Author(s): Pillay B, Yap SK. Source: Malays J Pathol. 1979 August; 2: 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=263423&dopt=Abstract
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Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. Comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole. Author(s): Hayward MJ, Roy RB. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 February; 52(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=769913&dopt=Abstract
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Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female--a comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole. Author(s): Saeed A, Roy RB, Huq MA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1980 February; 34(2): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7387822&dopt=Abstract
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Two-day treatment with metronidazole in vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Woodcock KR. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 October; 48(5): 383-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4645198&dopt=Abstract
•
Update of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Schwebke JR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 378-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407245&dopt=Abstract
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Urethral trichomoniasis in men. Author(s): Latif AS, Mason PR, Marowa E. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1987 January-March; 14(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3494323&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary trichomoniasis in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): el-Refaie SA, Abu-Shady OM, Ahmed TH. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1981 December; 11(2): 381-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7299174&dopt=Abstract
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Urologic aspects of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Krieger JN. Source: Invest Urol. 1981 May; 18(8): 411-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7014514&dopt=Abstract
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Use of an animal model of trichomoniasis as a basis for understanding this disease in women. Author(s): Corbeil LB. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 October; 21 Suppl 2: S158-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845444&dopt=Abstract
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Use of computers in studying the incidence of trichomoniasis in population. Author(s): Valent M, catar G, Popper M, Marko S. Source: Wiad Parazytol. 1977; 23(5): 549-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=343397&dopt=Abstract
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Vaccination with SolcoTrichovac. Immunological aspects of a new approach for therapy and prophylaxis of trichomoniasis in women. Author(s): Pavic R, Stojkovic L. Source: Gynakol Rundsch. 1983; 23 Suppl 2: 27-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629132&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal and oral nitrimidazine in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Author(s): Ross SM. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1973 June; 49(3): 310-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4581793&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal antibody of patients with trichomoniasis is to a prominent surface immunogen of Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Alderete JF, Newton E, Dennis C, Engbring J, Neale KA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1991 June; 67(3): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071124&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal leukocyte characteristics in urogenital trichomoniasis. Author(s): Buchvald D, Demes P, Gombosova A, Mraz P, Valent M, Stefanovic J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1992 May; 100(5): 393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1586477&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal secretory immunoglobulins and cell-mediated immune response in human trichomoniasis. Author(s): el-Ganayni GA, Romia SA, el-Shazly AM, Abdel-Magied SA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 June; 18(1): 231-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3373050&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal trichomoniasis and precancerous states of the cervix: a preliminary report. Author(s): De Carneri I, Di R. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1970 November; 77(11): 1016-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5483411&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal trichomoniasis at a sexually transmitted disease clinic at Khartoum. Author(s): Omer EF, Catterall RD, Ali MH, el-Naeem HA, Erwa HH. Source: Trop Doct. 1985 October; 15(4): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4049503&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal trichomoniasis in Sharkyia Governorate. Author(s): el-Saeid AM, Soliman ME, Atia MM, Aboul-Magd LA, Youssef SE. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1986 June; 16(1): 231-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3487598&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal trichomoniasis: treatment of male sexual partners. Author(s): Ranelli PL. Source: Clin Pharm. 1989 June; 8(6): 392. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743735&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal trichomoniasis--three-day treatment with metronidazole. An optimal schedule. Author(s): Nouira H. Source: Practitioner. 1978 May; 220(1319): 790-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=662810&dopt=Abstract
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Validity of self-obtained vaginal specimens for diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Schwebke JR, Morgan SC, Pinson GB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 June; 35(6): 1618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163499&dopt=Abstract
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Value of Papanicolaou-stained smears in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and cervical herpes simplex virus infection in women. Author(s): Thin RN, Atia W, Parker JD, Nicol CS, Canti G. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1975 April; 51(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=165860&dopt=Abstract
•
VD, the equal opportunity disease. Part I. This is VD too? Moniliasis, trichomoniasis vaginalis, herpes simplex, condylomata accuminata. Author(s): Quirk B. Source: Jogn Nurs. 1975 January-February; 4(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1037919&dopt=Abstract
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Venereal trichomoniasis: role of men. Author(s): Langley JG, Goldsmid JM, Davies N. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1987 August; 63(4): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498677&dopt=Abstract
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Wet-mount examination for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Author(s): Dykers JR Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 June 24; 259(24): 3560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3373700&dopt=Abstract
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What is the best way to treat trichomoniasis in women? Author(s): Epling J. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 October 1; 64(7): 1241-2, 1244. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601807&dopt=Abstract
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Zinc and recalcitrant trichomoniasis. Author(s): Willmott F, Say J, Downey D, Hookham A. Source: Lancet. 1983 May 7; 1(8332): 1053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6133098&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TRICHOMONIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and trichomoniasis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Trichomoniasis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
56 Trichomoniasis
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “trichomoniasis” (or a synonym): •
Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA. Source: duBouchet, L Spence, M R Rein, M F Danzig, M R McCormack, W M SexTransm-Dis. 1997 March; 24(3): 156-60 0148-5717
•
Successful treatment of four patients with recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis with a combination of zinc sulfate douche and metronidazole therapy. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Source: Houang, E T Ahmet, Z Lawrence, A G Sex-Transm-Dis. 1997 February; 24(2): 116-9 0148-5717
•
Trichomoniasis in a Bonelli's eagle population in Spain. Author(s): Departament de Biologia Animal (Vertebrats), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Real, J Manosa, S Munoz, E J-Wildl-Dis. 2000 January; 36(1): 64-70 0090-3558
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Trichomoniasis in Cooper's hawks from Arizona. Author(s): School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
[email protected] Source: Boal, C W Mannan, R W Hudelson, K S J-Wildl-Dis. 1998 July; 34(3): 590-3 00903558
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Venereal trichomoniasis: role of men. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of Tasmania Clinical School, Hobart. Source: Langley, J G Goldsmid, J M Davies, N Genitourin-Med. 1987 August; 63(4): 2647 0266-4348
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
Nutrition 57
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE TRICHOMONIASIS
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to trichomoniasis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to trichomoniasis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to trichomoniasis: •
Analysis of human immunoglobulin-degrading cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Provenzano D, Alderete JF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 September; 63(9): 3388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7642267&dopt=Abstract
•
Antitrichomonal action of emodin in mice. Author(s): Wang HH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1993 October; 40(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133650&dopt=Abstract
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Condylomata acuminata in women: the effect of concomitant genital infection on response to treatment. Author(s): Cooper C, Singha HS. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408418&dopt=Abstract
•
Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Author(s): Joesoef MR, Sumampouw H, Linnan M, Schmid S, Idajadi A, St Louis ME. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 January; 174(1 Pt 1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571993&dopt=Abstract
•
Gynecological health screening by means of questionnaire and cytology. Author(s): Kauraniemi T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1969; : Suppl 4: 1-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5393669&dopt=Abstract
•
Herbal medicines for sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Author(s): Vermani K, Garg S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 April; 80(1): 49-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891087&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Narcisi EM, Secor WE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 May; 40(5): 1121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8723451&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors. Author(s): Petmitr PC, Ramdja M, Kajorndechakiat S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 March; 31(1): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023077&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among massage parlour employees in Bangkok, Thailand. Author(s): Bonhomme MG, Rojanapithayakorn W, Feldblum PJ, Rosenberg MJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 May-June; 5(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8061095&dopt=Abstract
•
Intracluster correlation of STD prevalence in a community intervention trial in Kenya. Author(s): Feldblum PJ, Chen-Mok M, Bwayo JJ, Omari M, Kuyoh M, Ryan KA.
Alternative Medicine 61
Source: Lancet. 1999 October 16; 354(9187): 1356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533869&dopt=Abstract •
Office gynecology. Author(s): Weed JC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1972 October; 52(4): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5070951&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of vulval warts at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Author(s): Ozumba BC, Megafu U. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1991 April; 34(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1674482&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia. Author(s): Joesoef MR, Linnan M, Barakbah Y, Idajadi A, Kambodji A, Schulz K. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 September; 8(9): 576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292347&dopt=Abstract
•
Study of trichomoniasis among Egyptian male patients. Author(s): el Seoud SF, Abbas MM, Habib FS. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1998 April; 28(1): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617063&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to trichomoniasis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
•
Chinese Medicine Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Metronidazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Metronidazole (Vaginal) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TRICHOMONIASIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to trichomoniasis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on trichomoniasis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on trichomoniasis: •
Sexually Transmissible Diseases Source: Guidelines for Women's Health Care; 1996. Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. Summary: This book chapter reviews the assessment, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The chapter provides an overview and history of the more common STDs followed by guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, hepatitis B, and HIV.
•
Medical Advisor Home Edition: The Complete Guide to Alternative and Conventional Treatments Source: Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1997. 960 p. Contact: Available from Time-Life Books. 400 Keystone Industrial Park, Dunsmore, PA 18512. PRICE: $20.00. ISBN: 0783552505.
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Summary: This book offers information about 300 health problems, ranging from relatively benign conditions to the most serious diseases. There are symptoms charts which name several related problems and help readers decide which ailment entry to look up. Ailment entries provide a more complete list of symptoms, plus guidelines to discern whether the condition is potentially serious or requires a doctor's attention. Each entry describes the ailment and how it affects the body. Next, the entry outlines the underlying causes of the ailment and the tests and procedures a doctor may use to confirm the diagnosis. The treatment segment presents conventional and alternative recommendations for curing the problem or alleviating the symptoms. Most ailment entries conclude with advice on preventive measures that can be used to maintain health. Alternative treatments discussed include bodywork, acupuncture and acupressure, herbal therapies, homeopathy, lifestyle changes, and nutrition and diet. The book begins with a section on emergency medicine. Also included is a visual diagnostic guide, an atlas to the body, a medicine chest section (describing herbs, homeopathic remedies, and over the counter drugs), a glossary, a subject index, a bibliography, and a list of health associations and organizations. Topics related to digestive diseases include abdominal pain, AIDS, allergies, anal bleeding, anal fissure, anorexia nervosa, bad breath, bowel movement abnormalities, bulimia, celiac disease, cholesterol problems, colitis, colorectal cancer, constipation, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, diverticulitis, flu, food poisoning, gallstones, gas and gas pains, gastritis, gastroenteritis, heartburn, hiatal hernia, hiccups, incontinence, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, lupus, obesity, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic problems, stomach cancer, stomach ulcers, swallowing difficulty, trichomoniasis, vomiting, and worms. The book is illustrated with line drawings and full-color photographs.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “trichomoniasis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “trichomoniasis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “trichomoniasis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Trichomoniasis: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597830959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597830959/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books
Books 65
only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •
Bovine trichomoniasis Author: Clark, B. L.; Year: 1985; East Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Published for the Australian Agricultural Council (Standing Committee on Agriculture) by CSIRO Australia, [1985]; ISBN: 0643040994
•
Bovine trichomoniasis. Author: Morgan, Banner Bill,; Year: 1960; Minneapolis, Minn., Burgess [1948] c1944-46
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Report on the study to evaluate the prevention of Trichomoniasis and Chlamydia reinfection by compliant use of WPC-333 (Reality) female condom Author: Shangold, G.; Year: 1991; [1991]
•
Treatment of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, pediculosis and scabies Author: Guerrero, E.; Year: 1993; 1993
•
Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis. Author: Trussell, Ray Elbert,; Year: 1947; Springfield, Ill., C. C. Thomas [c1947]
•
Trichomoniasis: scientific papers of the Symposium on Trichomoniasis, Basle, October 20, 1981 Author: Rüttgers, H.; Year: 1983; Basel; New York: Karger, 1983; ISBN: 3805537514
Chapters on Trichomoniasis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to trichomoniasis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and trichomoniasis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
5
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON TRICHOMONIASIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on trichomoniasis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on trichomoniasis is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “trichomoniasis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on trichomoniasis: •
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: What You Should Know Contact: Pleasantville Media, PO Box 415, Pleasantville, NY, 10570, (914) 769-1734. Summary: This video cassette presents information for teenagers on sexually transmitted diseases (STD) education and prevention. Although AIDS is the primary concern, it looks also at syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, trichomoniasis, and genital warts. It provides information and dispels myths about how AIDS and other STD's are transmitted. It encourages sexual abstinence and models assertive behavior for teenagers who wish to say "no" to sexual activity.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Trichomoniasis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the
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multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in trichomoniasis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on trichomoniasis: •
Trichomoniasis [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Health Education Video, Inc; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Bloomington, MN: Health Education Video, [1989]
Academic Periodicals covering Trichomoniasis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to trichomoniasis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering trichomoniasis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
6
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
7
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “trichomoniasis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Guidelines for Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This report contains guidelines for improving surveillance of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are intended to assist in the world-wide effort to prevent them. It focuses primarily on those curable conditions and pathogens that are the main focus of STI control programs: syphilis, chancroid, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, trichomoniasis, and the syndromes that they cause. It is intended to provide practical guidance for ministries of health to obtain surveillance data on STIs to directly facilitate disease control efforts at national, regional, and local levels. As such, this report emphasizes the timely collection, analysis, dissemination, and use of data that can be routinely collected on the general population and on defined subpopulations within a country. It discusses the five components of STI surveillance that are necessary for effective control programs: case reporting, prevalence assessment and monitoring, assessment of STI syndrome etiologies, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and special studies. It also discusses basic and advanced STI surveillance and the classification of HIV/AIDS epidemics; disseminating, communicating, and utilizing STI surveillance data; and the evaluation of STI surveillance systems.
•
What You Need to Know About Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV Disease, and AIDS Contact: GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, (888) 8255249, http://corp.gsk.com/. Summary: This information packet contains booklets and fact sheets regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as well as hard copies of on-line fact sheets available on the world wide web. The materials explains the risk factors, health consequences, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of STDs. This is followed by an alphabetical listing of common STD, beginning with chlamydia and concluding with trichomoniasis. This listing provides brief explanations on how the disease is transmitted, who is at risk, what the symptoms look like, how to get tested, current
Physician Resources 75
treatment, and the consequences of leaving the disease untreated. This listing is followed by comprehensive fact sheets on chancroid, genital herpes (women), genital herpes (men), gonorrhea, pediculosis (lice/crabs), and an STD risk assessment instrument. •
Testing Positive: Sexually Transmitted Disease and the Public Health Response Contact: Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York Office, 120 Wall St, New York, NY, 10005, (800) 765-7514, http://www.agi-usa.org. Summary: This report examines the dimensions of the problem of STD's in the United States, and discusses the Federal program charged with combating their spread. The report recommends that Congress and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reexamine and redirect national STD program strategies, priorities, and funding to make the programs more effective. It also urges policymakers and leaders to acknowledge sexual behaviors and encourage protective behaviors. A chart describing certain STD's is included. These STD's include chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, human papillomavirus, genital herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV.
The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4149 90 17 146 1 4403
HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology 9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
10
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
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assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice. Simply search by “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on trichomoniasis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to trichomoniasis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to trichomoniasis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “trichomoniasis”:
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•
Other guides Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Chlamydia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Teen Sexual Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teensexualhealth.html Vaginal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginalcancer.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to trichomoniasis, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/sexuallytransmitteddiseasesloade r.html STDs: Common Symptoms & Tips on Prevention Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/healthfacts/165/
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Common Symptoms of STIs/RTIs Source: EngenderHealth http://www.engenderhealth.org/wh/inf/dsymp.html Genital Problems in Men: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/539.html Genital Problems in Women: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/537.html
•
Coping When to Tell a Partner Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrcwhentell.html
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Why Tell a Partner? Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/hrc/hrcwhytell.html •
Specific Conditions/Aspects Genital Warts Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00087 Hispanics and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/news/hisp.html Information to Live By: Hepatitis Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/hepatitis.html Information to Live By: Chancroid Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/chancroid.html Information to Live By: Molluscum Contagiosum Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/molcon.html Information to Live By: Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/ngu.html Information to Live By: Vaginitis Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/vaginitis.html Pubic Lice or “Crabs”: Pthirus pubis (THEER-us pu-bis) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/lice/factsht_pubic_lice.htm STDs and Pregnancy Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/facts_stds_and_pregnancy.htm Trichomoniasis Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/FactsTrichomoniasis.htm
•
From the National Institutes of Health Introduction to Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdinfo.htm Other Important STDS Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdother.htm
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Organizations American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/ iwannaknow.org Source: American Social Health Association http://www.iwannaknow.org/ National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
•
Prevention/Screening Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Especially AIDS Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/condom.html New CDC Treatment Guidelines Critical to Preventing Health Consequences of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs020509.htm Preventing STIs: Safer Sex Source: EngenderHealth http://www.engenderhealth.org/wh/inf/dprev.html Right Way to Use a Condom Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/condom_a.html Screening and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZO6I53AKC& sub_cat=292
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Research Parental Supervision Linked to STI Rates in African-American Females Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZKT6VA2CD &sub_cat=2 STD Increases Among Gay and Bisexual Men Source: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Press_Releases/STDGay2000.htm
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•
Statistics FASTATS: Sexually Transmitted Disease Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/stds.htm Tracking the Hidden Epidemics: Trends in STDs in the United States 2000 http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Trends2000.pdf
•
Teenagers Getting a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) - FAQs Source: American Social Health Association http://www.iwannaknow.org/faqs/getting.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases - The Basics: Symptoms Source: American Social Health Association http://www.iwannaknow.org/basics2/symptoms.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases - The Basics: Testing Source: American Social Health Association http://www.iwannaknow.org/basics2/testing.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases - The Basics: Treatment Source: American Social Health Association http://www.iwannaknow.org/basics2/treat.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std.html Talking to Your Child about STDs Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/talk/talk_child_stds.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on trichomoniasis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:
82 Trichomoniasis
•
Trich : Trichomoniasis Contact: Washington State Department of Health Office of STD Services, PO Box 47842, Olympia, WA, 98504-7842, http://www.doh.wa.gov/cfh/STD/default.htm. Summary: This fact sheet, written for the general public, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), trichomoniasis (trich). Trich is caused by tiny parasites called protozoa that live in the wet areas of the genitals of infected people - the urethra in men and the vagina in women. Trich is passed from person to person during sex. The symptoms of trich usually come four to twenty days after initial infection. In women, the symptoms include a heavy yellow-green discharge, unpleasant odor, itching or feeling of irritation in the vagina, painful urination or pain during intercourse, and abdominal pain. Trich is often asymptomatic in men, but some men may experience a thin, white discharge from the penis or painful urination. Trich can be diagnosed by taking a swab of fluid from the vagina or penis for laboratory analysis. This STD is often treated using a drug called metronidazole or Flagyl. During this treatment individuals should not drink any alcohol and should avoid having sex until they and their partners are cured. There is no lasting damage associated with trich, but infected women are more likely to have babies that are premature, and in men it can irritate the prostate gland. Individuals can help to prevent trich by using latex condoms every time they have sex. The fact sheet provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about STDs. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to trichomoniasis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources 83
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to trichomoniasis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with trichomoniasis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about trichomoniasis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “trichomoniasis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “trichomoniasis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “trichomoniasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
84 Trichomoniasis
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “trichomoniasis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
85
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 87
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
88 Trichomoniasis
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 89
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
90 Trichomoniasis
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on trichomoniasis: •
Basic Guidelines for Trichomoniasis Cervical inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001495.htm Trichomoniasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001331.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Trichomoniasis Discomfort with intercourse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Dyspareunia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Dysuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm
92 Trichomoniasis
Erosion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Vaginal discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003158.htm Vaginal itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003159.htm Vulvar itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003159.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Trichomoniasis Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm Wet prep Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003916.htm
•
Background Topics for Trichomoniasis Asymptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002217.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm Safer sex behaviors Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm Vulva Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002343.htm
Online Glossaries 93
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
95
TRICHOMONIASIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Aminacrine: Highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as intracellular pH indicator. [NIH]
96 Trichomoniasis
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue
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cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its
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composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH]
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Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]
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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such
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as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of
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cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by
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the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation
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phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone
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deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gardnerella: A genus of bacteria found in the human genital and urinary tract. It is considered to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]
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Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and
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purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH]
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Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Host-Parasite Relations: The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH]
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Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while
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sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH]
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Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into
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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Midwifery: The practice of assisting women in childbirth. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]
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Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Ngu: An inflammation of the urethra caused by an organism other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [NIH] Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]
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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paromomycin: An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of
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tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand
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as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]
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Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]
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Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU]
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Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomach Ulcer: An open sore in the lining of the stomach. Also called gastric ulcer. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the
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submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme
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"donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomonas Infections: Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas. [NIH] Trichomonas vaginalis: A species of trichomonas that produces a refractory vaginal discharge in females, as well as bladder and urethral infections in males. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
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Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection
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and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
125
INDEX A Abdominal, 22, 64, 82, 95, 102, 106, 110, 114, 115 Abdominal Pain, 64, 82, 95, 106, 110, 115 Abscess, 95, 107 Acceptor, 95, 121 Affinity, 5, 9, 95, 119 Affinity Chromatography, 5, 95 Agar, 95, 101 Algorithms, 16, 95 Alternative medicine, 95 Amebiasis, 35, 95, 112 Amenorrhea, 95, 96 Aminacrine, 34, 56, 95 Amino Acid Sequence, 96, 106 Amino Acids, 5, 96, 106, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122 Amnion, 29, 96 Amniotic Fluid, 96 Amplification, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 96 Anaerobic, 32, 96, 123 Anal, 64, 96 Anal Fissure, 64, 96 Animal model, 52, 96 Anionic, 96, 119 Annealing, 96, 116 Anorexia, 64, 96, 106, 122 Anorexia Nervosa, 64, 96 Antibiotic, 6, 96, 114, 120 Antibodies, 22, 26, 30, 96, 104, 107, 111, 113, 115 Antibody, 26, 37, 52, 95, 96, 100, 107, 109, 113, 120 Anticoagulant, 96, 117 Antigen, 95, 96, 97, 100, 102, 104, 109 Antigen-presenting cell, 97, 102 Anti-infective, 95, 97 Antimicrobial, 25, 42, 60, 74, 97, 102 Antimycotic, 97, 100 Antiseptic, 95, 97 Anus, 96, 97, 98, 118 Apoptosis, 9, 97 Applicability, 6, 97 Aqueous, 97, 102, 119 Arterial, 97, 117 Arteries, 97, 98, 101, 112 Aseptic, 97, 120 Assay, 9, 15, 20, 27, 97, 109
Asymptomatic, 82, 92, 95, 97, 107, 114 Autodigestion, 97, 114 B Bacteria, 96, 97, 103, 105, 107, 110, 112, 117, 120, 122, 123 Bactericidal, 97, 105 Bacteriophage, 97, 123 Base, 97, 106, 110, 122 Benign, 64, 97, 123 Bile, 97, 98, 105, 111 Bile Ducts, 98, 105 Biliary, 98, 114 Biliary Tract, 98, 114 Bilirubin, 98, 105 Biochemical, 7, 8, 98, 115 Biomarkers, 9, 98 Biosynthesis, 6, 98, 100 Bladder, 98, 109, 117, 122 Blennorrhoea, 98, 107 Bloating, 98, 109, 110 Blood pressure, 98, 119 Body Fluids, 98, 119, 122 Bowel, 64, 96, 98, 110, 111, 120 Bowel Movement, 64, 98, 120 Branch, 89, 98, 104, 114, 117, 120, 121 Breakdown, 98, 102, 105 Buccal, 98, 111 Bulimia, 64, 98 C Candidiasis, 4, 18, 20, 22, 28, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49, 54, 65, 78, 98 Candidosis, 26, 38, 98 Carcinogen, 98, 112 Carcinogenic, 99, 110, 113, 117 Carcinoma, 17, 42, 99 Carrier State, 95, 99 Case report, 34, 38, 44, 74, 99 Celiac Disease, 64, 99 Cell Death, 97, 99, 113 Cell membrane, 99, 100, 115 Cellulitis, 22, 99 Cervical, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 26, 27, 35, 42, 54, 91, 99 Cervix, 42, 53, 92, 99, 103, 118 Chancroid, 74, 75, 79, 99 Chemotherapy, 7, 23, 25, 33, 60, 99 Chlamydia, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 38, 39, 43, 63, 65, 67, 74, 75, 78, 99
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Cholesterol, 64, 98, 99, 105 Chromatin, 97, 99, 120 Chromosomal, 8, 96, 99 Chromosome, 99, 111 Chronic, 95, 99, 109, 114, 120, 122 Clinical study, 99, 101 Clinical trial, 5, 73, 99, 100, 101, 117, 118 Clotrimazole, 34, 56, 100 Cofactor, 100, 117, 121 Colitis, 64, 100, 110 Colloidal, 100, 103 Colorectal, 64, 100 Colorectal Cancer, 64, 100 Combination Therapy, 100, 105 Complement, 100 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 62, 100 Complementary medicine, 59, 100 Computational Biology, 73, 101 Conception, 101, 116, 120 Concomitant, 60, 101 Condoms, 13, 15, 80, 82, 92, 101 Cone, 101, 121 Confounding, 14, 18, 101 Connective Tissue, 99, 101, 105, 106, 111 Constipation, 64, 101, 110, 115 Consumption, 101, 106 Contraception, 13, 20, 101 Contraceptive, 13, 101 Contraindications, ii, 101 Control group, 10, 11, 12, 101 Controlled clinical trial, 20, 101 Coronary, 101, 112 Coronary Thrombosis, 101, 112 Corpus, 101, 115 Culture Media, 24, 95, 101 Cutaneous, 98, 101, 107, 111, 118 Cysteine, 15, 59, 101, 102, 121 Cystine, 101 Cytokine, 15, 41, 102 Cytoplasm, 97, 99, 102 Cytotoxic, 18, 102, 119 Cytotoxicity, 9, 102 D Databases, Bibliographic, 73, 102 Degenerative, 102, 107 Deletion, 5, 97, 102 Denaturation, 102, 116 Dendrites, 102 Dendritic, 14, 102 Dendritic cell, 14, 102 Dermatologist, 48, 102
Detergents, 102, 113 Diagnostic procedure, 102 Diaphragm, 102, 108 Diarrhea, 64, 95, 102, 110 Diarrhoea, 102, 106 Digestion, 7, 18, 98, 102, 103, 109, 110, 111, 120 Dilatation, 102, 116 Direct, iii, 24, 25, 26, 102, 106, 118 Disinfectant, 102, 105 Dissociation, 95, 102 Diverticula, 103 Diverticulitis, 64, 103 Diverticulum, 103 Douche, 41, 56, 103 Douching, 18, 60, 103 Drug Resistance, 4, 8, 103 Drug Tolerance, 103 Duodenum, 97, 103, 120 Dysentery, 95, 103 Dyspareunia, 91, 103, 105 Dyspepsia, 103, 109 Dysuria, 43, 91, 103 E Ecosystem, 14, 103 Efficacy, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 37, 44, 48, 103, 122 Electrolyte, 103, 119, 122 Electrophoresis, 5, 7, 8, 103 Embryo, 96, 103, 116, 120 Embryo Transfer, 103, 116 Emergency Medicine, 64, 104 Emergency Treatment, 104 Emodin, 59, 104 Endocarditis, 98, 104, 107 Endocrinology, 104, 107 Endonucleases, 8, 104 Environmental Health, 33, 72, 74, 104 Enzymatic, 7, 9, 18, 100, 104, 116 Enzyme, 20, 27, 100, 104, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124 Epidemic, 18, 104 Epidemiological, 8, 10, 28, 104 Epidermal, 104, 123 Epithelial, 8, 17, 104, 107 Epithelial Cells, 8, 17, 104, 107 Epithelium, 27, 104, 114 Epitopes, 7, 18, 104 Erectile, 104, 115 Esophageal, 48, 104 Esophagus, 104, 107, 120 Estrogen, 48, 104
Index 127
Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 48, 104 Ethanol, 46, 105 Ethnic Groups, 21, 105 Eukaryotic Cells, 105, 109 Evacuation, 101, 105, 111 Exogenous, 14, 105 Extracellular, 101, 105, 119 F Family Planning, 18, 73, 105 Fat, 105, 119, 121 Feces, 101, 105, 120 Fertilization in Vitro, 105, 116 Fibrosis, 47, 105 Flagellum, 7, 105, 122 Flatus, 105 Fungi, 97, 105, 112, 124 Fungus, 98, 105, 113 G Gallbladder, 95, 98, 105 Gallstones, 64, 105 Gardnerella, 21, 25, 105, 123 Gas, 64, 105, 108, 109, 110, 113 Gastric, 97, 106, 107, 120 Gastrin, 106, 108 Gastritis, 64, 106 Gastroenteritis, 64, 106 Gastrointestinal, 105, 106, 110, 122 Gastrointestinal tract, 105, 106, 110, 122 Gelatin, 101, 106, 121 Gene, 5, 8, 16, 65, 106 Genetic Code, 106, 114 Genetic testing, 106, 116 Genital, 4, 8, 14, 19, 20, 29, 44, 60, 67, 75, 78, 79, 105, 106, 107, 123 Genitourinary, 19, 21, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 52, 54, 106, 123 Genotype, 106, 115 Giardiasis, 35, 44, 106, 112 Gland, 38, 106, 111, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121 Glucose, 106, 110 Gluten, 99, 106 Glycogen, 99, 106 Glycoprotein, 6, 106, 121 Gonorrhea, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 38, 39, 48, 63, 67, 74, 75, 106 Gonorrhoea, 22, 29, 36, 38, 45, 48, 106 Governing Board, 107, 116 Graft, 107, 108, 109 Graft Rejection, 107, 109 Gram-negative, 99, 107 Gram-positive, 107, 110
Growth, 14, 22, 29, 97, 99, 101, 107, 108, 115, 123 Gynaecological, 41, 107 Gynecology, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 51, 60, 61, 107 H Haptens, 95, 107 Health Promotion, 10, 11, 12, 107 Health Status, 9, 107 Heartburn, 64, 107, 108, 109 Helminths, 107, 110 Hepatitis, 4, 63, 75, 79, 107 Hepatocytes, 107 Heredity, 106, 107 Herpes, 4, 42, 54, 63, 67, 75, 107 Herpes Zoster, 107 Heterogeneity, 43, 95, 108 Hiatal Hernia, 64, 108 Histology, 42, 108 Homeopathic remedies, 64, 108 Hormonal, 18, 104, 108 Hormone, 18, 104, 106, 108, 119 Host, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 29, 97, 98, 99, 108, 109, 123 Host-Parasite Relations, 29, 108 Human papillomavirus, 4, 63, 75, 108 Hybrid, 5, 108 Hybridization, 8, 108 Hydrogen, 95, 97, 102, 108, 112, 114 Hydrolysis, 104, 108, 116 Hygienic, 103, 108 Hysterectomy, 22, 108 I Id, 57, 61, 79, 82, 88, 90, 108 Imidazole, 35, 46, 100, 108 Immune response, 15, 53, 96, 97, 107, 108, 109, 123 Immune system, 97, 108, 109, 111, 123 Immunity, 37, 59, 108, 109 Immunization, 108, 109 Immunoassay, 27, 109 Immunodeficiency, 4, 7, 9, 17, 31, 36, 38, 49, 109 Immunofluorescence, 26, 30, 109 Immunogen, 52, 109 Immunogenic, 7, 109 Immunoglobulin, 30, 59, 96, 109, 113 Immunologic, 14, 18, 108, 109 Immunology, 5, 8, 22, 95, 109 Immunosuppressive, 109 Immunosuppressive therapy, 109
128 Trichomoniasis
Immunotherapy, 30, 44, 109 In situ, 5, 8, 109 In Situ Hybridization, 8, 109 In vitro, 8, 17, 21, 30, 60, 104, 109, 116 In vivo, 109 Incision, 109, 110 Incontinence, 64, 109 Indicative, 64, 109, 114, 123 Indigestion, 64, 109, 110 Infant Mortality, 8, 16, 109 Infarction, 101, 109, 112 Infertility, 8, 17, 21, 25, 109 Infestation, 38, 110, 115 Ingestion, 110, 115 Inhalation, 110, 115 Initiation, 5, 110 Initiator, 5, 110 Inositol, 6, 17, 110 Intestinal, 45, 99, 110, 111 Intestine, 98, 100, 110 Intracellular, 95, 109, 110, 119 Intrinsic, 95, 110 Invasive, 17, 108, 110 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 64, 110 K Kb, 72, 110 L Lactobacillus, 14, 30, 44, 110 Lactose Intolerance, 64, 110 Large Intestine, 100, 110, 118, 119 Latent, 110, 116 Laxative, 95, 104, 111 Library Services, 88, 111 Lice, 75, 79, 111, 115 Ligament, 111, 117 Ligands, 7, 111 Linkage, 8, 111 Liver, 95, 97, 98, 105, 106, 107, 111 Localized, 99, 109, 111, 115, 122 Locomotion, 105, 111, 115 Lupus, 64, 111 Lymph, 99, 111, 120 Lymph node, 99, 111 Lymphatic, 109, 111 Lymphocyte, 14, 37, 97, 111 Lymphoid, 96, 111 Lytic, 111, 119, 123 M Malabsorption, 99, 111 Malignancy, 111, 114 Mediate, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 111 Medicament, 111, 121
MEDLINE, 73, 111 Membrane, 29, 96, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 122 Memory, 96, 111 Meningitis, 107, 112 Menopause, 112, 116 Mental Health, iv, 5, 72, 112, 117 Meta-Analysis, 20, 112 Methionine, 9, 112, 121 MI, 35, 93, 112 Microbe, 112, 121 Microbiological, 23, 112 Microbiology, 5, 8, 26, 30, 37, 43, 54, 56, 112 Microorganism, 100, 112, 114, 123 Micro-organism, 103, 112 Microscopy, 24, 25, 27, 48, 112 Midwifery, 23, 112 Mitochondrial Swelling, 112, 113 Mitosis, 97, 112 Modeling, 17, 112 Molecular, 7, 8, 9, 14, 18, 73, 76, 96, 101, 112 Molecule, 9, 14, 95, 97, 100, 102, 108, 112, 114, 118, 119 Monoclonal, 18, 26, 113 Monoclonal antibodies, 18, 113 Mucopurulent, 4, 113 Mucosa, 8, 99, 111, 113 Mucus, 98, 103, 113 Mutagen, 95, 113 Mutagenesis, 5, 15, 113 Mutagenic, 113 Mycosis, 26, 32, 113 Myocardium, 112, 113 N Nausea, 92, 106, 109, 113, 122 Necrosis, 9, 97, 109, 112, 113 Need, 3, 7, 13, 15, 63, 65, 67, 74, 83, 106, 113 Neonatal, 106, 109, 113 Nerve, 102, 113 Networks, 10, 113 Ngu, 79, 113 Nimorazole, 19, 35, 45, 51, 113 Nitrosamines, 32, 35, 113 Nonoxynol, 4, 20, 37, 113 Nuclear, 105, 113 Nucleic acid, 15, 106, 108, 109, 114 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 108, 114 Nucleus, 97, 99, 102, 105, 114, 120 Nursing Care, 114, 115
Index 129
O On-line, 74, 91, 114 Oophoritis, 107, 114 Ornidazole, 25, 27, 40, 114 Osteoporosis, 105, 114 Outpatient, 18, 114 P Pancreas, 95, 98, 114, 122 Pancreatic, 64, 114 Pancreatic cancer, 64, 114 Pancreatitis, 34, 114 Papillomavirus, 4, 114 Parasite, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 28, 44, 114, 122 Parasitic, 6, 7, 79, 103, 107, 110, 111, 114, 122 Paromomycin, 27, 34, 35, 114 Pathogen, 14, 16, 114 Pathogenesis, 7, 8, 15, 17, 21, 114 Pathologic, 97, 98, 101, 114 Pathologic Processes, 97, 114 Patient Care Management, 4, 115 Patient Education, 81, 86, 88, 93, 115 Pediculosis, 65, 75, 115 Pelvic, 4, 14, 43, 63, 115, 117 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 4, 14, 43, 63, 115 Penis, 82, 101, 115, 118 Peptide, 16, 115, 116, 117 Peritonitis, 107, 115 Pharmacodynamics, 30, 115 Pharmacologic, 115, 121 Phenotypes, 15, 115 Phospholipids, 105, 110, 115 Physiologic, 98, 115, 118 Physiology, 104, 107, 115 Plants, 104, 106, 115, 121 Plasma, 96, 99, 106, 114, 115, 119 Plasma cells, 96, 115 Poisoning, 64, 106, 113, 115 Polymerase, 26, 44, 47, 115, 116 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 26, 44, 47, 116 Polypeptide, 96, 108, 116, 124 Polyposis, 100, 116 Posterior, 96, 114, 116 Postmenopausal, 48, 104, 114, 116 Practicability, 116, 122 Practice Guidelines, 75, 116 Precancerous, 53, 116 Precursor, 104, 116 Predisposition, 16, 116 Pregnancy Outcome, 7, 116 Premalignant, 116
Prevalence, 6, 8, 9, 18, 24, 29, 36, 49, 50, 60, 74, 116 Probe, 18, 116 Progression, 96, 116 Progressive, 103, 105, 107, 113, 117 Promoter, 5, 117 Prophylaxis, 52, 117, 123 Prostate, 82, 98, 117, 118, 122 Prostate gland, 82, 117 Protein C, 5, 96, 97, 117 Protein S, 65, 106, 117 Proteins, 5, 7, 96, 99, 100, 108, 112, 115, 117, 119, 121 Protocol, 10, 11, 12, 21, 117 Protozoa, 82, 103, 112, 117 Protozoal, 35, 46, 117 Pruritic, 117, 118 Pruritus, 18, 117, 122 Public Health, 4, 15, 18, 60, 75, 117 Public Policy, 73, 117 Purulent, 4, 95, 107, 117, 123 R Race, 9, 117 Radiation, 112, 114, 117 Radioactive, 108, 113, 117, 118 Radiolabeled, 9, 118 Randomized, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 43, 103, 118 Randomized clinical trial, 21, 118 Receptor, 8, 17, 97, 101, 118, 119 Rectal, 46, 118 Rectum, 97, 98, 100, 105, 109, 110, 117, 118, 121 Recurrence, 36, 118 Refer, 1, 98, 100, 105, 107, 111, 118 Refractory, 30, 118, 122 Regimen, 103, 118 Regurgitation, 107, 118 Relapse, 15, 118 Remission, 118 Reproduction Techniques, 116, 118 Reproductive system, 117, 118 Response rate, 9, 118 Resuscitation, 104, 118 Risk factor, 18, 22, 37, 38, 49, 74, 118 Rod, 110, 118 S Salivary, 38, 114, 118, 120, 121 Salpingitis, 107, 118 Scabies, 4, 65, 118 Screening, 3, 22, 25, 38, 60, 80, 100, 118 Secretion, 113, 119
130 Trichomoniasis
Secretory, 53, 119 Semen, 117, 119 Sequencing, 116, 119 Serologic, 109, 119 Serum, 26, 100, 115, 119 Sex Behavior, 92, 119 Sexual Abstinence, 67, 119 Sexual Partners, 10, 53, 119 Signal Transduction, 110, 119 Signs and Symptoms, 118, 119, 122 Small intestine, 98, 103, 106, 108, 110, 119 Social Environment, 17, 119 Sodium, 7, 119 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 7, 119 Solvent, 105, 119 Spastic, 110, 120 Specialist, 83, 120 Species, 99, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124 Specificity, 8, 9, 95, 120 Spectrum, 100, 120 Spermatozoa, 119, 120 Spermicide, 4, 120 Spinal cord, 99, 120 Spirochete, 120, 121 Spontaneous Abortion, 116, 120 Sterility, 6, 50, 110, 120 Stillbirth, 116, 120 Stomach, 64, 95, 97, 104, 106, 108, 113, 119, 120 Stomach Ulcer, 64, 120 Stool, 109, 110, 120 Strand, 115, 120 Stress, 106, 110, 113, 116, 120 Subacute, 109, 120 Subclinical, 109, 120 Subcutaneous, 99, 120 Submandibular, 120, 121 Submaxillary, 38, 120 Sulfates, 119, 121 Sulfur, 112, 121 Suppositories, 34, 46, 56, 106, 121 Suppurative, 99, 107, 121 Surfactant, 113, 119, 121, 123 Symphysis, 117, 121 Symptomatic, 18, 34, 45, 56, 92, 114, 121 Symptomatology, 28, 121 Syphilis, 4, 36, 38, 63, 67, 74, 75, 121 Systemic, 24, 29, 98, 109, 121 T Thermal, 103, 116, 121 Thrombin, 117, 121
Thrombomodulin, 117, 121 Thrombosis, 117, 121 Ticks, 110, 121 Tinidazole, 20, 23, 25, 27, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 60, 121 Tissue, 96, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 121 Topical, 24, 95, 105, 121 Toxic, iv, 102, 108, 121 Toxicity, 33, 104, 121 Toxicology, 74, 121 Toxins, 96, 109, 113, 121 Transferases, 7, 121 Trauma, 113, 114, 122 Treatment Failure, 6, 34, 122 Treatment Outcome, 30, 122 Trichomonas Infections, 114, 122 Tuberculosis, 101, 111, 122 Tumor marker, 98, 122 U Ulcer, 99, 120, 122 Unconscious, 108, 122 Uraemia, 114, 122 Ureters, 122 Urethra, 4, 82, 113, 115, 117, 122 Urethritis, 4, 6, 21, 47, 48, 79, 106, 122 Urinary, 14, 22, 41, 52, 105, 106, 109, 113, 122, 123 Urinary tract, 14, 105, 122 Urinary tract infection, 14, 122 Urine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 98, 109, 122 Urogenital, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 53, 106, 123 Uterus, 99, 101, 108, 118, 123 V Vaccination, 22, 52, 123 Vaccine, 16, 30, 117, 123 Vagina, 14, 82, 98, 99, 103, 110, 118, 123 Vaginal Discharge, 18, 32, 122, 123 Vaginitis, 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 22, 49, 62, 63, 79, 98, 123 Vaginosis, 4, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 28, 31, 32, 46, 63, 65, 105, 123 Vascular, 109, 123 Vasculitis, 114, 123 Vasomotor, 105, 123 Venereal, 42, 49, 54, 56, 121, 123 Venous, 117, 123 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 123 Villous, 99, 123 Viral, 7, 16, 123 Virulence, 8, 121, 123
Index 131
Virulent, 8, 123 Virus, 4, 7, 9, 17, 31, 36, 38, 49, 54, 63, 97, 108, 123 Vitamin A, 110, 123 Vitro, 18, 123 W Warts, 29, 61, 67, 79, 108, 123 Wetting Agents, 113, 123
White blood cell, 96, 111, 113, 115, 123 X Xenograft, 96, 124 Y Yeasts, 31, 98, 105, 124 Z Zymogen, 117, 124
132 Trichomoniasis
