Chlamydia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHLAMYDIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chlamydia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83580-2 1. Chlamydia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chlamydia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLAMYDIA ............................................................................................. 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Chlamydia..................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 43 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 89 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLAMYDIA ................................................................................. 233 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 233 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlamydia ................................................................................. 233 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 241 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 242 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLAMYDIA ........................................................... 243 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 243 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 243 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 247 General References..................................................................................................................... 249 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHLAMYDIA ............................................................................. 251 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 251 Dissertations on Chlamydia ...................................................................................................... 251 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 252 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHLAMYDIA........................................................................ 253 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 253 Recent Trials on Chlamydia ...................................................................................................... 253 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 256 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHLAMYDIA ........................................................................................ 259 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 259 Patents on Chlamydia................................................................................................................ 259 Patent Applications on Chlamydia............................................................................................ 309 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 325 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHLAMYDIA ........................................................................................... 327 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 327 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 327 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 334 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 336 Chapters on Chlamydia ............................................................................................................. 337 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHLAMYDIA................................................................................. 343 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 343 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 343 Audio Recordings ...................................................................................................................... 344 Bibliography: Multimedia on Chlamydia .................................................................................. 344 Academic Periodicals covering Chlamydia................................................................................ 345 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 349 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 349 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 349 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 351 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 354 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 355 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 355 Patient Guideline Sources ......................................................................................................... 355 Associations and Chlamydia...................................................................................................... 366

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Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................367 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................369 Overview ....................................................................................................................................369 Preparation.................................................................................................................................369 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................369 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................369 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................375 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................377 CHLAMYDIA DICTIONARY .....................................................................................................379 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................456

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chlamydia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chlamydia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chlamydia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chlamydia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chlamydia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chlamydia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chlamydia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chlamydia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Screening Tests to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections -- 2002 Source: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports October 18 2002:51(RR-15):1-40. Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This monograph presents guidelines to (1) assist laboratorians, clinicians, and managers select screening tests for C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae from the multiple available tests; (2) establish standard operating procedures for collecting, processing,

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and analyzing specimens; and (3) interpret test results for laboratory reporting, counseling, and treating patients. The monograph reviews the technologies available for laboratory diagnosis of c. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. The technologies are subdivided into those that are designed for batch testing in a laboratory, or point-of-care testing as single tests or a limited number of tests performed while patients await results. Laboratory-based tests include culture, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), nucleic acid hybridization and transformation tests, EIAs, and DFA tests. Because of the increased costs of NAATs certain labs are modifying manufacturer's procedures to improve test sensitivity without incurring the full cost associated with screening with a NAAT. Such approaches addressed in these guidelines are pooling of specimens before testing with a NAAT and additional testing of specimens whose non-NAAT test result is within a gray zone. The monograph also addresses the need for additional testing after a positive screening test to improve the specificity of a final diagnosis. •

Screening asymptomatic adolescent males for chlamydia Source: Journal of Adolescent Health Care. 11(2): 141-144. March 1990. Summary: This article reports the results of a study on the prevalence of chlamydia urethral infection in high-risk asymptomatic adolescent males. Screening techniques for chlamydia are discussed, including enzyme immunoassay and detection of pyuria by cytometer and microscopic examination. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Effect of Cigarette Smoking, Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection, and Vaginal Douching on Ectopic Pregnancy Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 79(1):85-90, January 1992. Summary: Health professionals conducted a case-control study of the relation between ectopic pregnancy and three exposures of interest: Cigarette smoking, previous chlamydial infection, and vaginal douching. Cases were women with surgically confirmed tubal pregnancy and controls were women with an intrauterine pregnancy. Case and control women were between the ages of 18 and 40, received gynecologic and obstetric care at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, and had a period of gestation less than or equal to 14 weeks. Participants were black, white, or Hispanic. The health professionals recruited 69 women to be cases and selected 101 unmatched controls. The women gave informed written consent, and a trained research interviewer conducted a standardized questionnaire asking information regarding (1) previous sexually transmitted infections, (2) douching history, (3) cigarette smoking, (4) contraceptive history, and (5) sociodemographic characteristics. Serologic testing gave evidence of chlamydial infection; cigarette smoking was categorized as currently smoking, not currently smoking, or formerly smoking; and douching variables included frequency of douching or no prior douching. Logistic regression models assessed and controlled for confounders. Results indicated that cases were more likely than controls to be nulliparous, nonwhite, unmarried, and having a high school education or less. Fifty-one percent of cases and 20 percent of controls reported smoking during the month of conception. Approximately 35 percent of cases and 20 percent of controls had previous chlamydial infection. Twenty-eight percent of cases and 19 percent of controls douched once or more per month. The health professionals concluded that current cigarette smoking may be associated independently with ectopic pregnancy and that smoking cessation before the month of conception may reduce this risk. For these women, previous chlamydial infection and vaginal douching did not appear to increase significantly the risk of ectopic pregnancy. 1 table, 26 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Chlamydia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chlamydia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chlamydia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chlamydia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chlamydia: •

Project Title: AN INTERNET INTERVENTION TO INCREASE CHLAMYDIA SCREENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Allison, Jeroan J. Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2000; Project End 9-SEP-2003 Summary: Background. chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, with 3 to 4 million cases occurring annually. Most cases occur in those less than 25 years old. Increased prevalence has been found in patients who live in inner cities, have a lower socioeconomic status, or are black. Up to 80 percent of women infected with chlamydia are asymptomatic and do not seek medical care. In addition to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and its sequelae, chlamydial infections also may facilitate acquisition of HIV. Treatment is simple, effective, and cost effective. Despite recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most high-risk women are not being screened. The UAB Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research and Education, in collaboration with U.S. Quality Algorithms, the performance measurement subsidiary of Aetna U.S. Healthcare, proposes a controlled, group-randomized trial to increase adherence to guidelines for chlamydial screening in at-risk women. Specific Aims. (1) to increase rates of chlamydial screening for at-risk female patients; (2) to increase rates of treatment for chlamydia; and (3) to decrease the incidence of PID. Methods. We will randomize 220 primary care physician offices and their at- risk female patients to either an intervention or control arm. Patient risk status will be defined by the specifications of HEDIS 2000. Our intervention consists of a year-long series of physician Internet learning modules that integrate case-based education with audit, feedback, and benchmarking of practice profiles. Analysis. The major comparison will be the differential improvement in screening rates of the two study arms as ascertained from administrative data. Patientlevel multivariable analyses will adjust for the extra-binomial variation resulting from patients being nested within physicians from the group randomized design. Significance. With a research team that has a proven record of collaboration, this project

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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will produce an evidence-based and replicable intervention than can be sustained in the "real world," readily adapted by other health care organizations, and easily modified for other diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIMICROBIALS AGAINST CHLAMYDIA AND GC INFECTION: IN VITRO STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooper, Morris D.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Microbial pathogens which invade the genital mucosa have specific mechanisms which involve adherence, invasion, intracellular survival and exit as a means of production of pathogenicity. C. trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in this country causing about 4.5 million cases of chlamydia in men, women, and children. The majority of chlamydial infections in women are asymptomatic, sequealae of untreated infections are an important part of the pathogenesis of the disease. Infections due to N. gonorrhoeae, like those of C. trachomatis, remain a major cause of STDs. Further, they remain a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain in the United States. Epidemiologic data provide strong evidence that gonococcal infections facilitate the transmission of other STDs and studies have begun to elucidate the specific mechanisms through which this facilitation occurs(). In 1996, there were greater than 325,000 cases of gonorrhea reported in the United States. However, this rate has continued to decline since 1975 but still remains a significant cause of disease. Although adequate antimicrobial therapy exists for this infection rates are high (17 percent/100,000 population) and antimicrobial resistance is significant (29 percent of all isolates collected in 1996 were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline or both). Therefore, alternate methods of controlling the infection remains a high priority. Toward this end, we are aggressively pursuing antimicrobials which have potential as topical microbicides. Therefore, there is a critical need to find a microbicide that would interact with these pathogens either prior to or at the point of interaction with cells of the genital mucosa. We have decided to study a variety of chemical agents including detergents, bile salts and other compounds to determine their antichlamydial and antigonococcal activity in both in vitro assays using cell cultures and the human fallopian tube organ culture model. This proposal will address several questions which are central to the determination of useful microbicidal agents which will interrupt the interaction between the chlamydial elementary body and/or gonococci and receptors on the host cell surface. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) To expand the human primary cell culture systems to evaluate in vitro the efficacy and cytotoxicity of potential topical antimicrobials to prevent infection of the genital mucosa by chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (2) Define the mechanism(s) by which select noncytotoxic candidate topical antimicrobials inhibit C. trachomatis and/or N. gonorrhoeae and (3) Isolate the HS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from human genital tract cells and organ cultures and identify fractions important for C. trachomatis adherence to cells. These studies should allow a detailed study of antimicrobials which will allow their potential as topical microbicides to be exploited. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOGENESIS OF THE CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS VACUOLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Engel, Joanne N. Associate Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-FEB-2000; Project End 1-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases in this country and a major cause of blindness in third world countries. The ability of this obligate intracellular parasite to enter a non-phagocytic epithelial cell and survive within the hostile intracellular environment of the eukaryotic cytoplasm is key to its pathogenesis. The intimate interactions between chlamydia and its eukaryotic host is likely to involve natural biological pathways of the eukaryotic cell that the parasite usurps for its own survival. Study of these processes will yield insights into eukaryotic cell biology as well as insights into chlamydial disease pathogenesis. From these studies may emerge new therapeutic approaches to treating or preventing chlamydial infections. Specific Aim 1: The investigators hypothesize that successful C. trachomatis biovar LGV entry and intracellular development in epithelial cells involves at least two separate pathways, one of which is clathrin-independent, and have preliminary evidence that entry and/or development is dependent upon the host actin cytoskeleton and is modulated by c-src. (A) They will test the role of clathrin mediated endocytosis by assessing the effect in epithelial cells of expression of dominant negative (DN) alleles of dynamin, ARF-6, or clathrin on C trachomatis binding, entry, and replication. (B) They will further investigate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the C trachomatis life cycle by determining whether the actin-regulating GTPases rac, rho, and CDC42 affect LGV and serovar E binding, entry, and replication in polarized and non-polarized epithelial cells. (C) They will determine the mechanism of c-src-mediated stimulation of C. trachomatis infectivity. Specific aim 2: An unusual aspect of the C. trachomatis life cycle is the receipt of sphingomyelin from the trans Golgi Network (TGN) by the bacteriacontaining vacuole. They will test the hypothesis that the C. trachomatis vacuole interacts with one or more apical exocytic pathways including the newly proposed exocytic pathway in which lipid rafts transport sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, and other designated proteins to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. Using several approaches, they will identify specific host cell factors required for the delivery of sphingomyelin from the TGN to the C. trachomatis vacuole. This will help to further define the pathway involved. These studies may lead to the development of new anti-chlamydial drug therapies and further our understanding of lipid trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA AND GONOCOCCAL LIPID A Principal Investigator & Institution: Golenbock, Douglas T.; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The response of phagocytic leukocytes to mucosal infection with N. gonorrhoeae (GC) and C. trichomatis (CT) is an important aspect of both the protective immune response to infection and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). We hypothesize that innate immune responses determine the extent of GC and CT invasion and the nature of histopathological changes which result from infection. Within hours to days of mucosal infection, phagocytic leukocytes populate the genital tract. The initial movement of phagocytes from the bloodstream to the tissues, and the

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initial stages of bacterial killing, involve complex interactions of the leukocyte integrin CR3 (CD11b/CD18) with its ligands. CRC functions as a phagocytic receptor for Gramnegative bacteria and activated complement fragments. We believe that CR3 plays a key role during the process of bacterial invasion, limiting the extent of infection, possibly at the price of exacerbating host injury. During the initial stages of invasion, LPS present in the outer membrane of GC and CT activate the production of inflammatory cytokines by both professional and non-professional phagocytic cells via LPS receptors. Thus, proteins which enable or enhance recognition of LPS may be important anti-bacterial defenses. For example, LPS binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14), which are present in blood and genital tract secretions, bind Gram-negative bacteria, and have been shown to enhance the binding of bacteria to phagocytic leukocytes. We hypothesize that innate immune recognition of GC and CT is enhanced by opsonization with Scd14. We propose to address the role of innate immune responses to GC and CT infection by examining the role of these LPS receptors CR3 and CD14 in the host response to urogenital infection with thee pathogens. We will first determine the levels of LBP and sCD14 in human clinical specimens, including patients with GC and CT infection. Then, we will examine if LBP and sCD14 opsonize GC and CT both in vitro and in vivo. CR3- mediated signal transduction will be explored using newly available CD14+ cell lines with defects in the CD14 signal transduction pathway. Finally, the role of CR3 in CT mucosal infections will be examined through the use of a genetically engineered "knockout" mouse deficient in the expression of CR3. Mice will be tested in a lower tract infection model of PID in the belief that the targeted gene deletion will compromise innate immune resistance to CT. We believe these studies will add important new knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the defense of GC and CT infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE CELL ENTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Erguang;; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlymadia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen of human diseases. Virtually everyone is infected at some point in life, and reinfection occurs commonly. Epidemiological and histological studies show that C. pneumoniae infection is one of the leading environmental factors of atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae infects and replicates within macrophage, endothelial, and epithelial cells. Infection of C. pneumoniae induces adhesion molecule up-regulation, increases inflammatory factor release, and causes foam cell formation, although the receptor(s) that mediates bacterial cell attachment, the signaling events that promote bacterial cell entry remain poorly understood. This proposal seeks to identify receptors for C. pneumoniae infection and define the signaling pathways that promote bacterial cell entry and infection-induced gene expression. We will use functional cloning and proteomics to identify the proteins as putative C. pneumoniae attachment receptors. We will define signal transduction pathways controlling C. pneumoniae cell entry and the infection-induced up-regulation of adhesion and inflammation molecules. We will define bacterial outer membrane components for activating these signaling pathways. These studies will further our understanding of chlamydial cell entry mechanisms and may lead to the development of new therapeutics for chlamydial infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOLOGY OF PHAGE INFECTION IN CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bavoil, Patrik M. Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydial disease of humans includes predominant ocular, genital and respiratory tract infections, with sequelae ranging from blindness, to female infertility, arthritis and asthma. Chronic infection with the respiratory pathogen, chlamydia pneumoniae is also associated with coronary heart disease, the number one killer disease of humans. In spite of their public health magnitude, chlamydiae are reputed for their elusiveness as infectious microorganisms to clinicians and molecular biologists alike. This owes to several factors, prominent among which are a unique obligate intracellular developmental lifestyle and the fact that chlamydiae have resisted genetic manipulation to this day. We have isolated a bacteriophage, phiCPG1 from the model chlamydia psittaci strain ?Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis?. A member of the single-stranded DNA microviridae family, phiCPG1 is nearly identical to a ?virtual? phage of C. pneumoniae that was revealed by genome sequence analysis. The infection of an intracellular pathogen by its own parasitic bacteriophage is a unique biological phenomenon, with potentially important implications in infection and disease. Moreover, phages offer unique opportunities for the development of molecular and genetic tools for research. The objectives of this application are therefore to gain a broad understanding of chlamydia phage biology in the context of chlamydial infection. We will determine the molecular basis of the interaction of the phage with its host and comparatively evaluate gene expression in phage-free and phage-infected bacteria. The availability of well-established models of infection and disease in the guinea pig will allow for the first time to study the impact of phage infection on the natural infection of a vertebrate animal by an obligate intracellular pathogen. Finally, the information gained in these studies will be exploited toward the development of genetic methodologies in chlamydia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CARET-CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIA AND RISK OF LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Gary E. Associate Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1994; Project End 1-MAY-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CD8+T CELL RESPONSES TO CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wizel, Benjamin; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Ctr at Tyler 11937 Us Highway 271 Tyler, Tx 75708 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-JUL-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium that causes a spectrum of respiratory infections and is associated with cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. Although most studies on C. pneumoniae have focused on providing evidence for its pathogenic role in atherosclerosis, knowledge of the chlamydial antigens and immune mechanisms that lead to protective or adverse immune responses remains limited. Because CD8+ T cells play a critical role in defense against most intracellular pathogens, we hypothesize that C. pneumoniae infection in

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mice primes a multispecific CD8+ CTL response capable of inhibiting chlamydial growth and that CTL epitope-based immunization strategies can reduce bacterial burdens in the lungs of challenged mice. We will test this hypothesis through the following aims: 1) Identify C. pneumoniae CD8+ CTL target antigens and define the mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells inhibit bacterial growth. We will identify antigens of the murine CD8+ CTL response to C. pneumoniae using MHC class I binding motifbearing synthetic peptides from putative chlamydial CTL target antigens and mass spectrometric analyses of MHC class I-bound peptides from bacteria-infected cells. Lung and splenic epitope-specific CD8+ CTL will be tested for their capacity to inhibit development of chlamydial inclusions in infected cells through secretion of type 1 cytokines and lytic /apoptotic molecules. We will also use real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to detect effector molecules in lung tissue. Effector mechanisms will be evaluated in vivo by assessing bacterial loads in lungs of C. pneumoniaechallenged mice after adoptive transfer of CD8+ CTL lines genetically deficient of effector individual molecules. 2) Characterize the response kinetics of C. pneumoniae epitope-specific CD8+ CTL during infection. We will study primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses in the lungs and spleens of C. pneumoniae-infected mice by ELISPOT, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry with activation and memory cell markers, and MHC class I tetramers. 3) Determine the capacity of CD8+ CTL-based immunotherapies to prevent or ameliorate C. pneumoniae infection. Selected CTL epitopes will be used to generate peptide- and DNA-based vaccines that will be tested for their capacity to reduce bacterial burden in the lungs of C. pneumoniae-challenged mice. These studies will enhance our understanding of the role of CD8+ T cells in protection against C. pneumoniae and will suggest methods of immunological intervention in infections caused by C. pneumoniae and other chlamydial pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA

CHARACTERIZATION

OF

HUMAN

T

CELLS

AGAINST

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kavathas, Paula B. Professor; Laboratory Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 0-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant): chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. In previous work, we identified epitopes in the major outer membrane (MOMP) that are recognized by CD4+ T cells in the context of HLA class II molecules and others that are recognized by CD8+ T cells in the context of HLA class I molecules. Most recently, we used HLA A2 tetramers to identify MOMP-specific CD8+ T cells in blood of Ct-infected individuals and found that they killed Ct infected epithelial cells. We will extend these studies to other individuals using HLA class I tetramers made with other allotypes. To identify and characterize MOMP-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from blood, we will create HLA class II tetramers using MOMP epitopes that are recognized by CD4+ T cells. We will characterize both CD8 and CD4 MOMP-specific T cells with regard to cell surface proteins that are involved in homing (e.g. integrins and chemokine receptors), function (e.g. cytokines, perforin) and state of differentiation (e.g. HLA-DR, CD62L) by using multi-color flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies against cell surface and intracellular proteins. Comparisons of lymphocytes from the blood vs. sites of infection will provide information on how representative blood-derived samples are of cells at infected sites. Lastly, the ability of MOMP-specific CTL to limit the increase of infectious Ct in infected genital tract cells and the effects of mutations in CTL epitopes on such

Studies 11

limitation will be determined. The ability to detect and characterize human antiChlamydial T cells with tetramers and cellular reagents of defined HLA- and epitope specificity would be useful for vaccine development, especially since most of the epitopes are in conserved regions of MOMP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOKINE REGULATION OF MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AGAINST GENITAL CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ananaba, Godwin A.; Spelman College 350 Spelman Ln Sw Atlanta, Ga 30314 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Genital infection by the obligate intracellular bacterium, chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States, with four million annual cases that cost $2.18 billion. In women the infection can lead to serious complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Many of the infections are asymptomatic and irreversible complications may be the first symptoms. The obvious concern that chlamydia poses a potential threat to human reproduction, well-being and national budgets has intensified research on intervention and prevention strategies, of which a vaccine is a high priority. Anti-chlamydial vaccine research include the use of animal models for studying the pathogenesis and immunobiology of the disease, and defining antigens and immune effectors mediating immunity. These studies have shown that T cell- mediated immune responses, involving the induction and recruitment of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells into the genital mucosa is crucial for chlamydial immunity. Such factors would likely influence the genital mucosal expression and regulation of chemokines released by injected epithelial cells, chemokine receptors on recruited leukocytes, adhesion molecules involved in genital mucosal lymphoepithelial interactions, and local cytokine secretion. The focus of this proposal is to use novel in vitro and in vivo models of chlamydial infection and molecular and biochemical techniques to investigate the recruitment and maintenance of immune effectors in the genital mucosa following an infection. Specific studies will: (a) identify the chemokines elaborated by infected epithelial cells, for recruiting Th1 cells into the genital tract; and (b) identify certain adhesion molecules that are up-regulated after chlamydial infection and play a role in the retention of effectors in the genital tract. The results from this study will contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of effector recruitment and retention in the genital mucosa during chlamydial infection, which may lead to the designing of rational strategies to enhance the efficacy and long-term protective immunity of a chlamydial vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA AND GONOCOCCAL IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

INFECTION--

Principal Investigator & Institution: Brunham, Robert C.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

12

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Chlamydia

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA GENETICS AND OCULAR DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kane, Colleen D.; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-2000 Summary: Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiologic agent of trachoma, the world s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Trachoma is believed to be an immunopathologic disease which results from repeated exposure to chlamydial antigens. The chlamydial 60 kDa heat shock protein (GroEL) is the primary candidate for this immunopathologic antigen, although it remains controversial whether immune responses to Chlamydia-specific or highly conserved regions of GroEL lead to pathology. Moreover, it is unclear whether other chlamydial antigens contribute to immunopathology. This project will use a novel genetic approach to test the hypothesis that GroEL is responsible for the pathology of trachoma by identifying GroEl epitopes which elicit hypersensitivity in an animal model of ocular infection. This analysis will be extended to the study of recombinant chlamydiae expressing defined GroEL epitopes in the context of the whole organism. The long-term goals of this project include defining pathologic or protective GroEL epitopes to be excluded/included in a recombinant trachoma vaccine strain of chlamydia. Perhaps more importantly, a reproducible system of gene replacement in chlamydia will be developed and can be applied to the study of other chlamydial genes, providing unique insights into their function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA SIGNIFICANCE

PNEUMONIAE

ANTIGENS

OF

BIOLOGICAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Campbell, Lee A. Professor; Pathobiology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-1998; Project End 1-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes 5 percent to 10 percent of pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Virtually everyone is infected in his or her lifetime and reinfection is common. Infection is difficult to treat even with sensitive antibiotics. Chronic infection is common and has been associated with asthma, reactive airway disease, Reiter's syndrome, erythema nodosum, and sarcoidosis. The potential public health impact of infection with this pathogen is underscored by the association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis and related clinical manifestations such as coronary heart disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysm, claudication, and stroke. If C. pneumoniae infection plays a role in atherogenesis, there will be an urgent need to facilitate diagnosis and develop strategies for intervention and prevention. The overall goal of this proposal is two fold. First, C. pneumoniae specific antigens that are recognized during human infection will be exploited to facilitate serodiagnosis and identify putative vaccine candidates. The second goal is to define chlamydial/host cell interactions that lead to entry and survival of C. pneumoniae in host cells relevant to atherosclerosis. The specific focus will be on the interaction of the chlamydial glycan moiety with carbohydrate binding receptors on the host cell. Importantly, infection of epithelial cells can be inhibited with N-linked high mannose type oligosaccharide, the major component of the glycan. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that C. pneumoniae enters through the mannose-6 phosphate receptor by binding to the site involved in transport of phosphomannosylated residues to the lysosome and this differs from C. trachomatis, which utilizes the mannose receptor. The ultimate goals of these studies are to identify C. pneumoniae specific

Studies 13

antigens to facilitate laboratory diagnosis and virulence factors playing a role in pathogenesis to guide vaccine development or develop anti-adhesive strategies for prevention of infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE VACCINE CANDIDATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaltenboeck, Bernhard; Vet Pathobiology; Auburn University at Auburn Auburn University, Al 36849 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae is a major agent of community-acquired upper and lower respiratory infection and pneumonia. Increasing evidence suggests that C. pneumoniae infection plays an integral role in atherosclerotic coronary heart disease in developed countries, making C. pneumoniae a major public health concern. This clearly merits an effort to develop a vaccine against C. pneumoniae for prevention or treatment of respiratory disease, and possibly coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Using our new genetic immunization technologies, we are able to deconvolute the genomes of pathogens into the best vaccine candidates, and have recently validated this in a mouse model of C. psittaci infection in which we found 10 protective genes that also protect the original host animal. Perusing the complete genome sequence of C. pneumoniae, we propose as first step towards a C. pneumoniae vaccine to i) examine the C. pneumoniae homologs of the protective C. psittaci genes for protective efficacy in a mouse model of C. pneumoniae respiratory infection; ii) conduct a C. pneumoniae genome-wide search for the best antigens mediating prophylactic immunity against respiratory infection; and iii) perform experiments to understand the mechanisms for the success of such immunological intervention. We propose the following specific aims: 1) Test the C. pneumoniae homologs of the 10 protective C. psittaci genes in a mouse prophylactic respiratory model of C. pneumoniae infection. 2) Screen all approximately 1,000 C. pneumoniae genes for their protective efficacy in the mouse prophylactic model. 3) To understand the spectrum of possible responses in an outbred human population, dissect the immunological mechanisms of disease protection mediated by the C. pneumoniae vaccine candidate proteins in respiratory disease models using several inbred mouse strains. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagar, Elizabeth; Associate Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The worldwide epidemic of sexually transmitted disease is threatening, especially to young adults. New female-controlled strategies for preventing STDs are needed urgently. Also needed are more effective means of managing bacterial vaginitis/vaginosis (BV) - a common condition of unknown cause, that increases the likelihood of upper genitourinary tract infections. This proposal is based on the discovery that protegrins, a recently described class of antibiotic peptides inactivate the elementary bodies (Ebs) of chlamydia trachomatis, kill N. gonorrhoeae and H. ducreyii, and also protect cells from infection by HIV-1. Our previous studies defined the essential structural features of protegrins needed for activity against chlamydia EBS, gonococci and C. albicans. We now propose to "fine tune" the protegrin design. By this process, we expect to generate protegrins that will kill the major bacterial STD

14

Chlamydia

pathogens and protect cells from HIV-1 uptake, without affecting normal vaginal Lactobacilli. Preliminary data show that this can be accomplished by replacing selected key amino acid residues. Our two specific aims are essential components of the overall plan to design a protegrin molecule with optimal properties. Specific Aim 1. We will test the susceptibility of bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, etc.) typically associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) to synthetic protegrins and to selected peptides. The BV microorganisms to be tested will include: These studies will focus on protegrins with little or no effect against Lactobacillus sp. Specific Aim 2. We will examine the sensitivity of C. trachomatis Ebs to protegrins and to selected peptides. In addition to testing pure cultures of archival vaginal isolates, we will test protegrins and other antimicrobial peptides on fresh clinical isolates that will be obtained from normal women and subjects with BV. Since these studies will be closely coordinated with an examination of vaginal antimicrobial polypeptides, they can also provide important insights into the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND CERVICAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Madeleine, Margaret M. Staff Scientist; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-MAR-2002; Project End 9-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes common, but usually transient, infections of the cervix that sometimes become cervical cancer. Since few of the women infected with HPV get cervical cancer, we are interested in cofactors in addition to HPV that promote tumor formation. One such possible cofactor is chlamydia trachomatis, a prevalent, sexually transmitted disease that can infect the cervix for long periods of time. A recent article suggested that specific serotypes of C. trachomatis were associated with the development of cervical squamous cell cancer. We have a population based sample of 500 cervical cancer cases and 300 controls blood samples that have been tested for antibodies to HPV and have been interviewed for risk factors for cervical cancer. The tumor tissue has been tested for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. This resource will allow us to quickly and efficiently test for C. trachomatis in order to evaluate two hypotheses. First, whether an increased risk of cervical carcinoma is associated with C. trachomatis, with an emphasis on the relative risks associated with the three genital C. trachomatis serotype classes. Second, to examine this association separately among women with the two main histologic types of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (n=300) and adenocarcinoma (n=200) of the cervix. Control subjects selected for this study have serum antibodies to HPV-16 or -18. The benefit of screening and treatment for chlamydial infections might extend to include prevention of the proportion of cervical cancer promoted by infection with specific serotypes of C. trachomatis. If we are able to confirm the relationship between C. trachomatis and cervical cancer, repeated targeted screening of young women for C. trachomatis may become a higher public health priority. Furthermore, our results would help determine whether further follow up of the C. trachomatis and cervical cancer association is warranted in a more expensive, prospective setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Raulston, Jane E. Pathology; East Tennessee State University Box 70565 Johnson City, Tn 37601

Studies 15

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1998; Project End 1-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): One-third of the estimated 12 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in the United States each year is attributable to chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K. In addition to the adverse reproductive consequences, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility, untreated genital chlamydial infections also place women at a higher risk for acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus. Because chlamydiae are slow-growing, obligate intracellular pathogens, very little is known about the composition of surface or envelope components. Such molecules are primary candidates for vaccine design in other bacteria. Therefore, the purpose of these studies is to generate new information on chlamydial surface molecules which participate in key steps of the infectious process. In Specific Aims 1 and 2, the investigator will examine and characterize chlamydial envelope proteins, which are regulated by the availability of iron. Iron-regulated envelope proteins in other bacteria (i) are expressed in vivo during a natural infection, (ii) may elicit protective antibodies, and (iii) may serve an important role in host or tissue specificity. In Specific Aim 3, the PI will purify and generate antiserum against the chlamydial macromolecular surface structures called "projections." The overall impact of these studies should (i) advance our understanding of the cellular microbiology of chlamydial infection, and (ii) provide much needed information on chlamydial surface components with immunotherapeutic potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEINS

CHLAMYDIA

TRACHOMATIS

INCLUSION

MEMBRANE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Scidmore, Marci; Microbiology and Immunology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUL-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydiae species are obligate intracellular bacteria that are the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease as well as the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Chlamydiae replicate in a nonacidified vacuole, termed an inclusion, which is actively modified by chlamydiae to prevent lysosomal fusion and promote intracellular survival. The molecular determinants that mediate chlamydial pathogenesis are largely undefined primarily due to the inability to manipulate the chlamydial genome. The overall goal of this research is to identify pathogenic mechanisms utilized by chlamydiae to promote and maintain their intracellular survival. Because chlamydiae remain sequestered within a vacuole, all interactions between chlamydiae and their host must be mediated through the inclusion membrane. We have identified chlamydia trachomatis-specific proteins (IncD/E/F/G) that are localized to the inclusion membrane. Their intracellular localization makes them potential mediators of host-pathogen interactions via direct interactions with host proteins. To achieve our overall goals, we propose to identify biological functions of IncD/E/F/G through identification and characterization of cellular targets of IncD/E/F/G We have identified mammalian 14-3-3 proteins, as the first and only cellular targets of an inclusion membrane protein, IncG. 14-3-3 proteins are dimeric phosphoserine binding proteins that regulate diverse signal transduction pathways through directed subcellular localization of signaling complexes. Specific Aim 1: Experiments are designed to define biological functions of 14-3-3 IncG interactions and determine whether chlamydiae target 14-3-3 proteins to exploit host signal and vesicular-mediated pathways. First, we will disrupt 14-3-3 IncG interactions through expression of 14-3-3 dominant negative mutants and microinjection of anti-IncG

16

Chlamydia

antibodies to examine whether 14-3-3's recruitment to the inclusion functions in exploitation of cellular signal transduction and vesicular-mediated pathways. Second, we will use a combination of fluorescence microscopy, yeast tri-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments to determine whether 14-3-3 proteins recruit additional signaling proteins to the inclusion. And third, we will employ coimmunoprecipitation experiments to determine whether chlamydiae alter 14-3-3dependent signaling pathways by altering host 14-3-3/ligand interactions. Specific Aim 2 utilizes yeast two-hybrid assays to identify cellular targets of IncD/E/F. Identification of cellular targets of Incs and how these interactions contribute to chlamydial pathogenesis will lead to a better understanding of the complex host-pathogen interactions that facilitate chlamydial intracellular survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS OMP1 GENOTYPE HUMORAL IMMUNITY & GENITAL TRACT CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Batteiger, Byron E.; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIAL EVASION OF IFN MEDIATED IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlin, Joseph M. Microbiology; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-2001; Project End 0-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This proposal is in response to the program announcement 'Research on molecular immunology of STDs (ROMIS).' Interferon (IFN)-y induces an effective antichlamydial mechanism in vitro by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) which depletes tryptophan that is essential for chlamydial growth. Although proinflammatory cytokines produced during infection enhance the amount of IDO induced by IFN, the presence of chronic disease suggests that chlamydia is evading this response. The goals of this research project are to identify and characterize mechanisms by which chlamydia evades the effect of IFN. chlamydia may be affecting IDO regulation directly by interfering with transcriptional activation of the IDO gene by IFNS, or by blocking the effect of proinflammatory cytokines. chlamydia also may be regulating IDO indirectly by stimulating production of interieukin-10 (IL-10) leading to inhibition of IDO transcription. Specific aim 1: Molecular mechanisms of IDO potentiation. IDO regulatory mechanisms will be evaluated using HeLa cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein reporter vector containing the IDO promoter. Identification of IDO promoter regions and DNA-binding proteins will be by DNase I footprinting, EMSA, and super-shift assays. Site-directed mutagenesis will be used to confirm promoter site function. Specific aim 2: Direct mechanisms of evasion. The effect of chlamydia on IDO promoter activity and cytokine receptor expression will be assessed using two-color flow cytometric analysis of infected HeLa cells. Specific aim 3: Indirect mechanisms of evasion. The role of IL-10 in inhibition of IDO will be assessed by quantifying IL-10 production by Chlamydia-exposed cells using ELISA, assessing the effect of IL-10 on proinflammatory cytokine production by Chlamydia-exposed cells and by measuring the effect of IL-10 on IDO regulation using the fluorescent IDO promoter reporter. Thus, the aims are to dissect the process of IDO

Studies 17

potentiation at the transcriptional level, and to assess the means by which chlamydia interferes with this process. Accomplishment of the aims will help resolve the longterm objectives of this research project: to determine how chlamydia evades an otherwise effective immunological response, and to understand regulation of this response in order to overcome Chlamydia's evasive mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF THE CHLAMYDIACEAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gill, Steven R. Associate Investigator; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUL-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We intend to extend genomics from the characterization of individual bacterial genomes to characterizing the evolution of infectious disease-causing bacteria. The Chlamydiales, an order of Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogens, are ideally suited to this approach. Members of this order cause a range of diseases but continue to be refractory to conventional genetic analyses. Our novel, multifaceted approach, which we have named "Taxogenomics," is to first sequence the type strains of the Chlamydiaceae species not addressed by previous or current projects - C. suis, C. pecorum, and C. psittaci (a potential biological warfare agent). Additionally, we will sequence the koala strain of C. pneumoniae and the most evolutionarily distant members of the Chlamydiales, Waddlia chondrophila and Simkania negevensis. To identify those genes which may have been lost by the laboratory adapted type strains or been acquired by "wild" isolates, we will apply subtractive hybridization by pooling multiple isolates from each species and subtracting those genes shared by the type strain. With sequences from representatives of all genomes and with sequences derived from the taxonomic genomic subtractions, we will then create a gene database of all known ORFs from this evolutionarily isolated family. We will use this database to design a non-redundant microarray of Chlamydiales gene variation (called here the "Taxochip"). In this study, we will use the Taxochip in a suite of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments using a unique set of diverse Chlamydiales isolates that we have compiled from around the globe. We expect to use this genome data to investigate the evolution of the Chlamydiales and identify those genes that may differentiate the variety of observed host/tissue niches and resulting disease outcomes. We also will assess the potentially important role of horizontal gene transfer in creating novel pathogenicity phenotypes and the likely important relationship between animal and human chlamydial strains. Additionally, the Taxochip design and the Chlamydiales gene database will be of long-term benefit to all chlamydiologists and molecular evolutionists who are increasingly using the Chlamydiales as a standard model for studying reductive evolutionary processes. This study is designed to address broad questions that deal with the genetic and evolutionary basis of the development of intracellular parasitism and pathogenicity in the Chlamydiales. With broad and international support from the scientific community, we consider this a groundbreaking proposal and anticipate it will be a benchmark study in comparative microbial genomics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lampe, Mary F.; Magee-Women's Hospital of Upmc 300 Halket St Pittsburgh, Pa 15213

18

Chlamydia

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DO URINE TESTS INCREASE CHLAMYDIA SCREENING IN TEENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shafer, Mary-Ann B. Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 9-SEP-2003 Summary: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain epidemic among sexually active adolescents. Addressing the problem within a primary care setting has been hindered by a number of barriers including the lack of screening for sexual activity and STD risk by the physician and by the lack of an accurate non-invasive screening test for C. trachomatis (CT) and N.gonorrhoeae (GC) and. Recently the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for CT and GC have been successfully applied to first void urines thereby obviating the need for traditional invasive screening (pelvic exam in females, urethral swab in males), yet the adoption of this technique for screening has been slow. To determine whether a "systems-level" intervention based on the Precede-Proceed model and targeting and training designated intake clinic nurses (intervention) results in an increased rate of urine-based screening for CT and GC in asymptomatic sexually active adolescents attending general HMO pediatric practice clinics compared to the traditional physician initiated screening model (control). Pediatric clinics caring for teens in a large regional HMO will be the target. In this quasi-experimental design, 10 clinics (500 teens in each clinic) will be grouped into the 2 conditions: 5 into the intervention and 5 into the control. Intervention: A designated nurse/medical assistant (nurse/MA) in each clinic will receive 4 hours of training to properly ask teens about sexual activity and subsequently to obtain urines for STD screening among the sexually active. The nurse/MA will have ongoing supervision and support. Physicians in the same condition will receive 1.5 hour workshop on the importance of urine screening using the new NAATs in the sexually active teen to increase support of the nurse/MA role. Control: These clinics will remain in the traditional "physician initiated" STD screening model. Physicians will receive a 1 hour didactic lecture on STDs in teens and the technology of the new NAATs for screening for CT and GC. No other staff will be included. NAATs for CT and GC will be available to all clinics. Data sources will include number and percent of sexually active teens screened with urines in each clinic, and demographic data obtained from a central patient information computer data bank. Analysis will focus on a comparison of urine screening among sexually active teens in the control and intervention clinics adjusting for potential teen and clinic differences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFICACY OF MICROBICIDES IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyrick, Priscilla; Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: It is well recognized that genital chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are responsible for epidemic sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the USA, with an estimated annual 4 million cases. Chlamydial diseases can be insidious and they constitute significant primary, secondary and tertiary health care concerns in which women bear a special burden because of their increased risk of adverse reproductive consequences. Clearly, safe, effective, female-controlled topical microbicides are

Studies 19

urgently need to help prevent and control STDs. Our previous studies showed that in human epithelial cells already infected with C, trachomatis serovar E, the microbicide C31G gains access to the chlamydial inclusions causing destruction to chlamydiae; in addition, the alteration in inclusion membrane integrity results in increased exocytosis of chlamydial LPS but not heat shock protein 60. Thus, in Specific Aim 1, we have devised a co-culture model system to determine if there is modulation of inflammatory response cell migration (PMN) to chlamydiae-infected HeLa cells exposed to C31G. My colleagues at Hershey Medical School have shown that alkyl sulfates are quite effective in killing papillomavirus, in addition to herpes simplex (HSV) and HIV. So, in Specific Aim 2, we will evaluate the action of the new topical microbicide candidate alone and in combination with C31G and alkyl sulfates on HeLa cells doubly infected with C. trachomatis and HSV. Finally, we shall use a pig model of chlamydial infection to determine or how microbicide intervention of chlamydial infection is altered in the different hormonal states (proliferative and secretory). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHLAMYDIAL VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: O'connell, Catherine M. Microbiology and Immunology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1999; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: Our long-range goals are to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of chlamydia trachomatis by examining how this obligate intracellular pathogen regulates its unusual dimorphic life cycle, and by identifying novel virulence genes and mechanisms. The objective of this application is to apply genetic techniques to the investigation of developmental gene regulation and chlamydial pathogenesis. One hypothesis to be tested is that gene induction or repression at critical phases of the life cycle reflects a response to environmental signals which trigger differentiation between the vegetative reticulate body (RB) and the metabolically inert but infectious elementary body (EB) prior to release from the eukaryotic cell. In addition, we aim to generate allele-replacement mutants of C. trachomatis that can be studied in suitable animal models of chlamydial infection and disease. We also intend to test the hypothesis that C. trachomatis strain MoPn expresses specific gene products that render it uniquely virulent in the mouse model of genital infection. The rationale behind this research is that the development of techniques for the genetic manipulation of C. trachomatis will lead to methods of examining virulence gene expression and regulation in vivo. To accomplish the objectives of this application we will pursue three specific aims; (i) to identify and characterize temporally regulated promoters in vivo, focusing particularly on those that are strongly up regulated late in the developmental cycle; (ii) to develop a generally applicable method for the direct selection of gene replacement mutants in chlamydia and iii) to distinguish genes important for the virulence of C. trachomatis strain MoPn by expressing a complementation library in the relatively avirulent C. trachomatis serovar H then enriching by passage in vivo for transformants enhanced ability to establish infection in mice. At the completion of this research we expect to have identified genes which are involved in differentiation of RBs to EBs. We also expect to have derived a system for site-specific mutagenesis of C. trachomatis and to have demonstrated its efficacy by generating site-specific mutations in genes which have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial disease. In addition, we anticipate identifying at least one MoPn gene that contributes to the virulence of this strain.

20

Chlamydia

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CHLAMYDIA VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, You-Xun;; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: In this Project, our goals are to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of chlamydia trachomatis by examining how these obligate intracellular pathogen regulates it unusual dimorphic cycle, and by identifying novel virulence genes and mechanisms. The objective of this application is to apply genetic techniques to the investigation of developmental gene regulation and chlamydial pathogenesis. One hypothesis to be tested is that gene regulation or repression at critical phases of the life cycle reflects a response to environmental signals which trigger differentiation between the vegetative reticulate body (RB) and the metabolically inert but infectious elementary body (EB) prior to release from the eukaryotic cell. In addition, we aim to generate allele-replacement mutants of C. trachomatis which can be studied in suitable animal models of chlamydial infection and disease. The rationale behind this research is that the development of techniques for the genetic manipulation of C. trachomatis will lead to methods of examining virulence gene expression and regulation in vivo. To accomplish the objectives of this application we will pursue two specific aims: (i) to identify and characterize temporally regulated promoters in vivo, focusing particularly on those that are of strongly up regulated late in the developmental cycle, (ii) to develop a generally applicable method for the direct selection of gene replacement mutants in chlamydia. At the completion of this research we expect to have identified genes which are involved in differentiation of RBs to EBS. We also expect to have derived a system for site-specific mutagenesis of C. trachomatis and to have demonstrated its efficacy by generating site-specific mutations in genes which have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOME SCREENING FOR CHLAMYDIA SURVEILLANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B. Professor, Epidemiology, Medicine, Obste; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-JUL-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: Bacterial sexually transmittd diseases (STD's), the most common of which is C. trachomatis, are major causes of reproductive morbidity among women in the U.S.. Advances in technology for detecting STD's offer the novel opportunity for home-based self- screening. However, whether such a strategy could enhance adherence with screening has not been examined in this country. We propose a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of home-testing versus return clinic visits for screening of STD's among high risk women. Women aged 14-29 with documented C. trachomatis cervicitis will be enrolled from family planning services, STD clinics, adolescent clinics and gynecology clinics in Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Baseline characteristics including risk factors for STDs and attitudes about screening will be collected. Women will be randomly assigned in equal numbers to 1) home samplings vs. 2) return visits for screening. At 6, 12, and 18 months, the two groups will then receive either 1) selfsampling vaginal swabs that they can elect to be mailed home or picked-up or 2) post-

Studies 21

card reminders to return to the enrollment site for screening. Swabs will be tested at a central laboratory for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by DNA amplification. All women with STD's detected will bu urged to return for treatment, and all obtained treatment will be recorded. Main analyses will compare between home screening and return visit groups: 1) proportion of screening tests completed; 2) proportion of women with C. trachomatis infections detected by screening. Secondary analyses will include: 1) proportion of women with N. gonorrhoeae detected by screening; 2) proportion of detected chlamydia/gonococcal infections treated; 3) attitudes towards screening. At two years after enrollment, we will recontact all study participants (both those who complied with screening and those that did not). All participants will be interviewed by telephone and asked to complete a self-collected vaginal swab for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections. Based on these end-of-study data, secondary analyses will compare between study group: 1) the proportion of women with C. trachomatis after the screening period; 2) the proportion of women who sought care for PID during the study. This study will determine whether a home screening strategy for bacterial STD's would enhance compliance with screening recommendations; such a strategy could contribute to elimination of STD's at reduced societal cost. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST FACTORS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHLAMYDIAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramsey, Kyle H. Microbiology; Midwestern University 555 31St St Downers Grove, Il 60515 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAR-2002; Project End 8-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): chlamydia trachomatis infections are the most commonly reported transmissible diseases in the U.S. Diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae of chlamydial disease cost billions of dollars each year in the U.S. alone. The infection is often asymptomatic in women. Variations in the host immune response are likely to blame for adverse outcomes because not all persons who become infected will suffer the long-term consequences of the disease. In those who progress to disease, the affected tissues are significantly altered in their structure and function by a process that ultimately results in scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This results in tubal factor infertility and risk of ectopic pregnancy. Our hypothesis is that those who sustain this outcome have dysregulation of factors which are responsible for the repair of the extracellular matrix. To address hypothesis, we will use a mouse model of chlamydial disease where inbred strains exist which have been characterized as resistant or susceptible as indicated by the outcomes of tubal damage and infertility. In approach, we will first extensively compare and contrast these strains with regard to their ability to modify and repair the extracellular matrix of the urogenital tract in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we will define the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the outcome of chlamydial disease through in vivo studies where the enzymes are inhibited pharmacologically or cytokines that influence their activity and production are neutralized. We will then define a role of specific metalloproteinases to the disease process through the use of mice with deletions in genes that encode the enzymes. Lastly, the contribution of specific inflammatory cells to the modulation of extracellular matrix in chlamydial disease will be defined by the production of bone marrow chimeras between susceptible and resistant strains of mice and subsequent depletions of leukocyte populations. In summary, it is the intent of this proposal to define host factors that are responsible for adverse chlamydial disease outcome. The information derived will assist in the development of therapies which could ameliorate the chlamydial disease process; noninvasive diagnostic indicators of progressive scarring and abnormal

22

Chlamydia

physiological outcome; development of prognostic indicators of those at high risk for chlamydial disease; and, further advances in design of a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine through avoidance of adverse outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST FREE ACTIVITIES OF CHLAMYDIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hatch, Thomas P. Professor; Molecular Sciences; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Health Science Center Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1983; Project End 8-FEB-2002 Summary: Chlamydia trachomatis and other chlamydial species are important agents of ocular, genital tract, respiratory, and other infections in humans. The pathology of infection is thought to be associated with hypersensitive immune response in some diseases and, quite simply, the ability of chalamdiae to grow inside of and kill host cells at some stage of al diseases. The specifics virulence mechanisms that allow chlamydia to grow intracellularly,however, have not been identified. The long term goal of the laboratory continues to be, therefore, understanding how chlamydia grow inside of host cells. The objectives outlines in this proposal are to understand selected key events that take place early and late in the chlamydial cycle. Early in the chlamdial life cycle, the infectious form (EB) converts from a metabolically inter state to a form (RB) eventually capable of multiplication inside of a host cell. Using in vitro transcription and other molecular techniques developed during the past grant period, the cause of RB dormancy will be determined, and the genomic target and function of a DNA binding protein that is made within the first hour of infection and which may play a critical role in the regulation of the developmental cycle will be identified (Aim1). These studies should provide insight into how chlamydiae initiate infections and may ultimately lead to novel strategies for preventing chlamydial growth. Under Aims 2 and 3, the events that take place late in the life cycle, when RB's reorganize to EB's, will be examined. The regulation of a key late-stage operon encoding cysteine-rich proteins will be examined in Aim 2, and the mechanisms by which the envelope proteins will be examined in Aim 2, and the mechanisms by which the envelope proteins become cross-linked and the topological relationship among envelope proteins will be investigated under Aim 3. These studies should provide useful basic information about the envelope structure of chlamydia, which is unique among all bacteria and which allows EB's to survive extracellular environments and to attach to host cells. It is anticipated that new envelope proteins will identified and that new relationships and chlamdyial surface proteins will be revealed in our studies. Increased knowledge of the structure of the chlamydial cell envelope will facilitate our understanding of how these fascinating, unusual bacteria attach to host cells and may identify new surface-exposed protein complexes as potential subunit vaccine candidates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF TYPE III SECRETED CHLAMYDIA PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ho, Theresa D. Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): A growing body of evidence suggests that Chlamydiae encode a type III secretion system to translocate bacterial proteins into the host cell. Many studies of type III secreted proteins from other organisms use a truncated adenylate cyclase protein (CyaA) with no endogenous translocation domain

Studies 23

to demonstrate that a protein under study is a substrate for a type III secretion system. This study will use a similar approach to identify Chiamydia trachomatis proteins that are translocated into the host cell cytoplasm via a type III secretion system. These type III secreted C. trachomatis proteins will be further characterized by determining where the proteins localize during C. trachomatis infection and how these proteins are regulated. Because the type III secreted Chiamydia proteins may be translocated into the host cell cytoplasm, the study will also demonstrate 1) if the C. trachomatis proteins are processed and presented by MHC-I in C. trachomatis-infected cells in vitro and 2) whether the CD8+ T cell responses to secreted C. trachomatis proteins can provide protection against a C. trachomatis challenge in vivo. Determination and characterization of translocated C. trachomatis proteins may help to identify targets for immune interventions or theraputic treatment of C. trachomatis infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNITY AND LATENCY TO CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Byrne, Gerald I. Professor & Chairman; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1982; Project End 0-NOV-2004 Summary: Members of the genus chlamydia, a group of obligate intracellular procaryotic pathogens, are important causes of human infectious diseases. chlamydia pneumoniae recently has been implicated in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of preventable infectious blindness and the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Upper genital tract complications in females represents a significant women's health issue. Silent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to tubal obstructive infertility. This serious disease will require extensive investigation to understand the pathogenic processes that cause irreparable damage of the reproductive tract in women during their child-bearing years. It is important to discern pathologic changes that accompany atherosclerosis, trachoma, PID and tubal obstructive disease as these events actually occur in infected people, but studies involving human populations do not lend themselves well to carefully controlled experimental conditions. Therefore we propose to continue our work using a variety of cell culture systems (human and murine) to study general features of persistent intracellular chlamydial growth which may be common to all chronic chlamydial infections and pursue the murine-C. trachomatis genital tract in vivo model to study the hypothesis that persistent chlamydiae may contribute to the development of upper genital tract disease. This hypothesis will be tested by building on our experience related to the effects of immune response regulated cytokines on chlamydial host cell activation that results in enhanced expression of chlamydial stress response proteins together with new information on the effects of stress response proteins on the disease process. We also will study how these fundamental events in the basic biology of chlamydiae relate to chronic disease as exemplified by upper genital tract infections in mice. The work plan will comprise 4 specific aims, 2 of which are intended to broaden our cell culture knowledge of persistent (stressed) chlamydial growth and 2 of which will apply this knowledge to an in vivo system. Results will lead to increased information concerning how the basic biology of chlamydiae directly impacts the disease process and the development of chronic chlamydial disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Chlamydia

Project Title: IMMUNITY TO CHLAMYDIAL GENITAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrison, Richard P. Professor; Microbiology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1996; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): chlamydia trachomatis is possibly the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in the world. In the United States, 4 million new cases of C, trachomatis urogenital tract infection occur each year, and it is estimated that the cost of treating those infections approaches $4 billion annually. Urogenital infections caused by C. trachomatis result in a number of diverse clinical conditions. Infections in women range from acute self-limiting infections to more serious infections that result in pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Considerable progress has been made in the past few years to significantly broaden our understanding of immune responses that develop during the course of chlamydial infection. However, our understanding of effector mechanisms that limit chlamydial infection and prevent reinfection is insufficient. The investigator's recent data suggest that both CD4+ T cells and B cells (antibody) contribute to adaptive immunity to chlamydial genital tract infection. Thus the overall goal of this project is to use the murine model of C. trachomatis genital tract infection to study the relationship between CD4+ T cells and antibody in adaptive immunity to infection. That goal will be realized through the studies described in 4 specific aims: 1) To determine the ability of immune B cells and antibody to reconstitute protective immunity in CD4-depleted B cell deficient mice; 2) To determine if the lack of mature B cells in B cell gene knockout mice affects the development of chlamydial-specific memory T cell responses; 3) To determine the effect of simultaneous immune cell depletions on acquired immunity; and 4) To evaluate the inhibitory effects of antibodies and lymphocytes on chlamydial growth in vitro (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity). These studies will broaden our understanding of how the host resists chlamydial infection, and may provide new insights into the formulation and administration of an effective vaccine to control the spread of chlamydial infections or prevent the serious sequelae of disease pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Raymond M. Medicine; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate is applying for a career development award in order to gain training in chlamydia-specific microbiology and immunology with the goal of pursuing a career in chlamydia immunobiology. He will work in his own laboratory under the supervision of Drs. Stanley Spinola (mentor) and Byron Batteiger (co-mentor). A local committee consisting of experts in bacterial pathogenesis and cellular immunology will monitor Dr. Johnson's progress. In addition, he will travel to the University of Arkansas for training in MoPn animal models with Dr. Roger Rank (consultant). The candidate has significant prior training in cellular immunology and animal models of viral immunopathogenesis. The mentored development outlined in this application should provide a solid foundation for the candidate's future studies of chlamydia immunobiology. During the award period the candidate will apply a unique T cell culture system that he developed during prior training to study the mucosal immune response to chlamydia infections of the reproductive tract. Much of the work done to date in the field has utilized T lymphocytes from the systemic immune

Studies 25

compartment. The candidate's proposed research using mucosal immunology methodologies should compliment that work. Based on his prior research, Dr. Johnson hypothesizes that use of epithelial antigen presenting cells (APC) will facilitate outgrowth of mucosal T lymphocytes with unique properties and possibly important roles in host defense against chlamydia infections. The goals of this proposal are: 1) To derive epithelial cell lines from the upper reproductive tract of female mice to serve as APC for studying mucosal immune responses to chlamydia infections. 2) To investigate chlamydia immunobiology using chlamydia-infected epithelial cell lines as APC for ex vivo studies of CD4 and CD8 T cells responding to genital tract infections. 3) To determine the effect of adoptive transfer of mucosal CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes on the natural course of MoPn genital tract infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fresa, Kerin L. Pathology, Microbio/Immunology; Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Med 4170 City Ave Philadelphia, Pa 19131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-2001; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: (the Applicant's Abstract): With increasing age, there is increased incidence and severity of infectious diseases, including pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, as well as many non-infectious diseases including cancers, heart disease, Alzheimer' s disease and other dementias. The obligate intracellular bacterial parasite chlamydia pneumoniae is an established pathogen for respiratory infection. Recent evidence from a number of laboratories suggests that C. pneumoniae may be a factor in the pathogenesis of a number of non-respiratory diseases including Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. It has been repeatedly hypothesized that increased incidence of infectious and other diseases with age may be the result of age alterations in the immune system, particularly in cell mediated immune reactions. It is well established that T cell function, as measured in vivo by delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and in vitro as proliferative responses to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation, both decline with age. While infection with C. pneumoniae as well as other Chlamydial species induces production of antibodies, recent evidence suggests that cell mediated immune mechanisms play a key role in recovery from infection as well as immunopathology associated with Chlamydial infection. It has not been established whether old animals are able to clear infection by C. pneumoniae or remain chronically infected. It also remains unknown whether the immune response, particularly the cell-mediated immune response, to acute chlamydial infection is altered with age. Finally, the extent to which the cell-mediated immune response to chlamydia, or lack thereof, contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis or Alzheimer's disease is entirely speculative. We propose here to begin to address these issues in a mouse model. The working hypothesis is that the cellular immune response against C. pneumoniae declines with age. The Specific Aims of this project are: 1) To assess whether aging is associated with alterations in the clinical course of experimental intranasal infection of mice by C. pneumoniae; and 2) To assess whether there are age-associated changes in the immune response to C. pneumoniae. Specifically, we will examine proliferative responses, generation of cytotoxic T cells, and production of Th1 associated cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-g). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Chlamydia

Project Title: INDENTIFICATION OF TRANSLOCATED CHLAMYDIA PROTEINS. Principal Investigator & Institution: Loomis, Wendy P. Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 9-MAR-2002 Summary: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that some chlamydia proteins are able to gain access to the host cell cytosol to promote survival of these obligate intracellular organisms. I propose to identify chlamydia proteins that are translocated from the vacuole where chlamydia reside into the host cell cytosol or the vacuolar membrane. This will be done by generating a C. trachomatis library where individual chlamydia proteins are fused to known peptide epitopes recognized by CD8+ T cells. Translocation of these fusion proteins can then be monitored by recognition of the epitope tags by epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Proteins identified using this method will be further characterized to define the role of each protein in directing an immune response against chlamydia and in establishing this organism's intracellular niche. The experimental system proposed here is a unique approach for identifying potential virulence determinants in this elusive pathogen. Identification of chlamydia proteins that are translocated into the host cell cytosol will yield insight into C. trachomatis pathogenesis and cell biology. In addition, translocated proteins that are targets of the immune system can be considered as components of experimental chlamydia vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INDUCTION OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Eko, Francis O. Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1996; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Genital infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen, chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States, with four million reported annual cases that cost over $2 billion. Of major pathophysiological significance is the propensity for cervical infection in women to spread into the upper genital tract, provoking serious complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, fallopian tube scarring, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Also, the frequently asymptomatic infections do cause severe irreversible complications to be the first evidence of an infection. There are concerns that genital chlamydial disease, like certain other STDs, such as AIDS and gonococcal disease, may pose a serious threat to human reproduction, well-being and healthcare costs. Current control and prevention strategies target frequent screening for early detection and treatment, and development of vaccines as the priority. The search for a chlamydial vaccine has led to extensive research to define the crucial immune effectors in anti-chlamydial immunity, identify antigens that elicit protective immunity, and design effective methods of vaccine delivery. Our research has been focused on identifying the relevant immune parameters in chlamydial immunity and elucidating the mechanism(s) of intraepithelial inhibition of chlamydiae. Our findings and reports by others have culminated in a new paradigm for designing vaccines against chlamydia based on the induction of local mucosal TH1 response. The major challenge at this stage is to select an appropriate immunogen(s) and design an effective delivery system, to induce high levels of local genital mucosal Th1 response to maintain long-term immunity. Accordingly, this proposal uses immunological, genetic engineering, molecular, cellular and biochemical techniques to investigate the central hypothesis that

Studies 27

protective anti-chlamydial immunity will be established if immunogenic chlamydial antigen(s) are effectively delivered to induce high frequency of specific Th1 cells in the genital mucosa. Specific studies planned will use genetically engineered and wild type mice to: (a) investigate the efficacy of genetically designed recombinant multi-subunit vaccines composed of mucosal bacterial ghosts co-expressing multiple membrane proteins of C. trachomatis; (b) assess the therapeutic benefits of an immunotherapeutic cellular vaccine based on IL-lO gene-suppressed dendritic cells presenting antigens for inducing high frequency of specific Th1 response, as an alternative therapeutic vaccine for C. trachomatis; (c) identify the major mucosal inductive sites, antigen-presenting cells and other accessory cells crucial for Th1 activation; and (d) define the molecular and cellular elements regulating Th1 activation, trafficking and recruitment into the genital mucosa following effective cellular and subunit vaccination against C. trachomatis. Results from these studies will likely lead to the development of a reliable vaccine regimen against chlamydia, which should have major implications for the genital, ocular, and lung infections and their complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CHLAMYDIAL EVASION OF IMMUNE RECOGNATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhong, Guangming; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-JUL-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: Human chlamydial infections are recognized as the leading cause of many important sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The development of chlamydial diseases is largely due to persistent intracellular infection by the organisms. Chlamydial evasion of host immune response may contribute to the persistence of chlamydial infection. We found that chlamydia has evolved the ability to evade immune recognition by inhibiting both MHC class I and class II antigen expression, which is correlated with degradation of transcription factors required for MHC gene activation. We further found that a chlamydia-specific proteasome-like activity in chlamydiainfected cell cytosolic fraction is responsible for the transcription factor degradation. We hypothesize that chlamydia may secrete a factor(s) with the unique proteasome-like activity into host cell cytosol for evading immune recognition mechanisms. We designated this factor as chlamydial proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF). To test our hypothesis, we propose (1) to purify and to identify CPAF, (2) to understand how CPAF works including determining its subcellular location, intracellular trafficking, binding specificity, potential cofactors and function domains and (3) to search for inhibitors for blocking the enzymatic activity of CPAF using a phage-displayed peptide library plus affinity selection approach. These studies will provide essential information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenesis and developing effective strategies for preventing chlamydial persistence and controlling chlamydiainduced diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MICROBIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ATTACHMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Stephens, Richard S. Professor; Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122

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Chlamydia

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1992; Project End 1-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that is the cause of a wide spectrum of human diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases and blinding trachoma. Chlamydiae infect mammalian cells by attachment, endocytosis and inhibition of lysosomal fusion with endosomes containing chlamydiae. The target host cell in vivo is typically the columnar epithelial cell, and the primary mode of entry of chlamydiae into these 'nonprofessional phagocytic' cells is thought to be receptor-mediated endocytosis. Immunopathology caused from repeated and persistent infection causes the most severe disease outcomes; however, little is known about the molecular mechanism of chlamydial infection of host cells. The long-term objective is to understand chlamydial pathogenesis and virulence in the context of the interaction of chlamydiae with their host cells. This will yield important fundamental information for a) understanding mechanisms of infection, b) mediators of virulence and c) the development of new approaches for intervention. The specific aims of this application will be to advance our studies to define molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in chlamydialspecific interactions with mammalian host cells. The aims are derived from our data that demonstrate a novel and essential role for glycosaminoglycan mediated chlamydial invasion of eukaryotic cells. The hypothesis is that chlamydiae invade mammalian host cells by a heparan sulfate-like ligand and elicit responses by the host cell which have consequences for pathogenesis. The significance of these studies is an understanding of fundamental mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenesis and virulence as an active interplay between chlamydia and its host cell. The specific aims are: 1) Molecular characterization of the heparan sulfate-like invasin, 2) Identify and characterize the mammalian host cell chlamydial receptor, 3) Characterize the modification of host cell signal-transduction and regulatory pathways by chlamydiae, and 4) Test the protein expression and significance of chlamydia-induced changes in host cell gene transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY

GENETIC

ANALYSIS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Maurelli, Anthony T. Professor; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-1998; Project End 0-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Bacteria of the genus chlamydia are significant pathogens of animals and man. The diseases caused by chlamydia spp. in man include pneumonitis, endocarditis, polyarthritis, blindness, and a wide range of sexually transmitted diseases including cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility in females; and non-gonococcal urethritis and acute epididymitis in males. Despite many years of effort, the chlamydia remain intractable to genetic analysis due to their obligate intracellular lifestyle and complex developmental cycle. No one has been able to introduce foreign DNA into this organism and achieve stable inheritance of the expression of the foreign genes. Few attempts at isolation of chlamydia mutants have been reported. Even cloning of chlamydia genes by complementation has been problematic due to the absence of, or poor expression of cloned chlamydia genes in Escherichia coli. Our long term goal is to apply the power of genetics to study the pathogenic mechanisms of chlamydia. The goal of this proposal is to develop genetic tools for the analysis of chlamydia biology and pathogenesis and to use these tools to address specific problems of chlamydia pathogenesis. The Specific

Studies 29

aims are to: 1) design an efficient, reproducible method for introduction, expression, and stable maintenance of foreign DNA in chlamydia; 2) design genetic tools for mutagenesis and selection of mutant phenotypes of chlamydia; 3) clone chlamydia genes by functional complementation; and, 4) develop a system for gene replacement in chlamydia. Each of these aims will include development of a genetic tool, demonstration of the tools effectiveness, and application of the tool to a fundamental question of chlamydia biology. Success in achieving these goals will have a significant impact on chlamydia research by making new tools for genetic analysis of chlamydia available. Rapid advances in our understanding of chlamydia pathogenesis and biology as well as the ability to construct chlamydia mutants for vaccine development will be made possible by these new techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PERSISTENT CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nicholson, Tracy L. Infectious Diseases; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-NOV-2001 Summary: (provided by the applicant): To date, research involving chlamydia and its host interactions has been hampered by the lack of a functional genetic transformation system. The recently available sequence of the chlamydia trachomatis genome allows a comprehensive approach in studying this organism. C. trachomatis is an important human pathogen responsible for sexually transmitted disease throughout the world. Current research suggests that chlamydial infections are immunologically mediated. The sequelae of these infections results from a persistent in vivo state where the chlamydial cycle is arrested, while antigen remains a stimulus to the immune response. Many of these infections persist unrecognized for months to years. The biological state of chlamydia and the factors that lead these persistent infections are unknown. This proposal addresses the study of transcriptional regulation during the chlamydial developmental cycle using a global genomic approach and the determination of whether chlamydia regulate their developmental cycle to promote persistent infections. These experiments will aid in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms behind chlamydial persistent infections in order to provide new therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat infections caused by this organism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR ATHEROGENESI

PATHOGENESIS

OF

CHLAMYDIA-INDUCED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Arditi, Moshe; Director; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-2001; Project End 1-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The goal is to define mechanisms leading to the development and progression of chlamydiae-mediated atherosclerosis. Approaches will center on studying signaling mechanisms for cLPS and cHsp60, effector molecules known to activate host pro-inflammatory pathways. The hypothesis to be investigated is that cLPS and cHsp60 utilize the Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR-4) to activate macrophages and endothelial cells via NF-kB and MAPK through myeloid differentiation protein (MyD88). The effects of this activation will lead to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1

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Chlamydia

VCAM-1), growth factors (M-CSF), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and enhanced transendothelial cell migration of monocytes; all factors implicated in atherogenesis. The hypothesis also will be tested in vivo by determining if apo-E-/-, TLR-4-/- double knockout mice remain indifferent to C. pneumoniae-induced accelerated lesion progression. The specific aims are to (1) determine if TLR-4 is the signaling receptor for cLPS and cHsp60 and to investigate the signaling pathways induced (ERK1/ERK2, p38MAPK and JNK) and other down-stream events leading to NK-kB activation; (2) to define the molecular mechanisms involved in cLPS and cHsp60-induced transendothelial cell migration of monocytes; and (3) to create double knockout mutants in mice (TLR4-/-, apoE-/- and MtD88-/-, apoE -/-) to investigate the contributions of TLR-4 and MyD88 in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in the presence and absence of C. pneumoniae infection. The results of these studies are expected to lead to new targets for intervention and prevention of coronary atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA & CHLAMYDIA AS ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF COUGH IN Principal Investigator & Institution: Treanor, John J.; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NON-INVASIVE CHLAMYDIAL SCREENING FOR ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blake, Diane R. Pediatrics; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from application abstract): The candidate, Dr. Diane Blake, has completed fellowship training in adolescent medicine, with a particular emphasis on sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents. She is now an Assistant Professor at the University of Massachusetts School of Medicine and she proposes a multi-pronged research approach, under the mentorship of Dr. Marianne Felice, (Chair of Pediatrics at the University of Massachusetts), to 1) investigate social and behavioral factors that serve as obstacles to chlamydial screening in adolescent populations; 2) conduct a screening program using urine-based LCR to determine the point prevalence of chlamydia in these two populations and 3) conduct cost effectiveness analysis to determine whether urine-based screening of young people based upon entry into residential setting is cost effective. The project will be phased, involving focus groups that will address issues regarding the knowledge base, perceived barriers, etc. of STD service utilization; construction of a questionnaire that will further explore some of the barriers and ideas for overcoming barriers that were identified in the focus groups; determination of the point prevalence of chlamydia in the populations of these residential settings; followed by analysis of the cost-effectiveness of screening in preventing of sequaelae of untreated chlamydial infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF PERSISTENT CHLAMYDIAL STDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dean, Deborah A. Assistant Professor of Medicine; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-SEP-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia trachomatis(CT) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the developed world. CT infections and their sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility are responsible for ~80% of the estimated $2.5 billion annual cost of these infections in the United States. Further, up to 50% of women become reinfected and are at increased risk for these sequelae. Many reinfections reflect persistence that likely plays an important role in pathogenesis. The major outer membrane protein is considered to be the immunodominant protein of CT. However, the discovery of open reading frames predicted to encode a nine-member polymorphic membrane protein (Prop) gene (pmp) family in the recently published genome sequence of CT serovar D suggest that these Props may also be important in chlamydial biology. Further, CT contains a partial tryptophan biosynthesis operon (trpR, trpA, trpB) not found in a CT mouse strain (MoPn) or other species of chlamydia. Tryptophan is essential for chlamydial replication, and tryptophan depletion in vitro results in chlamydial persistence. Our hypothesis is that the prop and tryptophan genes may undergo selection that results in differential expression or activity of these proteins that: 1) consequently determine active or persistent infection; and 2) are significantly involved in pathogenesis as an outcome of persistence or outcome of other factors. By analyzing the genetic profile of prototype and serial recurrent and persistent CT STD patient strains and by correlating these data with epidemiologic and clinical findings, we hope to identify the genes, genetic/protein variation and evolution of this variation in the organism, and how these are linked to persistence and pathogenesis. Thus, this grant will answer broad questions about the genetic and protein basis for persistence and for pathogenesis, and provide important research tools including a Database and DNA microarray that will be of longterm benefit to investigators in the field of chlamydia. The Specific Aims for this grant are to: 1) Sequence the nine pmps, and trpR, trpA, and trpB genes for the 19 prototype serovars of CT and create a DNA microarray for these genes and ompA to differentiate strains of CT, and for use in Aim 2; and 2) Identify polymorphisms in and protein expression of the nine props, specific tryptophan operon genes, and other constitutively expressed genes among serial cervical samples from patients with persistent versus nonpersistent CT STDs; correlate the genetic and protein expression profiles of these serial samples with epidemiologic and clinical findings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS IN CHLAMYDIAL REACTIVE ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Whittum-Hudson, Judith A. Professor; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 8-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a chronic disease characterized by periods of flare alternating with periods of less active inflammation. One criterion of disease classification is a history of prior sexually transmitted or GI infection. Recent data from our collaborative group have shown that a significant number of ReA patients have metabolically active chlamydia in their synovial tissues.

32

Chlamydia

To facilitate study of ReA, we developed a murine model of genital chlamydial infection using a human strain of chlamydia trachomatis to study the inflammatory/immunopathologic mechanisms of joint inflammation. Mice develop ascending genital infection within three weeks. Synovial tissue from knees of these animals exhibits histologic signs of synovitis including increased synovial lining cells, dilated vessels, and foci of mononuclear inflammatory cells, and is PCR positive for chlamydial genes. This model will extend our previous data from a murine ocular chlamydial infection model that demonstrated both dissemination of chlamydia to synovial tissue and development of synovitis.The model will allow us to test mechanisms in chlamydia-associated spondyloarthropathy (ReA) relating to the initiation of synovial inflammation and to determine the roles of local and distant host responses in development of persistent chlamydial infection. Specific molecular, microbiologic and immunologic questions to be asked with the murine model are guided by questions raised by the group's clinical findings from ReA patients: (1) what are the roles of pro-inflammatory and immunologic cytokines produced in synovial tissue during the inflammatory processes? (2) what host cells are infected and where does chlamydial persistence begin? (3) what is the metabolic state of chlamydia in those cells? (4) are persistently infected host cells (presumed mononuclear cells/macrophages) the stimulus for inflammation, or do responses by uninfected host cells to the latter provide the inflammatory stimulus? (5) do the locally produced cytokines determine the establishment of inapparent/persistent chlamydial infection in synovial tissue? The proposed studies in a noninvasive murine model of reactive arthritis will extend our clinical and laboratory findings from patients with chlamydia-associated reactive arthritis, and under controlled experimental conditions, enable us to determine the host cells vs chlamydial components which predispose to development and chronicity of joint inflammation. In the long term, these studies will lead to improved therapies for patients with reactive arthritis and/or indicate requirements to prevent this spondyloarthropathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEDIATRICS:CHLAMYDIA, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA AND STROKE RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Styles, Lori A. Associate Heatologist; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 4-SEP-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease in the general population. Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are 200 times more likely to have cerebrovascular disease than normal children and are known to have an altered immune response to many infectious pathogens. C. pneumoniae is the leading infectious cause of acute chest syndrome which, interestingly, is a well- established risk factor for stroke in children with SCA. Our preliminary data indicates that SCA patients with MRI-documented cerebral infarction are 12 times more likely to have C. pneumoniae infection than SCA patients with normal MRI scans. We hypothesize that SCA patients have an abnormal immune response to C. pneumoniae that results in persistent infection which, in turn, triggers the development of cerebrovascular disease. Sickle cell anemia patients with an elevated velocity on transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) are known to be at high risk to develop stroke and an elevated TCD likely reflects underlying vascular disease. In addition, the Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia Trial (STOP) demonstrated that almost 40% of children with an elevated TCD have

Studies 33

evidence of cerebral infarction on MRI. Children with abnormal TCDs are, therefore, an appropriated population to investigate an association between cerebrovascular disease and C. pneumoniae infection. As an ancillary study of the STOP II trial we propose 1) To determine if C. pneumoniae infection is associated with cerebral infarction in children with SCA; 2) To characterize the immunological response to C. pneumoniae infection in patients with SCA. Establishing a link between C. pneumoniae infection and cerebral infarction will open the door to novel, less toxic approaches to the treatment and prevention of stroke in SCA, including antibiotics and vaccines. The data gained in this proposal would provide the preliminary data necessary to justify further clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POLYMORPHIC TRACHOMATIS

MEMBRANE

PROTEINS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hsia, Ru-Ching; Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-MAY-2003; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydial polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps) are a newly identified family of Chlamydia-specific membrane proteins, whose role in chlamydial biology and pathogenesis is unknown. Genomic analysis of the prop family of C. pneumoniae has revealed frameshift mutations, deletions and gene duplications. Studies of the larger pmp families of C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci have also revealed that Pmp proteins are expressed in vitro, that some can be detected at the elementary body surface, and that some are dominant antigens during infection and may be targets for vaccine design. The emerging evidence is consistent with a role of the prop gene family in pathogenesis and immune evasion. The purpose of this project is to characterize the smallest pmp gene family identified to date: the 9-member family of C. trachomatis. In preliminary studies using the 9 partially purified recombinant Pmps as target antigens, I have observed differential Pmp-specific antibody responses in archived sera from patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. This analysis will be expanded through cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of Pmp-specific responses in a well-characterized patient population with genital C. trachomatis infection. This analysis may identify direct relationships between Pmp-specific responses and disease outcome. A second focus of this project will be to identify and characterize genetic and molecular determinants of Pmp expression in C. trachomatis. Polymorphisms will be identified and compared in the pmp families of selected study isolates. Experiments will be performed to characterize developmental patterns of pmp expression in these isolates. Using a panel of Pmp-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies generated in this project, I will examine Pmp protein expression and eventual translocation to the surface of the outer membrane along development and at the single cell level using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mrsny, Randall J.; Trinity Biosystems, Llc 11620 Buena Vista Dr Los Altos Hills, Ca 94022 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia trachomatis infections represent a critical unmet medical need. chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that can cause blinding trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis and salpingitis, and is an important

34

Chlamydia

cofactor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infection rates associated with this pathogen make it the number one sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. Previous vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful, leading to the suggestion that induction of both a humoral and cellular immune response may be required for protection from infection. Recent studies have led to the identification of specific antigenic epitopes of this pathogen that may provide a potent and durable immunity capable of preventing or reducing rates of infection, and/or clearing an infection. A unique method of delivering such antigens across intact mucosal epithelia using a non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE) has also recently been identified. This Phase I application proposes the development and pre-clinical testing of several potential vaccines composed of ntPE chimeras that contain a variety of these specific C. trachomatis antigens integrated into specific sites of the carrier. The goal of these studies is to identify a viable vaccine candidate for clinical development in the prevention of the STD associated with C. trachomatis infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND IMMUNITY TO CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kawa, Diane E. None; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 8-FEB-2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEINS IN THE CHLAMYDIAL INCLUSION MEMBRANE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rockey, Daniel D. Professor; Microbiology; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-1998; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The four species of chlamydiae cause a variety of serious diseases in both humans and in many animal species. The most serious chlamydial diseases of humans include trachoma, pneumonia, and a spectrum of different sexually transmitted conditions. Millions of people are debilitated by these diseases worldwide. The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that develop within a non-acidified vacuole (the inclusion) within infected host cells. The biology of inclusion formation and development is only beginning to be understood. A collection of proteins produced by chlamydia psittaci (IncA, IncB, IncC) are localized to the inclusion membrane during chlamydial development. These are the only known proteins, of either chlamydial or host origin, that are localized to the membrane of the chlamydial inclusion. Recently IncA was shown to be phosphorylated by host cell enzymes and exposed to the cytoplasm at the surface of the inclusion. These results suggest IncA may be important in the interaction of the inclusion with its intracellular environment. Functional characterization of IncA/B/C is complicated by the lack of a genetic system in the chlamydiae, as well as the absence of similarity between these proteins and any sequences in the databases. The overall goal of this research proposal is to identify the functions of IncA/B/C in the chlamydial developmental process. The three Aims in this proposal describe methodologies designed to achieve that goal. The experiments proposed in Aim 1 are designed to identify domains of IncA/B/C exposed to the cytoplasm in infected cells. Aim 2 utilizes the yeast two-hybrid system and bacteriophage display methodologies to examine interactions between IncA/B/C and proteins of either host or chlamydial origin that may be present in the cytoplasm or

Studies 35

within the inclusion. Aim 3 describes the use of two expression systems, vaccinia virus and eukaryotic expression plasmids, to examine and mutagenize incA/B/C within host cells. These expression experiments will be conducted both in the absence or the presence of a parallel chlamydial infection. These different approaches will examine the unique biology of IncA/B/C as well as explore new technologies for investigating chlamydial interactions with mammalian cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEOMIC PNEUMONIAE

ANALYSIS

OF

PERSISTENT

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Summersgill, James T. Professor; Medicine; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-DEC-2001; Project End 0-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): A significant amount of data, including seroepidemiological and direct detection studies, have suggested a potential role for chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection in human atherosclerosis; however, a direct causal role remains to be established. Elucidation of potential pathogenic mechanisms is critical to establishing whether C. pneumoniae is merely an "innocent bystander" in atherosclerosis or possesses biological features consistent with a significant role in the initiation or exacerbation of this disease. The complete genome of C. pneumoniae has been recently sequenced and this information is important for the comprehensive investigation of proteins which C. pneumoniae can produce under various growth conditions, a process known as proteome analysis. Proteome analysis can be important for elucidation of potential functions of expressed proteins, since changes in the bacterial proteome depend on growth stages, disease states or environmental conditions. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease featuring an increased accumulation of smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells, T-cells and lipids within the arterial intima in response to injury. Evidence exits that localizes C. pneumoniae within foam cells of human atheromas. In order for C. pneumoniae to play a causative role in atherogenesis, it would need to persist within intimal tissue for extended periods of time, thereby stimulating a chronic inflammatory response. An alteration of the normal growth cycle of C. pneumoniae can be induced, in vitro, by cytokine pretreatment of the host cell, leading to the induction of a "persistent" form of the organism. Persistence of C. pneumoniae in cells of the developing atheroma. a microenvironment containing a multitude of host cytokines, could induce a differential expression of specific bacterial proteins. Such proteins could serve as virulence factors or immunogens of C. pneumoniae, or as targets for therapeutic intervention or vaccine candidates. Investigation of C. pneumoniae protein expression in persistently infected cells by proteomic analysis will identify bacterial proteins with potential functions in atherogenesis, thus strengthening the case for a causal role of this organism in atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: Growth of C. pneumoniae in the presence of cytokines induces an altered (persistent) form that correlates with a shift in the bacterial proteome. This hypothesis will be tested by (1) determining, by proteomic analysis, alteration in protein expression patterns of C. pneumoniae when is induced into an altered (persistent) growth cycle by cytokine treatment; (2) determining the role of IDO activation in the IFN-g-mediated shift in protein expression patterns of C. pneumoniae when induced into an altered (persistent) growth cycle; and (3) determining role of additional cytokines in the shift in protein expression of C. pneumoniae when induced into an altered (persistent) growth cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Chlamydia

Project Title: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Tan, Ming; Assistant Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The investigator's long-term goal is to understand how gene expression is regulated in chlamydia with the aim of identifying therapeutic targets for interrupting the chlamydial life cycle. The general strategy is to characterize transcription initiation in vitro, as methods for stable gene transfer are not available in chlamydia at this time. The objective of this application is to characterize basal and regulated promoter activity. The central hypothesis is that transcription in chlamydia is regulated by activators and repressors, and by alternative sigma factors that transcribe different classes of promoters. Three specific aims are proposed: 1. Characterization of C. trachomatis promoter structure; It is hypothesized that many chlamydial promoters do not have an optimal promoter structure and require activation. The dnaK and groE promoters will be defined with a mutational approach that uses in vitro transcription to assay for loss or gain of function. Promoter structure will be independently defined with physical methods, The Spacer A/T region and the UP element are cis-acting sequences that enhance transcription in chlamydia. To ascertain if either has a general role in promoter activation, candidate Spacer A/T regions and UP elements in selected chlamydial promoters will be examined to determine if mutations in these regions have an effect on in vitro transcription. 2. Investigation of the role of the Spacer A/T region. It is hypothesized that the Spacer A/T region regulates promoter activity by functioning as a binding site for a putative activator. To test this hypothesis, different RNAP preparations will be compared to determine if activation via the Spacer A/T region can be separated from basal promoter activity. Heterologous activation of E. coli RNAP transcription will also be tested for possible exploitation in a future genetic approach to clone the activator. Physical methods will be used to determine if the Spacer A/T region makes a contact with the activator. 3. Reconstitution of regulated promoter activity in vitro. The hypothesis that promoter activity is regulated during the developmental life cycle and in response to environmental stimuli will be tested by comparing reconstituted RNAP activities for promoter-specific effects on transcription. RNAP activity will be reconstituted by using RNAP extracts prepared under different conditions, cell extracts, purification fractions and selected purified recombinant proteins. Two putative alternative sigma factors will be studied to determine their roles in regulating chlamydial transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REITERS PATHOGENESIS

SYNDROME--MECHANISM

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudson, Alan P. Associate Professor; Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1993; Project End 1-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome (ReA/RS) is known to be related to infection with chlamydia trachomatis, since the disease has often been observed to follow episodes of urethritis. Studies from the investigator's laboratory have demonstrated that a far larger proportion of ReA/RS cases than expected are attributable to this organism. They have further shown that chlamydia are present in synovial tissues in ReA/RS patients, even in those with long disease duration, and that the organism is metabolically active at that site. Our data

Studies 37

show that the primary synovial host cell for persistent chlamydial infection is the monocyte/macrophage. Other studies have demonstrated that chlamydial gene expression is aberrant during synovial infection, with transcription of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) severely attenuated and that of the strongly antigenic heat shock protein gene (hsp60) at high level. This latter chlamydial protein is probably the cause of the synovial inflammation characteristic of ReA/RS. The ability of chlamydia to persist in synovial tissue and cause disease results from a balanced hostparasite interaction, and it is the purpose of the present application to delineate the molecular dynamics of that interaction. In the studies proposed here, the investigators employ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other assays to define bacterial gene products relating to cell division, energy metabolism and other critical functions, in both synovial biopsy samples from ReA/RS patients and an in vitro tissue culture model system they have developed. Similarly, they use RT-PCR and other standard molecular and cell biological methods to assess production of cytokines and other proinflammatory molecules by synovial tissue in persistent infection, again using materials from both ReA/RS patients and the in vitro model system. In these and other studies, they address biochemical, molecular genetic, and clinical questions regarding the dynamics of persistent synovial infection with C. trachomatis. Results of these studies will provide a significant new understanding of the roles played by both chlamydia and host in the maintenance of inflammatory joint disease. In future research, they will employ results from the present studies to assess therapies designed to reduce bacterial load in the synovium and inflammation in that tissue, using both the in vitro cell culture system and an animal model of reactive arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF APOE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerard, Herve C. Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: (Taken from the application): An infectious etiology for reactive arthritis (ReA) has long been suspected since this diseases often follow primary infections of the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. While many bacterial species have been associated with the disease, the genital pathogen chlamydia trachomatis has emerged as a primary agent due to its high prevalence in the population. However, another species of chlamydia, chlamydia pneumoniae shows even more widespread prevalence than does C trachomatis. chlamydia pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for various respiratory infections and some reports have associated C pneumoniae with heart diseases and even Alzheimer's disease. Importantly, studies from several groups have provided indirect evidence that this organism may be involved in synovial pathogenesis. Preliminary election microscopic (EM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of synovia from arthritis patients and asymptomatic patients confirmed the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in human synovia. In the present application, we describe studies to confirm and extend our preliminary observations. We will continue our initial screening of the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in the synovium of arthritis patients and we will determine whether patients with AD show also synovial chlamydia pneumoniae with/without joint pathology, at a higher rate than that of standard arthritis patients. The molecular genetic, EM, IH and other laboratory methods required for these studies are already developed or in place in the collaborators' laboratory. The studies proposed in this application will confirm the

38

Chlamydia

presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in the human synovium, and define metabolic characteristics of the organism and host synovial responses to chlamydial infection in addition to th role of APOE in the pathology of C. pneumoniae. Such new information will augment our understanding of the pathogenesis process leading to arthritides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE ATHEROGENESIS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

PNEUMONIAE

INFECTION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuo, Cho-Chou; Professor; Pathobiology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1997; Project End 1-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a common human respiratory pathogen. In recent years, there has been mounting evidence showing that this organism might play a role in atherosclerosis. Because coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death in this country, the overall goal is to investigate the immunopathogenic mechanisms by which C. pneumoniae infection contributes to the development of vascular disease. The proposed studies will exploit our recent findings from mouse model studies linking C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis and in vitro cell culture studies on C. pneumoniae infection of arterial wall cells. The mouse models that will be used are C57BU6 and strains derived from this background strain including, apoE-deficient and TNF-A receptor and apoE double knockout mice. Atherosclerosis in C57BU6 mice can be induced by feeding with a high fat/high cholesterol diet, while apoE mice develop atherosclerosis spontaneously on a regular diet. The specific aims are to 1) further evaluate the synergistic effect of C. pneumoniae infection and hyperlipidemia on atherogenesis by infecting mice with C. pneumoniae followed by feeding animals with a high fat/high cholesterol diet and measuring the atherosclerotic lesion development using computer assisted morphometry; 2) study the effects of C. pneumoniae infection on key components in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis that promote atherosclerotic lesion development by recruiting lymphocytes/macrophages and eliciting inflammatory responses at lesion sites. In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo systems will be used to assay the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and adherence of macrophages to the endothelial surface. The effect of TNF-A on lesion development will be investigated by infecting TNF-A receptor and apoE double knockout mice and measuring lesion development using computer assisted morphometry; 3) assess the role of macrophages in the establishment of persistent C. pneumoniae infection of atheromatous lesions using cell culture to analyze vascular cell interactions and the effect on infectivity, growth and persistence of C. pneumoniae, and characterize the growth of C. pneumoniae in macrophages loaded with low density lipoproteins (foam cells). The proposed studies should prove invaluable for understanding the disease process and developing better measures for eradication or prevention of C. pneumoniae infection and for reducing atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SCREENING FOR CHLAMYDIA & GONORRHEA IN AN URBAN POPULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vom Eigen, Keith;; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

Studies 39

Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SINGLE CELL EXPRESSION PROFILING OF CHLAMYDIA GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Starnbach, Michael N. Associate Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-JUL-2003; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen that is responsible for significant human morbidity throughout the world. Under the funded grant linked to this proposal (5 R01 AI039558-07) we have been identifying and testing a number of T cell antigens for their role in protective immunity to C. trachomatis. Through the work described in this Exploratory/Developmental application, we propose to use the published genome sequence and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology to identify candidate C. trachomatis T cell antigens based on their expression at the relevant time in the developmental cycle and their expression in the relevant tissues. Little is known about gene expression in these organisms during their developmental cycle because of the difficulty in synchronizing chlamydia infections. The use of FISH technology circumvents the problem of asynchronous infections because we will be able to analyze the expression of chlamydia genes at the level of individual bacteria. In the first Specific Aim, we propose to use FISH to explore the developmental cycle of C. trachomatis in cultured cells. Using FISH, we should be able to detect induction or repression of genes that were previously undetectable using other techniques. After optimizing probe design and hybridization conditions, we will use FISH to simultaneously monitor the expression of multiple genes within an organism using probes tagged with different fluorescent dyes. We will then compile a database containing the relative levels of expression of many C. trachomatis genes at various times in the developmental cycle. This information will be applied to the rational identification of candidate T cell antigens based on their expression early in intracellular development, when a T cell response would be most effective. The database will also aid in deciphering the pathways and regulatory networks present at each developmental stage. In the second Specific Aim, we propose to use FISH to study chlamydia gene expression in genital tissues during murine infection. In particular, we will look at the temporal and spatial differences in chlamydia gene expression in these tissues. We also propose to analyze changes in chlamydia gene expression under various host immunological or chemotherapeutic pressures. These data will also allow for the identification of candidate antigens expressed in appropriate tissue types at times when T cell recognition would be most effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETED TRACHOMATIS

GENETIC

MODIFICATIONS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: De Mars, Robert I. Professor; Medical Genetics; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUL-2003; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease and of preventable blindness in humans. Antibiotics (not inexpensive) are used to control ongoing infections but common re-

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Chlamydia

infection frequently causes serious pathology, e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and blindness. Despite growing evidence of versatile human B cell and T cell immune responses to Ct antigens, there is little evidence of long-lasting protective immunity following infection; somehow, the organism evades repulse or elimination by the immune system. Current inability to genetically manipulate Ct has impeded analysis that might increase understanding of how Ct infections work and how the immune system might be better engaged in the management of Ct infection. The proposed work is aimed at developing a method of introducing planned genetic modifications into many targeted Ct genes following a three step work plan: (i) Demonstrate how to genetically transform Ct by means of homologous recombination between cloned Ct DNA that is transferred into Ct and chromosomal DNA of recipient Ct. A cloned mutant gyr A gene that renders Ct resistant to ofloxacin (OFX) will be transferred into sensitive Ct and resistant transformants will be isolated by selection with OFX. (ii) Demonstrate how to use the results of (i) to replace a normal Ct gene with a cloned mutant allele by the use of a model 'homologous recombination vector' (HRV). The same mutant gyr A gene used for (i) will be used, but transformants will be isolated by selection for a different, non Ct- derived 'selection marker' that is part of the HRV. Homologus recombination in Ct-derived parts of the HRV will incorporate the selection marker and closely linked Ct DNA into the Ct chromosome, thereby replacing the indigenous gene with the mutant trans-gene. (iii) Use the results of (ii) to create model knockout mutant Ct strains that can be studied in animal models. A knockout mutant allele of the folA gene will be used for this model because folA - deficient transformants that normally would be unviable can be isolated by supplementation of the culture medium with reduced folic acid. A multitude of mutation/function investigations that could be based on these model demonstrations includes the possible development of attenuated strains of Ct that might be useful protective vaccines. Pairs of mutants used in (i) - (iii) above will also be used to detect genetic recombination in mixedly infected human host cells. There is clinical evidence that such recombination occurs in humans and may contribute to Ct evasion of protective immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: T-CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN CHLAMYDIAL GENITAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelly, Kathleen A. Assistant Professor; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-APR-1988; Project End 0-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): chlamydia trachomatis infection remains a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, and often leads to fallopian tube injury and infertility in humans. While effective antibiotics are available, asymptomatic infection may ascend to the upper genital tract (GT) and cause irreversible tissue damage before it is discovered. One strategy for avoiding injury to the upper GT is through preventative vaccination. However, the anti-chlamydial CD4 T-helper type 1 (Th1) response that develops to eradicate infection is also thought to participate in upper GT injury. The goal of this project is to identify mechanisms that regulate chlamydial immunity in the upper GT to better understand the basis of upper GT injury. We recently reported that CD4 cells are primarily recruited to the upper but not the lower GT and that Th1 attractant chemokines are produced primarily in the upper GT during infection. Based on those findings we hypothesize that the ability to recruit T cells differs between the upper and lower GT. We have also found that Th1 cells are not the only subset recruited

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to the GT. Anti-Chlamydia-specific T cells that produce IL-10 are also recruited to the GT during infection. T cells that secrete IL-10 may interfere with a Th1 response and enhance upper GT injury. Therefore, it will be important in validating the hypothesis to determine whether the IL-10 producing T cells that are recruited to the GT can modulate the Th1 response against chlamydia. To test this hypothesis we will 1) Identify mechanism(s) that control the enhanced recruitment of Th1 CD4 cells to the upper GT, 2) Determine if altering Th1 CD4 cell recruitment improves immunity against chlamydia infection. 3) Determine if IL-10 producing T cells subsets (Th2, Tr1) impede anti-chlamydial Th1 immunity. To achieve these goals, we will focus on identifying chemokine and chemokine receptor ligands that mediate Th1 cell recruitment to the GT. In addition, we will attempt to boost immunity in the lower GT by the delivery of these Th1-attractant chemokines to the vaginal region using adenoviruses that secrete Th1atrractant chemokines. Also, using IL-10 knockout and transgenic mice we will determine whether IL-10 producing T cell subsets influence anti-Chlamydia immunity and the development of upper GT injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSLATING CHLAMYDIA SCREENING GUIDELINES INTO PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Robert S.; Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound 200 15Th Ave E Seattle, Wa 98112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: Sexually transmitted chlamydia trachomatis infections in women, often asymptomatic, have serious consequences if left untreated. However, studies from Group Health Cooperative (GHC) have shown the impact can be decreased (i.e., a 56 percent decrease in PID) if at-risk women receive screening and treatment. Over the last two years, GHC has developed an evidence-based chlamydia screening guideline to initiate translation of the evidence into practice. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of several multifaceted strategies for guideline implementation. Site: Thirty staff model outpatient clinics at GHC. Methods: This is a randomized trial of guideline implementation strategies carried out at the provider and patient levels. Using a 2x2 factorial design, we will compare standard guideline implementation to three other strategies: one with only provider-specific components, one with only patient-specific components and one with both provider- and patient-specific components. Providerspecific strategies (with randomization occurring at the clinic level) include the use of opinion leaders, measurement and feedback, and prompts placed in Pap test kits. The patient- specific strategy (with randomization of individual enrollees) consists of a prompt placed in the chart of 14-20 year-old females as a paper-based test to establish the case for a future computerized automated prompt system. Outcomes: Outcomes will be measured at baseline and post-implementation. The primary outcome is the rate of appropriate chlamydia screening among 14- 25 year-old females. Other primary outcomes are 1) the rate of chlamydia screening as defined by a new HEDIS measure; 2) changes in provider knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, self-efficacy, practices, and perceived barriers and supports; 3) the cost per woman appropriately screened and the marginal cost-effectiveness of each intervention arm. Secondary outcomes include changes in the rates of positive chlamydia tests, PID and ectopic pregnancy. Major study benefits: To our knowledge this will be the first study to evaluate conceptually-based guideline implementation strategies in a defined HMO clinical population. In order to further enhance generalizability, we will test selected implementation strategies in a networkmodel managed care setting.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: URINE BASED SCREENING FOR GONORRHEA/CHLAMYDIA IN HIV PRIMARY CARE POPULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Erbelding, Emily J.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Treatable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) serve as cofactors for the sexual transmission of HIV. Enhanced screening efforts among those presenting for HIV primary care along with early treatment may be a successful strategy to prevent further transmission of HIV. In the present study, we seek to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrheae (NG) and chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections and the prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior in an HIV primary care population. Methods: Patients presenting for a scheduled medical visit in an HIV primary care clinic are asked to participate in an interview about recent sexual behavior and to provide a urine sample. Urine samples are assayed for NG and CT infection by the ligase chain- reaction based assay. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: URINE-BASED POINT-OF-CARE CHLAMYDIA/GONORRHOEA TEST Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerdes, John C. Vice President of Research & Development; Xtrana, Inc. 717 Yosemite Cir Denver, Co 80220 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 9-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): During phase I Xtrana/BioPool (formerly Molecular Innovations, Inc.) demonstrated the feasibility of a urine-based diagnostic test that potentially could be performed in the clinic to detect both genital chlamydia and gonorrhea. The strategy involves the release of chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoea (GC) ribosomal RNA, capture onto Xtrana/Biopool's XtraBind solid phase bead matrix, followed by direct isothennal amplification using Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA). After NASBA, haptenized primers are added so that the amplified product is directly visualized as a blue line immediately following wicking through a lateral flow membrane. The integration of solid phase capture, direct isothermal amplification, and visual lateral flow detection enables device platforms with simple protocols compatible with nucleic acid testing at the point-of-care at reduced cost using only a heat block for instrumentation. Finalized chemistry, device design, prototyping, and manufacturing, followed by clinical validation studies will be performed in phase II. At the conclusion of phase 11, extraction, amplification, and detection chemistry run within the prototype will be completed and its performance characterized utilizing urine specimens. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for chlamydia in the PubMed Central database: •

A Chlamydia pneumoniae Component That Induces Macrophage Foam Cell Formation Is Chlamydial Lipopolysaccharide. by Kalayoglu MV, Byrne GI. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108631

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A Chlamydia trachomatis-Specific Th2 Clone Does Not Provide Protection against a Genital Infection and Displays Reduced Trafficking to the Infected Genital Mucosa. by Hawkins RA, Rank RG, Kelly KA. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128225

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A Developmentally Regulated Chlamydial Gene with Apparent Homology to Eukaryotic Histone H1. by Perara E, Ganem D, Engel JN. 1992 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48609

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A Heat-Labile Protein of Chlamydia trachomatis Binds to HeLa Cells and Inhibits the Adherence of Chlamydiae. by Joseph TD, Bose SK. 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51592

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A model of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection using human xenografts in severe combined immunodeficiency mice.. by Essig A, Rudolphi A, Heinemann M, Rosenthal H, Kaufmann R, Reimann J, Marre R. 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174070

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A Murine Model for the Study of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections during Pregnancy. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116010

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A Positive cis-Acting DNA Element Is Required for High-Level Transcription in Chlamydia. by Schaumburg CS, Tan M. 2000 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=94665

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

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A Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Binds to Heparan Sulfate Receptors on Epithelial Cells. by Su H, Raymond L, Rockey DD, Fischer E, Hackstadt T, Caldwell HD. 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38298

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A Role for Interleukin-6 in Host Defense against Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Darville T, Kelly K, Rank RG. 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108560

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Ability of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Test To Identify Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Cervical Specimens. by Schachter J, Hook EW III, McCormack WM, Quinn TC, Chernesky M, Chong S, Girdner JI, Dixon PB, DeMeo L, Williams E, Cullen A, Lorincz A. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85720

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Accuracy of Results Obtained by Performing a Second Ligase Chain Reaction Assay and PCR Analysis on Urine Samples with Positive or Near-Cutoff Results in the LCx Test for Chlamydia trachomatis. by Castriciano S, Luinstra K, Jang D, Patel J, Mahony J, Kapala J, Chernesky M. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120557

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Acquired Immunity to Chlamydia pneumoniae Is Dependent on Gamma Interferon in Two Mouse Strains That Initially Differ in This Respect after Primary Challenge. by Vuola JM, Puurula V, Anttila M, Makela PH, Rautonen N. 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97231

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Affinities of [beta]-Lactams for Penicillin Binding Proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis and Their Antichlamydial Activities. by Storey C, Chopra I. 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90278

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Amino Acid Transport into Cultured McCoy Cells Infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. by Harper A, Pogson CI, Pearce JH. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101813

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An Important Proportion of Genital Samples Submitted for Chlamydia trachomatis Detection by PCR Contain Small Amounts of Cellular DNA as Measured by [beta]Globin Gene Amplification. by Coutlee F, de Ladurantaye M, Tremblay C, Vincelette J, Labrecque L, Roger M. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86955

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An oligomer of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci is recognized by monoclonal antibodies which protect mice from abortion.. by de Sa C, Souriau A, Bernard F, Salinas J, Rodolakis A. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173704

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An Unspliced Group I Intron in 23S rRNA Links Chlamydiales, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria. by Everett KD, Kahane S, Bush RM, Friedman MG. 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93955

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Analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Growth in Cells by Reverse Transcription-PCR Targeted to Bacterial Gene Transcripts. by Haranaga S, Ikejima H, Yamaguchi H, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=119931

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Analysis of Genetic Heterogeneity in Chlamydia trachomatis Clinical Isolates of Serovars D, E, and F by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. by Morre SA, Ossewaarde JM, Savelkoul PH, Stoof J, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87408

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Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response to Chlamydia Outer Membrane Protein 2. by Mygind P, Christiansen G, Persson K, Birkelund S. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104516

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Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response to Chlamydia pneumoniae by Immunoblotting and Immunoprecipitation. by Essig A, Simnacher U, Susa M, Marre R. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95782

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Analytical Sensitivity, Reproducibility of Results, and Clinical Performance of Five PCR Assays for Detecting Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. by Mahony JB, Chong S, Coombes BK, Smieja M, Petrich A. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86981

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Antibodies to 60-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein and Outer Membrane Protein 2 of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. by Ciervo A, Visca P, Petrucca A, Biasucci LM, Maseri A, Cassone A. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=119896

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydia trachomatis Using a Reverse Transcriptase PCR-Based Method. by Cross NA, Kellock DJ, Kinghorn GR, Taraktchoglou M, Bataki E, Oxley KM, Hawkey PM, Eley A. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89469

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Application of a Mycoplasma group-specific PCR for monitoring decontamination of Mycoplasma-infected Chlamydia sp. strains.. by Ossewaarde JM, de Vries A, Bestebroer T, Angulo AF. 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167802

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Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study. by Oakeshott P, Hay P, Hay S, Steinke F, Rink E, Kerry S. 2002 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137811

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Association of circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. by Smieja M, Mahony J, Petrich A, Boman J, Chernesky M. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130041

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Beta Interferon Is Produced by Chlamydia trachomatis-Infected Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes and Inhibits Gamma Interferon-Induced HLA-DR Expression. by Rodel J, Groh A, Vogelsang H, Lehmann M, Hartmann M, Straube E. 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108543

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Blocking antibody assay for confirmation of urogenital Chlamydia infection.. by Nachamkin I, Riddle DL, O'Connor J. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170212

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Can an Antibiotic (Macrolide) Prevent Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced Atherosclerosis in a Rabbit Model? by Fong IW, Chiu B, Viira E, Jang D, Fong MW, Peeling R, Mahony JB. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95794

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CD4+ T cells play a significant role in adoptive immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the mouse genital tract.. by Su H, Caldwell HD. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173455

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CD8 + T cells recognize an inclusion membrane-associated protein from the vacuolar pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. by Fling SP, Sutherland RA, Steele LN, Hess B, D'Orazio SE, Maisonneuve JF, Lampe MF, Probst P, Starnbach MN. 2001 Jan 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14725

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cDNA Array Analysis of Altered Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells in Response to Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Coombes BK, Mahony JB. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98036

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Cell-Mediated Immune Response during Primary Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Halme S, Latvala J, Karttunen R, Palatsi I, Saikku P, Surcel HM. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97831

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Characterization of a Chlamydia psittaci DNA Binding Protein (EUO) Synthesized during the Early and Middle Phases of the Developmental Cycle. by Zhang L, Douglas AL, Hatch TP. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108030

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Characterization of a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Directed at the Lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Peterson EM, de la Maza LM, Brade L, Brade H. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108433

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Characterization of a new isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis which lacks the common plasmid and has properties of biovar trachoma.. by Farencena A, Comanducci M, Donati M, Ratti G, Cevenini R. 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175415

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Characterization of a Strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae Isolated from a Coronary Atheroma by Analysis of the omp1 Gene and Biological Activity in Human Endothelial Cells. by Molestina RE, Dean D, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108062

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Characterization of Antiapoptotic Activities of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Cells. by Fischer SF, Schwarz C, Vier J, Hacker G. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=100101

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Characterization of B-cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in humans with trachoma.. by Ghaem-Maghami S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, Hay PE, Mahdi OS, Joof HM, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Lewis DJ. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175715

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Characterization of Chlamydia pneumoniae Persistence in HEp-2 Cells Treated with Gamma Interferon. by Pantoja LG, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Molestina RE, Summersgill JT. 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98893

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Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 Genotypes among Sexually Transmitted Disease Patients in Sweden. by Jurstrand M, Falk L, Fredlund H, Lindberg M, Olcen P, Andersson S, Persson K, Albert J, Backman A. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88464

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Characterization of In Vitro DNA Binding Sites of the EUO Protein of Chlamydia psittaci. by Zhang L, Howe MM, Hatch TP. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97287

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Characterization of Lymphocyte Response in the Female Genital Tract during Ascending Chlamydial Genital Infection in the Guinea Pig Model. by Rank RG, Bowlin AK, Kelly KA. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101791

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Characterization of Outer Membrane Proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis LGV Serovar L2. by Tanzer RJ, Hatch TP. 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95189

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Characterization of the Chlamydia trachomatis vacuole and its interaction with the host endocytic pathway in HeLa cells.. by van Ooij C, Apodaca G, Engel J. 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=176122

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Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Chlamydia Outer Membrane Protein 2 in Chlamydial Infection. by Portig I, Goodall JC, Bailey RL, Gaston JS. 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=145281

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Characterization of the murine antibody response to peptides representing the variable domains of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Peterson EM, Cheng X, Qu Z, de La Maza LM. 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174229

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Characterization of two conformational epitopes of the Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 DnaK immunogen.. by Birkelund S, Mygind P, Holm A, Larsen B, Beck F, Christiansen G. 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173841

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Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Dynamics during Genital Chlamydial Infection. by Belay T, Eko FO, Ananaba GA, Bowers S, Moore T, Lyn D, Igietseme JU. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127682

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Chemokine Expression Patterns Differ within Anatomically Distinct Regions of the Genital Tract during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Maxion HK, Kelly KA. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127774

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Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in Coronary Arteries of Young Adults (15-34 Years Old). by Kuo C, Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Goo YA, Wissler RW, Benditt EP. 1995 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41440

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Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR).. by Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Campbell LA, Grayston JT. 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172870

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and Atherosclerosis: Critical Assessment of Diagnostic Methods and Relevance to Treatment Studies. by Boman J, Hammerschlag MR. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=118057

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and Hyperlipidemia Are Co-Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis: Infection Prior to Induction of Hyperlipidemia Does Not Accelerate Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in C57BL/6J Mice. by Blessing E, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128267

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Exacerbates Aortic Inflammatory Foci Caused by Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in Normocholesterolemic Mice. by Burian K, Berencsi K,

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Endresz V, Gyulai Z, Valyi-Nagy T, Valyi-Nagy I, Bakay M, Geng Y, Virok D, Kari L, Hajnal-Papp R, Trinchieri G, Gonczol E. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96259 •

Chlamydia pneumoniae Expresses Genes Required for DNA Replication but Not Cytokinesis during Persistent Infection of HEp-2 Cells. by Byrne GI, Ouellette SP, Wang Z, Rao JP, Lu L, Beatty WL, Hudson AP. 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98653

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Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titres and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis. by Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Wong YK, Bernardes-Silva M, Ward M. 2000 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27437

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Chlamydia pneumoniae in a Free-Ranging Giant Barred Frog (Mixophyes iteratus) from Australia. by Berger L, Volp K, Mathews S, Speare R, Timms P. 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85174

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Induces Inflammatory Changes in the Heart and Aorta of Normocholesterolemic C57BL/6J Mice. by Blessing E, Lin TM, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Lloyd D, Kuo CC. 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98431

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: large prospective study. by Wald NJ, Law MR, Morris JK, Zhou X, Wong Y, Ward ME. 2000 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27436

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Human Monocytes. by Airenne S, Surcel HM, Alakarppa H, Laitinen K, Paavonen J, Saikku P, Laurila A. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96479

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Induces Differentiation of Monocytes into Macrophages. by Yamaguchi H, Haranaga S, Widen R, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127917

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces inflammatory changes in the aortas of rabbits.. by Laitinen K, Laurila A, Pyhala L, Leinonen M, Saikku P. 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175693

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Human Endothelial Cells Induces Proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells via an Endothelial Cell-Derived Soluble Factor(s). by Coombes BK, Mahony JB. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96599

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Infects and Multiplies in Lymphocytes In Vitro. by Haranaga S, Yamaguchi H, Friedman H, Izumi SI, Yamamoto Y. 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98871

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Major Outer Membrane Protein Is a Surface-Exposed Antigen That Elicits Antibodies Primarily Directed against Conformation-Dependent Determinants. by Wolf K, Fischer E, Mead D, Zhong G, Peeling R, Whitmire B, Caldwell HD. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98263

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Secretion of a Protease-Like Activity Factor for Degrading Host Cell Transcription Factors Is Required for Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression. by Fan P, Dong F, Huang Y, Zhong G. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127637

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Chlamydia pneumoniae Serology: Importance of Methodology in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Healthy Individuals. by Schumacher A, Lerkerod AB, Seljeflot I, Sommervoll L, Holme I, Otterstad JE, Arnesen H. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88039

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Chlamydia trachomatis (Mouse Pneumonitis Strain) Induces Cardiovascular Pathology following Respiratory Tract Infection. by Fan Y, Wang S, Yang X. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97004

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Chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxicity associated with complete and partial cytotoxin genes. by Belland RJ, Scidmore MA, Crane DD, Hogan DM, Whitmire W, McClarty G, Caldwell HD. 2001 Nov 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61153

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Chlamydia trachomatis Developmentally Regulated Protein is Homologous to Eukaryotic Histone H1. by Hackstadt T, Baehr W, Ying Y. 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51568

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Chlamydia trachomatis Disrupts N-Cadherin-Dependent Cell-Cell Junctions and Sequesters [beta]-Catenin in Human Cervical Epithelial Cells. by Prozialeck WC, Fay MJ, Lamar PC, Pearson CA, Sigar I, Ramsey KH. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127927

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Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection of antibody-deficient gene knockout mice.. by Su H, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD, Morrison RP. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175275

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Chlamydia trachomatis growth stimulates interleukin 8 production by human monocytic U-937 cells.. by Bianchi A, Dosquet C, Henry S, Couderc MC, Ferchal F, Scieux C. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175337

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Chlamydia trachomatis IncA Is Localized to the Inclusion Membrane and Is Recognized by Antisera from Infected Humans and Primates. by Bannantine JP, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Rockey DD. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108764

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Chlamydia trachomatis Induces Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton during Attachment and Entry into HeLa Cells. by Carabeo RA, Grieshaber SS, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128046

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Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Does Not Enhance Local Cellular Immunity against Concurrent Candida Vaginal Infection. by Kelly KA, Gray HL, Walker JC, Rank RG, Wormley FL Jr, Fidel PL Jr. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98310

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early neonatal period. by Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Niida Y. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155536

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Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract of the Rat: Influence of Progesterone on Infectivity and Immune Response. by Kaushic C, Murdin AD, Underdown BJ, Wira CR. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=107992

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Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Human Mesothelial Cells Alters Proinflammatory, Procoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Responses. by van Westreenen M, Pronk A, Diepersloot RJ, de Groot PG, Leguit P. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108204

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Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein variants escape neutralization by both monoclonal antibodies and human immune sera.. by Lampe MF, Wong KG, Kuehl LM, Stamm WE. 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174595

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Chlamydia trachomatis Persistence in the Female Mouse Genital Tract: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Infection Outcome. by Ramsey KH, Miranpuri GS, Sigar IM, Ouellette S, Byrne GI. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98609

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Chlamydia trachomatis Serology: Diagnostic Value of Outer Membrane Protein 2 Compared with That of Other Antigens. by Bas S, Muzzin P, Vischer TL. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88490

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Chlamydial Antigens Colocalize within IncA-Laden Fibers Extending from the Inclusion Membrane into the Host Cytosol. by Brown WJ, Skeiky YA, Probst P, Rockey DD. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128327

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Chlamydial Colonization of Multiple Mucosae following Infection by Any Mucosal Route. by Perry LL, Hughes S. 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116566

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Chlamydial Development Is Adversely Affected by Minor Changes in Amino Acid Supply, Blood Plasma Amino Acid Levels, and Glucose Deprivation. by Harper A, Pogson CI, Jones ML, Pearce JH. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97301

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Chlamydial Infection in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice. by Igietseme JU, Perry LL, Ananaba GA, Uriri IM, Ojior OO, Kumar SN, Caldwell HD. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108050

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Chlamydial Serology: Comparative Diagnostic Value of Immunoblotting, Microimmunofluorescence Test, and Immunoassays Using Different Recombinant Proteins as Antigens. by Bas S, Muzzin P, Ninet B, Bornand JE, Scieux C, Vischer TL. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87941

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Circulating Nucleic Acids of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography. by Smieja M, Chong S, Natarajan M, Petrich A, Rainen L, Mahony JB. 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87782

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Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the Murine Genital Mucosa Does Not Require Perforin-Mediated Cytolysis or Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. by Perry LL, Feilzer K, Hughes S, Caldwell HD. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96471

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Codon usage in Chlamydia trachomatis is the result of strand-specific mutational biases and a complex pattern of selective forces. by Romero H, Zavala A, Musto H. 2000 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105376

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Coincubation of Human Spermatozoa with Chlamydia trachomatis In Vitro Causes Increased Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Sperm Proteins. by Hosseinzadeh S, Brewis IA, Pacey AA, Moore HD, Eley A. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101686

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Comparative Evaluation of Chlamydiazyme, PACE 2, and AMP-CT Assays for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Specimens. by Wylie JL, Moses S, Babcock R, Jolly A, Giercke S, Hammond G. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105226

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Comparative Study of the Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Clinically Definite and Monosymptomatic Multiple Sclerosis. by

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Sriram S, Yao SY, Stratton C, Calabresi P, Mitchell W, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130123 •

Comparison between the LCx Probe System and the COBAS AMPLICOR System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Patients Attending a Clinic for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. by van Doornum GJ, Schouls LM, Pijl A, Cairo I, Buimer M, Bruisten S. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87837

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Comparison of a Ligase Chain Reaction-Based Assay and Cell Culture for Detection of Pharyngeal Carriage of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Winter AJ, Gilleran G, Eastick K, Ross JD. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87419

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Comparison of a Polymer Conjugate-Enhanced Enzyme Immunoassay to Ligase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Swabs. by Chernesky M, Jang D, Copes D, Patel J, Petrich A, Biers K, Sproston A, Kapala J. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88131

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Comparison of Digene Hybrid Capture 2 and Conventional Culture for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Cervical Specimens. by Darwin LH, Cullen AP, Arthur PM, Long CD, Smith KR, Girdner JL, Hook III EW, Quinn TC, Lorincz AT. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153352

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Comparison of Five Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Acute Infections by Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Persson K, Boman J. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95948

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Comparison of Performance and Cost-Effectiveness of Direct Fluorescent-Antibody, Ligase Chain Reaction, and PCR Assays for Verification of Chlamydial Enzyme Immunoassay Results for Populations with a Low to Moderate Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Dean D, Ferrero D, McCarthy M. 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124815

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Comparison of Performances of Two Commercially Available Tests, a PCR Assay and a Ligase Chain Reaction Test, in Detection of Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Puolakkainen M, Hiltunen-Back E, Reunala T, Suhonen S, Lahteenmaki P, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J. 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104866

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Comparison of Serological Assays for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies in Different Groups of Obstetrical and Gynecological Patients. by Bax CJ, Mutsaers JA, Jansen CL, Trimbos JB, Dorr PJ, Oostvogel PM. 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=145265

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Comparison of the PACE 2 Assay, Two Amplification Assays, and Clearview EIA for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Female Endocervical and Urine Specimens. by Lauderdale TL, Landers L, Thorneycroft I, Chapin K. 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85123

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Comparison of Three Commercially Available Peptide-Based Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA Assays to Microimmunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies. by Morre SA, Munk C, Persson K, Kruger-Kjaer S, van Dijk R, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153365

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Comparison of Two Commercial Microimmunofluorescence Kits and an Enzyme Immunoassay Kit for Detection of Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Messmer TO, Martinez J, Hassouna F, Zell ER, Harris W, Dowell S, Carlone GM. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96106

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Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA. by Shirai M, Hirakawa H, Kimoto M, Tabuchi M, Kishi F, Ouchi K, Shiba T, Ishii K, Hattori M, Kuhara S, Nakazawa T. 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=102726

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Construction and Evaluation of Internal Control DNA for PCR Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA from Urine Samples. by Betsou F, Beaumont K, Sueur JM, Orfila J. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=150278

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Coronary Angioplasty Induces Rise in Chlamydia pneumoniae-Specific Antibodies. by Tiran A, Tio RA, Ossewaarde JM, Tiran B, den Heijer P, The TH, Wilders-Truschnig MM. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88642

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Cross-reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated lysis of Chlamydia trachomatis- and Chlamydia psittaci-infected cells.. by Beatty PR, Rasmussen SJ, Stephens RS. 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175074

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Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.. by Black CM. 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172947

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Cytoskeletal requirements in Chlamydia trachomatis infection of host cells.. by Schramm N, Wyrick PB. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172995

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Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis of L cells persistently infected with Chlamydia spp.. by Rasmussen SJ, Timms P, Beatty PR, Stephens RS. 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174020

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De Novo Induction of Atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in a Rabbit Model. by Fong IW, Chiu B, Viira E, Jang D, Mahony JB. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96992

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Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Recombinant Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein Antigen Elicit a CD4 + Type 2 Rather than Type 1 Immune Response That Is Not Protective. by Shaw J, Grund V, Durling L, Crane D, Caldwell HD. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127771

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Detection and Differentiation of Chlamydiae by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. by Poppert S, Essig A, Marre R, Wagner M, Horn M. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124059

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques by PCR. by Farsak B, Yildirir A, Akyon Y, Pinar A, Oc M, Boke E, Kes S, Tokgozoglu L. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87613

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA and Antigen in the Circulating Mononuclear Cell Fractions of Humans and Koalas. by Bodetti TJ, Timms P. 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97483

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Enzyme Immunoassay, Culture, and Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests. by Van Dyck E, Ieven M, Pattyn S, Van Damme L, Laga M. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88020

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Isothermal Ramification Amplification Method: a Feasibility Study. by Zhang W, Cohenford M, Lentrichia B, Isenberg HD, Simson E, Li H, Yi J, Zhang DY. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120135

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay (AMP CT) in Urine Specimens from Men and Women and Endocervical Specimens from Women. by Crotchfelt KA, Pare B, Gaydos C, Quinn TC. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104548

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Endocervical Infections by Ligase Chain Reaction versus ACCESS Chlamydia Antigen Assay. by Waites KB, Smith KR, Crum MA, Hockett RD, Wells AH, Hook EW III. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85464

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Determination of Chlamydia trachomatis Prevalence in an Asymptomatic Screening Population: Performances of the LCx and COBAS Amplicor Tests with Urine Specimens. by Morre SA, Van Valkengoed IG, Moes RM, Boeke AJ, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85500

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Determination of PCR efficiency in chelex-100 purified clinical samples and comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and conventional PCR for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Mygind T, Birkelund S, Birkebaek NH, Ostergaard L, Jensen JS, Christiansen G. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117782

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Deviation of immune response to Chlamydia psittaci outer membrane protein in lipopolysaccharide-hyporesponsive mice.. by Westbay TD, Dascher CC, Hsia RC, Zauderer M, Bavoil PM. 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173164

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Differences in Innate Immune Responses (In Vitro) to HeLa Cells Infected with Nondisseminating Serovar E and Disseminating Serovar L2 of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Dessus-Babus S, Darville TL, Cuozzo FP, Ferguson K, Wyrick PB. 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128021

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Differences in the association of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E and serovar L2 with epithelial cells in vitro may reflect biological differences in vivo.. by Davis CH, Wyrick PB. 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175409

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Differential Effects of Gamma Interferon on Chlamydia trachomatis Growth in Polarized and Nonpolarized Human Epithelial Cells in Culture. by Kane CD, Byrne GI. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108203

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Differential interaction with endocytic and exocytic pathways distinguish parasitophorous vacuoles of Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia trachomatis.. by Heinzen RA, Scidmore MA, Rockey DD, Hackstadt T. 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173840

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Differential Regulation of CD4 Lymphocyte Recruitment between the Upper and Lower Regions of the Genital Tract during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Kelly KA, Walker JC, Jameel SH, Gray HL, Rank RG. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97310

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Differential Sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains to Inhibitory Effects of Gamma Interferon. by Morrison RP. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101569

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Disease Outcome Subsequent to Primary and Secondary Urogenital Infection with Murine or Human Biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Ramsey KH, DeWolfe JL, Salyer RD. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97838

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Dissemination of Chlamydia trachomatis chronic genital tract infection in gamma interferon gene knockout mice.. by Cotter TW, Ramsey KH, Miranpuri GS, Poulsen CE, Byrne GI. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175296

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Distribution of endosomal, lysosomal, and major histocompatability complex markers in a monocytic cell line infected with Chlamydia psittaci.. by Ojcius DM, Hellio R, Dautry-Varsat A. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175338

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Does Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Affect Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection in Mice and Guinea Pigs? by Darville T, Andrews CW Jr, Rank RG. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101792

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Dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in chlamydiae: reductive evolution and a novel operon for tryptophan recapture. by Xie G, Bonner CA, Jensen RA. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126876

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Early Local Cytokine Profiles in Strains of Mice with Different Outcomes from Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection. by Darville T, Andrews CW Jr, Sikes JD, Fraley PL, Rank RG. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98334

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Effect of a Mycoplasma hominis-Like Mycoplasma on the Infection of HEp-2 Cells by the TW-183 Strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Castilla EA, Wadowsky RM. 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86224

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Effect of Azithromycin plus Rifampin versus Amoxicillin Alone on Eradication and Inflammation in the Chronic Course of Chlamydia pneumoniae Pneumonitis in Mice. by Bin XX, Wolf K, Schaffner T, Malinverni R. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89955

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Effect of Azithromycin plus Rifampin versus That of Azithromycin Alone on the Eradication of Chlamydia pneumoniae from Lung Tissue in Experimental Pneumonitis. by Wolf K, Malinverni R. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89304

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion on Apoptosis in the Murine Genital Tract. by Perfettini JL, Darville T, Gachelin G, Souque P, Huerre M, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97409

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection on Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein EDeficient Mice. by Blessing E, Nagano S, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97840

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Effect of Endocervical Specimen Adequacy on Ligase Chain Reaction Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Loeffelholz MJ, Jirsa SJ, Teske RK, Woods JN. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88452

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Effect of immunoglobulin G isotype on the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis in a mouse model of intravaginal infection.. by Peterson EM, Cheng X, Motin VL, de la Maza LM. 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175380

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Effect of Serial Passage in Tissue Culture on Sequence of omp1 from Chlamydia trachomatis Clinical Isolates. by Stothard DR, Van Der Pol B, Smith NJ, Jones RB. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105264

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Effects of Azithromycin and Rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis Infection In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Zeidler H, Kohler L. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90774

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Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Susceptibility and Early Immune Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract. by Kaushic C, Zhou F, Murdin AD, Wira CR. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101727

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Effects of two antibiotic regimens on course and persistence of experimental Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR pneumonitis.. by Malinverni R, Kuo CC, Campbell LA, Lee A, Grayston JT. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162482

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Efficacy of home sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis: randomised study. by Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Olesen F, Moller JK. 1998 Jul 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28598

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Electrophoretic analysis of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci reveals multimers which are recognized by protective monoclonal antibodies.. by McCafferty MC, Herring AJ, Andersen AA, Jones GE. 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173318

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Endogenous Interleukin-12 Is Not Required for Resolution of Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci Serotype 1) Infection in Mice. by Del Rio L, Buendia AJ, Sanchez J, Gallego MC, Caro MR, Ortega N, Seva J, Pallares FJ, Cuello F, Salinas J. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98568

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Entry of the Lymphogranuloma Venereum Strain of Chlamydia trachomatis into Host Cells Involves Cholesterol-Rich Membrane Domains. by Jutras I, Abrami L, DautryVarsat A. 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=143347

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Epithelial Cells Infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) Are Resistant to Apoptosis. by Rajalingam K, Al-Younes H, Muller A, Meyer TF, Szczepek AJ, Rudel T. 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98885

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Eukaryotic Cell Uptake of Heparin-Coated Microspheres: a Model of Host Cell Invasion by Chlamydia trachomatis. by Stephens RS, Fawaz FS, Kennedy KA, Koshiyama K, Nichols B, van Ooij C, Engel JN. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97251

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Evaluation of a Modified Sanitary Napkin as a Sample Self-Collection Device for the Detection of Genital Chlamydial Infection in Women. by Alary M, Poulin C, Bouchard C, Fortier M, Murray G, Gingras S, Aube M, Morin C. 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88177

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Evaluation of a Rapid Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Outpatient Clinics in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. by Widjaja S, Cohen S, Brady WE, O'reilly K, Susanto, Wibowo A, Cahyono, Graham RR, Porter KR. 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85921

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Evaluation of an Automated Liquid-Handling System (Tecan Genesis RSP 100) in the Abbott LCx Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis. by Hanson KL, Cartwright CP. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88062

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Evaluation of Chlamydia immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA rELISAs Medac for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection.. by Kutlin A, Tsumura N, Emre U, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170504

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Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae 43- and 53-Kilodalton Recombinant Proteins for Serodiagnosis by Western Blot. by Campbell LA, Roberts S, Inoue S, Kong L, Kuo CC. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96254

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Evaluation of COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche): Accuracy in Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Coamplification of Endocervical Specimens. by Livengood CH III, Wrenn JW. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88262

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Evaluation of Dry and Wet Transported Intravaginal Swabs in Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Female Soldiers by PCR. by Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt KA, Shah N, Tennant M, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Rompalo AM. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120245

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Evaluation of Laboratory Testing Methods for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Era of Nucleic Acid Amplification. by Battle TJ, Golden MR, Suchland KL, Counts JM, Hughes JP, Stamm WE, Holmes KK. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88261

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Evaluation of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests as Reference Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Asymptomatic Men. by Johnson RE, Green TA, Schachter J, Jones RB, Hook EW III, Black CM, Martin DH, St. Louis ME, Stamm WE. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87609

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Evaluation of PCR, Culture, and Serology for Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Respiratory Infections. by Verkooyen RP, Willemse D, Hiep-van Casteren SC, Mousavi Joulandan SA, Snijder RJ, van den Bosch JM, van Helden HP, Peeters MF, Verbrugh HA. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105036

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Evaluation of the Abbott LCx Ligase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Urine and Genital Swab Specimens from a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic Population. by Carroll KC, Aldeen WE, Morrison M, Anderson R, Lee D, Mottice S. 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104891

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Evaluation of the Biostar Chlamydia OIA Assay with Specimens from Women Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. by Pate MS, Dixon PB, Hardy K, Crosby M, Hook EW III. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105001

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Assay with the Rapid Capture System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Smith NJ, Batteiger BE, Cullen AP, Erdman H, Edens T, Davis K, SalimHammad H, Chou VW, Scearce L, Blutman J, Payne WJ. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130850

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II CT-ID Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Specimens. by Girdner JL, Cullen AP, Salama TG, He L, Lorincz A, Quinn TC. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84836

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Evaluation of the NucliSens Basic Kit for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Genital Tract Specimens Using Nucleic Acid SequenceBased Amplification of 16S rRNA. by Mahony JB, Song X, Chong S, Faught M, Salonga T, Kapala J. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87950

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Evidence of genetic susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-induced pelvic inflammatory disease in the pig-tailed macaque.. by Lichtenwalner AB, Patton DL, Cosgrove Sweeney YT, Gaur LK, Stamm WE. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175311

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Expansion of a Novel Pulmonary CD3[minus sign] CD4 + CD8 + Cell Population in Mice during Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Penttila JM, Pyhala R, Sarvas M, Rautonen N. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108344

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Experimental Infection of Pregnant Ewes with Chlamydia pecorum. by Philips HL, Clarkson MJ. 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108276

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Expression of Chlamydia pneumoniae Polymorphic Membrane Protein Family Genes. by Grimwood J, Olinger L, Stephens RS. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98169

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Expression of Chlamydia psittaci- and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Derived Antigens on the Cell Surface of Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 as Fusions to BspA. by Turner MS, Giffard PM. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96911

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Expression of Genes Encoding Th1 Cell-Activating Cytokines and Lymphoid Homing Chemokines by Chlamydia-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Correlates with Protective Immunizing Efficacy. by Shaw JH, Grund VR, Durling L, Caldwell HD. 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98546

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Expression of Mucosal Homing Receptor [alpha]4[beta]7 Is Associated with Enhanced Migration to the Chlamydia-Infected Murine Genital Mucosa In Vivo. by Hawkins RA, Rank RG, Kelly KA. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101510

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External Quality Assessment Program for Chlamydia trachomatis Diagnostic Testing by Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays. by Land S, Tabrizi S, Gust A, Johnson E, Garland S, Dax EM. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120684

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Failure To Detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in Brain Sections of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. by Gieffers J, Reusche E, Solbach W, Maass M. 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86233

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Failure To Detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Late-Onset Alzheimer's Brain. by Ring RH, Lyons JM. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86976

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Functional Analysis of the Heat Shock Regulator HrcA of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Wilson AC, Tan M. 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135440

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Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis-Containing Inclusions Is Inhibited at Low Temperatures and Requires Bacterial Protein Synthesis. by Van Ooij C, Homola E, Kincaid E, Engel J. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108671

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Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-10 Gene Expression in Synovial Tissues from Patients with Early Stages of Chlamydia-Associated Arthritis and Undifferentiated Oligoarthritis and from Healthy Volunteers. by Kotake S, Schumacher HR Jr, Arayssi TK, Gerard HC, Branigan PJ, Hudson AP, Yarboro CH, Klippel JH, Wilder RL. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116026

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Gamma Interferon Production by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Required for Resolution of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Lampe MF, Wilson CB, Bevan MJ, Starnbach MN. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108683

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Gene knockout mice establish a primary protective role for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted responses in Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection.. by Morrison RP, Feilzer K, Tumas DB. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173669

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Genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis fails to induce protective immunity in gamma interferon receptor-deficient mice despite a strong local immunoglobulin A response.. by Johansson M, Schon K, Ward M, Lycke N. 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175085

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Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. by Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B,

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Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg SL, Eisen J, Fraser CM. 2000 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111046 •

Genome Sequencing and Our Understanding of Chlamydiae. by Rockey DD, Lenart J, Stephens RS. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101494

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Genomic Approach for Analysis of Surface Proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Montigiani S, Falugi F, Scarselli M, Finco O, Petracca R, Galli G, Mariani M, Manetti R, Agnusdei M, Cevenini R, Donati M, Nogarotto R, Norais N, Garaguso I, Nuti S, Saletti G, Rosa D, Ratti G, Grandi G. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127649

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Genomic Relatedness of Chlamydia Isolates Determined by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis. by Meijer A, Morre SA, Van Den Brule AJ, Savelkoul PH, Ossewaarde JM. 1999 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=103574

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens Will Facilitate Large Epidemiological Studies. by Morre SA, Moes R, Van Valkengoed I, Boeke JP, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ. 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105118

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Glycogen Assay for Diagnosis of Female Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Chun Y, Yin ZD. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104693

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Growth and Development of Tetracycline-Resistant Chlamydia suis. by Lenart J, Andersen AA, Rockey DD. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90631

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Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae induces cytokine production and expression of CD14 in a human monocytic cell line.. by Heinemann M, Susa M, Simnacher U, Marre R, Essig A. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174462

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Head-to-Head Evaluation of Five Chlamydia Tests Relative to a Quality-Assured Culture Standard. by Newhall WJ, Johnson RE, DeLisle S, Fine D, Hadgu A, Matsuda B, Osmond D, Campbell J, Stamm WE. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84517

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Head-to-Head Multicenter Comparison of DNA Probe and Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women Performed with an Improved Reference Standard. by Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, Hook III EW, Jones RB, Green TA, Schachter J, Stamm WE, Bolan G, St. Louis ME, Martin DH. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130858

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High Frequency of Competitive Inhibition in the Roche Cobas AMPLICOR Multiplex PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Hamilton MS, Otto M, Nickell A, Abel D, Ballam Y. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=139707

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High-Level Expression of Chlamydia psittaci Major Outer Membrane Protein in COS Cells and in Skeletal Muscles of Turkeys. by Vanrompay D, Cox E, Mast J, Goddeeris B, Volckaert G. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108688

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High-Resolution Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from Recurrent Urogenital Infections. by Pedersen LN, Kjaer HO, Moller JK, Orntoft TF, Ostergaard L. 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87186

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HLA-B27 Expression Does Not Modulate Intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Cell Lines. by Young JL, Smith L, Matyszak MK, Gaston JS. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=100041

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Human Mannose-Binding Protein Inhibits Infection of HeLa Cells by Chlamydia trachomatis. by Swanson AF, Ezekowitz RA, Lee A, Kuo CC. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108095

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Humoral and cellular immunity in secondary infection due to murine Chlamydia trachomatis.. by Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Pack E, Kelly K, Rank RG. 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175404

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Identification and Mapping of Sigma-54 Promoters in Chlamydia trachomatis. by Mathews SA, Timms P. 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=94762

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Identification of a Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar E Urogenital Isolate Which Lacks the Cryptic Plasmid. by Stothard DR, Williams JA, Van Der Pol B, Jones RB. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108762

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Identification of an Antigen Localized to an Apparent Septum within Dividing Chlamydiae. by Brown WJ, Rockey DD. 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97196

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Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae-Derived Mouse CD8 Epitopes. by Saren A, Pascolo S, Stevanovic S, Dumrese T, Puolakkainen M, Sarvas M, Rammensee HG, Vuola JM. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128055

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Identification of homing receptors that mediate the recruitment of CD4 T cells to the genital tract following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.. by Kelly KA, Rank RG. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175749

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Identification of Polymorphic Outer Membrane Proteins of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. by Tanzer RJ, Longbottom D, Hatch TP. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98175

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Identification of Protective Epitopes by Sequencing of the Major Outer Membrane Protein Gene of a Variant Strain of Chlamydia psittaci Serotype 1 (Chlamydophila abortus). by Vretou E, Psarrou E, Kaisar M, Vlisidou I, Salti-Montesanto V, Longbottom D. 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97929

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Identification of the Chlamydia trachomatis RecA-encoding gene.. by Zhang DJ, Fan H, McClarty G, Brunham RC. 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173048

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Identification of Two Novel Genes Encoding 97- to 99-Kilodalton Outer Membrane Proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Knudsen K, Madsen AS, Mygind P, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96320

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Identification, characterization, and developmental regulation of Chlamydia trachomatis 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO)-8-phosphate synthetase and CMP-KDO synthetase.. by Wylie JL, Iliffe ER, Wang LL, McClarty G. 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175164

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Immune Response to Chlamydial 60-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein in Tears from Nepali Trachoma Patients. by Hessel T, Dhital SP, Plank R, Dean D. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98592

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Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Induced by Vaccination with Live Organisms Correlates with Early Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor and Interleukin-12 Production and with Dendritic Cell-Like Maturation. by Zhang D, Yang X, Lu H, Zhong G, Brunham RC. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96503

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Immunity to Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Reinfection Involves B Cells and CD4 + T Cells but Not CD8 + T Cells. by Morrison SG, Su H, Caldwell HD, Morrison RP. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97807

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Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection. by Morrison RP, Caldwell HD. 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128027

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Immunization with a Peptide Corresponding to Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Increases the Humoral Immune Response in C3H Mice to a Peptide Representing Variable Domain 4 of the Major Outer Membrane Protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Motin VL, de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=103723

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Immunization with an acellular vaccine consisting of the outer membrane complex of Chlamydia trachomatis induces protection against a genital challenge.. by Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175475

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Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein by Use of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as an Adjuvant Induces a Protective Immune Response against an Intranasal Chlamydial Challenge. by Pal S, Davis HL, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128273

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Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein Can Elicit a Protective Immune Response against a Genital Challenge. by Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98757

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Impact of Reference Standard Sensitivity on Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Detection Assays and a Leukocyte Esterase Dipstick for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in First-Void Urine Specimens from Men. by Chernesky M, Jang D, Krepel J, Sellors J, Mahony J. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85376

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In Situ Analysis of the Evolution of the Primary Immune Response in Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection. by Morrison SG, Morrison RP. 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97499

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In vitro activities of azithromycin and doxycycline against 15 isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Gnarpe J, Eriksson K, Gnarpe H. 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163427

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In Vitro Activities of Azithromycin and Ofloxacin against Chlamydia pneumoniae in a Continuous-Infection Model. by Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89459

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In vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and other antibiotics against Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Lee A, Grayston JT. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163599

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In Vitro Activities of BMS-284756 against Chlamydia trachomatis and Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Malay S, Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127069

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In vitro activities of doxycycline and enrofloxacin against European Chlamydia psittaci strains from turkeys.. by Butaye P, Ducatelle R, De Backer P, Vermeersch H, Remon JP, Haesebrouck F. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164215

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In Vitro Activities of Gemifloxacin (SB 265805, LB20304) against Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89566

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In Vitro Activities of Rifamycin Derivatives ABI-1648 (Rifalazil, KRM-1648), ABI1657, and ABI-1131 against Chlamydia trachomatis and Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149300

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In Vitro Activity of a New 8-Methoxyquinolone, BAY 12-8039, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105577

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In Vitro Activity of a New Ketolide Antibiotic, HMR 3647, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105635

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In Vitro Activity of ABT 773, a New Ketolide Antibiotic, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Strigl S, Roblin PM, Reznik T, Hammerschlag MR. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89827

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In vitro activity of trovafloxacin against Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Roblin PM, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164061

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In vitro and in vivo activities of AM-1155, a new fluoroquinolone, against Chlamydia spp.. by Miyashita N, Niki Y, Kishimoto T, Nakajima M, Matsushima T. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163910

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In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Sitafloxacin against Chlamydia spp.. by Miyashita N, Niki Y, Matsushima T. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90824

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In vitro and in vivo antichlamydial activities of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic.. by Niki Y, Miyashita N, Kubota Y, Nakajima M, Matsushima T. 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163811

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In Vitro and In Vivo Functional Activity of Chlamydia MurA, a UDP-NAcetylglucosamine Enolpyruvyl Transferase Involved in Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Fosfomycin Resistance. by McCoy AJ, Sandlin RC, Maurelli AT. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=142877

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In Vitro Inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. by Bergsson G, Arnfinnsson J, Karlsson SM, Steingrimsson O, Thormar H. 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105821

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In vitro infection of smooth muscle cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Knoebel E, Vijayagopal P, Figueroa JE 2nd, Martin DH. 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=176087

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In Vitro Microbicidal Activities of Cecropin Peptides D2A21 and D4E1 and Gel Formulations Containing 0.1 to 2% D2A21 against Chlamydia trachomatis. by Ballweber LM, Jaynes JE, Stamm WE, Lampe MF. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126975

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In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of the New Ketolides HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 (Telithromycin) against Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Gustafsson I, Hjelm E, Cars O. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89972

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Chlamydia pneumoniae Isolates from German Patients and Synergistic Activity of Antibiotic Combinations. by Freidank HM, Losch P, Vogele H, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M. 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89372

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Chlamydia pneumoniae Strains Recovered from Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries. by Gieffers J, Solbach W, Maass M. 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105936

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Inclusion Fluorescent-Antibody Test as a Screening Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Tapia O, Slepenkin A, Sevrioukov E, Hamor K, de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=119991

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Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Does Not Affect Resolution of Murine Chlamydial Genital Tract Infections or Eradication of Chlamydiae in Primary Murine Cell Culture. by Ramsey KH, Miranpuri GS, Poulsen CE, Marthakis NB, Braune LM, Byrne GI. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=107979

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Induction of alpha/beta interferon and dependent nitric oxide synthesis during Chlamydia trachomatis infection of McCoy cells in the absence of exogenous cytokine.. by Devitt A, Lund PA, Morris AG, Pearce JH. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174322

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Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Lung Epithelial Cells during Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Tondella ML, Talkington DF. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=145357

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Induction of Protective Immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection by a Vaccine Based on Major Outer Membrane Protein --Lipophilic Immune Response-Stimulating Complexes. by Igietseme JU, Murdin A. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97783

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Infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii by Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Essig A, Heinemann M, Simnacher U, Marre R. 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=168434

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Infection of Human Endothelial Cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae Stimulates Transendothelial Migration of Neutrophils and Monocytes. by Molestina RE, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96464

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Infection of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages with Chlamydia trachomatis Induces Apoptosis of T Cells: a Potential Mechanism for Persistent Infection. by Jendro MC, Deutsch T, Korber B, Kohler L, Kuipers JG, Krausse-Opatz B, Westermann J, Raum E, Zeidler H. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97770

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Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis alters the tyrosine phosphorylation and/or localization of several host cell proteins including cortactin.. by Fawaz FS, van Ooij C, Homola E, Mutka SC, Engel JN. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175763

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Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar LGV but Not E Is Dependent on Host Cell Heparan Sulfate. by Taraktchoglou M, Pacey AA, Turnbull JE, Eley A. 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97976

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Inflammation and Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enteric and Nonenteric Mucosae. by Igietseme JU, Portis JL, Perry LL. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98090

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Influence of Clarithromycin on Early Atherosclerotic Lesions after Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in a Rabbit Model. by Fong IW, Chiu B, Viira E, Jang D, Mahony JB. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127348

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Inhibition of Apoptosis by Gamma Interferon in Cells and Mice Infected with Chlamydia muridarum (the Mouse Pneumonitis Strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). by Perfettini JL, Darville T, Dautry-Varsat A, Rank RG, Ojcius DM. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127895

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Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in HEp-2 cells pretreated with gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha.. by Summersgill JT, Sahney NN, Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Ramirez JA. 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173379

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Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae Replication in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells by Gamma Interferon-Induced Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity. by Pantoja LG, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Molestina RE, Summersgill JT. 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97737

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Inhibition of Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusions at 32[deg]C Correlates with Restricted Export of IncA. by Fields KA, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128059

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Inhibition of PCR in Genital and Urine Specimens Submitted for Chlamydia trachomatis Testing. by Toye B, Woods W, Bobrowska M, Ramotar K. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105049

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Initial route of antigen administration alters the T-cell cytokine profile produced in response to the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis following genital infection.. by Kelly KA, Robinson EA, Rank RG. 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174477

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Interaction of outer envelope proteins of Chlamydia psittaci GPIC with the HeLa cell surface.. by Ting LM, Hsia RC, Haidaris CG, Bavoil PM. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173500

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Interleukin-12 Production Is Required for Chlamydial Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells To Induce Protection against Live Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Lu H, Zhong G. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96526

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Intracellular Tryptophan Pool Sizes May Account for Differences in Gamma Interferon-Mediated Inhibition and Persistence of Chlamydial Growth in Polarized and Nonpolarized Cells. by Kane CD, Vena RM, Ouellette SP, Byrne GI. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96511

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Intranasal immunization induces long-term protection in mice against a Chlamydia trachomatis genital challenge.. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174528

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Intrastrain and interstrain genetic variation within a paralogous gene family in Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Viratyosin W, Campbell LA, Kuo CC, Rockey DD. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140016

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Is Chlamydia pneumoniae Present in Brain Lesions of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis? by Hammerschlag MR, Ke Z, Lu F, Roblin P, Boman J, Kalman B. 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87583

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Isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis That Occupy Nonfusogenic Inclusions Lack IncA, a Protein Localized to the Inclusion Membrane. by Suchland RJ, Rockey DD, Bannantine JP, Stamm WE. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97142

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Isolation and Characterization of a Mutant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line That Is Resistant to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection at a Novel Step in the Attachment Process. by Carabeo RA, Hackstadt T. 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98709

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Isolation in Endothelial Cell Cultures of Chlamydia trachomatis LGV (Serovar L2) from a Lymph Node of a Patient with Suspected Cat Scratch Disease. by Maurin M, Raoult D. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86728

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Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae Clonal Variants by a Focus-Forming Assay. by Gieffers J, Belland RJ, Whitmire W, Ouellette S, Crane D, Maass M, Byrne GI, Caldwell HD. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128347

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Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by Novel Antimicrobial Lipids Adapted from Compounds in Human Breast Milk. by Lampe MF, Ballweber LM, Isaacs CE, Patton DL, Stamm WE. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105787

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Kinetics of chlamydial antigen processing and presentation to T cells by paraformaldehyde-fixed murine bone marrow-derived macrophages.. by Su H, Caldwell HD. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173094

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Kinetics of Infection and Effects on Placental Cell Populations in a Murine Model of Chlamydia psittaci-Induced Abortion. by Buendia AJ, Sanchez J, Martinez MC, Camara P, Navarro JA, Rodolakis A, Salinas J. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108173

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Koala Biovar of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infects Human and Koala Monocytes and Induces Increased Uptake of Lipids In Vitro. by Coles KA, Timms P, Smith DW. 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98887

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Labsystems Enzyme Immunoassay for Chlamydia pneumoniae Also Detects Chlamydia psittaci Infections. by Stralin K. 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88366

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Lack of Cell Wall Peptidoglycan versus Penicillin Sensitivity: New Insights into the Chlamydial Anomaly. by Ghuysen JM, Goffin C. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89479

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Lipid Metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis-Infected Cells: Directed Trafficking of Golgi-Derived Sphingolipids to the Chlamydial Inclusion. by Hackstadt T, Scidmore MA, Rockey DD. 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41810

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Local Immune Responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Lungs of BALB/c Mice during Primary Infection and Reinfection. by Penttila JM, Anttila M, Puolakkainen M, Laurila A, Varkila K, Sarvas M, Makela PH, Rautonen N. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108637

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Local Th1-like responses are induced by intravaginal infection of mice with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis.. by Cain TK, Rank RG. 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173224

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Localization of Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70 during Infection of a Human Endometrial Epithelial Cell Line In Vitro. by Raulston JE, Paul TR, Knight ST, Wyrick PB. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108198

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Lymphotoxin Inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae Growth in HEp-2 Cells. by Matsushima H, Shirai M, Ouchi K, Yamashita K, Kakutani T, Furukawa S, Nakazawa T. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96642

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Mailed, Home-Obtained Urine Specimens: a Reliable Screening Approach for Detecting Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. by Morre SA, van Valkengoed IG, de Jong A, Boeke AJ, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88635

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Measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae-Specific Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Antibodies by the Microimmunofluorescence (MIF) Method: Comparison of Seven Fluorescein-Labeled Anti-Human IgA Conjugates in an In-House MIF Test Using One Commercial MIF and One Enzyme Immunoassay Kit. by Paldanius M, Bloigu A, Leinonen M, Saikku P. 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=145278

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Measurement of sputum antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and chronic respiratory infections associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by von Hertzen L, Leinonen M, Surcel HM, Karjalainen J, Saikku P. 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170178

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Methodologies and Cell Lines Used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydia spp.. by Suchland RJ, Geisler WM, Stamm WE. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=151736

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Microbiologic Efficacy of Azithromycin and Susceptibilities to Azithromycin of Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae from Adults and Children with CommunityAcquired Pneumonia. by Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105482

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Microbiological Efficacy of Levofloxacin for Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Hammerschlag MR, Roblin PM. 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89886

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Molecular Analysis of the Multiple GroEL Proteins of Chlamydiae. by Karunakaran KP, Noguchi Y, Read TD, Cherkasov A, Kwee J, Shen C, Nelson CC, Brunham RC. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=150133

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Molecular Characterization of a Bacteriophage (Chp2) from Chlamydia psittaci. by Liu BL, Everson JS, Fane B, Giannikopoulou P, Vretou E, Lambden PR, Clarke IN. 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111853

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Genes Coding for the Highly Immunogenic Cluster of 90-Kilodalton Envelope Proteins from the Chlamydia psittaci Subtype That Causes Abortion in Sheep. by Longbottom D, Russell M, Dunbar SM, Jones GE, Herring AJ. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108055

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Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Boman J, Gaydos CA, Quinn TC. 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85816

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Molecular Epidemiology of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in High-Risk Women in Senegal, West Africa. by Sturm-Ramirez K, Brumblay H, Diop K, GueyeNdiaye A, Sankale JL, Thior I, N'Doye I, Hsieh CC, Mboup S, Kanki PJ. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86040

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Morphologic and Antigenic Characterization of Interferon [gamma]-Mediated Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in vitro. by Beatty WL, Byrne GI, Morrison RP. 1993 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46433

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Mouse strain-dependent variation in the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection is associated with differences in host response.. by Darville T, Andrews CW Jr, Laffoon KK, Shymasani W, Kishen LR, Rank RG. 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175432

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Multicenter Comparison Trial of DNA Extraction Methods and PCR Assays for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Endarterectomy Specimens. by Apfalter P, Blasi F, Boman J, Gaydos CA, Kundi M, Maass M, Makristathis A, Meijer A, Nadrchal R, Persson K, Rotter ML, Tong CY, Stanek G, Hirschl AM. 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87769

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Multicenter Evaluation of the AMPLICOR and Automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG Tests for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Van Der Pol B, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt K, Schachter J, Moncada J, Jungkind D, Martin DH, Turner B, Peyton C, Jones RB. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86350

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Multicenter Evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Urine Specimens, Female Endocervical Swabs, and Male Urethral Swabs. by Van Der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L, Hook E III, Lenderman C, Quinn T, Gaydos CA, Lovchik J, Schachter J, Moncada J, Hall G, Tuohy MJ, Jones RB. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87865

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Multicenter Evaluation of the Fully Automated COBAS AMPLICOR PCR Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urogenital Specimens. by Vincelette J, Schirm J, Bogard M, Bourgault AM, Luijt DS, Bianchi A, van Voorst Vader PC, Butcher A, Rosenstraus M. 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84172

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Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced following Chlamydia trachomatis intraperitoneal or genital tract infection respond to cells infected with multiple serovars.. by Starnbach MN, Bevan MJ, Lampe MF. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173488

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Murine granulated metrial gland cells are susceptible to Chlamydia psittaci infection in vivo.. by Sanchez J, Buendia AJ, Salinas J, Bernabe A, Rodolakis A, Stewart IJ. 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174309

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Murine Models of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection: Use of Mouse Pneumonitis Strain versus Human Strains. by Morre SA. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97843

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Mutagenesis and Functional Reconstitution of Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Proteins: VS4 Domains Are Not Required for Pore Formation but Modify Channel Function. by Hughes ES, Shaw KM, Ashley RH. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98071

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Mutational analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis dnaK promoter defines the optimal --35 promoter element. by Schaumburg CS, Tan M. 2003 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=140514

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Mutational Analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis rRNA P1 Promoter Defines Four Regions Important for Transcription In Vitro. by Tan M, Gaal T, Gourse RL, Engel JN. 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=107176

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Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis, and M. hyorhinis Inhibit Infectivity and Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in HEp-2 Cells. by KrausseOpatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Kuipers JG. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87513

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Neither Interleukin-6 nor Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Required for Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the Murine Genital Tract Epithelium. by Perry LL, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108045

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New insights into a persistent problem --- chlamydial infections. by Morrison RP. 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156113

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Non-detection of Chlamydia species in carotid atheroma using generic primers by nested PCR in a population with a high prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody. by Ong GM, Coyle PV, Barros D'Sa AA, McCluggage WG, Duprex WP, O'Neill HJ, Wyatt DE, Bamford KB, O'Loughlin B, McCaughey C. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55344

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Normal IncA Expression and Fusogenicity of Inclusions in Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates with the incA I47T Mutation. by Pannekoek Y, van der Ende A, Eijk PP, van Marle J, de Witte MA, Ossewaarde JM, van den Brule AJ, Morre SA, Dankert J. 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98543

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Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp.. by Amann R, Springer N, Schonhuber W, Ludwig W, Schmid EN, Muller KD, Michel R. 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=168308

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Optimizing Culture of Chlamydia pneumoniae by Using Multiple Centrifugations. by Pruckler JM, Masse N, Stevens VA, Gang L, Yang Y, Zell ER, Dowell SF, Fields BS. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85582

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PCR Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Semen Specimens Processed for Artificial Insemination. by Pannekoek Y, Westenberg SM, de Vries J, Repping S, Spanjaard L, Eijk PP, van der Ende A, Dankert J. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87472

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PCR Detection and Molecular Identification of Chlamydiaceae Species. by Hartley JC, Kaye S, Stevenson S, Bennett J, Ridgway G. 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88299

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PCR-Based Method for Isolation and Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Cerebrospinal Fluids. by Ikejima H, Haranaga S, Takemura H, Kamo T, Takahashi Y, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96090

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Performance of the APTIMA Combo 2 Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Female Urine and Endocervical Swab Specimens. by Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Willis D, Weissfeld A, Hook EW, Martin DH, Ferrero DV, Schachter J. 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149571

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Performance of the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay in Detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical and Urine Specimens from Women and Urethral and Urine Specimens from Men Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease and Family Planning Clinics. by Ferrero DV, Meyers HN, Schultz DE, Willis SA. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105306

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Performance of Three Microimmunofluorescence Assays for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae Immunoglobulin M, G, and A Antibodies. by Bennedsen M, Berthelsen L, Lind I. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120032

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Performance of Transcription-Mediated Amplification and Ligase Chain Reaction Assays for Detection of Chlamydial Infection in Urogenital Samples Obtained by Invasive and Noninvasive Methods. by Stary A, Schuh E, Kerschbaumer M, Gotz B, Lee H. 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105181

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis Is Induced by Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Jurgens-Saathoff B, Hudson AP, Zeidler H, Kohler L. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90194

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Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Infections Resist Apoptotic Stimuli. by Dean D, Powers VC. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98177

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Phospholipid Composition of Purified Chlamydia trachomatis Mimics That of the Eucaryotic Host Cell. by Hatch GM, McClarty G. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108408

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Dean D, Millman K. 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96422

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Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein and Examination of Potential Pathogenic Determinants. by Stothard DR, Boguslawski G, Jones RB. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108394

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Phylogenetic Diversity among Geographically Dispersed Chlamydiales Endosymbionts Recovered from Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba spp.. by Fritsche TR, Horn M, Wagner M, Herwig RP, Schleifer KH, Gautom RK. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=110588

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Plaque Formation by and Plaque Cloning of Chlamydia trachomatis Biovar Trachoma. by Matsumoto A, Izutsu H, Miyashita N, Ohuchi M. 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105103

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Poliovirus hybrids expressing neutralization epitopes from variable domains I and IV of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis elicit broadly crossreactive C. trachomatis-neutralizing antibodies.. by Murdin AD, Su H, Klein MH, Caldwell HD. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173119

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Polymorphic Membrane Protein H Has Evolved in Parallel with the Three DiseaseCausing Groups of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Stothard DR, Toth GA, Batteiger BE. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=148824

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Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. by Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J, Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G. 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156111

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Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Are Necessary for the Recruitment of CD8 + T Cells in the Liver in a Pregnant Mouse Model of Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci Serotype 1) Infection. by de Oca RM, Buendia AJ, Del Rio L, Sanchez J, Salinas J, Navarro JA. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97343

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Pooling Cervical Swabs and Testing by Ligase Chain Reaction Are Accurate and CostSaving Strategies for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Kapala J, Copes D, Sproston A, Patel J, Jang D, Petrich A, Mahony J, Biers K, Chernesky M. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86948

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Pooling Cervical Swabs for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR: Sensitivity, Dilution, Inhibition, and Cost-Saving Aspects. by Morre SA, van Dijk R, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88155

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Pooling of Urine Specimens for Detection of Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections by PCR in a Low-Prevalence Population: Cost-Saving Strategy for Epidemiological Studies and Screening Programs. by Morre SA, Meijer CJ, Munk C, Kruger-Kjaer S, Winther JF, Jorgensens HO, van den Brule AJ. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86525

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Pooling Urine Samples for Ligase Chain Reaction Screening for Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Asymptomatic Women. by Kacena KA, Quinn SB, Howell MR, Madico GE, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104564

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Potentiation of interferon-mediated inhibition of Chlamydia infection by interleukin-1 in human macrophage cultures.. by Carlin JM, Weller JB. 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173237

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Pregnancy failure following vaginal infection of sheep with Chlamydia psittaci prior to breeding.. by Papp JR, Shewen PE. 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173892

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PreservCyt Transport Medium Used for the ThinPrep Pap Test Is a Suitable Medium for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the COBAS Amplicor CT/NG Test: Results of a Preliminary Study and Future Implications. by Bianchi A, Moret F, Desrues JM, Champenois T, Dervaux Y, Desvouas O, Oursin A, Quinzat D, Dachez R, Bathelier C, Ronsin C. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130670

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Immunoglobulin G and A Antibodies in a Healthy Finnish Population as Analyzed by Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassays. by Tuuminen T, Varjo S, Ingman H, Weber T, Oksi J, Viljanen M. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95947

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Prevalence of Specific Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in Korea. by Choi TY, Kim DA, Kim SK, Kang JO, Park SS, Jung SR. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105350

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Priming with Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) DNA followed by MOMP ISCOM Boosting Enhances Protection and Is Associated with Increased Immunoglobulin A and Th1 Cellular Immune Responses. by Dong-Ji Z, Yang X, Shen C, Lu H, Murdin A, Brunham RC. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97534

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Prior Genital Tract Infection with a Murine or Human Biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis Protects Mice against Heterotypic Challenge Infection. by Ramsey KH, Cotter TW, Salyer RD, Miranpuri GS, Yanez MA, Poulsen CE, DeWolfe JL, Byrne GI. 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96615

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Production of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Interleukin 6 by Human Smooth Muscle Cells following Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Rodel J, Woytas M, Groh A, Schmidt KH, Hartmann M, Lehmann M, Straube E. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97653

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Properties of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter from Chlamydia pneumoniae (HPTcp) and the Glucose-6-Phosphate Sensor from Escherichia coli (UhpC). by Schwoppe C, Winkler HH, Neuhaus HE. 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134969

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Protection against Ascending Infection of the Genital Tract by Chlamydia trachomatis Is Associated with Recruitment of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen-Presenting Cells into Uterine Tissue. by Stagg AJ, Tuffrey M, Woods C, Wunderink E, Knight SC. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108384

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Protective efficacy of major outer membrane protein-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection.. by Cotter TW, Meng Q, Shen ZL, Zhang YX, Su H, Caldwell HD. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173675

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Protegrins: structural requirements for inactivating elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis.. by Yasin B, Lehrer RI, Harwig SS, Wagar EA. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174460

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Protein Disulfide Isomerase, a Component of the Estrogen Receptor Complex, Is Associated with Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar E Attached to Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells. by Davis CH, Raulston JE, Wyrick PB. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128041

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Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Chlamydia pneumoniae Genes during Persistent Infection of HEp-2 Cells. by Molestina RE, Klein JB, Miller RD, Pierce WH, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127979

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Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: implications for screening. by Duncan B, Hart G, Scoular A, Bigrigg A. 2001 Jan 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26583

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Quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis Elementary Bodies in Urine by Ligase Chain Reaction. by Blocker ME, Krysiak RG, Behets F, Cohen MS, Hobbs MM. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130883

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Rapid Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay. by Jantos CA, Roggendorf R, Wuppermann FN, Hegemann JH. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104947

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Rapid Detection of the Chlamydiaceae and Other Families in the Order Chlamydiales: Three PCR Tests. by Everett KD, Hornung LJ, Andersen AA. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84475

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Rapid, Transient Phosphatidylserine Externalization Induced in Host Cells by Infection with Chlamydia spp.. by Goth SR, Stephens RS. 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97992

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Reactions of polyclonal and neutralizing anti-p54 monoclonal antibodies with an isolated, species-specific 54-kilodalton protein of Chlamydia pneumoniae.. by Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Schuessler P, Freidank HM. 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170643

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Reactivation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice by cortisone treatment.. by Laitinen K, Laurila AL, Leinonen M, Saikku P. 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173951

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Reactivation of chlamydial genital tract infection in mice.. by Cotter TW, Miranpuri GS, Ramsey KH, Poulsen CE, Byrne GI. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175285

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Reactivation of persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cell culture.. by Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172978

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Recombination in the ompA Gene but Not the omcB Gene of Chlamydia Contributes to Serovar-Specific Differences in Tissue Tropism, Immune Surveillance, and Persistence of the Organism. by Millman KL, Tavare S, Dean D. 2001 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99679

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Recruitment of Mammalian Cell Fibronectin to the Surface of Chlamydia trachomatis. by Kleba BJ, Banta E, Lindquist EA, Stephens RS. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128048

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Relation of Chlamydia pneumoniae serology to mortality and incidence of ischaemic heart disease over 13 years in the Caerphilly prospective heart disease study. by Strachan DP, Carrington D, Mendall MA, Ballam L, Morris J, Butland BK, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC. 1999 Apr 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27832

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Relative Accuracy of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests and Culture in Detecting Chlamydia in Asymptomatic Men. by Cheng H, Macaluso M, Vermund SH, Hook EW III. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88466

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Relevance of Chlamydia pneumoniae murine pneumonitis model to evaluation of antimicrobial agents.. by Masson ND, Toseland CD, Beale AS. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162863

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Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring.. by Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Sweeney YT, Kuo CC, Patton DL. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175300

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Replicate PCR Testing and Probit Analysis for Detection and Quantitation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Clinical Specimens. by Smieja M, Mahony JB, Goldsmith CH, Chong S, Petrich A, Chernesky M. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88028

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Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells.. by Gaydos CA, Summersgill JT, Sahney NN, Ramirez JA, Quinn TC. 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173970

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Reply to "Murine Models of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection: Use of Mouse Pneumonitis Strain versus Human Strains". by Morrison RP. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116980

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Reply to "Phylogenetic Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis". by Stothard DR, Jones RB. 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116975

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Reply to "Serological Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". by Black CM. 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116716

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Reproducibility Problems with the Abbott Laboratories LCx Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Gronowski AM, Copper S, Baorto D, Murray PR. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86828

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Requirement for NF-[kappa]B in Transcriptional Activation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Endothelial Cells. by Molestina RE, Miller RD, Lentsch AB, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101745

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Resolution of Secondary Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection in Immune Mice with Depletion of Both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. by Morrison SG, Morrison RP. 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98202

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Response of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E to iron restriction in vitro and evidence for iron-regulated chlamydial proteins.. by Raulston JE. 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175652

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Restricted Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis Vesicles with Endocytic Compartments during the Initial Stages of Infection. by Scidmore MA, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=145390

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Role for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Protection from Chronic Chlamydia trachomatis Urogenital Disease in Mice and Its Regulation by Oxygen Free Radicals. by Ramsey KH, Sigar IM, Rana SV, Gupta J, Holland SM, Byrne GI. 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98824

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Role of Bcl-2 Family Members in Caspase-Independent Apoptosis during Chlamydia Infection. by Perfettini JL, Reed JC, Israel N, Martinou JC, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127616

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Role of CD8 T cells in primary Chlamydia infection.. by Magee DM, Williams DM, Smith JG, Bleicker CA, Grubbs BG, Schachter J, Rank RG. 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173025

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Role of Gamma Interferon in Controlling Murine Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection. by Ito JI, Lyons JM. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96917

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Role of gamma-delta T cells in murine Chlamydia trachomatis infection.. by Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Kelly K, Pack E, Rank RG. 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174314

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Role of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3[gamma] and Beta Interferon in HLA Class I Enhancement in Synovial Fibroblasts upon Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. by Rodel J, Vogelsang H, Prager K, Hartmann M, Schmidt KH, Straube E. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130350

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Role of neutrophils in controlling early stages of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection.. by Barteneva N, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174452

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Role of NK Cells in Early Host Response to Chlamydial Genital Infection. by Tseng CT, Rank RG. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108743

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Role of Nramp1 Deletion in Chlamydia Infection in Mice. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98449

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Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in a Murine Model of Chlamydia psittaciInduced Abortion. by Buendia AJ, Montes de Oca R, Navarro JA, Sanchez J, Cuello F, Salinas J. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=115945

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Roles of Interleukin-12 and Gamma Interferon in Murine Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. by Geng Y, Berencsi K, Gyulai Z, Valyi-Nagy T, Gonczol E, Trinchieri G. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97410

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Route of Infection That Induces a High Intensity of Gamma Interferon-Secreting T Cells in the Genital Tract Produces Optimal Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Mice. by Igietseme JU, Uriri IM, Kumar SN, Ananaba GA, Ojior OO, Momodu IA, Candal DH, Black CM. 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108481

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Screening for chlamydial infections and the risk of ectopic pregnancy in a county in Sweden: ecological analysis. by Egger M, Low N, Smith GD, Lindblom B, Herrmann B. 1998 Jun 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28575

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Selection of Mutant Cell Lines Resistant to Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Fudyk T, Olinger L, Stephens RS. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=130417

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Sequence specific binding of chlamydial histone H1-like protein.. by Kaul R, Allen M, Bradbury EM, Wenman WM. 1996 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146046

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Sequencing of Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Quinolone-Resistance-Determining Regions of Chlamydia trachomatis and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Mutants Obtained In Vitro. by Dessus-Babus S, Bebear CM, Charron A, Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B. 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105861

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Serological Investigation of Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein 10. by Betsou F, Sueur JM, Orfila J. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96876

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Serological Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. by Numazaki K. 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116715

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Seroreactivity to Chlamydia trachomatis Hsp10 Correlates with Severity of Human Genital Tract Disease. by LaVerda D, Albanese LN, Ruther PE, Morrison SG, Morrison RP, Ault KA, Byrne GI. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97135

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Serotyping and Genotyping of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates Reveal Variants of Serovars Ba, G, and J as Confirmed by omp1 Nucleotide Sequence Analysis. by Morre SA, Ossewaarde JM, Lan J, van Doornum GJ, Walboomers JM, MacLaren DM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104540

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Sezary T-Cell Activating Factor Is a Chlamydia pneumoniae-Associated Protein. by Abrams JT, Vonderheid EC, Kolbe S, Appelt DM, Arking EJ, Balin BJ. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95795

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Significance of Host Cell Kinesin in the Development of Chlamydia psittaci. by Escalante-Ochoa C, Ducatelle R, Charlier G, De Vos K, Haesebrouck F. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96902

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Smoking, season, and detection of chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in clinically stable COPD patients. by Smieja M, Leigh R, Petrich A, Chong S, Kamada D, Hargreave FE, Goldsmith CH, Chernesky M, Mahony JB. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117240

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Species-, serogroup-, and serovar-specific epitopes are juxtaposed in variable sequence region 4 of the major outer membrane proteins of some Chlamydia trachomatis serovars.. by Batteiger BE, Lin PM, Jones RB, Van Der Pol BJ. 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174151

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Specimen Processing and Concentration of Chlamydia trachomatis Added Can Influence False-Negative Rates in the LCx Assay but Not in the APTIMA Combo 2

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Assay When Testing for Inhibitors. by Chong S, Jang D, Song X, Mahony J, Petrich A, Barriga P, Chernesky M. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149658 •

Spontaneous change from overt to covert infection of Chlamydia pecorum in cycloheximide-treated mouse McCoy cells.. by Philips HL, Clarkson MJ. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173520

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Subclinical Chlamydial Infection of the Female Mouse Genital Tract Generates a Potent Protective Immune Response: Implications for Development of Live Attenuated Chlamydial Vaccine Strains. by Su H, Messer R, Whitmire W, Hughes S, Caldwell HD. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97120

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Subjects recovering from human ocular chlamydial infection have enhanced lymphoproliferative responses to chlamydial antigens compared with those of persistently diseased controls.. by Bailey RL, Holland MJ, Whittle HC, Mabey DC. 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173007

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Sulfated polyanions block Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cervix-derived human epithelia.. by Zaretzky FR, Pearce-Pratt R, Phillips DM. 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173487

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Sulfated Polysaccharides and a Synthetic Sulfated Polymer Are Potent Inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity In Vitro but Lack Protective Efficacy in an In Vivo Murine Model of Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection. by Su H, Caldwell HD. 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108043

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Surface Accessibility of the 70-Kilodalton Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein following Reduction of Outer Membrane Protein Disulfide Bonds. by Raulston JE, Davis CH, Paul TR, Hobbs JD, Wyrick PB. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127684

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Survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected Mono Mac 6 Cells Is Dependent on NF[kappa]B Binding Activity. by Wahl C, Oswald F, Simnacher U, Weiss S, Marre R, Essig A. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=100084

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Susceptibilities of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates causing uncomplicated female genital tract infections and pelvic inflammatory disease.. by Rice RJ, Bhullar V, Mitchell SH, Bullard J, Knapp JS. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162620

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Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to Chlorhexidine Gluconate Gel. by Lampe MF, Ballweber LM, Stamm WE. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105674

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Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to protegrins and defensins.. by Yasin B, Harwig SS, Lehrer RI, Wagar EA. 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173826

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Susceptibility of Mice to Vaginal Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Is Dependent on the Age of the Animal. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98622

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T-Cell Epitopes in Variable Segments of Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Elicit Serovar-Specific Immune Responses in Infected Humans. by Ortiz L, Angevine M, Kim SK, Watkins D, DeMars R. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97337

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Temporal analysis of the developing Chlamydia psittaci inclusion by use of fluorescence and electron microscopy.. by Rockey DD, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174367

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The Chlamydia trachomatis parasitophorous vacuolar membrane is not passively permeable to low-molecular-weight compounds.. by Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T. 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175092

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The expression, processing and localization of polymorphic membrane proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae strain CWL029. by Vandahl BB, Pedersen AS, Gevaert K, Holm A, Vandekerckhove J, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140015

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The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated.. by Ingalls RR, Rice PA, Qureshi N, Takayama K, Lin JS, Golenbock DT. 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173426

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The late chlamydial inclusion membrane is not derived from the endocytic pathway and is relatively deficient in host proteins.. by Taraska T, Ward DM, Ajioka RS, Wyrick PB, Davis-Kaplan SR, Davis CH, Kaplan J. 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174285

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The major outer membrane protein of a single Chlamydia trachomatis serovar can possess more than one serovar-specific epitope.. by Batteiger BE. 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173799

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The Major Outer Membrane Protein of Chlamydia psittaci Functions as a Porin-Like Ion Channel. by Wyllie S, Ashley RH, Longbottom D, Herring AJ. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108649

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The microbicidal agent C31G inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro.. by Wyrick PB, Knight ST, Gerbig DG Jr, Raulston JE, Davis CH, Paul TR, Malamud D. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163911

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The quantity of nitric oxide released by macrophages regulates Chlamydia-induced disease. by Huang J, DeGraves FJ, Lenz SD, Gao D, Feng P, Li D, Schlapp T, Kaltenboeck B. 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122623

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Topological Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 Outer Membrane Protein 2. by Mygind P, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=107644

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Touchdown Enzyme Time Release-PCR for Detection and Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci Using the 16S and 16S-23S Spacer rRNA Genes. by Madico G, Quinn TC, Boman J, Gaydos CA. 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86346

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha activity in genital tract secretions of guinea pigs infected with chlamydiae.. by Darville T, Laffoon KK, Kishen LR, Rank RG. 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173671

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Two Nucleotide Transport Proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis, One for Net Nucleoside Triphosphate Uptake and the Other for Transport of Energy. by Tjaden J, Winkler HH, Schwoppe C, Van Der Laan M, Mohlmann T, Neuhaus HE. 1999 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93497

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Developmental Events in Chlamydia pneumoniaeInfected Cells. by Wolf K, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97433

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Ultrastructural changes in avian Chlamydia psittaci serovar A-, B-, and D-infected Buffalo Green Monkey cells.. by Vanrompay D, Charlier G, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173914

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Ultrastructural Study of Chlamydia pneumoniae In a Continuous-Infection Model. by Kutlin A, Flegg C, Stenzel D, Reznik T, Roblin PM, Mathews S, Timms P, Hammerschlag MR. 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88417

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Urethral Cytokine and Immune Responses in Chlamydia trachomatis-Infected Males. by Pate MS, Hedges SR, Sibley DA, Russell MW, Hook EW III, Mestecky J. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=100121

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Urine Specimens from Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women Inhibitory to Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis Nucleic Acid by PCR, Ligase Chain Reaction, and Transcription-Mediated Amplification: Identification of Urinary Substances Associated with Inhibition and Removal of Inhibitory Activity. by Mahony J, Chong S, Jang D, Luinstra K, Faught M, Dalby D, Sellors J, Chernesky M. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105286

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Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars in Men and Women with a Symptomatic or Asymptomatic Infection: an Association with Clinical Manifestations? by Morre SA, Rozendaal L, van Valkengoed IG, Boeke AJ, van Voorst Vader PC, Schirm J, de Blok S, van den Hoek JA, van Doornum GJ, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86784

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Use of a Reverse Dot Blot Procedure To Identify the Presence of Multiple Serovars in Chlamydia trachomatis Urogenital Infection. by Stothard DR. 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88204

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Use of Lambda Phage DNA as a Hybrid Internal Control in a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay To Detect Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Pham DG, Madico GE, Quinn TC, Enzler MJ, Smith TF, Gaydos CA. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104952

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Use of Ligase Chain Reaction with Urine versus Cervical Culture for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in an Asymptomatic Military Population of Pregnant and Nonpregnant Females Attending Papanicolaou Smear Clinics. by Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr. 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104818

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Vesicles containing Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 remain above pH 6 within HEC-1B cells.. by Schramm N, Bagnell CR, Wyrick PB. 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173905

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Vesicular interactions of the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion are determined by chlamydial early protein synthesis rather than route of entry.. by Scidmore MA, Rockey DD, Fischer ER, Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T. 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174531

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chlamydia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chlamydia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 22-year-old woman with fulminant Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Ikeda K, Mita M, Yamaki T, Maehara K, Maruyama Y. Source: Fukushima J Med Sci. 2002 June; 48(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365599&dopt=Abstract

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A case of splenic abscess due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Bessho H, Ichihara I, Takii M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2001 April; 39(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404071&dopt=Abstract

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A Chlamydia pneumoniae infection model using established human lymphocyte cell lines. Author(s): Yamaguchi H, Haranaga S, Friedman H, Moor JA, Muffly KE, Yamamoto Y. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 November 5; 216(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435507&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical study in China of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wu SX, Yang J, Liu G. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 January-February; 42(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635988&dopt=Abstract

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A community based study of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis in males aged fifteen years and above, Dembia District, northwest Ethiopia. Author(s): Mitike G, Genetu A, Kassu A, Aseffa A, Woldemichael K, Kebede Y, Melesse T, Dubisso B, Admassu R, Debebe A. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 July; 40(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602249&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of two methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the male urethra. Author(s): Opaneye AA, Bashford J, Ashton V. Source: J R Soc Health. 2002 March; 122(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989146&dopt=Abstract

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A cost-effectiveness evaluation of testing and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Gift T, Walsh C, Haddix A, Irwin KL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 September; 29(9): 542-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218847&dopt=Abstract

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A family cluster of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Thompson C, Macdonald M, Sutherland S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 16; 322(7300): 1473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408308&dopt=Abstract

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A lack of serologic evidence of transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniae by transfusion of buffy coat-depleted RBCs. Author(s): Hedin G, Eriksson I, Kumlin U, Boman J. Source: Transfusion. 2003 May; 43(5): 646-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702188&dopt=Abstract

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A link between Helicobacter pylori and/or Chlamydia spp. infections and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Chmiela M, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Miszczak A, Wisniewska M, Rechcinski T, Kolodziej K, Kasprzak J, Wadstrom T, Rudnicka W. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 May 25; 36(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738390&dopt=Abstract

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A mathematical model for the investigation of the Th1 immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wilson DP, Timms P, McElwain DL. Source: Mathematical Biosciences. 2003 March; 182(1): 27-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547038&dopt=Abstract

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A multidisciplinary approach to chlamydia screening in women undergoing termination of pregnancy: how well are we doing? Author(s): Gray J, Huengsberg M, Mann M, Jaffer K, MacAulay H, Drake S, Jones G, Birkill R, Wood A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 April; 14(4): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716502&dopt=Abstract

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A multi-district audit against national guidelines for the management of uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Clarke J, Preston AD. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 October; 12(10): 677-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564336&dopt=Abstract

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A nationwide sentinel clinic survey of chlamydia trachomatis infection in Finland. Author(s): Hiltunen-Back E, Haikala O, Kautiainen H, Paavonen J, Reunala T. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 May; 28(5): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354262&dopt=Abstract

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A new chlamydia-like 16S rDNA sequence from a clinical sample. Author(s): Corsaro D, Venditti D, Le Faou A, Guglielmetti P, Valassina M. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2001 March; 147(Pt 3): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238957&dopt=Abstract

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A novel superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases from eukaryotes, viruses and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Makarova KS, Aravind L, Koonin EV. Source: Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2000 February; 25(2): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664582&dopt=Abstract

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A patient with adult Still's disease with an increased Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titer. Author(s): Takeda H, Ling M, Ochi M, Watanabe K. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 8(3): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373492&dopt=Abstract

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A population-based prospective study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and cervical carcinoma. Author(s): Wallin KL, Wiklund F, Luostarinen T, Angstrom T, Anttila T, Bergman F, Hallmans G, Ikaheimo I, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Stendahl U, Paavonen J, Dillner J. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 October 1; 101(4): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209962&dopt=Abstract

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A pseudo-outbreak of Chlamydia trachomatis in a state residential facility: implications for diagnostic testing. Author(s): Gust DA, Wang SA, Black CM, Brown TM, St Louis ME, King KA, Quinlisk MP, Levine WC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 March 15; 185(6): 841-4. Epub 2002 February 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920304&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Author(s): Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Kirby RS, Liverman EM, Motley RU. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 184(7): 1352-4; Discussion 1354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408852&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of azithromycin versus amoxicillin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Author(s): Kacmar J, Cheh E, Montagno A, Peipert JF. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916175&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of infectious agents as risk factors for primary sclerosing cholangitis: are Chlamydia species involved? Author(s): Ponsioen CY, Defoer J, Ten Kate FJ, Weverling GJ, Tytgat GN, Pannekoek Y, Wertheim-Dillen PM. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 June; 14(6): 641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072598&dopt=Abstract

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A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women. Author(s): Wilson JS, Honey E, Templeton A, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Stray-Pedersen B; EU Biomed Concerted Action Group. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 385-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206472&dopt=Abstract

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Abortion in woman caused by caprine Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1). Author(s): Pospischil A, Thoma R, Hilbe M, Grest P, Gebbers JO. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 February 9; 132(5-6): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11971199&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in surgical specimens of coronary and carotid arteries by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Johnson WD, Moses J, Kipshidze N. Source: Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine. 2001 October-December; 2(4): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160763&dopt=Abstract

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Acceptability and feasibility of urine screening for Chlamydia and gonorrhea in community organizations: perspectives from Denver and St Louis. Author(s): Bull SS, Jones CA, Granberry-Owens D, Stoner BP, Rietmeijer CA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 February; 90(2): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10667194&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of results obtained by performing a second ligase chain reaction assay and PCR analysis on urine samples with positive or near-cutoff results in the LCx test for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Castriciano S, Luinstra K, Jang D, Patel J, Mahony J, Kapala J, Chernesky M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089293&dopt=Abstract

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Activity of Novispirin G-10, a novel antimicrobial peptide against Chlamydia trachomatis and vaginosis-associated bacteria. Author(s): Yasin B, Pang M, Lehrer RI, Wagar EA. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2003 April; 74(2): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710952&dopt=Abstract

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Acute and chronic urinary tract infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wanic-Kossowska M, Koziol L, Bajew L, Czekalski S. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(3): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583368&dopt=Abstract

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Acute primary Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male adolescents after their first sexual contact. Author(s): Srugo I, Gershtein R, Madjar S, Elias I, Tal J, Nativ O. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 February; 154(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665604&dopt=Abstract

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Acute-phase proteins and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: which one is more important in acute coronary syndrome? Author(s): Song H, Tasaki H, Yashiro A, Yamashita K, Taniguchi H, Nakashima Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 2001 October; 65(10): 853-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11665787&dopt=Abstract

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Acute-phase response of human hepatocytes after infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Verkerk MS, Visseren FL, Paul Bouter K, Diepersloot RJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 August; 33(8): 720-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864783&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence to CDC STD guideline recommendations for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in two managed care organizations. Author(s): Magid DJ, Stiffman M, Anderson LA, Irwin K, Lyons EE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514439&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescence and other risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women in Melbourne, Australia. Author(s): Williams H, Tabrizi SN, Lee W, Kovacs GT, Garland S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576611&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent chlamydia testing practices and diagnosed infections in a large managed care organization. Author(s): Burstein GR, Snyder MH, Conley D, Boekeloo BO, Quinn TC, Zenilman JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 August; 28(8): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473222&dopt=Abstract

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Advanced peritonitis and subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulopathy associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Tsukada Y, Tamura S, Mitsuhashi H, Ueki K, Maezawa A, Nojima Y. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(7): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515772&dopt=Abstract

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American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy statement: screening for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hollblad-Fadiman K, Goldman SM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 287-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657352&dopt=Abstract

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An association between chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and lung cancer. A prospective 2-year study. Author(s): Koyi H, Branden E, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Steen B. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 109(9): 572-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878709&dopt=Abstract

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An econometric analysis of screening and treatment of patients with suspected Chlamydia. Author(s): Tavakoli M, Craig AM, Malek M. Source: Health Care Management Science. 2002 February; 5(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860079&dopt=Abstract

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An increased rate of seropositivity for immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Johnson L. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1067-9; Author Reply 1069. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812187&dopt=Abstract

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An infectious basis for multiple sclerosis: perspectives on the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and other agents. Author(s): Moses H Jr, Sriram S. Source: Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy. 2001; 15(3): 199-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437685&dopt=Abstract

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An interface of chlamydia testing by community family planning clinics and referral to hospital genitourinary medicine clinics. Author(s): Wilkinson C, Massil H, Evans J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053876&dopt=Abstract

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An open, comparative pilot study of thiamphenicol glycinate hydrochloride vs clarithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Todisco T, Eslami A, Baglioni S, Todisco C. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 June; 14(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120881&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in cells by reverse transcription-PCR targeted to bacterial gene transcripts. Author(s): Haranaga S, Ikejima H, Yamaguchi H, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 March; 9(2): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874869&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the serological response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with ischemic heart disease by recombinant MOMP-ELISA. Author(s): Kido Y, Shirai M, Ouchi K, Nakazawa T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 7(3): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810581&dopt=Abstract

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Anti chlamydia antibodies in patients with thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Schillinger M, Domanovits H, Mlekusch W, Bayegan K, Khanakah G, Laggner AN, Minar E, Stanek G. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 December 30; 114(23-24): 972-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635464&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics against Chlamydia pneumoniae and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Pilote L, Green L, Joseph L, Richard H, Eisenberg MJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 February; 143(2): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835034&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae and their relation to lymphocyte population levels. Author(s): Gonzalez-Castaneda C, Perez-Castrillon JL, Romero-Gomez M, HerrerosFernandez V. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March; 82(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911918&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae in stable angina and interleukin-6 levels. Author(s): Gonzalez-Castaneda C, Perez-Castrillon JL, Arranz-Pena ML, Gonzalez V, Herreros-Fernandez V. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March; 88(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659992&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae predict the need for elective surgical intervention on small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Vammen S, Lindholt JS, Andersen PL, Henneberg EW, Ostergaard L. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2001 August; 22(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472052&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae and anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with negative serology for hantavirus. Retrospective study. Author(s): Wilson M, Otth L, Fernandez H, Hofmann I, Navarrete M. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2001 November; 96(8): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784935&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to 60-kilodalton heat shock protein and outer membrane protein 2 of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Ciervo A, Visca P, Petrucca A, Biasucci LM, Maseri A, Cassone A. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 January; 9(1): 66-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777831&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in young Swedish orienteers. Author(s): Hjelm E, Wesslen L, Gnarpe H, Gnarpe J, Nystrom-Rosander C, Rolf C, Friman G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(8): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525352&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kDa and detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated independently with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy C, Egger M, McClure M, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567170&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible crossreaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A. Author(s): Vojdani A, Campbell AW, Anyanwu E, Kashanian A, Bock K, Vojdani E. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2002 August; 129(1-2): 168-77. Erratum In: J Neuroimmunol 2002 September; 130(1-2): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161033&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 10 antibodies in asthmatic adults. Author(s): Betsou F, Sueur JM, Orfila J. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 March 20; 35(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628545&dopt=Abstract

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Are all genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections pathogenic? A study in men. Author(s): Butler C, Dewsnap C, Evangelou G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902604&dopt=Abstract

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Aspirin inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced NF-kappa B activation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis and attenuates chlamydial growth. Author(s): Yoneda H, Miura K, Matsushima H, Sugi K, Murakami T, Ouchi K, Yamashita K, Itoh H, Nakazawa T, Suzuki M, Shirai M. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 May; 52(Pt 5): 409-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721317&dopt=Abstract

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Aspirin inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation, cytokine expression, and bacterial development in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Tiran A, Gruber HJ, Graier WF, Wagner AH, Van Leeuwen EB, Tiran B. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 July 1; 22(7): 1075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117719&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of polymerase chain reaction and serology for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with acute respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Shi Y, Xia X, Song Y, Feng G, Hu L, Zhang X, Tong M. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 February; 115(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940327&dopt=Abstract

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Association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerotic lesions. Author(s): Phillips JI, Shor A. Source: Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2001 February-March; 12(1): 42-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447492&dopt=Abstract

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Association between Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and intimal calcification in femoral arteries of nondiabetic patients. Author(s): Lehto S, Niskanen L, Suhonen M, Ronnemaa T, Saikku P, Laakso M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 March 11; 162(5): 594-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871929&dopt=Abstract

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Association between C-reactive protein, anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, and vascular function in healthy adults. Author(s): Sharma N, Rutherford JD, Grayston JT, King LP, Jialal I, Andrews TC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 January 1; 87(1): 119-21, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137849&dopt=Abstract

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Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk of ischemic stroke subtypes: Results from a population-based case-control study. Author(s): Heuschmann PU, Neureiter D, Gesslein M, Craiovan B, Maass M, Faller G, Beck G, Neundoerfer B, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 October; 32(10): 2253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588309&dopt=Abstract

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Association between past infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and body mass index, low-density lipoprotein particle size and fasting insulin. Author(s): Dart AM, Martin JL, Kay S. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 April; 26(4): 464-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075572&dopt=Abstract

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Association between seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae and acute ischaemic stroke. Author(s): Madre JG, Garcia JL, Gonzalez RC, Montero JM, Paniagua EB, Escribano JR, Martinez JD, Cenjor RF. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 May; 9(3): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985640&dopt=Abstract

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Association between Sezary T cell-activating factor, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Author(s): Abrams JT, Balin BJ, Vonderheid EC. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 September; 941: 69-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594584&dopt=Abstract

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Association of caveolin with Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions at early and late stages of infection. Author(s): Norkin LC, Wolfrom SA, Stuart ES. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 2001 June 10; 266(2): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11399051&dopt=Abstract

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Association of CD14 promoter gene polymorphism and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Eng HL, Chen CH, Kuo CC, Wu JS, Wang CH, Lin TM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 July 1; 188(1): 90-7. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825176&dopt=Abstract

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Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae and multiple sclerosis: stage two? Author(s): Jacobson S, Cross A. Source: Neurology. 2001 May 8; 56(9): 1128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342674&dopt=Abstract

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Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with coronary artery disease and its progression is dependent on the modifying effect of mannose-binding lectin. Author(s): Rugonfalvi-Kiss S, Endresz V, Madsen HO, Burian K, Duba J, Prohaszka Z, Karadi I, Romics L, Gonczol E, Fust G, Garred P. Source: Circulation. 2002 August 27; 106(9): 1071-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196331&dopt=Abstract

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Association of circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Author(s): Smieja M, Mahony J, Petrich A, Boman J, Chernesky M. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2002 October 1; 2(1): 21. Epub 2002 Oct 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359046&dopt=Abstract

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Association of seropositivity for antibody to Chlamydia-specific lipopolysaccharide and coronary artery disease in Japanese men. Author(s): Shimada K, Daida H, Mokuno H, Watanabe Y, Sawano M, Iwama Y, Seki E, Kurata T, Sato H, Ohashi S, Suzuki H, Miyauchi K, Takaya J, Sakurai H, Yamaguchi H. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 2001 March; 65(3): 182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266192&dopt=Abstract

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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 August; 56(8): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890814&dopt=Abstract

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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 April; 79(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690141&dopt=Abstract

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Asymptomatic respiratory infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae : what does it mean? Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: Chest. 2001 May; 119(5): 1303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348931&dopt=Abstract

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Atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: does Chlamydia pneumoniae infection contribute to cardiovascular damage? Author(s): Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002; 17 Suppl 8: 258; Discussion 40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12147773&dopt=Abstract

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Atherosclerosis: lipid infiltration or Chlamydia pneumoniae infection? Author(s): Shor A. Source: Circulation. 2002 October 29; 106(18): E135-6; Disscussion E135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403680&dopt=Abstract

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Autoimmunity to human heat shock protein 60, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, and inflammation in predicting coronary risk. Author(s): Huittinen T, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Manttari M, Virkkunen H, Pitkanen T, Wahlstrom E, Palosuo T, Manninen V, Saikku P. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 March 1; 22(3): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884286&dopt=Abstract

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Azithromycin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Strapac Z, Markovinovic L, Kruzic V, Puntaric A, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 December; 13(6): 664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806631&dopt=Abstract

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Background and current knowledge of Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Grayston JT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S402-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839724&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis among pregnant abused and nonabused Hispanic women. Author(s): King EA, Britt R, McFarlane JM, Hawkins C. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2000 November-December; 29(6): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110331&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 1; 36(5): 663-8. Epub 2003 February 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594649&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to screening sexually active adolescent women for chlamydia: a survey of primary care physicians. Author(s): Cook RL, Wiesenfeld HC, Ashton MR, Krohn MA, Zamborsky T, Scholle SH. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 March; 28(3): 204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226843&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviors associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: cervical infection among young women attending adolescent clinics. Author(s): Peters SE, Beck-Sague CM, Farshy CE, Gibson I, Kubota KA, Solomon F, Morse SA, Sievert AJ, Black CM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 March; 39(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752012&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral pleural effusion and a subsegmental infiltrate due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in a mechanically ventilated patient. Author(s): Toorians AW, Pneumatikos JA, Zaaijer HL, Strack van Schijndel RJ. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 August; 59(2): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476914&dopt=Abstract

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Breakdown of CTL tolerance to self HLA-B*2705 induced by exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Popov I, Dela Cruz CS, Barber BH, Chiu B, Inman RD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 October 1; 169(7): 4033-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244206&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, markers of allergic inflammation and lung function in children. Author(s): Schmidt SM, Muller CE, Bruns R, Wiersbitzky SK. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 October; 12(5): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737672&dopt=Abstract

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Can a busy abortion service cope with a screen-and-treat policy for Chlamydia trachomatis infection? Author(s): Cameron ST, Stewart S, Sutherland S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 January; 14(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590794&dopt=Abstract

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Cell-to-cell contact of human monocytes with infected arterial smooth-muscle cells enhances growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Puolakkainen M, Campbell LA, Lin TM, Richards T, Patton DL, Kuo CC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 1; 187(3): 435-40. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552427&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular immunity and Chlamydia genital infection: induction, recruitment, and effector mechanisms. Author(s): Kelly KA. Source: International Reviews of Immunology. 2003 January-February; 22(1): 3-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710502&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of the humoral immune response to Chlamydia outer membrane protein 2 in chlamydial infection. Author(s): Portig I, Goodall JC, Bailey RL, Gaston JS. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 January; 10(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522047&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia antibody response in healthy volunteers immunized with nonchlamydial antigens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Johnsen S, Andersen PL, Stanek G, Christiansen G, Birkelund S, Berthelsen LM, Ostergaard L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 1; 36(5): 586-91. Epub 2003 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594639&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia infection and subfertility. Author(s): Land JA, Evers JL. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 901-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473290&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia infection in children with acquired subglottic stenosis. Author(s): Soldatski IL, Vinogradova TV, Semyonov AV, Onufrieva EK, Konno VI. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 February; 67(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623155&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and acute chest syndrome in patients with sickle cell disease. Author(s): Dean D, Neumayr L, Kelly DM, Ballas SK, Kleman K, Robertson S, Iyer RV, Ware RE, Koshy M, Rackoff WR, Pegelow CH, Waldron P, Benjamin L, Vichinsky E; Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 January; 25(1): 46-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544773&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Campbell LA, Kuo CC. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 2003 March; 18(1): 48-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652454&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: critical assessment of diagnostic methods and relevance to treatment studies. Author(s): Boman J, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2002 January; 15(1): 1-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781264&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease: the antibiotic trials. Author(s): Higgins JP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 March; 78(3): 321-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630585&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and multiple sclerosis: the latest etiologic candidate. Author(s): Bashir K, Kaslow RA. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 March; 14(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606874&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and endothelial function as assessed by flowmediated dilation in patients with chest pain with and without ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Malmqvist BB, Diness BR, Krogsgaard K, Thomassen LH, Jensen GB; IAMA Group. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 April 15; 91(8): 982-5, A7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686343&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease. Author(s): Sessa R, Di Pietro M, Schiavoni G, Santino I, Benedetti-Valentini F, Perna R, Romano S, del Piano M. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 May; 37(5): 1027-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756349&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA seropositivity is associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke in dialysis patients. Author(s): Wolf SC, Mayer O, Jurgens S, Vonthein R, Schultze G, Risler T, Brehm BR. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 April; 59(4): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708567&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA titres and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis. Author(s): Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 May; 24(9): 881. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727159&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: seven years of experience. Author(s): Monno R, De Vito D, Losito G, Sibilio G, Costi A, Fumarola L, D'Aprile A, Marcuccio P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 October; 45(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387767&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae in elderly patients with stroke (C-PEPS): a case-control study on the seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in elderly patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Author(s): Ngeh J, Gupta S, Goodbourn C, Panayiotou B, McElligott G. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 15(1-2): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499705&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection alters the junctional complex proteins of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Author(s): MacIntyre A, Hammond CJ, Little CS, Appelt DM, Balin BJ. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 December 17; 217(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480099&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Clementsen P, Permin H, Norn S. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(2): 73-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371533&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and nonspecific aortoarteritis: search for a link with a nonatherosclerotic inflammatory arterial disease. Author(s): Bahl VK, Sengupta PP, Sathpathy G, Sharma A, Narang R, Sharma S, Manchanda SC. Source: Indian Heart J. 2002 January-February; 54(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999087&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and restenosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Krausse R, Leiendecker J, Herrmann G, Harder T, Ullmann U. Source: Infection. 2003 June; 31(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789472&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult patients with persistent cough. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Yoshida K, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 March; 52(Pt 3): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621093&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is not involved in carotid artery stenosis. Author(s): Hirashima Y, Kuwayama N, Kubo M, Origasa H, Endo S. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 July; 163(1): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048135&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of endothelial cells induces transcriptional activation of platelet-derived growth factor-B: a potential link to intimal thickening in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Coombes BK, Chiu B, Fong IW, Mahony JB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 June 1; 185(11): 1621-30. Epub 2002 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023768&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells. Author(s): MacIntyre A, Abramov R, Hammond CJ, Hudson AP, Arking EJ, Little CS, Appelt DM, Balin BJ. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2003 March 1; 71(5): 740-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584732&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: which role in atherosclerosis? Author(s): Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, Gasbarrini A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 October 14; 162(18): 2140; Author Reply 2141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374525&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Slovenia. Author(s): Kese D, Cizman M, Marin J, Zupanc TA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(3): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030388&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae inside the atherosclerotic plaque--does it affect plaque inflammation and plaque progression? Author(s): van der Wal AC. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2002 November; 56(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393086&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae resists antibiotics in lymphocytes. Author(s): Yamaguchi H, Friedman H, Yamamoto M, Yasuda K, Yamamoto Y. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 47(6): 1972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760877&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae serology is associated with thrombosis-related but not with plaque-related microembolization during carotid endarterectomy. Author(s): Vainas T, Kurvers HA, Mess WH, de Graaf R, Ezzahiri R, Tordoir JH, Schurink GW, Bruggeman CA, Kitslaar PJ. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 May; 33(5): 1249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988599&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae serology: comparing a commercial enzyme immunoassay and microimmunofluorescence test in patients with cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Vainas T, De Graaf R, Stassen FR, Kurvers HA, Grauls GE, Kitslaar PJ, Bruggeman CA. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 111(2): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716394&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity and the risk of NAION. Author(s): Lee AG. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1067; Author Reply 1067. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799220&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity is associated with increased plasma levels of soluble cellular adhesion molecules in community-dwelling subjects: the Shimanami Health Promoting Program (J-SHIPP) study. Author(s): Kohara K, Tabara Y, Yamamoto Y, Igase M, Miki T. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 June; 33(6): 1474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052977&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae, antibiotic treatment, and early atherosclerosis. Author(s): Liuba P, Pesonen E, Paakkari I. Source: Circulation. 2003 June 10; 107(22): E205; Author Reply E205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796417&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae, but not Bartonella quintana, is associated with coronary heart disease: results of a French case-control study. Author(s): Badiaga S, Paganelli F, Parola P, Beghin M, Barrau K, Eb F, Brouqui P. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 9(4): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667243&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus infections and the risk of peripheral arterial disease in young women. Author(s): Bloemenkamp DG, Mali WP, Tanis BC, Rosendaal FR, van den Bosch MA, Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Ossewaarde JM, Visseren FL, van Loon AM, van der Graaf Y. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 July; 163(1): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048133&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia pneumoniae: another agent added to the growing list of transfusiontransmitted pathogens? Author(s): Leiby DA. Source: Transfusion. 2003 May; 43(5): 552-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702173&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia screening and sexual health. Author(s): Hart GJ, Duncan B, Fenton KA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473797&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia screening in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Catchpole M, Robinson A, Temple A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576603&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Canada. Author(s): Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Reid T, De Carolis E; Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Investigators. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 May; 21(5): 779-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765420&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia testing before termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Goold PC, Carlin EM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902609&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis among patients infected with and treated for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Author(s): Lyss SB, Kamb ML, Peterman TA, Moran JS, Newman DR, Bolan G, Douglas JM Jr, Iatesta M, Malotte CK, Zenilman JM, Ehret J, Gaydos C, Newhall WJ; Project RESPECT Study Group. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 August 5; 139(3): 178-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899585&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis disrupts N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell junctions and sequesters beta-catenin in human cervical epithelial cells. Author(s): Prozialeck WC, Fay MJ, Lamar PC, Pearson CA, Sigar I, Ramsey KH. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 May; 70(5): 2605-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953402&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein-60 induced interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production in infertile women. Author(s): Kinnunen A, Surcel HM, Halttunen M, Tiitinen A, Morrison RP, Morrison SG, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 February; 131(2): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562392&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis in older Los Angeles County residents, 1991-1998: implications and recommendations for the detection of sexually transmitted infections in older age groups. Author(s): Smith LV, Malmgren R, Dyer IE, Sorvillo F, Vaughn GS, Visscher B. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 September; 50(9): 1557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383154&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women undergoing uterine instrumentation. How we can help in the avoidance of iatrogenic pelvic inflammatory disease? Author(s): Thomas K, Simms I. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 17(6): 1431-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042255&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women undergoing uterine instrumentation. The clinician's role. Author(s): Macmillan S. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 17(6): 1433-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042256&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis induces remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during attachment and entry into HeLa cells. Author(s): Carabeo RA, Grieshaber SS, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3793-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065523&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection alters host cell transcription in diverse cellular pathways. Author(s): Xia M, Bumgarner RE, Lampe MF, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 1; 187(3): 424-34. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552426&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection and non-gonococcal urethritis in homosexual and heterosexual men in Edinburgh. Author(s): Dixon L, Pearson S, Clutterbuck DJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 June; 13(6): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015019&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic men. Author(s): LaMontagne DS, Fine DN, Marrazzo JM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 January; 24(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554022&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples: incidence and sperm function. Author(s): Vigil P, Morales P, Tapia A, Riquelme R, Salgado AM. Source: Andrologia. 2002 June; 34(3): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12059810&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with CIN and invasive uterine cervix cancer. Significance of hormonal status. Author(s): Markowska J, Fischer N, Fischer Z, Warchol JB. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(6): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556093&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 genotypic diversity and concordance with sexual network data. Author(s): Cabral T, Jolly AM, Wylie JL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 January 15; 187(2): 279-86. Epub 2003 Jan 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552452&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 2, and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 are not associated with grade of cervical neoplasia in Jamaican colposcopy patients. Author(s): Castle PE, Escoffery C, Schachter J, Rattray C, Schiffman M, Moncada J, Sugai K, Brown C, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Palefsky JM, Burk RD, Hutchinson ML, Strickler HD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 July; 30(7): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838087&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis-induced death of human spermatozoa is caused primarily by lipopolysaccharide. Author(s): Hosseinzadeh S, Pacey AA, Eley A. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 March; 52(Pt 3): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621083&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia uncloaked. Author(s): Byrne GI. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 July 8; 100(14): 8040-2. Epub 2003 June 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835422&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia--inside out. Author(s): Dodd A, Comber DL, Hernon M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 June; 13(6): 406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015015&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in a general outpatient department of obstetrics and gynaecology in the Netherlands. Author(s): Bax CJ, Oostvogel PM, Mutsaers JA, Brand R, Craandijk M, Trimbos JB, Dorr PJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): E6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473821&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical presentation of community-acquired Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Okimoto N, Hara H, Yoshida K, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Chest. 2002 June; 121(6): 1776-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065338&dopt=Abstract

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Co-infection with gonorrhoea and chlamydia: how much is there and what does it mean? Author(s): Creighton S, Tenant-Flowers M, Taylor CB, Miller R, Low N. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 February; 14(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662389&dopt=Abstract

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Combating chlamydia in the military: why aren't we winning the war? Author(s): Brodine S, Shafer MA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 July; 30(7): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838081&dopt=Abstract

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Combined role of the Lewis antigenic system, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Creactive protein in unstable angina. Author(s): Angiolillo DJ, Liuzzo G, Pelliccioni S, De Candia E, Landolfi R, Crea F, Maseri A, Biasucci LM. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 February 19; 41(4): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598063&dopt=Abstract

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Community-based chlamydia and gonorrhea screening through the United States mail, San Francisco. Author(s): Bloomfield PJ, Kent C, Campbell D, Hanbrook L, Klausner JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 May; 29(5): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984447&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative DNA microarray analysis of host cell transcriptional responses to infection by Coxiella burnetii or Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ren Q, Robertson SJ, Howe D, Barrows LF, Heinzen RA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 June; 990: 701-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860710&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative studies of glycosaminoglycan involvement in Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis invasion of host cells. Author(s): Beswick EJ, Travelstead A, Cooper MD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 15; 187(8): 1291-300. Epub 2003 Apr 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696009&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a new quantitative ompA-based real-Time PCR TaqMan assay for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in respiratory specimens with four conventional PCR assays. Author(s): Apfalter P, Barousch W, Nehr M, Makristathis A, Willinger B, Rotter M, Hirschl AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 41(2): 592-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574252&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests and a liquid pap smear medium. Author(s): Koumans EH, Black CM, Markowitz LE, Unger E, Pierce A, Sawyer MK, Papp JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 41(4): 1507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682137&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of serological assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in different groups of obstetrical and gynecological patients. Author(s): Bax CJ, Mutsaers JA, Jansen CL, Trimbos JB, Dorr PJ, Oostvogel PM. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 January; 10(1): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522057&dopt=Abstract

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Construction and evaluation of internal control DNA for PCR amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA from urine samples. Author(s): Betsou F, Beaumont K, Sueur JM, Orfila J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 41(3): 1274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624066&dopt=Abstract

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Contemporary approaches to designing and evaluating vaccines against Chlamydia. Author(s): Igietseme JU, Eko FO, Black CM. Source: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 February; 2(1): 129-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901604&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between culture testing of swabs and ligase chain reaction of first void urine from patients recently treated for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Jang D, Sellors J, Howard M, Mahony J, Frost E, Patrick D, Bouchard C, Dubois J, Scholar L, Chernesky M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 June; 79(3): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794211&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a review of published studies. Author(s): Honey E, Augood C, Templeton A, Russell I, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Stary A, Stray-Pedersen B. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 406-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473799&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effectiveness of widespread screening for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Postma MJ, Welte R, Morre SA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 October; 3(10): 1443-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387690&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein and anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies as risk factors of cardiovascular death in incident patients on peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Paniagua R, Frias Y, de Ventura MJ, Rodriguez E, Hurtado ME, Alcantara G, Vazquez R, Ortiz R, Salcedo M, Rios ME, Kaji J, Amato D. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713079&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus and risk for myocardial infarction. Author(s): Witherell HL, Smith KL, Friedman GD, Ley C, Thom DH, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Parsonnet J. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2003 March; 13(3): 170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604160&dopt=Abstract

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Criteria for selective screening for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Paukku M, Kilpikari R, Puolakkainen M, Oksanen H, Apter D, Paavonen J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567168&dopt=Abstract

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Culture and immunohistochemical evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum. Author(s): Sams HH, Mitchell WM, Stratton CW, King LE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 June; 48(6): 966-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789196&dopt=Abstract

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Degradation of transcription factor RFX5 during the inhibition of both constitutive and interferon gamma-inducible major histocompatibility complex class I expression in chlamydia-infected cells. Author(s): Zhong G, Liu L, Fan T, Fan P, Ji H. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000 May 1; 191(9): 1525-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10790427&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic and behavioural profile of adults infected with chlamydia: a casecontrol study. Author(s): Radcliffe KW, Ahmad S, Gilleran G, Ross JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 August; 77(4): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463926&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic and reproductive factors for high seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among pregnant women in Japan. Author(s): Kusano Y, Shibata Y, Katamine S, Yamamoto T, Kurokawa K, Moriuchi R, Kubota K, Masuzaki H, Honda S, Moji K, Takemoto T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000 January; 190(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750735&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and venous thromboembolic disease. Author(s): Lozinguez O, Arnaud E, Belec L, Nicaud V, Alhenc-Gelas M, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M, Emmerich J. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 June; 83(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896243&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic arteries from various vascular regions. Author(s): Rassu M, Cazzavillan S, Scagnelli M, Peron A, Bevilacqua PA, Facco M, Bertoloni G, Lauro FM, Zambello R, Bonoldi E. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 September; 158(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500176&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the adenoid from children with and without secretory otitis media using immunohistochemistry and PCR. Author(s): Engstrand I, Augustsson I, Bergemalm PO, Falck G, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(2): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233849&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of declining community prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection using sentinel surveillance. Author(s): Bachmann LH, Macaluso M, Hook EW 3rd. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514437&dopt=Abstract

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Design and results of the USA-Mexico border human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical dysplasia, and Chlamydia trachomatis study. Author(s): Giuliano AR, Denman C, Guernsey de Zapien J, Navarro Henze JL, Ortega L, Djambazov B, Mendez Brown de Galaz E, Hatch K. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2001 March; 9(3): 172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349353&dopt=Abstract

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Detecting chlamydia trachomatis infection in women. Author(s): Joshi J. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 September-October; 45(5): 890-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575668&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of antimicrobial-treated Chlamydia trachomatis with Amplicor PCR test kit. Author(s): Takahashi S, Hagiwara T, Shiga S, Hirose T, Tsukamoto T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2000 December; 6(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810568&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of chlamydia on meatal swabs. Author(s): Lamba H, Davies JL, Murphy SM, Shafi MS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 June; 77(3): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402243&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumonia DNA in nasopharyngolaryngeal swab samples from patients with rhinitis and pharyngolaryngitis with polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Zhang G, Ning B, Li Y. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2000 February; 113(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775549&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in human atherosclerotic plaques by PCR. Author(s): Farsak B, Yildirir A, Akyon Y, Pinar A, Oc M, Boke E, Kes S, Tokgozoglu L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 December; 38(12): 4408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101572&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenin PBMNCs of healthy blood donors. Author(s): Haranaga S, Yamaguchi H, Leparc GF, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. Source: Transfusion. 2001 September; 41(9): 1114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552067&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay in intestinal mucosal biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. Author(s): Chen W, Li D, Wilson I, Chadwick VS. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 September; 17(9): 987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167120&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae deoxyribonucleic acid in blood samples taken from coronary sinus after coronary angioplasty. Author(s): Yetkin E, Yetkin G, Tandogan I, Kocabas NA, Ileri M, Ozdemir R, Kosar F, Turhan H, Cehreli S, Mert A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 July 15; 90(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12106855&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA and antigen in the circulating mononuclear cell fractions of humans and koalas. Author(s): Bodetti TJ, Timms P. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 May; 68(5): 2744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768968&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in buffy-coat samples of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Author(s): Maraha B, den Heijer M, Wullink M, van der Zee A, Bergmans A, Verbakel H, Kerver M, Graafsma S, Kranendonk S, Peeters M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 20(2): 1116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305463&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in CD3+ lymphocytes from healthy blood donors and patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Kaul R, Uphoff J, Wiedeman J, Yadlapalli S, Wenman WM. Source: Circulation. 2000 November 7; 102(19): 2341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11067786&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in arterial tissues. Author(s): Kuo C, Campbell LA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S432-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839731&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cholesteatoma tissue: any pathogenetic role? Author(s): Ronchetti F, Ronchetti R, Guglielmi F, Chiappini I, Contini C, Filipo R, Santino I, Cerruto R, Bernardeschi D, Barbara M. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 May; 24(3): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806283&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in giant cell vasculitis and correlation with the topographic arrangement of tissue-infiltrating dendritic cells. Author(s): Wagner AD, Gerard HC, Fresemann T, Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E, Hudson AP, Zeidler H. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 July; 43(7): 1543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902759&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in unexplained pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Theegarten D, Anhenn O, Aretz S, Maass M, Mogilevski G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 January; 19(1): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843318&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae within peripheral blood monocytes of patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction. Author(s): Maass M, Jahn J, Gieffers J, Dalhoff K, Katus HA, Solbach W. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839736&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae-reactive T lymphocytes in human atherosclerotic plaques of carotid artery. Author(s): Mosorin M, Surcel HM, Laurila A, Lehtinen M, Karttunen R, Juvonen J, Paavonen J, Morrison RP, Saikku P, Juvonen T. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000 April; 20(4): 1061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764674&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia species-specific serum antibodies by prior adsorption of common genus-specific antibodies. Author(s): Bessho H. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 August; 28(4): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10891649&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by enzyme immunoassay, culture, and three nucleic acid amplification tests. Author(s): Van Dyck E, Ieven M, Pattyn S, Van Damme L, Laga M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325985&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in spontaneous abortions. Is this organism a primary or secondary indicator of risk? Author(s): Rastogi S, Salhan S, Mittal A. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2000; 57(2): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912286&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by DNA amplification. Author(s): Timms P, Mathews S. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2002; 179: 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692876&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by isothermal ramification amplification method: a feasibility study. Author(s): Zhang W, Cohenford M, Lentrichia B, Isenberg HD, Simson E, Li H, Yi J, Zhang DY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773105&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in archival paraffinized specimens from chronic salpingitis cases using the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Hinton EL, Bobo LD, Wu TC, Kurman RJ, Viscidi RP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 July; 74(1): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10899513&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in an Australian high school student population. Author(s): Debattista J, Martin P, Jamieson J, Crane K, Dolton I, Russell-Hall S, DeSilva J, Hargrave R, Robinson T, Ryan N, Mortlock M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238652&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in genitourinary medicine clinic attendees: comparison of strand displacement amplification and the ligase chain reaction. Author(s): McCartney RA, Walker J, Scoular A. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2001; 58(4): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788000&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women by the Papanicolaou technique, enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Banuelos Panuco CA, Deleon Rodriguez I, Hernandez Mendez JT, Martinez Guzman LA, Akle Fierro D, Miranda Murillo J, Reyes Maldonado E. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 March-April; 44(2): 114-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10740593&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in semen and urethral specimens from male members of infertile couples in Tunisia. Author(s): Gdoura R, Daoudi F, Bouzid F, Ben Salah F, Chaigneau C, Sueur JM, Eb F, Rekik S, Hammami A, Orfila J. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2001 March; 6(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334471&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in symptomatic and asymptomatic populations with urogenital specimens by AMP CT (Gen-probe incorporated) compared to others commercially available amplification assays. Author(s): de Barbeyrac B, Geniaux M, Hocke C, Dupon M, Bebear C. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 July; 37(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904191&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early pregnancy using selfadministered vaginal swabs and first pass urines: a cross-sectional community-based survey. Author(s): Oakeshott P, Hay P, Hay S, Steinke F, Rink E, Thomas B, Oakeley P, Kerry S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 October; 52(483): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392124&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with CIN and invasive carcinoma. Controversial results of different methods. Author(s): Markowska J, Fischer N, Warchol JB, Fischer Z. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2001; 22(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446478&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection with DNA extracted from formalinfixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Author(s): Noguchi Y, Yabushita H, Noguchi M, Fujita M, Asai M, Del Carpio CA. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 May; 43(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052622&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies in human sera by recombinant major outer-membrane protein polyantigens. Author(s): Mygind P, Christiansen G, Persson K, Birkelund S. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2000 May; 49(5): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798559&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Author(s): Higuchi ML, Sambiase N, Palomino S, Gutierrez P, Demarchi LM, Aiello VD, Ramires JA. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica . [et Al.]. 2000 September; 33(9): 1023-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10973132&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis colonization of the gravid cervix. Author(s): Asbill KK, Higgins RV, Bahrani-Mostafavi Z, Vachris JC, Kotrotsios SH, Elliot MC, Price DK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 August; 183(2): 340-4; Discussion 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942467&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of seroconversion and persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in five different serological tests. Author(s): Clad A, Freidank HM, Kunze M, Schnoeckel U, Hofmeier S, Flecken U, Petersen EE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 December; 19(12): 932-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205630&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Karlsson L, Gnarpe J, Naas J, Olsson G, Lindholm J, Steen B, Gnarpe H. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2000 June; 19(6): 630-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873732&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of persistent and recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women: results of a multicenter cohort study. Author(s): Whittington WL, Kent C, Kissinger P, Oh MK, Fortenberry JD, Hillis SE, Litchfield B, Bolan GA, St Louis ME, Farley TA, Handsfield HH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 February; 28(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234786&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of trachoma endemicity using Chlamydia trachomatis ompA DNA sequencing. Author(s): Hsieh YH, Bobo LD, Quinn TC, West SK. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 May; 3(6): 447-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377206&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of PCR efficiency in chelex-100 purified clinical samples and comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and conventional PCR for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Mygind T, Birkelund S, Birkebaek N, Oestergaard L, Jensen J, Christiansen G. Source: Bmc Microbiology [electronic Resource]. 2002 July 9; 2(1): 17. Epub 2002 Jul 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12106506&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the physical environment within the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion using ion-selective ratiometric probes. Author(s): Grieshaber S, Swanson JA, Hackstadt T. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 May; 4(5): 273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027956&dopt=Abstract

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Development and evaluation of real-time PCR-based fluorescence assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Tondella ML, Talkington DF, Holloway BP, Dowell SF, Cowley K, SorianoGabarro M, Elkind MS, Fields BS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 575-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825973&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract secretions. Author(s): Welti M, Jaton K, Altwegg M, Sahli R, Wenger A, Bille J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 February; 45(2): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614979&dopt=Abstract

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Development of EIA for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital specimens. Author(s): Chomvarin C, Chantarasuk Y, Thongkrajai P, Yutanawiboonchai W, Waropastrakul N. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 March; 31(1): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023074&dopt=Abstract

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Development of enzyme immunoassays to detect salivary sIgA to Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Tuuminen T, Vainionpaa R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2001; 61(5): 35762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569482&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic foot ulcers and Chlamydia pneumoniae: innocent bystander or opportunistic pathogen? Author(s): King LE Jr, Bushman T, Stratton CW, Mitchell WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 671-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346358&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children in Chile. Author(s): Martinez Tagle M, Kogan R, Rojas P, Rubilar L, Vidal R, Paya E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 June; 89(6): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914956&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in a sexually transmitted disease clinic: evaluation of a urine sample tested by enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction in comparison with a cervical and/or a urethral swab tested by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Jensen IP, Fogh H, Prag J. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 March; 9(3): 194-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667251&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections by home-obtained, mailed samples: do we need a telephone hotline for information and advice? Author(s): Andersen B, Ostergaard L, Sorensen H, Moller JK, Olesen F, Laursen HD, Worm AM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(4): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064688&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in innate immune responses (in vitro) to HeLa cells infected with nondisseminating serovar E and disseminating serovar L2 of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Dessus-Babus S, Darville TL, Cuozzo FP, Ferguson K, Wyrick PB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 June; 70(6): 3234-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011019&dopt=Abstract

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Differential expression of genes encoding membrane proteins between acute and continuous Chlamydia pneumoniae infections. Author(s): Hogan RJ, Mathews SA, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR, Timms P. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2003 January; 34(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620380&dopt=Abstract

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Differential expression of Pmp10 in cell culture infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae CWL029. Author(s): Pedersen AS, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2001 September 25; 203(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583841&dopt=Abstract

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Differential regulation of CD4 lymphocyte recruitment between the upper and lower regions of the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Kelly KA, Walker JC, Jameel SH, Gray HL, Rank RG. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1519-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678969&dopt=Abstract

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Differential sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis strains to inhibitory effects of gamma interferon. Author(s): Morrison RP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 October; 68(10): 6038-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992517&dopt=Abstract

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Dilated cardiomyopathy and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Song H, Tasaki H, Yashiro A, Yamashita K, Toyokawa T, Nagai Y, Takatsu H, Taniguchi H, Nakashima Y. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2001 October; 86(4): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559690&dopt=Abstract

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Direct detection and magnetic isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein-specific CD8+ CTLs with HLA class I tetramers. Author(s): Kim SK, Devine L, Angevine M, DeMars R, Kavathas PB. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 December 15; 165(12): 7285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120863&dopt=Abstract

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Direct genotyping and nucleotide sequence analysis of VS1 and VS2 of the Omp1 gene of Chlamydia trachomatis from Moroccan trachomatous specimens. Author(s): Takourt B, de Barbeyrac B, Khyatti M, Radouani F, Bebear C, Dessus-Babus S, Bebear C, Benslimane A. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 May; 3(6): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377207&dopt=Abstract

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Disappointing performance of literature-derived selective screening criteria for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an inner-city population. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Boeke AJ, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Deville W, Bouter LM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 October; 27(9): 504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034524&dopt=Abstract

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Discordant prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic couples screened using urine ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Clad A, Prillwitz J, Hintz KC, Mendel R, Flecken U, Schulte-Monting J, Petersen EE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 20(5): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453592&dopt=Abstract

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Disease outcome subsequent to primary and secondary urogenital infection with murine or human biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ramsey KH, DeWolfe JL, Salyer RD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 December; 68(12): 7186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083853&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in atherosclerotic carotid arteries: significance for sampling procedures. Author(s): Cochrane M, Pospischil A, Walker P, Gibbs H, Timms P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 41(4): 1454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682129&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the human arterial system and its relation to the local amount of atherosclerosis within the individual. Author(s): Vink A, Poppen M, Schoneveld AH, Roholl PJ, de Kleijn DP, Borst C, Pasterkamp G. Source: Circulation. 2001 March 27; 103(12): 1613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273986&dopt=Abstract

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Diversity within inc genes of clinical Chlamydia trachomatis variant isolates that occupy non-fusogenic inclusions. Author(s): Rockey DD, Viratyosin W, Bannantine JP, Suchland RJ, Stamm WE. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 August; 148(Pt 8): 2497-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177343&dopt=Abstract

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Do questions on sexual behaviour and the method of sample collection affect participation in a screening programme for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in primary care? Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ, Boeke AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 January; 13(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802928&dopt=Abstract

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Does bacterial vaginosis alter the sensitivity of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis? An analysis of patient characteristics. Author(s): Hussey J, Edirisinghe DN, Pattman RS, Sankar KN, Wipat W, Kearns A, Turner AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 July; 14(7): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869223&dopt=Abstract

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Does Chlamydia pneumoniae have a role in atherosclerosis? Author(s): Byers J, Robertson R. Source: Jaapa. 2002 May; 15(5): 50-2, 55-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063818&dopt=Abstract

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Does Chlamydia pneumoniae play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? Author(s): Stratton CW, Mitchell WM, Sriram S. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2000 January; 49(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628821&dopt=Abstract

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Does chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection increase the risk of myocardial injury? Insights from patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Wong BY, Gnarpe J, Teo KK, Ohman EM, Prosser C, Gibler WB, Langer A, Chang WC, Armstrong PW. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 December; 144(6): 987-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486422&dopt=Abstract

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Does digital vaginal examination using lubricant have an impact on testing for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction? Author(s): Uribasterra P, Creinin MD, Wiesenfeld HC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 February; 29(2): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818897&dopt=Abstract

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Does infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and/or Helicobacter pylori increase the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in humans? Author(s): Schumacher A, Seljeflot I, Lerkerod AB, Sommervoll L, Otterstad JE, Arnesen H. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 8(10): 654-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390284&dopt=Abstract

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Duration of clinical symptoms in female patients with acute urethral syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis treated with azithromycin or doxycycline. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Strapac Z, Beus A, Francetic I, Krhen I, Lesko V, Vukovic J. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 April; 13(2): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330365&dopt=Abstract

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Duration of untreated genital infections with chlamydia trachomatis: a review of the literature. Author(s): Golden MR, Schillinger JA, Markowitz L, St Louis ME. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 July; 27(6): 329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907908&dopt=Abstract

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Early impairment of coronary flow reserve is not associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies. Author(s): Janatuinen T, Friberg J, Viljanen MK, Raitakari OT, Nuutila P, Vainionpaa R, Oksi J, Peltonen R, Engblom E, Laine H, Knuuti J. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2002; 34(4): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375580&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic follow-up of Chlamydia psittaci myocarditis. Author(s): Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, van der Wall EE, Jonkers GJ. Source: Chest. 2000 April; 117(4): 1203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10767264&dopt=Abstract

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Economic advantages of ligase chain reaction for diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in GUM clinic attenders. Author(s): Butt A, McCartney R, Walker A, Scoular A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 June; 77(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402248&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a Mycoplasma hominis-like Mycoplasma on the infection of HEp-2 cells by the TW-183 strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Castilla EA, Wadowsky RM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 February; 38(2): 861-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10655399&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of azithromycin on endothelial function of patients with coronary artery disease and evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: Circulation. 2002 October 8; 106(15): E65-6; Author Reply E65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370232&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of azithromycin treatment on endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease and evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Parchure N, Zouridakis EG, Kaski JC. Source: Circulation. 2002 March 19; 105(11): 1298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901039&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection on coronary flow reserve and intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation in patients with angina pectoris. Author(s): Tanaka T, Matsushita M, Oka Y, Sada T, Kira Y. Source: J Cardiol. 2001 December; 38(6): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806088&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis coinfection on HIV shedding in genital tract secretions. Author(s): Kilmarx PH, Mock PA, Levine WC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403193&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and subsequent tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion on apoptosis in the murine genital tract. Author(s): Perfettini JL, Darville T, Gachelin G, Souque P, Huerre M, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 April; 68(4): 2237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722625&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein Edeficient mice. Author(s): Blessing E, Nagano S, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 December; 68(12): 7195-7. Erratum In: Infect Immun 2001 March; 69(3): 1976. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083855&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of endocervical specimen adequacy on ligase chain reaction detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Loeffelholz MJ, Jirsa SJ, Teske RK, Woods JN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 3838-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682495&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fenofibrate on Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mark L, Katona A, Marki-Zay J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 January 1; 89(1): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779542&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of gemifloxacin on viability of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Chlamydophila pneumoniae) in an in vitro continuous infection model. Author(s): Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 49(5): 763-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003969&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of macrolide antibiotics on human endothelial cells activated by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Author(s): Uriarte SM, Molestina RE, Miller RD, Bernabo J, Farinati A, Eiguchi K, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 June 1; 185(11): 1631-6. Epub 2002 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023769&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of prior exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, or cytomegalovirus on the degree of inflammation and one-year prognosis of patients with unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Choussat R, Montalescot G, Collet J, Jardel C, Ankri A, Fillet A, Thomas D, Raymond J, Bastard J, Drobinski G, Orfila J, Agut H, Thomas D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 August 15; 86(4): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946028&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of prolonged treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin on Chlamydia pneumoniae in a continuous-infection Model. Author(s): Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796350&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of roxithromycin treatment on the endothelial function of Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositive men suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Author(s): Wiesli P, Schulthess G. Source: Circulation. 2002 December 17; 106(25): E226; Author Reply E226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485976&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of short-term antibiotic treatment on Chlamydia pneumoniae and peripheral endothelial function. Author(s): Kuvin JT, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Hunter LM, Patel AR, Sliney KA, Craven DE, Grayston JT, Keaney JF Jr, Karas RH, Vita JA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March 15; 91(6): 732-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633811&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA). Author(s): Stone AF, Mendall MA, Kaski JC, Edger TM, Risley P, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ, Northfield TC. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 3; 106(10): 1219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208796&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. Author(s): Rastogi S, Das B, Salhan S, Mittal A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 February; 80(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566185&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a mass media campaign to recruit young adults for testing of Chlamydia trachomatis by use of home obtained and mailed samples. Author(s): Andersen B, Ostergaard L, Moller JK, Olesen F. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 December; 77(6): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714938&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of azithromycin and rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro. Author(s): Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Zeidler H, Kohler L. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 45(11): 3001-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600348&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of cationic liposome-encapsulated doxycycline on experimental Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in mice. Author(s): Sangare L, Morisset R, Gaboury L, Ravaoarinoro M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 March; 47(3): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222565&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chemically modified heparin on Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 infection of eukaryotic cells in culture. Author(s): Yabushita H, Noguchi Y, Habuchi H, Ashikari S, Nakabe K, Fujita M, Noguchi M, Esko JD, Kimata K. Source: Glycobiology. 2002 May; 12(5): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070077&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms on the development of coronary artery disease associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Momiyama Y, Hirano R, Taniguchi H, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 September; 38(3): 712-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527622&dopt=Abstract

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Electron microscope investigation of the role of Chlamydia sp. in the process of rebuilding the arterial wall. Neoangiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques in human cervical artery walls. Author(s): Walski M, Lazowski T, Szostek M, Opolski G, Celary-Walska R, Andruszkiewicz P, Ryba M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 January; 8(1): Br30-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782671&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated interleukin-6 predicts progressive carotid artery atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: association with Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Author(s): Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Jogestrand T. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 February; 39(2): 274-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840367&dopt=Abstract

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Emerging role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in paediatric respiratory-tract infections. Author(s): Principi N, Esposito S. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2001 December; 1(5): 334-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871806&dopt=Abstract

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Empiric treatment of gonorrhea and chlamydia in the ED. Author(s): Wiest DR, Spear SJ, Bartfield JM. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 19(4): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447510&dopt=Abstract

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Encephalitis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Airas L, Kotilainen P, Vainionpaa R, Marttila RJ. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 26; 56(12): 1778-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425958&dopt=Abstract

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Endocervical Gram stain smears and their usefulness in the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Myziuk L, Romanowski B, Brown M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 April; 77(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287687&dopt=Abstract

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Endotoxic activity and chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides from Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes E and L2 and Chlamydophila psittaci 6BC. Author(s): Heine H, Muller-Loennies S, Brade L, Lindner B, Brade H. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2003 February; 270(3): 440-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542694&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced chlamydia surveillance indicates more screening needed. Author(s): Counahan M, Hocking JS, Fairley CK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 May 19; 178(10): 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741944&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced progression of early carotid atherosclerosis is related to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Taiwan acute respiratory) seropositivity. Author(s): Sander D, Winbeck K, Klingelhofer J, Etgen T, Conrad B. Source: Circulation. 2001 March 13; 103(10): 1390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11245642&dopt=Abstract

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Entry of the lymphogranuloma venereum strain of Chlamydia trachomatis into host cells involves cholesterol-rich membrane domains. Author(s): Jutras I, Abrami L, Dautry-Varsat A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 January; 71(1): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496174&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic association of Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: the initial serologic observation and more. Author(s): Saikku P. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S411-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839725&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic characteristics of sexually transmitted infection/coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Cerkez-Habek J, Habek D. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2001; 55(4-5): 191-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398023&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of unique Chlamydia trachomatis isolates that occupy nonfusogenic inclusions. Author(s): Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Rockey DD, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 October 1; 184(7): 879-84. Epub 2001 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528595&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Norman J. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 775-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473281&dopt=Abstract

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Epithelial cells infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) are resistant to apoptosis. Author(s): Rajalingam K, Al-Younes H, Muller A, Meyer TF, Szczepek AJ, Rudel T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 December; 69(12): 7880-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705971&dopt=Abstract

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Epitope clusters in the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Kim SK, DeMars R. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 2001 August; 13(4): 429-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498298&dopt=Abstract

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Eradication of Chlamydia pneumoniae from coronary artery endothelium. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 16(2): 167; Author Reply 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090910&dopt=Abstract

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Essential hypertension is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae but not EpsteinBarr antibodies. Author(s): Pitiriga VC, Kotsis VT, Alexandrou MK, Petrocheilou-Paschou VD, Zakopoulou RN, Zakopoulos NA. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 October; 15(10 Pt 1): 924-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372683&dopt=Abstract

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Eukaryotic cell uptake of heparin-coated microspheres: a model of host cell invasion by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Stephens RS, Fawaz FS, Kennedy KA, Koshiyama K, Nichols B, van Ooij C, Engel JN. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1080-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678910&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a commercial test for antibodies to the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (Medac) for serodiagnosis of acute infections by Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) and Chlamydia psittaci. Author(s): Persson K, Haidl S. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 108(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10737458&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a new amplified enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male urine, female endocervical swab, and patient obtained vaginal swab specimens. Author(s): Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Sagiyama K, Haraoka M, Yoshida H, Hagiwara T, Akazawa K, Naito S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 May; 53(5): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889816&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of amplicor chlamydia PCR and LCX chlamydia LCR to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial fluid. Author(s): Kuipers JG, Andresen J, Kohler L, Schnarr S, Putschky N, Zeidler H, Wollenhaupt J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 March-April; 20(2): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051397&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of an automated liquid-handling system (Tecan Genesis RSP 100) in the Abbott LCx assay for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hanson KL, Cartwright CP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1975-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326027&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis as a method for diagnosing tubal factor infertility in Mexican women. Author(s): Guerra-Infante FM, Carballo-Perea R, Zamora-Ruiz A, Lopez-Hurtado M, Flores-Medina S, Contreras GM. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 March-April; 48(2): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12779293&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of chlamydia and gonorrhea screening criteria: San Francisco sexually transmitted disease clinic: 1997 to 1998. Author(s): Ciemins EL, Kent CK, Flood J, Klausner JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 March; 27(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726651&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae 43- and 53-kilodalton recombinant proteins for serodiagnosis by Western Blot. Author(s): Campbell LA, Roberts S, Inoue S, Kong L, Kuo Cc CC. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 November; 8(6): 1231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687468&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as etiologic agents of persistent cough in adolescents and adults. Author(s): Wadowsky RM, Castilla EA, Laus S, Kozy A, Atchison RW, Kingsley LA, Ward JI, Greenberg DP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825984&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche): accuracy in detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by coamplification of endocervical specimens. Author(s): Livengood CH 3rd, Wrenn JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 August; 39(8): 2928-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474015&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of dry and wet transported intravaginal swabs in detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in female soldiers by PCR. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt KA, Shah N, Tennant M, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Rompalo AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 March; 40(3): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880389&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of laboratory testing methods for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the era of nucleic acid amplification. Author(s): Battle TJ, Golden MR, Suchland KL, Counts JM, Hughes JP, Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 August; 39(8): 2924-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474014&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of near patient testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a pregnancy termination service. Author(s): Hopwood J, Mallinson H, Gleave T. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 July; 27(3): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457491&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of patient-administered tampon specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Cehn S, Giouzeppos O, Paterson B, Bowden FJ, Garland SM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 March; 27(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726644&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of real-time quantitative PCR for identification and quantification of Chlamydia pneumoniae by comparison with immunohistochemistry. Author(s): Mygind T, Birkelund S, Falk E, Christiansen G. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2001 September; 46(3): 241-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438189&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Author(s): Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, Petoumenos K, Law M, Chen S, Garland SM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438900&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of sequential testing strategies using non-amplified and amplified methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical and urine specimens from women. Author(s): Semeniuk H, Zentner A, Read R, Church D. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 January; 42(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821171&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Assay with the Rapid Capture System for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Smith NJ, Batteiger BE, Cullen AP, Erdman H, Edens T, Davis K, Salim-Hammad H, Chou VW, Scearce L, Blutman J, Payne WJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3558-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354846&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the NucliSens Basic Kit for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in genital tract specimens using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification of 16S rRNA. Author(s): Mahony JB, Song X, Chong S, Faught M, Salonga T, Kapala J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 39(4): 1429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11283067&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer in Brazil and the Philippines. Author(s): Smith JS, Munoz N, Herrero R, Eluf-Neto J, Ngelangel C, Franceschi S, Bosch FX, Walboomers JM, Peeling RW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 February 1; 185(3): 324-31. Epub 2002 January 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807714&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Layh-Schmitt G, Bendl C, Hildt U, Dong-Si T, Juttler E, Schnitzler P, GrondGinsbach C, Grau AJ. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 May; 47(5): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805338&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for long-term cervical persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis by omp1 genotyping. Author(s): Dean D, Suchland RJ, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 September; 182(3): 909-16. Epub 2000 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950788&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for the secretion of Chlamydia trachomatis CopN by a type III secretion mechanism. Author(s): Fields KA, Hackstadt T. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 December; 38(5): 1048-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123678&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence is not (yet) enough for evidence based policy for chlamydia screening. Author(s): ClaSS Study Group. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229381&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and cerebrovascular accidents. Author(s): Bucurescu G, Stieritz DD. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 July; 10(4): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823500&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae affects platelet activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevations. Author(s): Jaremo P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(10): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728040&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence that plant-like genes in Chlamydia species reflect an ancestral relationship between Chlamydiaceae, cyanobacteria, and the chloroplast. Author(s): Brinkman FS, Blanchard JL, Cherkasov A, Av-Gay Y, Brunham RC, Fernandez RC, Finlay BB, Otto SP, Ouellette BF, Keeling PJ, Rose AM, Hancock RE, Jones SJ, Greberg H. Source: Genome Research. 2002 August; 12(8): 1159-67. Erratum In: Genome Res 2002 October; 12(10): 1624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176923&dopt=Abstract

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Examination of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in environments mimicking normal and abnormal vaginal pH. Author(s): Yasin B, Pang M, Wagar EA, Lehrer RI. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 September; 29(9): 514-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218842&dopt=Abstract

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Expression and translocation of chlamydial protease during acute and persistent infection of the epithelial HEp-2 cells with Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae. Author(s): Heuer D, Brinkmann V, Meyer TF, Szczepek AJ. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 May; 5(5): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713490&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of Chlamydia pneumoniae polymorphic membrane protein family genes. Author(s): Grimwood J, Olinger L, Stephens RS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 2383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254597&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of Chlamydia trachomatis genes encoding products required for DNA synthesis and cell division during active versus persistent infection. Author(s): Gerard HC, Krausse-Opatz B, Wang Z, Rudy D, Rao JP, Zeidler H, Schumacher HR, Whittum-Hudson JA, Kohler L, Hudson AP. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2001 August; 41(3): 731-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532140&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of genes encoding Th1 cell-activating cytokines and lymphoid homing chemokines by chlamydia-pulsed dendritic cells correlates with protective immunizing efficacy. Author(s): Shaw JH, Grund VR, Durling L, Caldwell HD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 July; 69(7): 4667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402013&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of two novel proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis during natural infection. Author(s): Myers GS, Grinvalds R, Booth S, Hutton SI, Binks M, Kemp DJ, Sriprakash KS. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2000 August; 29(2): 63-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906261&dopt=Abstract

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External quality assessment program for Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostic testing by nucleic acid amplification assays. Author(s): Land S, Tabrizi S, Gust A, Johnson E, Garland S, Dax EM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 2893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149347&dopt=Abstract

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Extraction of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA from vascular tissue for use in PCR: an evaluation of four procedures. Author(s): Berg HF, Maraha B, Bergmans AM, van der Zee A, Kluytmans JA, Peeters MF. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588334&dopt=Abstract

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Extrarespiratory Chlamydia pneumoniae infection associated with immune disorder, hepatitis and renal disease. Author(s): Kalambokis G, Ekonomou G, Kitsanou M, Kostoula A, Bobojianni C, Tsianos E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(6-7): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953963&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting co-infection with genital chlamydia and genital gonorrhoea in an urban genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Hijazi L, Thow C, Winter AJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407251&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to demonstrate Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular tissue from children with Kawasaki disease. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR, Boman J, Rowley AH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 January; 20(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176572&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae by cell culture and polymerase chain reaction in major arteries of 93 patients with atherosclerosis. Author(s): Bishara J, Pitlik S, Kazakov A, Sahar G, Haddad M, Vojdani A, Rosenberg S, Samra Z. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 300-2. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739106&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in cerebral aneurysmal sac tissue with two different polymerase chain reaction methods. Author(s): Cagli S, Oktar N, Dalbasti T, Erensoy S, Ozdamar N, Goksel S, Sayiner A, Bilgic A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 June; 74(6): 756-9. Review. Erratum In: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 August; 74(8): 1165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754346&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in aortic valves and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement in Norway. Author(s): Vainio K, Vengen O, Hoel T, Fremstad H, Anestad G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(9): 660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374356&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in brain sections of Alzheimer's disease patients. Author(s): Gieffers J, Reusche E, Solbach W, Maass M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 February; 38(2): 881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10655406&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in senile calcific aortic stenosis or calcified congenital bicuspid aortic valve by immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy. Author(s): Rose AG. Source: Cardiovascular Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. 2002 September-October; 11(5): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361842&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS. Author(s): Numazaki K, Chibar S. Source: Neurology. 2001 August 28; 57(4): 746. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524506&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS. Author(s): Boman J, Roblin PM, Sundstrom P, Sandstrom M, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Neurology. 2000 January 11; 54(1): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636169&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS. Author(s): Sriram S. Source: Neurology. 2000 November 14; 55(9): 1423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087807&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the late-onset Alzheimer's brain. Author(s): Ring RH, Lyons JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 July; 38(7): 2591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878049&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect HLA-A*6802-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in subjects from trachoma-endemic communities. Author(s): Mahdi OS, Whittle HC, Joof H, Mabey DC, Bailey RL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 January; 123(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168000&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of patient-collected vulval swabs for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning clinic: a pilot study. Author(s): MacMillan S, McKenzie H, Flett G, Templeton A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053875&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a general population sexual behaviour survey in Slovenia. Author(s): Klavs I, Rodrigues LC, Wellings K, Kese D, Svab I. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537716&dopt=Abstract

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Features of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in male Army recruits. Author(s): Cecil JA, Howell MR, Tawes JJ, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 November 1; 184(9): 1216-9. Epub 2001 September 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598849&dopt=Abstract

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Female prisoners' preferences of collection methods for testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Author(s): Newman SB, Nelson MB, Gaydos CA, Friedman HB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671549&dopt=Abstract

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Field-delivered therapy increases treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Author(s): Steiner KC, Davila V, Kent CK, Chaw JK, Fischer L, Klausner JD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 93(6): 882-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773344&dopt=Abstract

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First-trimester pregnancy loss and active Chlamydia trachomatis infection: correlation and ultrastructural evidence. Author(s): Vigil P, Tapia A, Zacharias S, Riquelme R, Salgado AM, Varleta J. Source: Andrologia. 2002 December; 34(6): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472621&dopt=Abstract

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Follicular conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in an infant Saharan population: molecular and clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Javaloy J, Ferrer C, Vidal MT, Alio JL. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 87(2): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543737&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up program for emergency department patients with gonorrhea or chlamydia. Author(s): Kelly JJ, Dalsey WC, McComb J, Njuki F. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2000 December; 7(12): 1437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099438&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up, treatment, and reinfection rates among asymptomatic chlamydia trachomatis cases in general practice. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Bouter LM, van Eijk JT, Boeke AJ. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 August; 52(481): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171219&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of coexistence of cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques. Author(s): Qavi HB, Melnick JL, Adam E, Debakey ME. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 May; 8(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857040&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of occurrence of cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae in lymphocytes of atherosclerotic patients. Author(s): al-Amro AA, al-Jafari AA, al-Fagih MR, Tajeldin M, Qavi HB. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 May; 9(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503273&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent contamination of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae strains with mycoplasma. Biological relevance and selective eradication of mycoplasma from chlamydial cultures with mupirocin. Author(s): Krausse-Opatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kuipers JG, Kohler L. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2000 September; 189(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034554&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent re-infection in a community with hyperendemic gonorrhoea and chlamydia: appropriate clinical actions. Author(s): Thomas JC, Weiner DH, Schoenbach VJ, Earp JA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 July; 11(7): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919489&dopt=Abstract

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General practitioners' views on the screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and partner notification. Author(s): Joshi UY, Dixon W. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 September; 11(9): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997501&dopt=Abstract

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Generation of reactive oxygen species and formation and membrane lipid peroxides in cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Azenabor AA, Mahony JB. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2000; 4(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689215&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic differences in the Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit can explain variations in serovar pathogenesis. Author(s): Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Roepstorff P, Birkelund S. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 May; 2(6): 581-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884608&dopt=Abstract

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a subgroup of young men in the UK. Author(s): McKay L, Clery H, Carrick-Anderson K, Hollis S, Scott G. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 24; 361(9371): 1792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781541&dopt=Abstract

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Lithuanian women invited for screening via newspaper advertisement: a pilot study. Author(s): Domeika M, Hallen A, Drulyte O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961205&dopt=Abstract

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Genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis in Lisbon: prevalence and risk markers. Author(s): Brito de Sa A, Gomes JP, Viegas S, Ferreira MA, Paulino A, Catry Mdos A. Source: Family Practice. 2002 August; 19(4): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110555&dopt=Abstract

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Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Author(s): Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B, Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg SL, Eisen J, Fraser CM. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2000 March 15; 28(6): 1397-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10684935&dopt=Abstract

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Genomic approach for analysis of surface proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Montigiani S, Falugi F, Scarselli M, Finco O, Petracca R, Galli G, Mariani M, Manetti R, Agnusdei M, Cevenini R, Donati M, Nogarotto R, Norais N, Garaguso I, Nuti S, Saletti G, Rosa D, Ratti G, Grandi G. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 January; 70(1): 368-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748203&dopt=Abstract

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Genomic transcriptional profiling of the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Belland RJ, Zhong G, Crane DD, Hogan D, Sturdevant D, Sharma J, Beatty WL, Caldwell HD. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 July 8; 100(14): 8478-83. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815105&dopt=Abstract

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from cultured isolates and nucleic acid amplification test-positive specimens. Author(s): Oehme A, Gaschler G, Straube E. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 June; 293(2-3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868660&dopt=Abstract

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis would improve contact tracing. Author(s): Falk L, Lindberg M, Jurstrand M, Backman A, Olcen P, Fredlund H. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616136&dopt=Abstract

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Geographic epidemiology of gonorrhoea and chlamydia on a large military installation: application of a GIS system. Author(s): Zenilman JM, Glass G, Shields T, Jenkins PR, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 February; 78(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872858&dopt=Abstract

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Geomapping of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Birmingham. Author(s): Shahmanesh M, Gayed S, Ashcroft M, Smith R, Roopnarainsingh R, Dunn J, Ross J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 August; 76(4): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026881&dopt=Abstract

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Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion. Author(s): Carabeo RA, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 May 27; 100(11): 6771-6. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743366&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhea and chlamydia screening among young women: stage of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy. Author(s): Banikarim C, Chacko MR, Wiemann CM, Smith PB. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2003 April; 32(4): 288-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667733&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhea prevalence and coinfection with chlamydia in women in the United States, 2000. Author(s): Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Levine WC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 May; 30(5): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916141&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhea, chlamydia and the sexual network: pushing the envelope. Author(s): Zenilman JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 April; 27(4): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782744&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhoea and chlamydia core groups and sexual networks in Manitoba. Author(s): Jolly AM, Wylie JL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 April; 78 Suppl 1: I145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083435&dopt=Abstract

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Growth and development of tetracycline-resistant Chlamydia suis. Author(s): Lenart J, Andersen AA, Rockey DD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 August; 45(8): 2198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451674&dopt=Abstract

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Growth in vascular cells and cytokine production by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Gaydos CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S473-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839742&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for chlamydia screening made feasible by new tests. Author(s): Golden WE, Gibson-Reed C, Wells C. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 2002 November; 99(5): 152-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434624&dopt=Abstract

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Head-to-head multicenter comparison of DNA probe and nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women performed with an improved reference standard. Author(s): Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, Hook EW 3rd, Jones RB, Green TA, Schachter J, Stamm WE, Bolan G, St Louis ME, Martin DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354877&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus: chronic infections and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Wierzbicki WB, Hagmeyer KO. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 January; 20(1): 52-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641975&dopt=Abstract

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Heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan is a cellular receptor for Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Wuppermann FN, Hegemann JH, Jantos CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 July 15; 184(2): 181-7. Epub 2001 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424015&dopt=Abstract

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High frequency of competitive inhibition in the Roche Cobas AMPLICOR multiplex PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Hamilton MS, Otto M, Nickell A, Abel D, Ballam Y, Schremmer R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409440&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in white-coat hypertensives. Author(s): Pitiriga VC, Kotsis VT, Papamichail CM, Alexandrou ME, Lekakis JP, Kokolakis N, Petrocheilou-Paschou VD, Zakopoulos NA. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 April; 167(2): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818405&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in female commercial sex workers in Japan. Author(s): Tsunoe H, Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Sano M, Nakamura G, Shin T, Kanayama A, Kobayashi I, Mochida O, Kumazawa J, Naito S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 December; 11(12): 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138913&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of seropositivity for antibodies to Chlamydia-specific lipopolysaccharide in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Author(s): Shimada K, Mokuno H, Watanabe Y, Sawano M, Daida H, Yamaguchi H. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 2000 June; 7(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006891&dopt=Abstract

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High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from recurrent urogenital infections. Author(s): Pedersen LN, Kjaer HO, Moller JK, Orntoft TF, Ostergaard L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 August; 38(8): 3068-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10921979&dopt=Abstract

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HLA DQ alleles and interleukin-10 polymorphism associated with Chlamydia trachomatis-related tubal factor infertility: a case-control study. Author(s): Kinnunen AH, Surcel HM, Lehtinen M, Karhukorpi J, Tiitinen A, Halttunen M, Bloigu A, Morrison RP, Karttunen R, Paavonen J. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 August; 17(8): 2073-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151439&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 expression does not modulate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cell lines. Author(s): Young JL, Smith L, Matyszak MK, Gaston JS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 November; 69(11): 6670-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598036&dopt=Abstract

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Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study. Author(s): Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Moller JK, Olesen F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 October; 31(4): 951-7. Epub 2000 October 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049776&dopt=Abstract

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Hospitalization rates in female US Army recruits associated with a screening program for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Clark KL, Howell MR, Li Y, Powers T, McKee KT Jr, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, Gaydos CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 January; 29(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773871&dopt=Abstract

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Host cell-derived sphingolipids are required for the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): van Ooij C, Kalman L, van Ijzendoorn, Nishijima M, Hanada K, Mostov K, Engel JN. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2000 December; 2(6): 627-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207614&dopt=Abstract

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Host immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 60 is associated with asthma. Author(s): Huittinen T, Hahn D, Anttila T, Wahlstrom E, Saikku P, Leinonen M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 June; 17(6): 1078-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491147&dopt=Abstract

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How, and how efficiently, can we treat Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women? Author(s): Guaschino S, Ricci G. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 875-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473288&dopt=Abstract

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Human herpesvirus 6 and Chlamydia pneumoniae as etiologic agents in multiple sclerosis - a critical review. Author(s): Swanborg RH, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2002 November; 4(13): 1327-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443897&dopt=Abstract

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women exhibit reduced interferongamma secretion after Chlamydia trachomatis stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Author(s): Cohen CR, Nguti R, Bukusi EA, Lu H, Shen C, Luo M, Sinei S, Plummer F, Bwayo J, Brunham RC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 December; 182(6): 1672-7. Epub 2000 October 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069239&dopt=Abstract

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Human leukocyte antigen class II DQ alleles associated with Chlamydia trachomatis tubal infertility. Author(s): Cohen CR, Sinei SS, Bukusi EA, Bwayo JJ, Holmes KK, Brunham RC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 January; 95(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636506&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition reduces Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced cell interaction and activation. Author(s): Dechend R, Gieffers J, Dietz R, Joerres A, Rupp J, Luft FC, Maass M. Source: Circulation. 2003 July 22; 108(3): 261-5. Epub 2003 Jul 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860900&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors modify the inflammatory response of human macrophages and endothelial cells infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Kothe H, Dalhoff K, Rupp J, Muller A, Kreuzer J, Maass M, Katus HA. Source: Circulation. 2000 April 18; 101(15): 1760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10769273&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Stanger OH, Semmelrock HJ, Rehak P, Tiran B, Meinitzer A, Rigler B, Tiran A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 May; 162(1): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11947909&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperinsulinemia, lipoprotein (a), and Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies--are they risk factors or serologic predictors for progression of coronary artery disease? Author(s): Tontsch D, Noll B, Schaefer JR, Herzum M, Maisch B, Goeke B. Source: Angiology. 2000 October; 51(10): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108327&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and characterization of a novel Chlamydia trachomatis reticulate body protein. Author(s): Shaw AC, Larsen MR, Roepstorff P, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 July 2; 212(2): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113934&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis antigens recognized by human CD4+ T lymphocytes by screening an expression library. Author(s): Goodall JC, Yeo G, Huang M, Raggiaschi R, Gaston JS. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2001 May; 31(5): 1513-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465108&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive women with normal and abnormal cytology. Author(s): Finan RR, Tamim H, Almawi WY. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 July; 266(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197559&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of HLA-B27-restricted peptides from the Chlamydia trachomatis proteome with possible relevance to HLA-B27-associated diseases. Author(s): Kuon W, Holzhutter HG, Appel H, Grolms M, Kollnberger S, Traeder A, Henklein P, Weiss E, Thiel A, Lauster R, Bowness P, Radbruch A, Kloetzel PM, Sieper J. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 October 15; 167(8): 4738-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591805&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of MEK- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signalling as essential events during Chlamydia pneumoniae invasion of HEp2 cells. Author(s): Coombes BK, Mahony JB. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 July; 4(7): 447-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102690&dopt=Abstract

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Images in endoscopy: ascites with pseudocysts in a woman with Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the pelvis. Author(s): Tews G, Ebner T, Yaman C. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2002 May; 9(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960031&dopt=Abstract

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Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis major outer membrane protein can elicit a protective immune response against a genital challenge. Author(s): Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 October; 69(10): 6240-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553566&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoblotting analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysms using antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae recombinant MOMP. Author(s): Vammen S, Vorum H, Ostergaard L, Henneberg EW, Lindholt JS. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002 July; 24(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127853&dopt=Abstract

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Immunofluorescence in situ and the serologic indices of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Author(s): Wolski A, Korobowicz E, Siezieniewska Z, Mazur E, Niedzwiadek J, KoziolMontewka M, Michalak J. Source: Pol J Pathol. 2002; 53(4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597340&dopt=Abstract

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Immunogenetic correlates for Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal infertility. Author(s): Cohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 101(3): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636945&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological aspects of genital chlamydia infections. Author(s): Witkin SS. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 865-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473287&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological basis of Chlamydia induced reactive arthritis. Author(s): Gaston JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 156-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961189&dopt=Abstract

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Immunopathogenesis of chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. Author(s): Debattista J, Timms P, Allan J, Allan J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 June; 79(6): 1273-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798871&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection on survival rate after heart transplantation. Author(s): Pieniazek P, Stepien E, Sadowski J, Przewlocki T, Sokolowski A, Podolec P, Kapelak B, Przybylowski P, Kadzielski A, Tracz W. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 February; 9(2): Cr67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601289&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of host genetics on susceptibility to human Chlamydia trachomatis disease. Author(s): Mahdi OS. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002; 59(2): 128-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113404&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of urine collection order on the ability of assays to identify Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men. Author(s): Chernesky M, Jang D, Chong S, Sellors J, Mahony J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671557&dopt=Abstract

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Implementing a Chlamydia pilot screening programme. Author(s): Gleave T. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 December 10-16; 98(50): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518550&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of species-specific antigens in the serodiagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis. Author(s): Bas S, Genevay S, Schenkel MC, Vischer TL. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 41(9): 1017-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209035&dopt=Abstract

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Improved sensitivity of the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor assay using an optimized procedure for preparation of specimens. Author(s): Niederhauser C, Kaempf L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 22(2): 11821. Epub 2003 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627288&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis by the use of Gram-stained smears among female sex workers in Accra, Ghana. Author(s): Deceuninck G, Asamoah-Adu C, Khonde N, Pepin J, Frost EH, Deslandes S, Asamoah-Adu A, Bekoe V, Alary M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 August; 27(7): 401-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949431&dopt=Abstract

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Improving participation in Chlamydia screening programs: perspectives of high-risk youth. Author(s): Blake DR, Kearney MH, Oakes JM, Druker SK, Bibace R. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 June; 157(6): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796231&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activities of BMS-284756 against Chlamydia trachomatis and recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Malay S, Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 517-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796366&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activities of rifamycin derivatives ABI-1648 (Rifalazil, KRM-1648), ABI-1657, and ABI-1131 against Chlamydia trachomatis and recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604555&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of GAR-936 against Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 September; 16(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185415&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of levofloxacin against contemporary clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae from North America and Europe. Author(s): Critchley IA, Jones ME, Heinze PD, Hubbard D, Engler HD, Evangelista AT, Thornsberry C, Karlowsky JA, Sahm DF. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 8(4): 214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047413&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of midecamycin diacetate against Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Pereyre S, de Barbeyrac B, Renaudin H, Poutiers F, Bebear C, Bebear CM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 47(2): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157917&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of telithromycin, a new ketolide, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 48(3): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533006&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo activities of sitafloxacin against Chlamydia spp. Author(s): Miyashita N, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 45(11): 3270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600398&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo functional activity of Chlamydia MurA, a UDP-Nacetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and fosfomycin resistance. Author(s): McCoy AJ, Sandlin RC, Maurelli AT. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2003 February; 185(4): 1218-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562791&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro degradation of aortic elastin by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Petersen E, Boman J, Wagberg F, Bergstrom S, Angquist KA. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2001 November; 22(5): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735183&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis and of a panel of DNA (HSV-2, CMV, adenovirus, BK virus) and RNA (RSV, enterovirus) viruses by the spermicide benzalkonium chloride. Author(s): Belec L, Tevi-Benissan C, Bianchi A, Cotigny S, Beumont-Mauviel M, SiMohamed A, Malkin JE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 November; 46(5): 685-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062186&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro microbicidal activities of cecropin peptides D2A21 and D4E1 and gel formulations containing 0.1 to 2% D2A21 against Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ballweber LM, Jaynes JE, Stamm WE, Lampe MF. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 46(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751108&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility and eradication of Chlamydia pneumoniae cardiovascular strains from coronary artery endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Gieffers J, Solbach W, Maass M. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 15(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713894&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and prevalence of chlamydia, herpes, and viral hepatitis in a homeless adolescent population. Author(s): Noell J, Rohde P, Ochs L, Yovanoff P, Alter MJ, Schmid S, Bullard J, Black C. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 January; 28(1): 4-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196044&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and repeat infection rates of Chlamydia trachomatis among male and female patients in an STD clinic: implications for screening and rescreening. Author(s): Rietmeijer CA, Van Bemmelen R, Judson FN, Douglas JM Jr. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 February; 29(2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818890&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with coronary artery disease subjected to angioplasty or bypass surgery. Author(s): Pieniazek P, Karczewska E, Stepien E, Tracz W, Konturek SJ. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 995-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535948&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and other potential pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis. Author(s): Di Bartolomeo S, Mirta DH, Janer M, Rodriguez Fermepin MR, Sauka D, Magarinos F, de Torres RA. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724670&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in acute myocardial infarction patients. Author(s): Ashkenazi H, Rudensky B, Paz E, Raveh D, Balkin JA, Tzivoni D, Yinnon AM. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 November; 3(11): 818-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729576&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of recurrent diagnoses of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections among male and female soldiers of the US Army. Author(s): Barnett SD, Brundage JF. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 February; 77(1): 33-6. Erratum In: Sex Transm Infect 2001 December; 77(6): 464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158689&dopt=Abstract

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Inclusion fluorescent-antibody test as a screening assay for detection of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Tapia O, Slepenkin A, Sevrioukov E, Hamor K, de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 May; 9(3): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986260&dopt=Abstract

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Increased CD8(+) T cells associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic carotid plaque. Author(s): Nadareishvili ZG, Koziol DE, Szekely B, Ruetzler C, LaBiche R, McCarron R, DeGraba TJ. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 September; 32(9): 1966-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546882&dopt=Abstract

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Increased circulating immune complexes in acute stroke: the triggering role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Tarnacka B, Gromadzka G, Czlonkowska A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 April; 33(4): 936-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935040&dopt=Abstract

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Increased incidence of cytomegalovirus but not Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of arteries of lower extremities from patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing amputation. Author(s): Lin TM, Chen WJ, Chen HY, Wang PW, Eng HL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 June; 56(6): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783969&dopt=Abstract

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Indicators of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Author(s): Lindholt JS, Ashton HA, Scott RA. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2001 August; 34(2): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496270&dopt=Abstract

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Indirect evidence of intra-articular immunoglobulin G synthesis in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis. Author(s): Bas S, Muzzin P, Fulpius T, Buchs N, Vischer TL. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 July; 40(7): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477285&dopt=Abstract

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Induced expression of melittin, an antimicrobial peptide, inhibits infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis in a HeLa cell line. Author(s): Lazarev VN, Parfenova TM, Gularyan SK, Misyurina OY, Akopian TA, Govorun VM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 February; 19(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850166&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of abnormal Chlamydia trachomatis by exposure to interferon-gamma or amino acid deprivation and comparative antigenic analysis. Author(s): Jones ML, Gaston JS, Pearce JH. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2001 May; 30(5): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373124&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Tondella ML, Talkington DF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 614-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540537&dopt=Abstract

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Infection of human fibroblast-like synovial cells with Chlamydia trachomatis results in persistent infection and interleukin-6 production. Author(s): Hanada H, Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Naito M, Nagayama A. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2003 February; 34(2): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623273&dopt=Abstract

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Infection related arthritis induced by tonsillar Chlamydia trachomatis and Streptococcal infection. Author(s): Kobayashi S, Tamura N, Ichikawa G, Hashimoto H. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 732. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412211&dopt=Abstract

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Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk of multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Munger KL, Peeling RW, Hernan MA, Chasan-Taber L, Olek MJ, Hankinson SE, Hunter D, Ascherio A. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 March; 14(2): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606878&dopt=Abstract

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Infections, immunity, and atherosclerosis: associations of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and cytomegalovirus with immune reactions to heat-shock protein 60 and carotid or femoral atherosclerosis. Author(s): Mayr M, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Wick G, Xu Q. Source: Circulation. 2000 August 22; 102(8): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10952949&dopt=Abstract

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Infectious agents and multiple sclerosis--are Chlamydia pneumoniae and human herpes virus 6 involved? Author(s): Swanborg RH, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 March; 136(1-2): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620637&dopt=Abstract

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Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar LGV but not E is dependent on host cell heparan sulfate. Author(s): Taraktchoglou M, Pacey AA, Turnbull JE, Eley A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 February; 69(2): 968-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159992&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory cells, apoptosis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in atherosclerosis. Author(s): Matturri L, Cazzullo A, Turconi P, Roncoroni L, Grana D, Milei J. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 August; 75(1): 23-33; Discussion 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054502&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis on pregnancy outcome, infant health and life-long sequelae in infected offspring. Author(s): Mardh PA. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 847-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473286&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of iron restriction on Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Author(s): Freidank HM, Billing H, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 March; 50(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232766&dopt=Abstract

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Informed consent for Chlamydia trachomatis testing. Author(s): Valentine C. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 219; Author Reply 219. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449131&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of apoptosis by gamma interferon in cells and mice infected with Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). Author(s): Perfettini JL, Darville T, Dautry-Varsat A, Rank RG, Ojcius DM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 May; 70(5): 2559-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953396&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae replication in human aortic smooth muscle cells by gamma interferon-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity. Author(s): Pantoja LG, Miller RD, Ramirez JA, Molestina RE, Summersgill JT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 November; 68(11): 6478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035763&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions at 32 degrees C correlates with restricted export of IncA. Author(s): Fields KA, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3816-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065525&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-beta induction by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Rodel J, Assefa S, Prochnau D, Woytas M, Hartmann M, Groh A, Straube E. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2001 December; 32(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750216&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is detectable in human carotid artery plaques and is related to triglyceride levels and Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA antibodies. Author(s): Gottsater A, Forsblad J, Matzsch T, Persson K, Ljungcrantz I, Ohlsson K, Lindgarde F. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 January; 251(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851866&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal antibody production against Chlamydia pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis is part of a polyspecific immune response. Author(s): Derfuss T, Gurkov R, Then Bergh F, Goebels N, Hartmann M, Barz C, Wilske B, Autenrieth I, Wick M, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 July; 124(Pt 7): 1325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408328&dopt=Abstract

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Introducing Chlamydophila pneumoniae: the TWAR agent Chlamydia pneumoniae in a new perspective. Author(s): Ossewaarde JM. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 August; 59(2): 41-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476910&dopt=Abstract

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Inverse association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with high blood pressure in Japanese adults. Author(s): Nishimura M, Ushiyama M, Nanbu A, Mashida C, Kawagoe K, Yoshimura M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 January; 14(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206673&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation into the acceptability and effectiveness of a new contact slip in the management of Chlamydia trachomatis at a London genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Wright A, Chippindale S, Mercey D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473802&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activity of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones against Chlamydia species. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Yoshida K, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 March; 8(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957133&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in controlling Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in epithelial HEp-2 cells. Author(s): Yamaguchi H, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 June; 71(6): 3645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761154&dopt=Abstract

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Iron chelation and hydroxyl radical scavenging reduce the inflammatory response of endothelial cells after infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae or influenza A. Author(s): Visseren FL, Verkerk MS, van der Bruggen T, Marx JJ, van Asbeck BS, Diepersloot RJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002 March; 32 Suppl 1: 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886437&dopt=Abstract

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Is a Chlamydia vaccine a reality? Author(s): Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 889-900. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473289&dopt=Abstract

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Is Chlamydia pneumoniae an important pathogen in patients with communityacquired pneumonia? Author(s): Ewig S, Torres A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 May; 21(5): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765413&dopt=Abstract

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Is Chlamydia pneumoniae important in asthma? The first controlled trial of therapy leaves the question unanswered. Author(s): Johnston SL. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August 15; 164(4): 513-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520706&dopt=Abstract

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Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration? Author(s): Ishida O, Oku H, Ikeda T, Nishimura M, Kawagoe K, Nakamura K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714382&dopt=Abstract

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Is Chlamydia pneumoniae present in brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis? Author(s): Hammerschlag MR, Ke Z, Lu F, Roblin P, Boman J, Kalman B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 November; 38(11): 4274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060110&dopt=Abstract

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Is the increase in notifications of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Sweden the result of changes in prevalence, sampling frequency or diagnostic methods? Author(s): Gotz H, Lindback J, Ripa T, Arneborn M, Ramsted K, Ekdahl K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874161&dopt=Abstract

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Is there any role for rapid tests for Chlamydia trachomatis? Author(s): Rani R, Corbitt G, Killough R, Curless E. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 January; 13(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802925&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line that is resistant to Chlamydia trachomatis infection at a novel step in the attachment process. Author(s): Carabeo RA, Hackstadt T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 September; 69(9): 5899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500469&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae clonal variants by a focus-forming assay. Author(s): Gieffers J, Belland RJ, Whitmire W, Ouellette S, Crane D, Maass M, Byrne GI, Caldwell HD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 October; 70(10): 5827-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228314&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from the synovial fluid of patients with Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): Pavlica L, Draskovic N, Kuljic-Kapulica N, Nikolic D. Source: Vojnosanit Pregl. 2003 January-February; 60(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688106&dopt=Abstract

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Joint effect of HPV16 with Chlamydia trachomatis and smoking on risk of cervical cancer: antagonism or misclassification (Nordic countries). Author(s): Hakama M, Luostarinen T, Hallmans G, Jellum E, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Thoresen S, Youngman L, Hakulinen T. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 October; 11(9): 783-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075866&dopt=Abstract

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Joint effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and classic coronary risk factors on risk of acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kinjo K, Sato H, Sato H, Ohnishi Y, Hishida E, Nakatani D, Mizuno H, Ohgitani N, Kubo M, Shimazu T, Akehi N, Takeda H, Hori M; Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study Group. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 August; 146(2): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891203&dopt=Abstract

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Just the berries. Diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hickey J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 November; 47: 2229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768920&dopt=Abstract

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Knock-knock: a population-based survey of risk behavior, health care access, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection among low-income women in the San Francisco Bay area. Author(s): Klausner JD, McFarland W, Bolan G, Hernandez MT, Molitor F, Lemp GF, Cahoon-Young B, Morrow S, Ruiz J; Young Women's Survey Team. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 April 1; 183(7): 1087-92. Epub 2001 March 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237834&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in family planning clinic attenders. Author(s): Piercy H, Kellock D, Rogstad K, Searle ES. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053873&dopt=Abstract

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Koala biovar of Chlamydia pneumoniae infects human and koala monocytes and induces increased uptake of lipids in vitro. Author(s): Coles KA, Timms P, Smith DW. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 December; 69(12): 7894-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705973&dopt=Abstract

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Labsystems enzyme immunoassay for Chlamydia pneumoniae also detects Chlamydia psittaci infections. Author(s): Stralin K, Fredlund H, Olcen P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 September; 39(9): 3425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558474&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity and aortic atherosclerotic plaques: a population-based transesophageal echocardiographic study. Author(s): Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Christianson TJ, Wiebers DO, Smith TF, Steckelberg JM, Tajik AJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742286&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between Kawasaki syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: an investigation of a Kawasaki syndrome cluster in San Diego County. Author(s): Schrag SJ, Besser RE, Olson C, Burns JC, Arguin PM, Gimenez-Sanchez F, Stevens VA, Pruckler JM, Fields BS, Belay ED, Ginsberg M, Dowell SF. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 January; 19(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10643845&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between Kawasaki syndrome and infection with parvovirus B19, human herpesvirus 8, TT virus, GB virus C/hepatitis G virus or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Chua PK, Nerurkar VR, Yu Q, Woodward CL, Melish ME, Yanagihara R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 May; 19(5): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819350&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between serum immunoreactivity and Chlamydia pneumoniae detection in the human aortic wall. Author(s): Porqueddu M, Spirito R, Parolari A, Zanobini M, Pompilio G, Polvani G, Alamanni F, Stangalini D, Tremoli E, Biglioli P. Source: Circulation. 2002 November 19; 106(21): 2647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438287&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of Chlamydia infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Pucci E, Taus C, Cartechini E, Morelli M, Giuliani G, Clementi M, Menzo S. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 September; 48(3): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976652&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers and adult-onset asthma. Author(s): Routes JM, Nelson HS, Noda JA, Simon FT. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 February; 105(2 Pt 1): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10669864&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of detectable Chlamydia pneumoniae in brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Ke Z, Lu F, Roblin P, Boman J, Hammerschlag MR, Kalman B. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 September; 48(3): 400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976653&dopt=Abstract

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Large-scale testing of women in Copenhagen has not reduced the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Westh H, Kolmos HJ. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925101&dopt=Abstract

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LCR testing for gonorrhoea and chlamydia in population surveys and other screenings of low prevalence populations: coping with decreased positive predictive value. Author(s): Zenilman JM, Miller WC, Gaydos C, Rogers SM, Turner CF. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 April; 79(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690126&dopt=Abstract

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Let's talk about sex--chlamydia prevention in primary care. Author(s): Evans-Jones J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 July; 14(7): 503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869238&dopt=Abstract

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Limited association of Chlamydia pneumoniae detection with coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Zhang L, Ishikawa Y, Akasaka Y, Ito K, Gregory S, Ishii T. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 March; 167(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618271&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoprotein(a), Chlamydia pneumoniae, leptin and tissue plasminogen activator as risk markers for valvular aortic stenosis. Author(s): Glader CA, Birgander LS, Soderberg S, Ildgruben HP, Saikku P, Waldenstrom A, Dahlen GH. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 January; 24(2): 198-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573277&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal assessment of infecting serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in Seattle public health clinics: 1988-1996. Author(s): Suchland RJ, Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stamm WE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671559&dopt=Abstract

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Low correlation of serology with detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by ligase chain reaction and antigen EIA. Author(s): Rabenau HF, Kohler E, Peters M, Doerr HW, Weber B. Source: Infection. 2000 March-April; 28(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782395&dopt=Abstract

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Low diagnostic accuracy of selective screening criteria for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the general population. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Deville W, Bouter LM, Boeke AJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 October; 76(5): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141855&dopt=Abstract

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Low iron availability modulates the course of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Al-Younes HM, Rudel T, Brinkmann V, Szczepek AJ, Meyer TF. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 June; 3(6): 427-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422085&dopt=Abstract

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Low prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infections in Dutch general practices. Author(s): Meijer A, Dagnelie CF, De Jong JC, De Vries A, Bestebroer TM, Van Loon AM, Bartelds AI, Ossewaarde JM. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(12): 1099-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484797&dopt=Abstract

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Low prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis by urinary ligase chain reaction in women patients in the emergency department. Author(s): Doezema D, Hepworth E, Young SA, Arguelles CA, Brillman JC, Tandberg D. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2002 June; 9(6): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045084&dopt=Abstract

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Lower level of synovial fluid interferon-gamma in HLA-B27-positive than in HLAB27-negative patients with Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis. Author(s): Bas S, Kvien TK, Buchs N, Fulpius T, Gabay C. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 42(3): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626797&dopt=Abstract

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Macrolide treatment does not influence serum homocysteine in Chlamydia pneumoniae-seropositive patients suffering from atherosclerosis. Author(s): Schulthess G, Wiesli P, Maly FE. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002 September; 48(9): 1631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194961&dopt=Abstract

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Major improvements in cost effectiveness of screening women for Chlamydia trachomatis using pooled urine specimens and high performance testing. Author(s): Morre SA, Welte R, Postma MJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 February; 78(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872874&dopt=Abstract

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Male sex predominance in Chlamydia trachomatis sexually acquired reactive arthritis: are women more protected by anti-chlamydia antibodies? Author(s): Bas S, Scieux C, Vischer TL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 June; 60(6): 605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350850&dopt=Abstract

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Mammalian 14-3-3beta associates with the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane via its interaction with IncG. Author(s): Scidmore MA, Hackstadt T. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(6): 1638-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260479&dopt=Abstract

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Management of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection in Genitourinary Medicine clinics in the United Kingdom's North Thames Region 1999. Author(s): Dale AW, Horner PJ, Forster GE, Daniels D, Tomlinson D, Brook MG; North Thames GUM/HIV Audit Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 March; 12(3): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231875&dopt=Abstract

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Management of Chlamydia trachomatis in a women's hospital: a review of current practice. Author(s): Gleave T, Hopwood JJ, Mallinson H. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 July; 27(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457501&dopt=Abstract

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Management of screened chlamydia positive women. Author(s): Hopwood JJ, Mallinson H, Ghosh A, Hernon M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 April; 78(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081186&dopt=Abstract

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Managing genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in Scotland: targeted opportunistic testing or a screening programme? Author(s): Clutterbuck DJ. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 November; 59(6): 396-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661390&dopt=Abstract

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Mannose-receptor positive and negative mouse macrophages differ in their susceptibility to infection by Chlamydia species. Author(s): Kuo CC, Puolakkainen M, Lin TM, Witte M, Campbell LA. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2002 January; 32(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782120&dopt=Abstract

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Mass media as a population-level intervention tool for Chlamydia trachomatis screening: report of a pilot study. Author(s): Oh MK, Grimley DM, Merchant JS, Brown PR, Cecil H, Hook EW 3rd. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 July; 31(1): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090964&dopt=Abstract

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Mathematical epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Kretzschmar M. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2002 August; 60(7 Suppl): 35-41; Discussion 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430589&dopt=Abstract

Studies 171

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Measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies by the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) method: comparison of seven fluorescein-labeled anti-human IgA conjugates in an in-house MIF test using one commercial MIF and one enzyme immunoassay kit. Author(s): Paldanius M, Bloigu A, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 January; 10(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522032&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis by commercial enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence in sera from pregnant women and patients with infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and laboratory diagnosed Chlamydia psittaci/Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Jones CS, Maple PA, Andrews NJ, Paul ID, Caul EO. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 March; 56(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610104&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of serum CA-125 concentrations does not improve the value of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody in predicting tubal pathology at laparoscopy. Author(s): Ng EH, Tang OS, Ho PC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 April; 16(4): 775-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11278232&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of Arterial Infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Shor A. Source: Circulation. 2001 September 25; 104(13): E75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571261&dopt=Abstract

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Meningoencephalitis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Anton E, Otegui A, Alonso A. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 September; 7(5): 586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054150&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of sero-epidemiologic studies of the relation between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: does study design influence results? Author(s): Bloemenkamp DG, Mali WP, Visseren FL, van der Graaf Y. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 March; 145(3): 409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660662&dopt=Abstract

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Methodologies and cell lines used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Chlamydia spp. Author(s): Suchland RJ, Geisler WM, Stamm WE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 47(2): 636-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543671&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiologic efficacy of moxifloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR, Roblin PM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 July; 15(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854812&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological aspects of the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ostergaard L. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 789-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473282&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological efficacy of levofloxacin for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR, Roblin PM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 May; 44(5): 1409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819727&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mohile M, Deorari AK, Satpathy G, Sharma A, Singh M. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532494&dopt=Abstract

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Microvirus of chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis: isolation and molecular characterization. Author(s): Hsia RC, Ting LM, Bavoil PM. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2000 July; 146 ( Pt 7): 1651-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878129&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of apoptosis during infection with Chlamydia. Author(s): Perfettini JL, Gissot M, Souque P, Ojcius DM. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2002; 358: 334-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474397&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of P2Z/P2X(7) receptor activity in macrophages infected with Chlamydia psittaci. Author(s): Coutinho-Silva R, Perfettini JL, Persechini PM, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2001 January; 280(1): C81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121379&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis defining human Chlamydia trachomatis tissue tropism. A possible role for tryptophan synthase. Author(s): Fehlner-Gardiner C, Roshick C, Carlson JH, Hughes S, Belland RJ, Caldwell HD, McClarty G. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 July 26; 277(30): 26893-903. Epub 2002 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011099&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular characterization of a bacteriophage (Chp2) from Chlamydia psittaci. Author(s): Liu BL, Everson JS, Fane B, Giannikopoulou P, Vretou E, Lambden PR, Clarke IN. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 April; 74(8): 3464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10729119&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular detection and seroepidemiology of the Chlamydia pneumoniae bacteriophage (PhiCpn1). Author(s): Karunakaran KP, Blanchard JF, Raudonikiene A, Shen C, Murdin AD, Brunham RC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4010-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409367&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular epidemiology of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in high-risk women in Senegal, West Africa. Author(s): Sturm-Ramirez K, Brumblay H, Diop K, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Sankale JL, Thior I, N'Doye I, Hsieh CC, Mboup S, Kanki PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 138-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618077&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring intracellular replication of Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in cell cultures and comparing clinical samples by real-time PCR. Author(s): Bonanomi A, Dohm C, Rickenbach Z, Altwegg M, Fischer J, Gygi D, Nadal D. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 May; 46(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742318&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibody of IgG isotype against a cross-reactive lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia and Salmonella Re chemotype enhances infectivity in L-929 fibroblast cells. Author(s): Haralambieva IH, Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Mitov IG. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 June 3; 33(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052561&dopt=Abstract

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Monocyte-endothelial cell coculture enhances infection of endothelial cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Lin TM, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 March; 181(3): 1096-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720536&dopt=Abstract

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Moving to nucleic acid-based detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Tong CY, Mallinson H. Source: Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2002 May; 2(3): 257-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050864&dopt=Abstract

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Mucosal and systemic immune responses to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with genital and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Ghaem-Maghami S, Ratti G, Ghaem-Maghami M, Comanducci M, Hay PE, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Lewis DJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 June; 132(3): 436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780690&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens. Author(s): Apfalter P, Blasi F, Boman J, Gaydos CA, Kundi M, Maass M, Makristathis A, Meijer A, Nadrchal R, Persson K, Rotter ML, Tong CY, Stanek G, Hirschl AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 39(2): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158100&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter evaluation of the AMPLICOR and automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Van Der Pol B, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt K, Schachter J, Moncada J, Jungkind D, Martin DH, Turner B, Peyton C, Jones RB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 March; 38(3): 1105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699004&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET System for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens, female endocervical swabs, and male urethral swabs. Author(s): Van Der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L, Hook E 3rd, Lenderman C, Quinn T, Gaydos CA, Lovchik J, Schachter J, Moncada J, Hall G, Tuohy MJ, Jones RB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(3): 1008-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230419&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpes virus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms. Author(s): Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 May; 111(5): 557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887507&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple drug-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis associated with clinical treatment failure. Author(s): Somani J, Bhullar VB, Workowski KA, Farshy CE, Black CM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 April; 181(4): 1421-7. Epub 2000 April 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762573&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple sclerosis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Treib J, Haass A, Stille W, Maass M, Stephan C, Holzer G, Morgenthaler M, Woessner R, Grauer MT. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 March; 47(3): 408; Author Reply 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716268&dopt=Abstract

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Multisite pooling study using ligase chain reaction in screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Clark AM, Steece R, Crouse K, Campbell J, Zanto S, Kartchner D, Mottice S, Pettit D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 October; 28(10): 565-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689754&dopt=Abstract

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Murine models of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection: use of mouse pneumonitis strain versus human strains. Author(s): Morre SA, Lyons JM, Ito JI Jr. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 December; 68(12): 7209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203323&dopt=Abstract

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My choice: Chlamydia trachomatis in STDs: early days of the modern era. Author(s): Schachter J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76 Suppl 1: S16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950606&dopt=Abstract

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My choice: Memorable Chlamydia trachomatis papers. Author(s): Paavonen J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76 Suppl 1: S31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950611&dopt=Abstract

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My choice: Now on stage--chlamydia. Author(s): Sandstrom E. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76 Suppl 1: S25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950609&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma and Chlamydia pneumonia in pediatrics. Author(s): Nelson CT. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 2002 March; 17(1): 10-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891514&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis, and M. hyorhinis inhibit infectivity and growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in HEp-2 cells. Author(s): Krausse-Opatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Kuipers JG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3910-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11184179&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause lower respiratory tract disease in paediatric patients. Author(s): Principi N, Esposito S. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 15(3): 295-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015465&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma: effect of clarithromycin. Author(s): Kraft M, Cassell GH, Pak J, Martin RJ. Source: Chest. 2002 June; 121(6): 1782-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065339&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in calcified nodules of aortic stenotic valves. Author(s): Higuchi Mde L, Higuchi-Dos-Santos MH, Pierri H, Palomino S, Sambiase NV, Ramires JA, Wajngarten M. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2002 July-August; 44(4): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219112&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children with pneumonia. Mowgli Study Group. Author(s): Esposito S, Blasi F, Bellini F, Allegra L, Principi N; Mowgli Study Group. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 February; 17(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334126&dopt=Abstract

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NAATs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a promise still unfulfilled. Author(s): Schachter J. Source: Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2001 July; 1(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901808&dopt=Abstract

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National laboratory reports of Chlamydia trachomatis seriously underestimate the frequency of genital chlamydial infections among women in Switzerland. Author(s): Paget WJ, Zbinden R, Ritzler E, Zwahlen M, Lengeler C, Sturchler D, Matter HC; Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network of Gynecologists. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438910&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients attending STD and family planning clinics in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Author(s): Gomes JP, Tavira L, Exposto F, Prieto E, Catry MA. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 December 21; 80(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700184&dopt=Abstract

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Neopterin levels in patients with coronary artery disease are independent of Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Author(s): Smith DA, Zouridakis EG, Mariani M, Fredericks S, Cole D, Kaski JC. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 July; 146(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851610&dopt=Abstract

178

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No association of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies and severity of cervical neoplasia. Author(s): Reesink-Peters N, Ossewaarde JM, Van Der Zee AG, Quint WG, Burger MP, Adriaanse AH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 April; 77(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287686&dopt=Abstract

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No causal association between inflammation and Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with chronic ischemic arterial disease. Author(s): Altman R, Rouvier J, Scazziota A, Gonzalez C. Source: Inflammation. 2002 February; 26(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936753&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with Bell's palsy. Author(s): Pitkaranta A, Vaheri A, Penttila T, Puolakkainen M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 April; 126(4): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11997783&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of CNS infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Saiz A, Marcos MA, Graus F, Vidal J, Jimenez de Anta MT. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 July; 248(7): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518005&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of parvovirus B19, Chlamydia pneumoniae or human herpes virus infection in temporal artery biopsies in patients with giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Helweg-Larsen J, Tarp B, Obel N, Baslund B. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 41(4): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961176&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of skin infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Author(s): Rossler MJ, Rappl G, Muche M, Hasselmann DO, Sterry W, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925116&dopt=Abstract

Studies 179

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Non-detection of Chlamydia species in carotid atheroma using generic primers by nested PCR in a population with a high prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody. Author(s): Ong GM, Coyle PV, Barros D'Sa AA, McCluggage WG, Duprex WP, O'Neill HJ, Wyatt DE, Bamford KB, O'Loughlin B, McCaughey C. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 12. Epub 2001 August 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553320&dopt=Abstract

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Non-genital manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Baguley S, Greenhouse P. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2003 May-June; 3(3): 206-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848251&dopt=Abstract

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Non-gonococcal urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis: the Ibadan experience. Author(s): Bakare RA, Oni AA, Umar US, Okesola AO, Kehinde AO, Fayemiwo SA, Fasina NA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 March; 31(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521010&dopt=Abstract

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Non-LPS components of Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulate cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent pathways. Author(s): Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Galama JM, Stalenhoef AF, Dinarello CA, Van der Meer JW. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 April; 32(4): 1188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932927&dopt=Abstract

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Non-specific interstitial pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Fujita J, Bandoh S, Tokuda M, Ohtsuki Y, Yamadori I, Yoshinouchi T, Ishida T. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 December; 54(6): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862004&dopt=Abstract

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Novel PCR-EIA method for the detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory specimens. Author(s): Inman-Bamber J, Wan C, Gardam T, Vohra R, van Daal A, Timms P. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2002 February; 16(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005448&dopt=Abstract

180

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Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) of Chlamydia pneumoniae major outer membrane protein (ompA) mRNA with bioluminescent detection. Author(s): Coombes BK, Mahony JB. Source: Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2000 August; 3(4): 31527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974144&dopt=Abstract

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Number one: Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Author(s): Sadler C. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2003 January 15-21; 17(18): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12599977&dopt=Abstract

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Older partners not associated with recurrence among female teenagers infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Kissinger P, Clayton JL, O'Brien ME, Kent C, Whittington WL, Oh MK, Fortenberry D, Hillis SE, Litchfield B, Bolan GA, Handsfield HH, Farley TA, Berman S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 March; 29(3): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875375&dopt=Abstract

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OmpA genotypic evidence for persistent ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Tanzanian village women. Author(s): Smith A, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Bobo L, Mkocha H, West S. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2001 July; 8(2-3): 127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471082&dopt=Abstract

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One-tube nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Cribb P, Scapini JP, Serra E. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 September; 97(6): 897-900. Epub 2002 October 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386718&dopt=Abstract

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Opportunistic chlamydia screening; should positive patients be screened for coinfections? Author(s): Harindra V, Tobin JM, Underhill G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13(12): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537734&dopt=Abstract

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Opportunistic screening for Chlamydia at a community based contraceptive service for young people. Author(s): Moens V, Baruch G, Fearon P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 7; 326(7401): 1252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791743&dopt=Abstract

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Opportunistic screening for chlamydia infection in general practice: can we reach young women? Author(s): Santer M, Warner P, Wyke S, Sutherland S. Source: Journal of Medical Screening. 2000; 7(4): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202582&dopt=Abstract

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Opportunistic screening for Chlamydia: Microbiological input is essential in Chlamydia screening programmes. Author(s): Tong CY, Dunn H, Lewis DA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 290; Author Reply 290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896957&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal resource allocation for curing Chlamydia trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women at clinics operating on a fixed budget. Author(s): Tao G, Gift TL, Walsh CM, Irwin KL, Kassler WJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 703-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438908&dopt=Abstract

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Optimised sample DNA preparation for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial tissue by polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Freise J, Gerard HC, Bunke T, Whittum-Hudson JA, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Hudson AP, Kuipers JG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 February; 60(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156547&dopt=Abstract

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Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis. Author(s): Reed SG, Lopatin DE, Foxman B, Burt BA. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2000 December; 4(4): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218493&dopt=Abstract

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Oral erythromycin prophylaxis vs watchful waiting in caring for newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Rosenman MB, Mahon BE, Downs SM, Kleiman MB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 June; 157(6): 565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796237&dopt=Abstract

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Outreach health adviser in a community clinic screening programme improves management of genital chlamydia infection. Author(s): Jones K, Webb A, Mallinson H, Birley H. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 April; 78(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081168&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins by acellular components of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Netea MG, Dinarello CA, Kullberg BJ, Jansen T, Jacobs L, Stalenhoef AF, Van Der Meer JW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 May; 181(5): 1868-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823809&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative processes in human promonocytic cells (THP-1) after differentiation into macrophages by incubation with Chlamydia pneumoniae extracts. Author(s): Mouithys-Mickalad A, Deby-Dupont G, Nys M, Lamy M, Deby C. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 September 28; 287(3): 781-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563864&dopt=Abstract

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Participation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in an epidemic of respiratory infections in Slovakia. Author(s): Kovacova E, Kazar J. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 August; 8(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965442&dopt=Abstract

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Partner notification among asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis cases, by means of mailed specimens. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Bouter LM, van Eijk JT, Boeke AJ. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 August; 52(481): 652-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171224&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, Whittington WL, Ransom RL, Sternberg MR, Berman SM, Kent CK, Martin DH, Oh MK, Handsfield HH, Bolan G, Markowitz LE, Fortenberry JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514443&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-delivered therapy for chlamydia: putting research into practice. Author(s): Klausner JD, Chaw JK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 June; 30(6): 509-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782952&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-delivered therapy: an additional means for addressing the Chlamydia trachomatis problem. Author(s): Williams K. Source: Tenn Med. 2002 December; 95(12): 511, 513. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491815&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection in sexual networks in Manitoba, Canada. Author(s): Wylie JL, Jolly A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 January; 28(1): 14-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196040&dopt=Abstract

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PCR-based method for isolation and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluids. Author(s): Ikejima H, Haranaga S, Takemura H, Kamo T, Takahashi Y, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 May; 8(3): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329447&dopt=Abstract

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Penile and scrotal elephantiasis caused by indolent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Nelson RA, Alberts GL, King LE Jr. Source: Urology. 2003 January; 61(1): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559311&dopt=Abstract

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Peptide immunization of guinea pigs against Chlamydia psittaci (GPIC agent) infection induces good vaginal secretion antibody response, in vitro neutralization and partial protection against live challenge. Author(s): Volp K, Mathews S, Timms P, Hafner L. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 2001 June; 79(3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380677&dopt=Abstract

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Performance of the APTIMA Combo 2 assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female urine and endocervical swab specimens. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Willis D, Weissfeld A, Hook EW, Martin DH, Ferrero DV, Schachter J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517865&dopt=Abstract

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Performance of three microimmunofluorescence assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae immunoglobulin M, G, and A antibodies. Author(s): Bennedsen M, Berthelsen L, Lind I; Infection, Atherosclerosis and Macrolide Antibiotics Group. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 July; 9(4): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093682&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in degenerative aortic valve stenosis indicated by heat shock protein 60 homologues. Author(s): Skowasch D, Yeghiazaryan K, Schrempf S, Golubnitschaja O, Welsch U, Preusse CJ, Likungu JA, Welz A, Luderitz B, Bauriedel G. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 2003 January; 12(1): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578339&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection detected by polymerase chain reaction in untreated patients. Author(s): Joyner JL, Douglas JM Jr, Foster M, Judson FN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 April; 29(4): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912459&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections: bacterium and host based? Author(s): Morre SA, Spaargaren J, Schmid G, Pena AS, Coutinho RA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 December 15; 184(12): 1631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740744&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent airflow limitation in adult-onset nonatopic asthma is associated with serologic evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): ten Brinke A, van Dissel JT, Sterk PJ, Zwinderman AH, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240944&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infections resist apoptotic stimuli. Author(s): Dean D, Powers VC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 2442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254605&dopt=Abstract

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Phage infection of the obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Author(s): Hsia R, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Dautry-Varsat A, Bavoil PM. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 June; 2(7): 761-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955956&dopt=Abstract

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Phage-display antibody detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-associated antigens. Author(s): Lindquist EA, Marks JD, Kleba BJ, Stephens RS. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 February; 148(Pt 2): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832508&dopt=Abstract

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Phthirus pubis as a predictor for chlamydia infections in adolescents. Author(s): Pierzchalski JL, Bretl DA, Matson SC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 June; 29(6): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035022&dopt=Abstract

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Polymerase chain reaction for detection of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending a gynecology outpatient department in India. Author(s): Singh V, Rastogi S, Garg S, Kapur S, Kumar A, Salhan S, Mittal A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 May-June; 46(3): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040650&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic membrane protein (PMP) 20 and PMP 21 of Chlamydia pneumoniae induce proinflammatory mediators in human endothelial cells in vitro by activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Author(s): Niessner A, Kaun C, Zorn G, Speidl W, Turel Z, Christiansen G, Pedersen AS, Birkelund S, Simon S, Georgopoulos A, Graninger W, de Martin R, Lipp J, Binder BR, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 July 1; 188(1): 108-13. Epub 2003 June 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825178&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic membrane protein H has evolved in parallel with the three diseasecausing groups of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Stothard DR, Toth GA, Batteiger BE. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 March; 71(3): 1200-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595433&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic proteins of Chlamydia spp.--autotransporters beyond the Proteobacteria. Author(s): Henderson IR, Lam AC. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2001 December; 9(12): 573-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728862&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. Author(s): Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J, Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 June; 111(11): 1757-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782678&dopt=Abstract

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Pooling cervical swabs for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR: sensitivity, dilution, inhibition, and cost-saving aspects. Author(s): Morre SA, van Dijk R, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ, Kjaer SK, Munk C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 June; 39(6): 2375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414248&dopt=Abstract

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Pooling of Chlamydia laboratory tests to determine the prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Diamant J, Benis R, Schachter J, Moncada J, Pang F, Jha HC, Bhatta RC, Porco T, Lietman T. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2001 July; 8(2-3): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471080&dopt=Abstract

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Population-based strategies for outreach screening of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Andersen B, Olesen F, Moller JK, Ostergaard L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 January 15; 185(2): 252-8. Epub 2002 Jan 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807700&dopt=Abstract

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Positive Chlamydia pneumoniae serology is associated with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Schumacher A, Seljeflot I, Lerkerod AB, Sommervoll L, Otterstad JE, Arnesen H. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 September; 164(1): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119204&dopt=Abstract

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Possible role of Chlamydia and virus infections in the development of sexual dysfunction. Author(s): von Keitz AT, Radsak K, Slenczka W. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 2001 October-December; 27(5): 629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554229&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Author(s): Mahon BE, Rosenman MB, Graham MF, Fortenberry JD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 186(6): 1320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066116&dopt=Abstract

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Potential new vaccine against chlamydia. Author(s): Whelan J. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2002 August 15; 7(16): 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546943&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women attending rural Midwest family planning clinics. Author(s): Hilger TM, Smith EM, Ault K. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368256&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of repeat Chlamydia trachomatis infections diagnosed by DNA amplification testing among inner city females. Author(s): Burstein GR, Zenilman JM, Gaydos CA, Diener-West M, Howell MR, Brathwaite W, Quinn TC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 February; 77(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158688&dopt=Abstract

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Predominance of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars associated with urogenital infections in females in New Delhi, India. Author(s): Singh V, Salhan S, Das BC, Mittal A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 41(6): 2700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791909&dopt=Abstract

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Predominant role of toll-like receptor 2 versus 4 in Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced activation of dendritic cells. Author(s): Prebeck S, Kirschning C, Durr S, da Costa C, Donath B, Brand K, Redecke V, Wagner H, Miethke T. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 September 15; 167(6): 331623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544320&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in the cerebral spinal fluid is a common phenomenon in a variety of neurological diseases and not restricted to multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Gieffers J, Pohl D, Treib J, Dittmann R, Stephan C, Klotz K, Hanefeld F, Solbach W, Haass A, Maass M. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 May; 49(5): 585-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357948&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms is not associated with increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Author(s): Petersen E, Boman J, Wagberg F, Angquist KA. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002 October; 24(4): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323181&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in human symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Author(s): LaBiche R, Koziol D, Quinn TC, Gaydos C, Azhar S, Ketron G, Sood S, DeGraba TJ. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 April; 32(4): 855-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11283382&dopt=Abstract

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PreservCyt transport medium used for the ThinPrep Pap test is a suitable medium for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the COBAS Amplicor CT/NG test: results of a preliminary study and future implications. Author(s): Bianchi A, Moret F, Desrues JM, Champenois T, Dervaux Y, Desvouas O, Oursin A, Quinzat D, Dachez R, Bathelier C, Ronsin C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 40(5): 1749-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980955&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis among sexually active AfricanAmerican adolescent females. Author(s): Williams KM, Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Hubbard McCree D, Liau A, Harrington K, Davies S, Hook EW, Oh MK. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 December; 35(6): 593-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460527&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and persistence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in urine specimens from Danish male military recruits. Author(s): van den Brule AJ, Munk C, Winther JF, Kjaer SK, Jorgensen HO, Meijer CJ, Morre SA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537720&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in an Israeli population without clinical evidence of respiratory infection. Author(s): Ben-Yaakov M, Eshel G, Zaksonski L, Lazarovich Z, Boldur I. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 May; 55(5): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986341&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of antibody to Chlamydia pneumoniae in residents of Japan, the Solomon Islands, and Nepal. Author(s): Shimizu C, Nabeshima S, Kikuchi K, Furusyo N, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 August; 67(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389943&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asymptomatic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy adults. Author(s): Miyashita N, Niki Y, Nakajima M, Fukano H, Matsushima T. Source: Chest. 2001 May; 119(5): 1416-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348947&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea among a population of men who have sex with men. Author(s): Cook RL, St George K, Silvestre AJ, Riddler SA, Lassak M, Rinaldo CR Jr. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238651&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G and A antibodies in a healthy Finnish population as analyzed by quantitative enzyme immunoassays. Author(s): Tuuminen T, Varjo S, Ingman H, Weber T, Oksi J, Viljanen M. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 September; 7(5): 734-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10973446&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infection and detection of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific IgE in Japanese children with reactive airway disease. Author(s): Ikezawa S. Source: Kurume Med J. 2001; 48(2): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501498&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in nonrheumatic stenotic aortic valves. Author(s): Radke PW, Ortlepp JR, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Kaiser A, Kronenberger S, Handt S, Hanrath P. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 November; 144(5): E12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422163&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Italian patients with acute ischaemic heart disease. Author(s): Sessa R, Di Pietro M, Schiavoni G, Santino I, Cipriani P, Romano S, Penco M, del Piano M. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 December; 159(2): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730834&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Thai children with communityacquired pneumonia. Author(s): Likitnukul S, Nunthapisud P, Prapphal N. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 August; 22(8): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938677&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia specific antibodies among obstetric and gynecological outpatients in Gondar, north-west Ethiopia. Author(s): Blatz R, Aseffa A, Gedefaw M, Ruhle HJ, Forberg J, Christian AR. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2001 October; 39(4): 293-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380229&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis & herpes simplex virus in males with urethritis & females with cervicitis attending STD clinic. Author(s): Malathi J, Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Rinku JP, Narendar KP. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 August; 116: 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592991&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among at-risk women, young sex workers, and street youth attending community organizations in Quebec City, Canada. Author(s): Poulin C, Alary M, Bernier F, Carbonneau D, Boily MC, Joly JR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 August; 28(8): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473214&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Turkey among men With urethritis. Author(s): Agacfidan A, Moncada J, Aydin D, Onel M, Alp T, Isik N, Badur S, Ang O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 November; 28(11): 630-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677384&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in pediatric private practice. Author(s): Best D, Ford CA, Miller WC. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 December; 108(6): E103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731630&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies in antenatal patients from Trinidad. Author(s): Eley A, Hemeg HA, Geary I, Ramsewak SS, Herring A, Caul EO. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 August; 77(4): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463939&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Cuba. Author(s): Kouri V, Cartaya J, Rodriguez ME, Mune M, Soto Y, Resik S, Bravo J, Llop A. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 December; 97(8): 1073-7. Epub 2003 January 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563468&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west London. Author(s): Pierpoint T, Thomas B, Judd A, Brugha R, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 August; 76(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026882&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in registered female sex workers in northern Mexico. Author(s): Esquivel CA, Briones Ezcarzaga ML, Castruita Limones DE, Lazalde Ramos BP, Salas EV, Gutierrez AA, Medrano JC, Castellanos S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616134&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in small rural town family planning clinics in the central belt of Scotland. Author(s): Sudlow E, Court S, Smith C. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 September; 59(5): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664747&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women attending six women's healthcare units in Kaunas, Lithuania. Author(s): Domeika M, Butylkina R, Hallen A, Spukaite T, Juceviciute V, Morkunaite D, Jakutiene R, Paliuniene V, Barakauskiene J, Goberis M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 December; 77(6): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714950&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 15--19-year olds in rural Tanzania. Author(s): Obasi AI, Balira R, Todd J, Ross DA, Changalucha J, Mosha F, Grosskurth H, Peeling R, Mabey DC, Hayes RJ. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 July; 6(7): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469944&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in commercial sex workers in Japan. Author(s): Ishi K, Suzuki F, Saito A, Kubota T. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(5-6): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11220484&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus) in female attendees of a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Author(s): Garland SM, Tabrizi SN, Chen S, Byambaa C, Davaajav K. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516062&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence, incidence, and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among young adult injection drug users. Author(s): Latka M, Ahern J, Garfein RS, Ouellet L, Kerndt P, Morse P, Farshy CE, Des Jarlais DC, Vlahov D; Collaborative Injection Drug User Study Group. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 2001; 13(1-2): 73-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547626&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence, rate of persistence and respiratory tract symptoms of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in 1211 kindergarten and school age children. Author(s): Schmidt SM, Muller CE, Mahner B, Wiersbitzky SK. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 August; 21(8): 758-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192165&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of coronary heart disease through treatment of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae? Estimation of possible effectiveness and costs. Author(s): Sanderson C, Kubin M. Source: Health Care Management Science. 2001 December; 4(4): 269-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718459&dopt=Abstract

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Previous exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and other infections in Canadian patients with ischemic heart disease. Author(s): Smieja M, Cronin L, Levine M, Goldsmith CH, Yusuf S, Mahony JB. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 March; 17(3): 270-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264559&dopt=Abstract

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Prior cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae or Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Author(s): Carlsson J, Miketic S, Brom J, Ross R, Bachmann H, Tebbe U. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 April 28; 73(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817856&dopt=Abstract

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Proinflammatory cytokines, antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae and age-associated diseases in Danish centenarians: is there a link? Author(s): Bruunsgaard H, Ostergaard L, Andersen-Ranberg K, Jeune B, Pedersen BK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195874&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective case-control study of chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma infections in patients with pityriasis rosea. Author(s): Chuh AA, Chan HH. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872416&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG and IgA seropositivity and risk of incident ischemic stroke. Author(s): Tanne D, Haim M, Boyko V, Goldbourt U, Reshef T, Adler Y, Brunner D, Mekori YA, Behar S. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16(2): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792175&dopt=Abstract

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Protein disulfide isomerase, a component of the estrogen receptor complex, is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E attached to human endometrial epithelial cells. Author(s): Davis CH, Raulston JE, Wyrick PB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065480&dopt=Abstract

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Proteome analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Vandahl BB, Birkelund S, Christiansen G. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2002; 358: 277-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474393&dopt=Abstract

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Proteome analysis of the Chlamydia pneumoniae elementary body. Author(s): Vandahl BB, Birkelund S, Demol H, Hoorelbeke B, Christiansen G, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K. Source: Electrophoresis. 2001 April; 22(6): 1204-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358148&dopt=Abstract

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Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed Chlamydia pneumoniae genes during persistent infection of HEp-2 cells. Author(s): Molestina RE, Klein JB, Miller RD, Pierce WH, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 June; 70(6): 2976-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010987&dopt=Abstract

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Provider willingness to screen all sexually active adolescents for chlamydia. Author(s): Boekeloo BO, Snyder MH, Bobbin M, Burstein GR, Conley D, Quinn TC, Zenilman JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407243&dopt=Abstract

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Provision of chlamydia testing in a nationwide service offering termination of pregnancy: with data capture to monitor prevalence of infection. Author(s): Mallinson H, Hopwood J, Skidmore S, Fenton K, Phillips C, Jones I. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473801&dopt=Abstract

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Provision of Chlamydia trachomatis screening in family planning clinics and emergency contraception in genitourinary medicine clinics: a collaborative crossspeciality survey. Author(s): Dale AW, Wilkinson C, Forster GE, Daniels D, Brook MG. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419057&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial impacts of chlamydia testing are important. Author(s): France C, Thomas K, Slack R, James N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 May 19; 322(7296): 1245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388181&dopt=Abstract

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Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: implications for screening. Author(s): Duncan B, Hart G, Scoular A, Bigrigg A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 27; 322(7280): 195-9. Erratum In: Bmj 2001 February 17; 322(7283): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159612&dopt=Abstract

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Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the ligase chain reaction assay for Chlamydia trachomatis in genital tract samples and urines. Author(s): Thomas BJ, Pierpoint T, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton AM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 September; 12(9): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516368&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies in urine by ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Blocker ME, Krysiak RG, Behets F, Cohen MS, Hobbs MM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354857&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative Chlamydia trachomatis cultures: correlation of chlamydial inclusionforming units with serovar, age, sex, and race. Author(s): Eckert LO, Suchland RJ, Hawes SE, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 August; 182(2): 540-4. Epub 2000 July 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10915086&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative culture of Chlamydia trachomatis: relationship of inclusion-forming units produced in culture to clinical manifestations and acute inflammation in urogenital disease. Author(s): Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Whittington WL, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 November 15; 184(10): 1350-4. Epub 2001 September 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679929&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative detection of respiratory Chlamydia pneumoniae infection by real-time PCR. Author(s): Kuoppa Y, Boman J, Scott L, Kumlin U, Eriksson I, Allard A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037108&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid and standardized detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae using LightCycler realtime fluorescence PCR. Author(s): Reischl U, Lehn N, Simnacher U, Marre R, Essig A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 22(1): 54-7. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582746&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid communication: Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis in women at low risk for infection. Author(s): Cheema MA, Rahman MU, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2000 February; 319(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698098&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of coronary artery disease patients by real-time fluorescence PCR. Author(s): Leowattana W, Pokum S, Mahanonda N, Poungvarin N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 December; 84 Suppl 3: S658-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002907&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid, transient phosphatidylserine externalization induced in host cells by infection with Chlamydia spp. Author(s): Goth SR, Stephens RS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 February; 69(2): 1109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11160008&dopt=Abstract

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Rates of gonorrhoea and chlamydia in black ethnic groups. Author(s): Evans B, Bond R, MacRae K. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 October; 77(5): 390-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588294&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Chlamydia pneumoniae does not influence atherosclerotic plaque behavior in patients with established carotid artery stenosis. Author(s): Dimakakos PB, Kotsis T, Katsenis K, Kouskouni E. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 October; 32(10): 2445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588345&dopt=Abstract

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Reaching homeless youths for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae screening in Denver, Colorado. Author(s): Van Leeuwen JM, Rietmeijer CA, LeRoux T, White R, Petersen J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407240&dopt=Abstract

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Recent pilot studies of chlamydia screening. Author(s): Stephenson J, Hopwood J, Babiker A, Copas A, Vickers M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902608&dopt=Abstract

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Recent trends in Chlamydia trachomatis in the United Kingdom and the potential for national screening. Author(s): Pimenta J, Fenton KA. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 May; 6(5): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679689&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition of the 60 kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane protein OMP2 by CD4(+) T cells from humans infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Goodall JC, Beacock-Sharp H, Deane KH, Gaston JS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 December; 126(3): 488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737067&dopt=Abstract

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Recombination in the ompA gene but not the omcB gene of Chlamydia contributes to serovar-specific differences in tissue tropism, immune surveillance, and persistence of the organism. Author(s): Millman KL, Tavare S, Dean D. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2001 October; 183(20): 5997-6008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567000&dopt=Abstract

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Recommendations for screening high school students for chlamydia and gonorrhea in San Francisco. Author(s): Nsuami M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 367; Author Reply 368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671561&dopt=Abstract

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Recruitment of mammalian cell fibronectin to the surface of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Kleba BJ, Banta E, Lindquist EA, Stephens RS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3935-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065538&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection evaluated by mailed samples obtained at home: 24 weeks' prospective follow up study. Author(s): Kjaer HO, Dimcevski G, Hoff G, Olesen F, Ostergaard L. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961191&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent pneumonia due to persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Hara H, Yoshida K, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 January; 41(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838587&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the ligase chain reaction assay due to suboptimal storage of urine. Author(s): Thomas B, Pierpoint T, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 August; 20(8): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681440&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced levels of gamma-interferon secretion in response to chlamydial 60 kDa heat shock protein amongst women with pelvic inflammatory disease and a history of repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Debattista J, Timms P, Allan J, Allan J. Source: Immunology Letters. 2002 May 1; 81(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11947926&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced progression of early carotid atherosclerosis after antibiotic treatment and Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Author(s): Sander D, Winbeck K, Klingelhofer J, Etgen T, Conrad B. Source: Circulation. 2002 November 5; 106(19): 2428-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417538&dopt=Abstract

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Reexamining the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gay men with urethritis: implications for STD policy and HIV prevention activities. Author(s): Ciemins EL, Flood J, Kent CK, Shaw H, Rowniak S, Moncada J, Klausner JD, Schachter J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 May; 27(5): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821595&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of carbon metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Iliffe-Lee ER, McClarty G. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(1): 20-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11029687&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Taiwan to angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease and to the presence of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris. Author(s): Tsai CT, Kao JH, Hsu KL, Chiang FT, Tseng CD, Liau CS, Tseng YZ, Hwang JJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 November 1; 88(9): 960-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703989&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection to severity of human coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Ericson K, Saldeen TG, Lindquist O, Pahlson C, Mehta JL. Source: Circulation. 2000 June 6; 101(22): 2568-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840006&dopt=Abstract

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Relative accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests and culture in detecting Chlamydia in asymptomatic men. Author(s): Cheng H, Macaluso M, Vermund SH, Hook EW 3rd. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 3927-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682509&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability of nested PCR for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in atheromas: results from a multicenter study applying standardized protocols. Author(s): Apfalter P, Assadian O, Blasi F, Boman J, Gaydos CA, Kundi M, Makristathis A, Nehr M, Rotter ML, Hirschl AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454131&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability of nested PCR for the detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis. Author(s): Apfalter P, Hammerschlag MR, Boman J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 July; 34(7): E73-5; Author Reply E73-5. Epub 2003 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817098&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability of nucleic acid amplification methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine: results of the first international collaborative quality control study among 96 laboratories. Author(s): Verkooyen RP, Noordhoek GT, Klapper PE, Reid J, Schirm J, Cleator GM, Ieven M, Hoddevik G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843035&dopt=Abstract

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Repeat chlamydia screening by mail, San Francisco. Author(s): Bloomfield PJ, Steiner KC, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576609&dopt=Abstract

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Replicate PCR testing and probit analysis for detection and quantitation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in clinical specimens. Author(s): Smieja M, Mahony JB, Goldsmith CH, Chong S, Petrich A, Chernesky M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1796-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325993&dopt=Abstract

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Reproducibility problems with the Abbott laboratories LCx assay for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Gronowski AM, Copper S, Baorto D, Murray PR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 June; 38(6): 2416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10835020&dopt=Abstract

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Requirement for NF-kappaB in transcriptional activation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Molestina RE, Miller RD, Lentsch AB, Ramirez JA, Summersgill JT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 July; 68(7): 4282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858246&dopt=Abstract

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Resolution of secondary Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection in immune mice with depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Author(s): Morrison SG, Morrison RP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 2643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254630&dopt=Abstract

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Resolution of the recent performance problem of Abbott LCx Chlamydia trachomatis assay. Issues of repeat testing for confirmation of chlamydial infection. Author(s): Mallinson H, Hopwood J, Mutton K. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238664&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy and Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG antibodies in a general population sample of young adults. Author(s): Ferrari M, Poli A, Olivieri M, Verlato G, Tardivo S, Nicolis M, Campello C. Source: Infection. 2002 August; 30(4): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236561&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory syncytial virus and chlamydia are not detectable by PCR in ongoing vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Koulikovska M, van der Ploeg I, Herrmann B, Montan PG. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2001 December; 9(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935435&dopt=Abstract

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Restricted fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis vesicles with endocytic compartments during the initial stages of infection. Author(s): Scidmore MA, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 973-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540580&dopt=Abstract

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Retesting and follow-up of first-catch urines from men yield variable results with three Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid amplification tests. Author(s): Nordbo SA, Lund K, Skjeldestad FE. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 November; 108(11): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211964&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective study of Chlamydia trachomatis using the polymerase chain reaction on archival Papanicolaou-stained cytologic smears. Author(s): Feldman D, Feldman SH, Covell JL, Frierson H Jr. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 November-December; 45(6): 985-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726129&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of intra-amniotic Chlamydia trachomatis antigen status. Author(s): Yoshida H, Yamada H, Wada S, Sagawa T, Sakuragi N, Fujimoto S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 50(4): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093054&dopt=Abstract

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Review of evidence for a connection between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerotic disease. Author(s): Dugan JP, Feuge RR, Burgess DS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 May; 24(5): 719-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075941&dopt=Abstract

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Rising prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in heterosexual patients at the Sydney Sexual Health Centre, 1994 to 2000. Author(s): Donova B. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950204&dopt=Abstract

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Risk behaviors and the prevalence of Chlamydia in a juvenile detention facility. Author(s): Kelly PJ, Bair RM, Baillargeon J, German V. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 September; 39(9): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005365&dopt=Abstract

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Risk behaviours and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae genital infections among Montreal street youth. Author(s): Haley N, Roy E, Leclerc P, Lambert G, Boivin JF, Cedras L, Vincelette J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 April; 13(4): 238-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886608&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Bcl-2 family members in caspase-independent apoptosis during Chlamydia infection. Author(s): Perfettini JL, Reed JC, Israel N, Martinou JC, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 January; 70(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748163&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected macrophages in atherosclerosis developments of the carotid artery. Author(s): Kuroda S, Kobayashi T, Ishii N, Ikeda J, Shinohe Y, Houkin K, Iwasaki Y, Nagashima K. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2003 March; 23(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722920&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in epididymitis. Part I: Direct and serologic diagnosis. Author(s): Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Ostaszewska I, Darewicz B, Darewicz J, Badyda J, Pucilo K, Bulhak V, Szczurzewski M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 November-December; 6(6): 1113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208465&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in epididymitis. Part II: Clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Ostaszewska I, Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Darewicz B, Darewicz J, Badyda J, Pucilo K, Bulhak V, Szczurzewski M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 November-December; 6(6): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208466&dopt=Abstract

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Role of chlamydial heat shock protein 60 in the stimulation of innate immune cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Costa CP, Kirschning CJ, Busch D, Durr S, Jennen L, Heinzmann U, Prebeck S, Wagner H, Miethke T. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 September; 32(9): 2460-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207330&dopt=Abstract

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Role of cytokines in Chlamydia trachomatis protective immunity and immunopathology. Author(s): Yang X. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(1): 67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570676&dopt=Abstract

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Role of IgG-seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae in early thrombotic events after coronary stent placement. Author(s): da Costa CP, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Stallforth I, Schmid M, Joghetai N, Prebeck S, Wagner H, Miethke T. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 January; 166(1): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482564&dopt=Abstract

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Role of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3gamma and beta interferon in HLA class I enhancement in synovial fibroblasts upon infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Rodel J, Vogelsang H, Prager K, Hartmann M, Schmidt KH, Straube E. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 November; 70(11): 6140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379691&dopt=Abstract

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Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Principi N, Esposito S, Blasi F, Allegra L; Mowgli study group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 May 1; 32(9): 1281-9. Epub 2001 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303262&dopt=Abstract

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Role of persistent infection in the control and severity of asthma: focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): von HL. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 March; 19(3): 546-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936537&dopt=Abstract

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Routine screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women--is it time to start? Author(s): Yeong CT, Lim TL, Lin R, Se Thoe SY, Leong N. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 March; 41(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063193&dopt=Abstract

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Roxithromycin in prevention of acute coronary syndrome associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Leowattana W, Bhuripanyo K, Singhaviranon L, Akaniroj S, Mahanonda N, Samranthin M, Pokum S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 December; 84 Suppl 3: S669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002908&dopt=Abstract

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Roxithromycin treatment prevents progression of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositive men: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Wiesli P, Czerwenka W, Meniconi A, Maly FE, Hoffmann U, Vetter W, Schulthess G. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 4; 105(22): 2646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045171&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and diagnostic practices for chlamydia infections in New Zealand. Author(s): Bennett S, McNicholas A, Garrett N. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 August 10; 114(1137): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587302&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and genotyping of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from male and female clients of youth-health centers in Stockholm County. Author(s): Sylvan SP, Von Krogh G, Tiveljung A, Siwerth BM, Henriksson L, Noren L, Asp AK, Grillner L. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 July; 29(7): 379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170125&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Part 1: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Lahoti S, McClain N, Girardet R, McNeese M, Cheung K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2000 January-February; 14(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141826&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for chlamydia in adolescents and young women. Author(s): Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA, Hiatt L. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 November; 154(11): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074851&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for chlamydia in general practice. Author(s): Heal C, Jones B, Veitch C, Lamb S, Hodgens S, Browning S, Butler H, Carey M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 August; 31(8): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189675&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for chlamydia infection: recommendations and rationale. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Author(s): Berg AO, Allan JD, Frame PS, Homer CJ, Lieu TA, Mulrow CD, Orleans CT, Peipert JF, Pender NJ, Sox HC Jr, Teusch SM, Westhoff C, Woolf SH; US Preventive Services Task Force. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2002 October; 102(10): 87-92; Discussion 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394311&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in an anonymous and confidential HIV counseling and testing site: feasibility and prevalence rates. Author(s): Hamel MJ, Judson FN, Rietmeijer CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 March; 28(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11289197&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women in Hungary. An epidemiological and cost-effectiveness analysis. Author(s): Nyari T, Nyari C, Woodward M, Meszaros G, Deak J, Nagy E, Kovacs L. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 80(4): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264602&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in college women with a polymerase chain reaction assay. Author(s): Baxter R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 February; 30(2): 406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671359&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection is indicated for women under 30 using emergency contraception. Author(s): Kettle H, Cay S, Brown A, Glasier A. Source: Contraception. 2002 October; 66(4): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413621&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection using the BDProbeTec ET Chlamydia trachomatis amplified DNA assay on urine in a GUM clinic setting: a simple, fast and cost-effective alternative. Author(s): Browning MR, Corden S, Mitchell B, Westmoreland D. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 July; 12(7): 430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394978&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis; the Amsterdam experience. Author(s): Bleker OP. Source: Minerva Ginecol. 2000 December; 52(12 Suppl 1): 97-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526697&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for chlamydia. Author(s): Caul EO, Paul I, Herring AJ, Horner PJ, Crowley T. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 September; 3(3): 220. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014043&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis in teenagers attending a family planning youth clinic: a prevalence study using a strand displacement assay on urine samples. Author(s): Baird A, Green T, King H, Kinghorn G, Kudesia G. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449129&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: are men the forgotten reservoir? Author(s): Chen MY, Donovan B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 August 4; 179(3): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885277&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis at entertainment venues among men who have sex with men. Author(s): Debattista J, Clementson C, Mason D, Dwyer J, Argent S, Woodward C, Dean J, Buks L, Copley M, Hinwood G, Benfield C, Walton P. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 April; 29(4): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912463&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in human immunodeficiency viruspositive patients in Peru reveals an absence of Chlamydia trachomatis and identifies Trichomonas vaginalis in pharyngeal specimens. Author(s): Press N, Chavez VM, Ticona E, Calderon M, Apolinario IS, Culotta A, Arevalo J, Gilman RH; Working Group on AIDS in Peru. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 March 1; 32(5): 808-14. Epub 2001 February 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229850&dopt=Abstract

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Screening men for Chlamydia trachomatis infection: have we fully explored the possibilities? Author(s): Fenton KA. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 June; 3(2): 86-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902248&dopt=Abstract

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Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections--2002. Author(s): Johnson RE, Newhall WJ, Papp JR, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL, Steece R, Markowitz LE, Devine OJ, Walsh CM, Wang S, Gunter DC, Irwin KL, DeLisle S, Berman SM. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2002 October 18; 51(Rr-15): 1-38; Quiz Ce1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418541&dopt=Abstract

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Search for Chlamydia pneumoniae genes and their expression in atherosclerotic plaques of carotid arteries. Author(s): Valassina M, Migliorini L, Sansoni A, Sani G, Corsaro D, Cusi MG, Valensin PE, Cellesi C. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 March; 50(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232767&dopt=Abstract

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Self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Lowry DL, Heine RP, Krohn MA, Bittner H, Kellinger K, Shultz M, Sweet RL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403188&dopt=Abstract

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Semiautomation of nucleic acid-based assays for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Johnson SJ, Green DH, Reed DA, Wood LS. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2001 April; 47(4): 760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274034&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity and specificity of three new commercially available Chlamydia trachomatis tests. Author(s): Verkooyen RP, Peeters MF, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, van der Meijden WI, Mouton JW. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537721&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity evaluation of the Gen-Probe AMP-CT assay by pooling urine samples for the screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection. Author(s): Gomes JP, Viegas S, Paulino A, Catry MA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 August; 13(8): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194735&dopt=Abstract

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Seroepidemiology in Chlamydia pneumoniae-- atherosclerosis association. Author(s): Saikku P. Source: European Heart Journal. 2002 February; 23(4): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812058&dopt=Abstract

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Seroepidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Japan between 1991 and 2000. Author(s): Miyashita N, Fukano H, Yoshida K, Niki Y, Matsushima T. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 February; 55(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865005&dopt=Abstract

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Serologic and histopathologic study of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in atherosclerosis: a possible pathogenetic mechanism of atherosclerosis induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Song YG, Kwon HM, Kim JM, Hong BK, Kim DS, Huh AJ, Chang KH, Kim HY, Kang TS, Lee BK, Choi DH, Jang YS, Kim HS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2000 June; 41(3): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10957885&dopt=Abstract

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Serologic evidence of past infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, in relation to ovarian cancer. Author(s): Ness RB, Goodman MT, Shen C, Brunham RC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 1; 187(7): 1147-52. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660930&dopt=Abstract

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Serologic markers for Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma. Author(s): Hahn DL, Peeling RW, Dillon E, McDonald R, Saikku P. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 February; 84(2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719781&dopt=Abstract

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Serological analysis of specific IgA to Chlamydia pneumoniae: increased sensitivity of IgA antibody detection using prolonged incubation and high antigen concentration. Author(s): Gnarpe J, Sparr A, Naas J, Lundback A. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 May; 108(5): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937773&dopt=Abstract

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Serological association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): Kalayoglu MV, Galvan C, Mahdi OS, Byrne GI, Mansour S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 121(4): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695244&dopt=Abstract

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Serological evidence of acute infection with the Chlamydia-like microorganism Simkania negevensis (Z) in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Lieberman D, Dvoskin B, Lieberman DV, Kahane S, Friedman MG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 21(4): 307-9. Epub 2002 April 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072944&dopt=Abstract

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Serological evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is related to the severity of asthma. Author(s): Black PN, Scicchitano R, Jenkins CR, Blasi F, Allegra L, Wlodarczyk J, Cooper BC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 February; 15(2): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706488&dopt=Abstract

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Serological markers of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in men and women and subsequent coronary events; the Scottish Heart Health Study Cohort. Author(s): Tavendale R, Parratt D, Pringle SD, A'brook R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Source: European Heart Journal. 2002 February; 23(4): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812066&dopt=Abstract

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Seropositivity against Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Romeo F, Martuscelli E, Chirieolo G, Cerabino LM, Ericson K, Saldeen TG, Mehta JL. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2000 May; 23(5): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803439&dopt=Abstract

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Seropositivity to chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and Chlamydia pneumoniae, systemic inflammation and stable coronary artery disease: negative results of a casecontrol study. Author(s): Hoffmeister A, Rothenbacher D, Wanner P, Bode G, Persson K, Brenner H, Hombach V, Koenig W. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 January; 35(1): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636268&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in elderly people: a twodecade longitudinal and cohort difference study. Author(s): Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Gause-Nilsson I, Lundorg P, Steen B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826904&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Heine RP, Ness RB, Roberts JM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 101(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576242&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Teran E, Escudero C, Calle A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 July; 102(1): 198-9; Author Reply 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850633&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia spp. in human immunodeficiency virusinfected subjects in Japan. Author(s): Miyashita N, Niki Y, Iwamoto A, Yasuoka A, Oka S, Kawata K, Ito A, Tomono K, Kohno S, Matsushima T. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44(9): 781-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092243&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in a young adult population sample living in Verona. European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) Verona. Author(s): Ferrari M, Poli A, Olivieri M, Tardivo S, Biasin C, Balestreri F, Dal Molin G, Lo Cascio V, Campello C. Source: Infection. 2000 January-February; 28(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697790&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Thailand. Author(s): Leowattana W, Mahanonda N, Bhuripanyo K, Pokum S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 November; 83 Suppl 2: S1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11193998&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with bad obstetric history and infertility. Author(s): Sharma K, Aggarwal A, Arora U. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 May; 56(5): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649942&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients affected by chronic stable asthma. Author(s): Foschino Barbaro MP, Resta O, Aliani M, Guido P, Izzo C, Logroscino C, Epifani V, Bisconti M, Gerardi R, Del Prete R, Miragliotta G. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 8(6): 358-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084104&dopt=Abstract

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Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae in Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians in Singapore. Author(s): Koh WP, Taylor MB, Hughes K, Chew SK, Fong CW, Phoon MC, Kang KL, Chow VT. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October; 31(5): 1001-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435775&dopt=Abstract

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Seroreactivity to Chlamydia trachomatis Hsp10 correlates with severity of human genital tract disease. Author(s): LaVerda D, Albanese LN, Ruther PE, Morrison SG, Morrison RP, Ault KA, Byrne GI. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 January; 68(1): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10603402&dopt=Abstract

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Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Anttila T, Saikku P, Koskela P, Bloigu A, Dillner J, Ikaheimo I, Jellum E, Lehtinen M, Lenner P, Hakulinen T, Narvanen A, Pukkala E, Thoresen S, Youngman L, Paavonen J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 January 3; 285(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150108&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgM to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy: its usefulness for screening. Author(s): Rastogi S, Das B, Mittal A. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002; 59(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000183&dopt=Abstract

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Severe Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with neutropenia: case reports and literature review. Author(s): Heinemann M, Kern WV, Bunjes D, Marre R, Essig A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 July; 31(1): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913419&dopt=Abstract

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Severe community-acquired pneumonia with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in a previously healthy adult. Author(s): Balis E, Boufas A, Iliopoulos I, Legakis NJ, Zerva L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 June 15; 36(12): E155-7. Epub 2003 Jun 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802780&dopt=Abstract

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Severe meningoencephalitis: an unusual manifestation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Guglielminotti J, Lellouche N, Maury E, Alzieu M, Guidet B, Offenstadt G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 January; 30(1): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619758&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual behavior and the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic students in Germany and Spain. Author(s): Stock C, Guillen-Grima F, Prufer-Kramer L, Serrano-Monzo I, MarinFernandez B, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Kramer A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(4): 385-90. Erratum In: Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17(6): 593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767965&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual behaviour in Britain: reported sexually transmitted infections and prevalent genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Fenton KA, Korovessis C, Johnson AM, McCadden A, McManus S, Wellings K, Mercer CH, Carder C, Copas AJ, Nanchahal K, Macdowall W, Ridgway G, Field J, Erens B. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 1; 358(9296): 1851-4. Erratum In: Lancet 2002 January 12; 359(9301): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741624&dopt=Abstract

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Sexually transmitted disease clinic clients at risk for subsequent gonorrhea and chlamydia infections: possible 'core' transmitters. Author(s): Gunn RA, Fitzgerald S, Aral SO. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 July; 27(6): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907910&dopt=Abstract

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Sexually transmitted diseases in women. Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex infections. Author(s): Kirchner JT, Emmert DH. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 January; 107(1): 55-8, 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649664&dopt=Abstract

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Should all sexually active young women in Hungary be screened for Chlamydia trachomatis? Author(s): Nyari T, Woodward M, Kovacs L. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 January 10; 106(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475582&dopt=Abstract

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Silicone gel implant capsules and Chlamydia antigens. Author(s): Peters W, Chiu B, Smith D, Fornasier V, Lugowski S. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 July; 106(1): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883647&dopt=Abstract

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Single dose (direct observed) azithromycin therapy for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in STD clinic attenders with genital discharge in Trinidad and Tobago. Author(s): Swanston WH, Prabhakar P, Barrow L, Mahabir BS, Furlonge C. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 September; 50(3): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769023&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking, season, and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in clinically stable COPD patients. Author(s): Smieja M, Leigh R, Petrich A, Chong S, Kamada D, Hargreave FE, Goldsmith CH, Chernesky M, Mahony JB. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2002 July 5; 2(1): 12. Epub 2002 Jul 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12098361&dopt=Abstract

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Snaring a silent threat. Chlamydia declining thanks to screening and prevention. Author(s): Hobus P. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 October; 10(10): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424886&dopt=Abstract

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SOAP: solutions to often asked problems. Chlamydia trachomatis testing. Author(s): Reust CE. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 September-October; 9(9): 885-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11031396&dopt=Abstract

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Social capital, poverty, and income inequality as predictors of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and AIDS case rates in the United States. Author(s): Holtgrave DR, Crosby RA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 February; 79(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576618&dopt=Abstract

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Sociodemography of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in Coventry, UK, 1992-6. Author(s): Winter AJ, Sriskandabalan P, Wade AA, Cummins C, Barker P. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 April; 76(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858711&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular atheroma. Author(s): Jackson LA, Campbell LA, Schmidt RA, Kuo C, Cappuccio AL, Lee MJ, Grayston JT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839735&dopt=Abstract

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Specimen processing and concentration of Chlamydia trachomatis added can influence false-negative rates in the LCx assay but not in the APTIMA Combo 2 assay when testing for inhibitors. Author(s): Chong S, Jang D, Song X, Mahony J, Petrich A, Barriga P, Chernesky M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 41(2): 778-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574282&dopt=Abstract

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Sphingomyelin trafficking in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected cells. Author(s): Wolf K, Hackstadt T. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 March; 3(3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260137&dopt=Abstract

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Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Author(s): Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, Carlone GM, Fields BS, Guarner J, Hammerschlag MR, Jackson LA, Kuo CC, Maass M, Messmer TO, Talkington DF, Tondella ML, Zaki SR; C. pneumoniae Workshop Participants. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 August 15; 33(4): 492-503. Epub 2001 July 20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462186&dopt=Abstract

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STD risk assessment and chlamydia screening: what's missing? Author(s): Handsfield HH. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000 February; 18(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698254&dopt=Abstract

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Surface accessibility of the 70-kilodalton Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein following reduction of outer membrane protein disulfide bonds. Author(s): Raulston JE, Davis CH, Paul TR, Hobbs JD, Wyrick PB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 February; 70(2): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796580&dopt=Abstract

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Surveillance of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in women in detention in Baltimore, Maryland. Author(s): Hardick J, Hsieh YH, Tulloch S, Kus J, Tawes J, Gaydos CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514445&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected Mono Mac 6 cells is dependent on NFkappaB binding activity. Author(s): Wahl C, Oswald F, Simnacher U, Weiss S, Marre R, Essig A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 November; 69(11): 7039-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598079&dopt=Abstract

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Sustained high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female army recruits. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Quinn TC, McKee KT Jr, Gaydos JC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 July; 30(7): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838080&dopt=Abstract

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Sweet's syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Rubegni P, Marano MR, De Aloe G, Pianigiani E, Bilenchi R, Fimiani M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 May; 44(5): 862-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312438&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic effect of persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, autoimmunity, and inflammation on coronary risk. Author(s): Huittinen T, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Virkkunen H, Manttari M, Palosuo T, Manninen V, Saikku P. Source: Circulation. 2003 May 27; 107(20): 2566-70. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743003&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic inflammation, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in circulating leukocytes and coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Hoymans V, Bosmans J, Ursi D, Dubois F, Van Marck E, Altwegg M, Ieven M, Vrints C. Source: Acta Cardiol. 2002 June; 57(3): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088179&dopt=Abstract

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T cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Loomis WP, Starnbach MN. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2002 February; 5(1): 87-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834375&dopt=Abstract

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T lymphocyte lines isolated from atheromatous plaque contain cells capable of responding to Chlamydia antigens. Author(s): Curry AJ, Portig I, Goodall JC, Kirkpatrick PJ, Gaston JS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 August; 121(2): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931140&dopt=Abstract

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T-cell epitopes in variable segments of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein elicit serovar-specific immune responses in infected humans. Author(s): Ortiz L, Angevine M, Kim SK, Watkins D, DeMars R. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678996&dopt=Abstract

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Temperature stability of vaginal specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis detection by Amplicor polymerase chain reaction assay. Author(s): Witkin SS, Tolbert V, Sharma G, Polaneczky M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 July; 12(7): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394977&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae: failure to detect the organism by polymerase chain reaction in ninety cases and ninety controls. Author(s): Regan MJ, Wood BJ, Hsieh YH, Theodore ML, Quinn TC, Hellmann DB, Green WR, Gaydos CA, Stone JH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 April; 46(4): 1056-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953984&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal arteritis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detected in an artery specimen. Author(s): Rimenti G, Blasi F, Cosentini R, Moling O, Pristera R, Tarsia P, Vedovelli C, Mian P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 2718-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093461&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal arteritis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detected in an artery specimen. Author(s): Haugeberg G, Bie R, Nordbo SA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 July; 28(7): 1738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469491&dopt=Abstract

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Termination of pregnancy, chlamydia and contact tracing. Author(s): Evans A, Carlin E, Slack R, Allaby M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 January; 11(1): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10667909&dopt=Abstract

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Testing for Chlamydia and sexual history taking in adolescent females: results from a statewide survey of Colorado primary care providers. Author(s): Torkko KC, Gershman K, Crane LA, Hamman R, Baron A. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 September; 106(3): E32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969116&dopt=Abstract

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Testing for Chlamydia antibodies in recurrent spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Witkin SS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 March; 73(3): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733312&dopt=Abstract

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The ACADEMIC study in perspective (Azithromycin in coronary artery disease: elimination of myocardial infection with Chlamydia). Author(s): Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839761&dopt=Abstract

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The acceptability of urinary LCR testing for Chlamydia trachomatis among participants in a probability sample survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Author(s): Fenton KA, Copas A, Mitchell K, Elam G, Carder C, Ridgway G, Wellings K, Erens B, Field J, Johnson AM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 June; 77(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402228&dopt=Abstract

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The accuracy and efficacy of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review. Author(s): Watson EJ, Templeton A, Russell I, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Stary A, Pederson BS. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 December; 51(12): 1021-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466399&dopt=Abstract

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The adventitia of atherosclerotic coronary arteries frequently contains Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Vink A, Pasterkamp G, Poppen M, Schoneveld AH, de Kleijn DP, Roholl PJ, Fontijn J, Plomp S, Borst C. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 July; 157(1): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427210&dopt=Abstract

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The anti-idiotypic antibody to chlamydial glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) protects mice against genital infection with a human biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Whittum-Hudson JA, Rudy D, Gerard H, Vora G, Davis E, Haller PK, Prattis SM, Hudson AP, Saltzman WM, Stuart ES. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 4061-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427283&dopt=Abstract

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The association of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis: observations on heterosexual men and their female partners. Author(s): Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB, Renton A, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 July; 11(7): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919484&dopt=Abstract

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The association of seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus with risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective study. Author(s): Haider AW, Wilson PW, Larson MG, Evans JC, Michelson EL, Wolf PA, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 October 16; 40(8): 1408-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392829&dopt=Abstract

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The detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques of Australian subjects. Author(s): Cochrane M, Kalle WH, Roffey P, Moriarty HT. Source: Pathology. 2002 June; 34(3): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109790&dopt=Abstract

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The detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by DNA amplification methods in urine samples from men with urethritis. Author(s): Templeton K, Roberts J, Jeffries D, Forster G, Aitken C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 December; 12(12): 793-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779369&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomonas infections by self obtained low vaginal swabs, in remote northern Australian clinical practice. Author(s): Garrow SC, Smith DW, Harnett GB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 August; 78(4): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181467&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of an anti-HLA-B27 immune response on CTL recognition of Chlamydia. Author(s): Popov I, Dela Cruz CS, Barber BH, Chiu B, Inman RD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 September 15; 167(6): 337582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544328&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae on serum cytokines and adhesion molecules in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Tsirpanlis G, Chatzipanagiotou S, Ioannidis A, Ifanti K, Bagos P, Lagouranis A, Poulopoulou C, Nicolaou C. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 2003 May; (84): S72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694314&dopt=Abstract

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The expression, processing and localization of polymorphic membrane proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae strain CWL029. Author(s): Vandahl BB, Pedersen AS, Gevaert K, Holm A, Vandekerckhove J, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Source: Bmc Microbiology [electronic Resource]. 2002 November 26; 2(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453305&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency of salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy as epidemiologic markers of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 79(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696960&dopt=Abstract

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The future of chlamydia screening. Author(s): Tobin JM, Harindra V, Tucker LJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 August; 76(4): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026875&dopt=Abstract

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The incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with urethral syndrome. Author(s): Mutlu B, Mutlu N, Yucesoy G. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 October; 55(8): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695072&dopt=Abstract

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The laboratory surveillance system of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in Denmark. Author(s): Hoffmann S. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 May; 6(5): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679691&dopt=Abstract

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The management of Chlamydia trachomatis: combined community and hospital study. Author(s): Rogstad KE, Davies A, Murthy SK, Searle S, Mee RA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 December; 76(6): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221135&dopt=Abstract

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The microimmunofluorescence test for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: technique and interpretation. Author(s): Wang S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839728&dopt=Abstract

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The molecular epidemiology of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in the greater Reykjavik area, Iceland. Author(s): Jonsdottir K, Kristjansson M, Hjaltalin Olafsson J, Steingrimsson O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616146&dopt=Abstract

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The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Author(s): Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, Boeke AJ, Voorhorst FJ, de Blok S, Meijer CJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537719&dopt=Abstract

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The pathology of Chlamydia pneumoniae lesions in humans and animal models. Author(s): Shor A. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2000 December; 8(12): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201259&dopt=Abstract

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The Preterm Prediction Study: association of second-trimester genitourinary chlamydia infection with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Author(s): Andrews WW, Goldenberg RL, Mercer B, Iams J, Meis P, Moawad A, Das A, Vandorsten JP, Caritis SN, Thurnau G, Miodovnik M, Roberts J, McNellis D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 183(3): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992190&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in military dependent adolescents. Author(s): Lechner BL, Baker JA, Chastain DO, Cuda SE, Lynch J. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 July; 167(7): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125856&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in fresh tissue specimens from patients with ectopic pregnancy or tubal factor infertility as determined by PCR and in-situ hybridisation. Author(s): Barlow RE, Cooke ID, Odukoya O, Heatley MK, Jenkins J, Narayansingh G, Ramsewak SS, Eley A. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 October; 50(10): 902-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599740&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male undergraduates: a postal survey. Author(s): Rogstad KE, Bates SM, Partridge S, Kudesia G, Poll R, Osborne MA, Dixon S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 April; 77(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287689&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant Thai women. Author(s): Chotnopparatpattara P, Limpongsanurak S, Wongprechasawas A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 June; 86 Suppl 2: S399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12930016&dopt=Abstract

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The proatherogenic properties of lipoprotein(a) may be enhanced through the formation of circulating immune complexes containing Chlamydia pneumoniaespecific IgG antibodies. Author(s): Glader CA, Boman J, Saikku P, Stenlund H, Weinehall L, Hallmanns G, Dahlen GH. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 April; 21(8): 639-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731401&dopt=Abstract

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The 'real-world' impact of improved diagnostic techniques for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Glasgow. Author(s): Scoular A, McCartney R, Kinn S, Carr S, Walker A. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 September; 4(3): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732360&dopt=Abstract

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The relation between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and abdominal aortic aneurysm: case-control study. Author(s): Blanchard JF, Armenian HK, Peeling R, Friesen PP, Shen C, Brunham RC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 June; 30(6): 946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880309&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of inflammation in the papanicolaou smear to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a high-risk population. Author(s): Paler RJ Jr, Simpson DR, Kaye AM, Gunn S, Felix JC. Source: Contraception. 2000 March; 61(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827338&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of serovar to clinical manifestations of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Whittington WL, Stamm WE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 160-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567176&dopt=Abstract

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The reprogrammed host: Chlamydia trachomatis-induced up-regulation of glycoprotein 130 cytokines, transcription factors, and antiapoptotic genes. Author(s): Hess S, Rheinheimer C, Tidow F, Bartling G, Kaps C, Lauber J, Buer J, Klos A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 October; 44(10): 2392-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11665982&dopt=Abstract

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The resistance of human monocyte-derived macrophages to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is enhanced by interferon-gamma. Author(s): Airenne S, Surcel HM, Bloigu A, Laitinen K, Saikku P, Laurila A. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 108(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10737459&dopt=Abstract

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The role of chlamydia in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence reveal corresponding findings as in atherosclerosis. Author(s): Theegarten D, Mogilevski G, Anhenn O, Stamatis G, Jaeschock R, Morgenroth K. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2000 August; 437(2): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993281&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis--recent evidence from animal models. Author(s): Campbell LA, Rosenfeld M, Kuo CC. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2000 June; 8(6): 255-7; Discussion 257. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838578&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Quinn TC. Source: Adv Intern Med. 2000; 45: 139-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635048&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic and symptomatic urogenital infections. Author(s): Deak J, Nagy E. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000; 485: 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109128&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in prostatitis. Author(s): Weidner W, Diemer T, Huwe P, Rainer H, Ludwig M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 June; 19(6): 466-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135834&dopt=Abstract

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The role that the functional Asp299Gly polymorphism in the toll-like receptor-4 gene plays in susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal infertility. Author(s): Morre SA, Murillo LS, Bruggeman CA, Pena AS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 January 15; 187(2): 341-2; Author Reply 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552467&dopt=Abstract

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The significance of Chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Author(s): Katsenis C, Kouskouni E, Kolokotronis L, Rizos D, Dimakakos P. Source: Angiology. 2001 September; 52(9): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570660&dopt=Abstract

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The silent epidemic of Chlamydia trachomatis: the urgent need for detection and treatment in women. Author(s): Walsh C, Anderson LA, Irwin K. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 May; 9(4): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10868604&dopt=Abstract

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The value of a screen and treat policy for Chlamydia trachomatis in women attending for termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Groom TM, Stewart P, Kruger H, Bell G. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 April; 27(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457514&dopt=Abstract

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The value of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing as part of routine infertility investigations. Author(s): Thomas K, Coughlin L, Mannion PT, Haddad NG. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 May; 15(5): 1079-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783356&dopt=Abstract

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The value of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing in predicting tubal factor infertility. Author(s): Veenemans LM, van der Linden PJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 17(3): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870122&dopt=Abstract

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The value of mass screening for chlamydia control in high prevalence communities. Author(s): Hodgins S, Peeling RW, Dery S, Bernier F, LaBrecque A, Proulx JF, Joly J, Alary M, Mabey D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 April; 78 Suppl 1: I64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083449&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effect of clarithromycin for respiratory-tract infections in children caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Research Group of Sapporo for Pediatric Chlamydial Infections. Author(s): Numazaki K, Sakamoto Y, Umetsu M, Agatsuma Y, Yamanaka T, Kogasaka R, Hiraki M, Kuniya Y, Miua J, Ukae S, Ueda D, Sato T, Chiba S. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 January; 13(3): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724028&dopt=Abstract

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Three temporal classes of gene expression during the Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle. Author(s): Shaw EI, Dooley CA, Fischer ER, Scidmore MA, Fields KA, Hackstadt T. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 August; 37(4): 913-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972811&dopt=Abstract

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Touchdown enzyme time release-PCR for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes. Author(s): Madico G, Quinn TC, Boman J, Gaydos CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 March; 38(3): 1085-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699002&dopt=Abstract

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Treating Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with early atherosclerosis. Author(s): SoRelle R. Source: Circulation. 2002 November 5; 106(19): E9047-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417556&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Karnak D, Beder S. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 October; 3(10): 1461-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387692&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with roxithromycin and effect on neointima proliferation after coronary stent placement (ISAR-3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Neumann F, Kastrati A, Miethke T, Pogatsa-Murray G, Mehilli J, Valina C, Jogethaei N, da Costa CP, Wagner H, Schomig A. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 30; 357(9274): 2085-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445102&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 August; 15(3): 239, 241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926449&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnant women. Author(s): Miller JM, Martin DH. Source: Drugs. 2000 September; 60(3): 597-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030469&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Author(s): Genc MR. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 913-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473291&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in adults. Author(s): Adimora AA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 October 15; 35(Suppl 2): S183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353204&dopt=Abstract

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Trial of roxithromycin in subjects with asthma and serological evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Black PN, Blasi F, Jenkins CR, Scicchitano R, Mills GD, Rubinfeld AR, Ruffin RE, Mullins PR, Dangain J, Cooper BC, David DB, Allegra L. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August 15; 164(4): 536-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520711&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal factor pathology caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: the role of serology. Author(s): Mouton JW, Peeters MF, van Rijssort-Vos JH, Verkooyen RP. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537722&dopt=Abstract

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Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from urine samples by amplification and sequencing the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1). Author(s): Bandea CI, Kubota K, Brown TM, Kilmarx PH, Bhullar V, Yanpaisarn S, Chaisilwattana P, Siriwasin W, Black CM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 December; 77(6): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714939&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural analysis of developmental events in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected cells. Author(s): Wolf K, Fischer E, Hackstadt T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 April; 68(4): 2379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722649&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural study of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a continuous-infection model. Author(s): Kutlin A, Flegg C, Stenzel D, Reznik T, Roblin PM, Mathews S, Timms P, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574601&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding sexual activity defined in the HEDIS measure of screening young women for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Tao G, Walsh CM, Anderson LA, Irwin KL. Source: Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2002 August; 28(8): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182161&dopt=Abstract

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Universal prophylaxis compared with screen-and-treat for Chlamydia trachomatis prior to termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Cameron ST, Sutherland S. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 June; 109(6): 606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118635&dopt=Abstract

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Unstable atherosclerotic plaques contain T-cells that respond to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): de Boer OJ, van der Wal AC, Houtkamp MA, Ossewaarde JM, Teeling P, Becker AE. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2000 December; 48(3): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090835&dopt=Abstract

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Unsuspected gonorrhea and chlamydia in patients of an urban adult emergency department: a critical population for STD control intervention. Author(s): Mehta SD, Rothman RE, Kelen GD, Quinn TC, Zenilman JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 January; 28(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196043&dopt=Abstract

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Update on Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Guaschino S, De Seta F. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000; 900: 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10818417&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake and processing of Chlamydia trachomatis by human dendritic cells. Author(s): Matyszak MK, Young JL, Gaston JS. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 March; 32(3): 742-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870618&dopt=Abstract

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Urethral cytokine and immune responses in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected males. Author(s): Pate MS, Hedges SR, Sibley DA, Russell MW, Hook EW 3rd, Mestecky J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 November; 69(11): 7178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598098&dopt=Abstract

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Urethritis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick test of first-voided urine and methylene blue-stained urethral smear as predictors of chlamydial infection. Author(s): Hedin G, Abrahamsson G, Dahlberg E. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 109(9): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878712&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary symptoms and Chlamydia. Author(s): Winter A. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 June; 6(2): 161. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889299&dopt=Abstract

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Urine-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Author(s): Marrazzo JM, Whittington WL, Celum CL, Handsfield HH, Clark A, Cles L, Krekeler B, Stamm WE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 April; 28(4): 219-25. Erratum In: Sex Transm Dis 2001 July; 28(7): 429. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318253&dopt=Abstract

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Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in men and women with a symptomatic or asymptomatic infection: an association with clinical manifestations? Author(s): Morre SA, Rozendaal L, van Valkengoed IG, Boeke AJ, van Voorst Vader PC, Schirm J, de Blok S, van Den Hoek JA, van Doornum GJ, Meijer CJ, van Den Brule AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 June; 38(6): 2292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834991&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a mouse lung challenge model to identify antigens protective against Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection. Author(s): Murdin AD, Dunn P, Sodoyer R, Wang J, Caterini J, Brunham RC, Aujame L, Oomen R. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S544-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839756&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a peptide based enzyme immunoassay in diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis triggered reactive arthritis. Author(s): Nikkari S, Puolakkainen M, Narvanen A, Aakre O, Toivanen P, LeirisaloRepo M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 November; 28(11): 2487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708423&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a reverse dot blot procedure to identify the presence of multiple serovars in Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection. Author(s): Stothard DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2655-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427588&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ligase chain reaction for laboratory identification of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in adolescent women. Author(s): Braverman PK, Schwarz DF, Mph M, Deforest A, Hodinka RL, McGowan KL, Mortensen JE. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2002 February; 15(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888808&dopt=Abstract

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Use of PCR for the detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection on selfobtained mailed vaginal samples. Author(s): Domeika M, Drulyte O. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 July; 79(7): 570-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929957&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in investigating infertile women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Shibahara H, Fujiwara H, Hirano Y, Suzuki T, Obara H, Takamizawa S, Idei S, Sato I. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 August; 16(8): 1690-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473964&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 July; 3(7): 980-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186275&dopt=Abstract

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Value of self-reportable screening criteria to identify asymptomatic individuals in the general population for urogential Chlamydia trachomatis infection screening. Author(s): Andersen B, van Valkengoed I, Olesen F, Moller JK, Ostergaard L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 837-44. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652383&dopt=Abstract

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What is needed to prove that Chlamydia pneumoniae does, or does not, play an etiologic role in atherosclerosis? Author(s): Grayston JT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181 Suppl 3: S585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839765&dopt=Abstract

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What proportion of episodes of gonorrhoea and chlamydia becomes symptomatic? Author(s): Korenromp EL, Sudaryo MK, de Vlas SJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Habbema JD. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 February; 13(2): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839163&dopt=Abstract

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What should we do about screening for genital chlamydia? Author(s): Low N, Egger M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October; 31(5): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435755&dopt=Abstract

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Where have all the men gone? Chlamydia infection in men. Author(s): Butler C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13(12): 861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537747&dopt=Abstract

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Which women should be tested for Chlamydia trachomatis? Author(s): Macmillan S, McKenzie H, Flett G, Templeton A. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 September; 107(9): 1088-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11002950&dopt=Abstract

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Who has chlamydia? The prevalence of genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis within Portsmouth and South East Hampshire, UK. Author(s): Underhill G, Hewitt G, McLean L, Randall S, Tobin J, Harindra V. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2003 January; 29(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626174&dopt=Abstract

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Who is being tested for genital chlamydia in primary care? Author(s): Kufeji O, Slack R, Cassell JA, Pugh S, Hayward A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 June; 79(3): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794210&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chlamydia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlamydia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chlamydia” (or a synonym): •

An oligomer of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci is recognized by monoclonal antibodies which protect mice from abortion. Source: Sa, C. de Souriau, A. Bernard, F. Salinas, J. Rodolakis, A. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. December 1995. volume 63 (12) page 4912-4916. 0019-9567

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Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible crossreaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A. Author(s): Section of Neuroimmunology, Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., 8693 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 200, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA. [email protected] Source: Vojdani, A Campbell, A W Anyanwu, E Kashanian, A Bock, K Vojdani, E JNeuroimmunol. 2002 August; 129(1-2): 168-77 0165-5728

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Cellular oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Universityof Wisconsin Medical School, Madison WI 53706, USA. Source: Kalayoglu, M V Hoerneman, B LaVerda, D Morrison, S G Morrison, R P Byrne, G I J-Infect-Dis. 1999 September; 180(3): 780-90 0022-1899

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Characterisation of 20-kDa lectin-spermagglutinin from Arum maculatum that prevents Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of L-929 fibroblast cells. Author(s): Department of Biology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria. [email protected] Source: MladeNovember, Ivan V Haralambieva, Iana H Iankov, Ianko D Mitov, Ivan G FEMS-Immunol-Med-Microbiol. 2002 February 18; 32(3): 249-54 0928-8244

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis -- what we know and what we don't. Author(s): Whipps Cross University Hospital, Leytonstone, London E11 1NR, UK. Source: Ngeh, J Anand, V Gupta, S Clin-Microbiol-Infect. 2002 January; 8(1): 2-13 1198743X

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Chlamydia pneumoniae and hyperlipidemia are co-risk factors for atherosclerosis: infection prior to induction of hyperlipidemia does not accelerate development of atherosclerotic lesions in C57BL/6J mice. Author(s): Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. Source: Blessing, E Campbell, L A Rosenfeld, M E Kuo, C C Infect-Immun. 2002 September; 70(9): 5332-4 0019-9567

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Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens facilitate experimental aortic dilatation: prevention with azithromycin. Author(s): Imperial College at Charing Cross, London, United Kingdom. Source: Tambiah, J Powell, J T J-Vasc-Surg. 2002 November; 36(5): 1011-7 0741-5214

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerotic lesion development in C57BL/6J mice. Author(s): Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Source: Blessing, E Campbell, L A Rosenfeld, M E Chough, N Kuo, C C Atherosclerosis. 2001 September; 158(1): 13-7 0021-9150

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Source: Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Haranaga, Shusaku Widen, Ray Friedman, Herman Yamamoto, Yoshimasa Infect-Immun. 2002 May; 70(5): 2392-8 0019-9567

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Chlamydia pneumoniae inhibits apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through induction of IL-10. Author(s): Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Source: Geng, Y Shane, R B Berencsi, K Gonczol, E Zaki, M H Margolis, D J Trinchieri, G Rook, A H J-Immunol. 2000 May 15; 164(10): 5522-9 0022-1767

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Chlamydia psittaci IncA is phosphorylated by the host cell and is exposed on the cytoplasmic face of the developing inclusion. Source: Rockey, D.D. Grosenbach, D. Hruby, D.E. Peacock, M.G. Heinzen, R.A. Hackstadt, T. Mol-microbiol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications,. April 1997. volume 24 (1) page 217-228. 0950-382X

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Chlamydia trachomatis-induced apoptosis occurs in uninfected McCoy cells late in the developmental cycle and is regulated by the intracellular redox state. Author(s): Division of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping, Sweden. Source: Schoier, J Ollinger, K Kvarnstrom, M Soderlund, G Kihlstrom, E Microb-Pathog. 2001 October; 31(4): 173-84 0882-4010

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Chlamydia-dependent biosynthesis of a heparan sulphate-like compound in eukaryotic cells. Author(s): The Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. Source: Rasmussen Lathrop, S J Koshiyama, K Phillips, N Stephens, R S Cell-Microbiol. 2000 April; 2(2): 137-44 1462-5814

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Chlamydia-induced bilaterial ectropion of the inferior eyelids in pigeons. Source: Bougiouklis, P. Papaioannou, N. Georgopoulou, I. Iordanidis, P. Vlemmas, I. Lekkas, S. Siarkou, V. Avian-dis. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc. Apr/June 2000. volume 44 (2) page 372-378. 0005-2086

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Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) accelerates the formation of complex atherosclerotic lesions in Apo E3-Leiden mice. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Ezzahiri, R Nelissen Vrancken, H J Kurvers, H A Stassen, F R Vliegen, I Grauls, G E van Pul, M M Kitslaar, P J Bruggeman, C A Cardiovasc-Res. 2002 November; 56(2): 269-76 0008-6363

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Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis of L cells persistently infected with Chlamydia spp. Source: Rasmussen, S.J. Timms, P. Beatty, P.R. Stephens, R.S. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. June 1996. volume 64 (6) page 1944-1949. 0019-9567

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De Novo induction of atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in a rabbit model. Author(s): Departments of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. [email protected] Source: Fong, I W Chiu, B Viira, E Jang, D Mahony, J B Infect-Immun. 1999 November; 67(11): 6048-55 0019-9567

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Detection and antigenicity of chlamydial proteins that blind eukaryotic cell membrane proteins. Source: Baghian, A. Schnorr, K.L. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1992. volume 53 (6) page 980-986. 0002-9645

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in culture and urogenital smears by in situ DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Stichting Samenwerking Delftse Ziekenhuizen, Delft, The Netherlands. Source: Meddens, M J Quint, W G van der Willigen, H Wagenvoort, J T v Dijk, W C Lindeman, J Herbrink, P Mol-Cell-Probes. 1988 December; 2(4): 261-9 0890-8508

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Deviation of immune response to Chlamydia psittaci outer membrane protein in lipopolysaccharide-hyporesponsive mice. Source: Westbay, T.D. Dascher, C.C. Hsia, R.C. Zauderer, M. Bavoil, P.M. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. April 1995. volume 63 (4) page 1391-1393. 0019-9567

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Does addition of anti-inflammatory agents to antimicrobial therapy reduce infertility after murine chlamydial salpingitis? Author(s): San Francisco General Hospital Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, CA 94110. Source: Landers, D V Sung, M L Bottles, K Schachter, J Sex-Transm-Dis. 1993 May-June; 20(3): 121-5 0148-5717

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Efficient culture of Chlamydia pneumoniae with cell lines derived from the human respiratory tract. Author(s): National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. Source: Wong, K H Skelton, S K Chan, Y K J-Clin-Microbiol. 1992 July; 30(7): 1625-30 0095-1137

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Endotoxic activity and chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides from Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes E and L2 and Chlamydophila psittaci 6BC. Author(s): Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany. Source: Heine, H Muller Loennies, S Brade, L Lindner, B Brade, H Eur-J-Biochem. 2003 February; 270(3): 440-50 0014-2956

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Epithelial cells infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) are resistant to apoptosis. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Source: Rajalingam, K Al Younes, H Muller, A Meyer, T F Szczepek, A J Rudel, T InfectImmun. 2001 December; 69(12): 7880-8 0019-9567

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Evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae of non-human origin. Source: Storey, C. Lusher, M. Yates, P. Richmond, S. J-gen-microbiol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. November 1993. volume 139 (pt.11) page 2621-2626. 00221287

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Evolutionary relationships among members of the genus Chlamydia based on 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. Source: Patterson, B. Andersson, A. Leitner, T. Olsvik, O. Uhlen, M. Storey, C. Black, C.M. J-bacteriol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. July 1997. volume 179 (13) page 4195-4205. 0021-9193

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Expression of interferon regulatory factors and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected synovial fibroblasts. Author(s): Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany. [email protected] Source: Rodel, J Groh, A Hartmann, M Schmidt, K H Lehmann, M Lungershausen, W Straube, E Med-Microbiol-Immunol-(Berl). 1999 May; 187(4): 205-12 0300-8584

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Factors affecting viability and growth in HeLa 229 cells of Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR. Author(s): Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Source: Kuo, C C Grayston, J T J-Clin-Microbiol. 1988 May; 26(5): 812-5 0095-1137

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Favourable effect of detergent on antigen detection and comparison of enzyme linked detection systems in an ELISA for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Noorduyn, L A Meddens, M J Lindeman, J van Dijk, W C Herbrink, P JImmunoassay. 1989; 10(4): 429-48 0197-1522

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Frequent contamination of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae strains with mycoplasma. Biological relevance and selective eradication of mycoplasma from chlamydial cultures with mupirocin. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Germany. Source: Krausse Opatz, B Dollmann, P Zeidler, H Kuipers, J G Kohler, L Med-MicrobiolImmunol-(Berl). 2000 September; 189(1): 19-26 0300-8584

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Fusion of inclusions following superinfection of HeLa cells by two serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Department of Parasitology and Laboratory Practice, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514. Source: Ridderhof, J C Barnes, R C Infect-Immun. 1989 October; 57(10): 3189-93 00199567

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Generation of reactive oxygen species and formation and membrane lipid peroxides in cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Regional Virology, and Chlamydiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Source: Azenabor, A A Mahony, J B Int-J-Infect-Dis. 2000; 4(1): 46-50 1201-9712

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High-level expression of Chlamydia psittaci major outer membrane protein in COS cells and in skeletal muscles of turkeys. Source: Vanrompay, D. Cox, E. Mast, J. Goddeeris, B. Volckaert, G. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. November 1998. volume 66 (11) page 5494-5500. 0019-9567

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Homologs of Escherichia coli recJ, gltX and of a putative 'early' gene of avian Chlamydia psittaci are located upstream of the 'late' omp2 locus of Chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Source: Hsia, R. Bavoil, P.M. Gene. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science. October 17, 1996. volume 176 (1/2) page 163-169. 0378-1119

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Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Department of Cardiac Surgery, Atherosclerosis Research Group, KarlFranzens University School of Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 29, A-8036 Graz, Austria. [email protected] Source: Stanger, Olaf H Semmelrock, Hans J Rehak, Peter Tiran, Beate Meinitzer, Andreas Rigler, Bruno Tiran, Andreas Atherosclerosis. 2002 May; 162(1): 157-62 00219150

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Immune control of Chlamydial growth in the human epithelial cell line RT4 involves multiple mechanisms that include nitric oxide induction, tryptophan catabolism and iron deprivation. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA. [email protected] Source: Igietseme, J U Ananaba, G A Candal, D H Lyn, D Black, C M MicrobiolImmunol. 1998; 42(9): 617-25 0385-5600

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In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Author(s): Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Source: Bergsson, G Arnfinnsson, J Karlsson, S M Steingrimsson, O ThorMarch, H Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1998 September; 42(9): 2290-4 0066-4804

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Inducible nitric oxide synthase does not affect resolution of murine chlamydial genital tract infections or eradication of chlamydiae in primary murine cell culture. Author(s): Microbiology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA. [email protected] Source: Ramsey, K H Miranpuri, G S Poulsen, C E Marthakis, N B Braune, L M Byrne, G I Infect-Immun. 1998 February; 66(2): 835-8 0019-9567

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Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model. Author(s): University of Utah, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City 84143, USA. Source: Muhlestein, J B Anderson, J L Hammond, E H Zhao, L Trehan, S Schwobe, E P Carlquist, J F Circulation. 1998 February 24; 97(7): 633-6 0009-7322

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Influence of clarithromycin on early atherosclerotic lesions after Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a rabbit model. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Rm. 4-179C, Toronto, M5B 1W8 Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Fong, I W Chiu, B Viira, E Jang, D Mahony, J B Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 2002 August; 46(8): 2321-6 0066-4804

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Inhibition of apoptosis by gamma interferon in cells and mice infected with Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). Author(s): Unite de Biologie Moleculaire du Gene, INSERM U277, Universite Paris 7, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Source: Perfettini, Jean Luc Darville, Toni Dautry Varsat, Alice Rank, Roger G Ojcius, David M Infect-Immun. 2002 May; 70(5): 2559-65 0019-9567

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Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae replication in HEp-2 cells by interferongamma: role of tryptophan catabolism. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky 40292, USA. Source: Mehta, S J Miller, R D Ramirez, J A Summersgill, J T J-Infect-Dis. 1998 May; 177(5): 1326-31 0022-1899

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Interaction between turkey monocytes and avian Chlamydia psittaci in the presence of Mycoplasma sp.: the importance of nitric oxide. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Van Nerom, A Ducatelle, R Charlier, G Haesebrouck, F Dev-Comp-Immunol. 2000 June; 24(4): 417-32 0145-305X

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Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with other risk factors of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Laboratory of Respiratory Bacterial Infections, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland. [email protected] Source: Leinonen, M Saikku, P Am-Heart-J. 1999 November; 138(5 Pt 2): S504-6 00028703

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Interaction of outer envelope proteins of Chlamydia psittaci GPIC with the HeLa cell surface. Source: Ting, L.M. Hsia, R.C. Haidaris, C.G. Bavoil, P.M. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. Sept 1995. volume 63 (9) page 3600-3608. 00199567

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Iron chelation and hydroxyl radical scavenging reduce the inflammatory response of endothelial cells after infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae or influenza A. Author(s): Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Room F.02.126, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Visseren, Frank L J Verkerk, M S A van der Bruggen, T Marx, J J M van Asbeck, B S Diepersloot, R J A Eur-J-Clin-Invest. 2002 Mar; 32 Suppl 1: 84-90 0014-2972

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Lipopolysaccharide smooth-rough phase variation in bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. Source: Lukacova, M. Baumann, M. Brade, L. Mamat, U. Brade, H. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. June 1994. volume 62 (6) page 2270-2276. 0019-9567

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Localization of intracellular Ca2+ stores in HeLa cells during infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Divisions of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-581 85 Linkoping, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Majeed, M Krause, K H Clark, R A Kihlstrom, E Stendahl, O J-Cell-Sci. 1999 January; 112 ( Pt 1)35-44 0021-9533

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Low iron availability modulates the course of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biology and Central Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Source: Al Younes, H M Rudel, T Brinkmann, V Szczepek, A J Meyer, T F CellMicrobiol. 2001 June; 3(6): 427-37 1462-5814

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Oxidative processes in human promonocytic cells (THP-1) after differentiation into macrophages by incubation with Chlamydia pneumoniae extracts. Author(s): Centre for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Institut de Chimie, B6a, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liege, 4000, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Mouithys Mickalad, A Deby Dupont, G Nys, M Lamy, M Deby, C BiochemBiophys-Res-Commun. 2001 September 28; 287(3): 781-8 0006-291X

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Requirement for NF-kappaB in transcriptional activation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. Source: Molestina, R E Miller, R D Lentsch, A B Ramirez, J A Summersgill, J T InfectImmun. 2000 July; 68(7): 4282-8 0019-9567

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Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods. Author(s): Heart Disease Research Foundation, New York, USA. Source: Omura, Y Beckman, S L Acupunct-Electrother-Res. 1995 Aug-December; 20(3-4): 195-229 0360-1293

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Selenium and vitamin E effect on antibody production of sheep vaccinated against enzootic abortion (Chlamydia psittaci). Author(s): Aristotle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Thessaloniki, Greece. Source: Giadinis, N Koptopoulos, G Roubles, N Siarkou, V Papasteriades, A CompImmunol-Microbiol-Infect-Dis. 2000 March; 23(2): 129-37 0147-9571

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Studies of persistent infection by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar K in TPAdifferentiated U937 cells and the role of IFN-gamma. Author(s): Division of Rheumatology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Source: Nettelnbreker, E Zeidler, H Bartels, H Dreses Werringloer, U Daubener, W Holtmann, H Kohler, L J-Med-Microbiol. 1998 February; 47(2): 141-9 0022-2615

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Sulfated polysaccharides and a synthetic sulfated polymer are potent inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro but lack protective efficacy in an in vivo murine model of chlamydial genital tract infection. Author(s): Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA. Source: Su, H Caldwell, H D Infect-Immun. 1998 March; 66(3): 1258-60 0019-9567

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T lymphocyte lines isolated from atheromatous plaque contain cells capable of responding to Chlamydia antigens. Author(s): Departments of Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Source: Curry, A J Portig, I Goodall, J C Kirkpatrick, P J Gaston, J S Clin-Exp-Immunol. 2000 August; 121(2): 261-9 0009-9104

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The atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Stroke and Vascular Disease, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3. Source: Hu, H Pierce, G N Zhong, G J-Clin-Invest. 1999 March; 103(5): 747-53 0021-9738

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The characterization of lectin-binding proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis as glycoproteins. Author(s): Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Source: Swanson, A F Kuo, C C Microb-Pathog. 1991 June; 10(6): 465-73 0882-4010

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The major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci functions as a porin-like ion channel. Source: Wyllie, S. Ashley, R.H. Longbottom, D. Herring, A.J. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. November 1998. volume 66 (11) page 52025207. 0019-9567

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The relation between immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and poor ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation before in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Source: Keay, S D Barlow, R Eley, A Masson, G M Anthony, F W Jenkins, J M FertilSteril. 1998 August; 70(2): 214-8 0015-0282

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The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis--recent evidence from animal models. Author(s): Dept of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. [email protected] Source: Campbell, L A Rosenfeld, M Kuo, C C Trends-Microbiol. 2000 June; 8(6): 255-7; discussion 257 0966-842X

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Trachoma and LGV biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis share the same glycosaminoglycan-dependent mechanism for infection of eukaryotic cells. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143. Source: Chen, J C Stephens, R S Mol-Microbiol. 1994 February; 11(3): 501-7 0950-382X

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Treatment with jimei'an of nongonococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): Consultative Center of Oncological Experts, China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Beijing. Source: Chen, X J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1999 September; 19(3): 173-4 0254-6272

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Ultrastructural and molecular analyses of the persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis (serovar K) in human monocytes. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Source: Koehler, L Nettelnbreker, E Hudson, A P Ott, N Gerard, H C Branigan, P J Schumacher, H R Drommer, W Zeidler, H Microb-Pathog. 1997 March; 22(3): 133-42 0882-4010

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Use of a dietary supplement in koalas during systemic antibiotic treatment of chlamydial infection. Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St Lucia. Source: Osawa, R Carrick, F N Aust-Vet-J. 1990 August; 67(8): 305-7 0005-0423

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chlamydia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chlamydia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chlamydia: •

A novel method for isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae by treatment with trypsin or EDTA. Author(s): Kazuyama Y, Lee SM, Amamiya K, Taguchi F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 June; 35(6): 1624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163501&dopt=Abstract

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Application of intensified (+) Qi Gong energy, (-) electrical field, (S) magnetic field, electrical pulses (1-2 pulses/sec), strong Shiatsu massage or acupuncture on the accurate organ representation areas of the hands to improve circulation and enhance drug uptake in pathological organs: clinical applications with special emphasis on the “Chlamydia-(Lyme)-uric acid syndrome” and “Chlamydia-(cytomegalovirus)-uric acid syndrome”. Author(s): Omura Y, Beckman SL.

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Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1995 January-March; 20(1): 2172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572329&dopt=Abstract •

Behavioural characteristics, prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men with urethral discharge in Thyolo, Malawi. Author(s): Zachariah R, Harries AD, Nkhoma W, Arendt V, Nchingula D, Chantulo A, Chimtulo F, Kirpach P. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 May-June; 96(3): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174768&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia DNA extraction for use in PCR: stability and sensitivity in detection. Author(s): Daugharty H, Skelton SK, Messmer T. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1998; 12(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484669&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infections: laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic aspects. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of azithromycin. Author(s): Chiarini F, Mansi A, Tomao P, Gentile V, De Marco F, Brunori S, Wongher L, Di Silverio F. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1994 August; 6(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7830100&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis in 'abacterial' prostatitis: microbiological, cytological and serological studies. Author(s): Weidner W, Arens M, Krauss H, Schiefer HG, Ebner H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1983; 38(3): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6346628&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydial infection of the respiratory tract. Author(s): Wreghitt T. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1993 August 13; 3(9): R119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693170&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727080&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajic V. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 August; 14(4): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420857&dopt=Abstract

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Control mechanisms governing the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis for HeLa cells: mechanisms of endocytosis. Author(s): Ward ME, Murray A. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1984 July; 130 ( Pt 7): 1765-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6470672&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of alkali on the structure of cell envelopes of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies. Author(s): Narita T, Wyrick PB, Manire GP. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1976 January; 125(1): 300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1375&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clinically relevant culture conditions on antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wyrick PB, Davis CH, Raulston JE, Knight ST, Choong J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 November; 19(5): 931-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893882&dopt=Abstract

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ELISPOT assay for Chlamydia-specific, antibody-producing cells correlated with conventional complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence. Author(s): Daugharty H, Messmer TO, Fields BS. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1997; 11(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9021524&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation the enzyme immunosorbent assay IDEIA test detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in cervix. Author(s): Nunthapisud P, Nuruthisard S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991 December; 22(4): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1820656&dopt=Abstract

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Fusion of inclusions following superinfection of HeLa cells by two serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ridderhof JC, Barnes RC.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1989 October; 57(10): 3189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550371&dopt=Abstract •

Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis is mediated by T helper 1 cells through IFNgamma-dependent and -independent pathways. Author(s): Perry LL, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1997 April 1; 158(7): 3344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9120292&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and corneal epithelium. Author(s): Patton DL, Chan KY, Kuo CC, Cosgrove YT, Langley L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1988 July; 29(7): 1087-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843480&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect on the formation of chlamydial inclusions in McCoy cells by seminal fluid and some of its components. Author(s): Mardh PA, Colleen S, Sylwan J. Source: Invest Urol. 1980 May; 17(6): 510-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6246025&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological and cytochemical study of Chlamydia with EDTA regressive technique and Gautier staining in ultrathin frozen sections of infected cell cultures: a comparison with embedded material. Author(s): Popov V, Eb F, Lefebvre JF, Orfila J, Viron A. Source: Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1978 October; 129 B(3): 313-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=106752&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-carbohydrate-lipid complex isolated from the cell envelopes of Chlamydia psittaci in alkaline buffer and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Author(s): Narita T, Manire GP. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1976 January; 125(1): 308-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376&dopt=Abstract

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Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods. Author(s): Omura Y, Beckman SL. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1995 August-December; 20(3-4): 195-229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686573&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of Chlamydia trachomatis in “abacterial” prostatitis. Author(s): Krauss H, Schiefer HG, Weidner W, Arens M, Ebner H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1983 July; 254(4): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6372332&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with non-bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Mutlu N, Mutlu B, Culha M, Hamsioglu Z, Demirtas M, Gokalp A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 November-December; 52(8): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622051&dopt=Abstract

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The role of chlamydiae in epididymitis. Author(s): Melekos MD, Asbach HW. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1988; 20(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136090&dopt=Abstract

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The role of lipopolysaccharide in the exposure of protective antigenic sites on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Vretou E, Psarrou E, Spiliopoulou D. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1992 June; 138 ( Pt 6): 1221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1382112&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with jimei'an of nongonococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): Chen X. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 September; 19(3): 173-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10921144&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chlamydia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Ananas comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to chlamydia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “chlamydia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chlamydia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Chlamydia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to chlamydia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Nested Case-control Study of the Association between Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus and Coronary Heart Disease by Arcari, Christine Marie; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068112

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae in Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Thoracic Aortic Disease: Aspects on Pathogenesis and Therapy by Nystrom-rosander, Christina; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f579505

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infection in Human Monocytes and Brain Endothelial Cells: Initiating Factors in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease by Macintyre, Angela; Phd from Mcp Hahnemann University, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051098

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Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection of Hela Cells Role of Outer Membrane Proteins by Peeling, Rosanna Wai-wan; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47865

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Chlamydiae under Stress: Environmental Conditions Influence the Production and Localization of Chlamydial Antigens by Brown, Wendy Johanna; Phd from Oregon State University, 2003, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061888

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Evaluation of Mechanisms of Attachment by Chlamydia Pneumoniae to Host Cells and Chlamydial Interactions with Human Platelets by Beswick, Ellen Janine; Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2002, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065535

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Genetic Variation of Chlamydial Inc Proteins by Viratyosin, Wasna; Phd from Oregon State University, 2003, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061925

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Hiv/aids and Five Other Leading Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Knowledge and Behavior Levels of University Freshmen (immune Deficiency, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, Genital Warts, Chlamydia) by Roper, Robyn Lynn, Edd from Auburn University, 1994, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9503405

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Screening for Chlamydia Trachomatis in Michigan: the Role of Screening Criteria, Socioecological Factors, and Cost-effectiveness Analysis by Thomas, Peter Evans; Phd from University of Michigan, 2002, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068980

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The Relationship between Selected Cognitive and Behavioral Risk Factors and History of Chlamydia Trachomatis by Williams, Kim Michelle; Phd from Howard University, 1999, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9966750

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning chlamydia.

Recent Trials on Chlamydia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to chlamydia.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Antibiotic treatment trial directed against Chlamydia pneumonia in multiple sclerosis Condition(s): Multiple Sclerosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); National Multiple Sclerosis Society Purpose - Excerpt: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease which affects the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is unknown, although the immune system appears to play a role. Many different infectious agents have been proposed as potential causes for MS, including Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and coronaviruses. Recently Dr. Sriram at Vanderbilt University has found evidence for active Chlamydia pneumonia infection in the CNS of MS patients. These findings have been replicated in part by other laboratories. The purpose of the current study is to test whether antibiotic treatment aimed at eradicating Chlamydia infection will reduce the disease activity in MS. The primary outcome measure will be reduction in new enhancing MS lesions on brain MRI. Forty patients will be entered into the trial. To be eligible, patients must have evidence of chlamydia infection in their spinal fluid and enhancing lesions on their pre-randomization MRI scans. Patients who meet these criteria will be randomized to either placebo or antibiotic therapy, and followed for 6 months on treatment. Phase(s): Phase II

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00043264 •

Pediatrics:Chlamydia, Sickle Cell Anemia and Stroke Risk - Ancillary to STOP II Condition(s): Blood Disease; Cerebrovascular Accident

Anemia,

Sickle

Cell;

Chlamydia

Infections;

Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To establish a link among Chlamydia infection, sickle cell anemia, and stroke risk. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037388 •

Clinical Trial of Eye Prophylaxis in the Newborn Condition(s): Chlamydia Infections; Ophthalmia Neonatorum Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effectiveness of silver nitrate drops, erythromycin ointment, or no medication in preventing neonatal conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis and other eye infections. To compare side effects of the two prophylactic agents. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000120

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Effects of Hormone Therapy on the Immune Systems of Postmenopausal Women with Chronic Infections Condition(s): Atherosclerosis; Chlamydia Infections; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Postmenopause Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and heart disease are much more common in men than in women. However, as women grow older, especially after menopause the incidence of atherosclerosis and heart disease increases. These findings suggest that estrogen may be protective and help in preventing heart disease. Studies of large groups of post-menopausal women suggest that hormone replacement therapy (therapy that includes estrogen) reduces the risk of heart disease. Estrogen causes favorable changes in particles that carry cholesterol in the blood stream and improves function of blood vessels. Estrogen may also stimulate the immune system's ability to fight off infections that may lead to or contribute to atherosclerosis.

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Researchers believe two specific infectious agents (Chlamydia pneumoniae and human cytomegalovirus) may cause damage to the lining of blood vessels resulting in inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study is to determine if estrogen treatment can change how the immune system responds to chronic infections, by chlamydia pneumoniae and human cytomegalovirus, in postmenopausal women. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001890 •

Infection and Cardiovascular Disease Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Cerebrovascular Accident; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Infection; Chlamydia Infections; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Helicobacter Infections; Atherosclerosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To investigate the role of chronic infection as a risk factor for vascular disease in a study of Native Americans. The primary focus is on the two most common agents chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus with a secondary emphasis on Helicobacter pylori. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005547

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Inflammation, Infection, and Future Cardiovascular Risk Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Cerebrovascular Accident; Myocardial Infarction; Venous Thromboembolism; Heart Diseases; Infection; Chlamydia Infections; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Helicobacter Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Inflammation Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine markers of underlying chronic inflammation and infection as potential risk factors for future myocardial infarction (MI), stroke (CVA), and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in plasma samples collected at baseline from healthy participants in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005496

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “chlamydia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHLAMYDIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chlamydia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chlamydia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chlamydia By performing a patent search focusing on chlamydia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chlamydia: •

Antigenic peptides of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Ortiz; Linette (Pardeeville, WI), DeMars; Robert I. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,001,372 Date filed: August 25, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed herein are short antigenic peptides of MOMP protein from Chlamydia trachomatis. They can be used to stimulate antigenic responses and to diagnose the presence of the bacteria. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to antigenic peptide fragments of the major outer membrane protein ("MOMP") from Chlamydia trachomatis. These peptides appear to be especially well suited for use in detecting the presence of blood lymphocytes that specifically recognize these bacteria (as an indicator of prior infection) and for provoking immune responses to MOMP.... Chlamydia trachomatis ("CT") is an intracellular bacteria that is the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (ocular trachoma) in the developing world and of sexually transmitted disease ("STD") in the United States and certain other parts of the developed world. The estimated annual incidence of CT-caused STD is in the millions. While most CT caused disease can be treated with antibiotics, untreated or inadequately treated infections result in hundreds of thousands of cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year in the United States, alone. Adverse outcomes of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility are among the consequences. Moreover, apparent clearance of infection by a given serovar (serologically distinct strain of CT) can be followed by the infection becoming latent and prolonged or by re-infection. This is important because much CT-caused pathology results from tissue-damaging inflammatory responses of the immune system that are triggered by repeated or prolonged exposures to the whole organism. Therefore, there is a need for: (i) means to detect signs of prior or of persistent covert infection in individuals who have pelvic inflammatory disease or its sequelae listed above; and (ii) means to prevent primary and repeat infections.... Thus, means have been sought to test for CT in humans, to monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, and to detect signs of covert infection. Means have also been sought to manipulate the immune system (e.g. by vaccination) to prevent CT infections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001372__

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Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis by amplification and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid Inventor(s): Foxall; Paul A. (San Mateo, CA), Berger; Dolores M. (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 6,218,125 Date filed: January 12, 2000 Abstract: A region of the Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid has been identified which is useful for performing amplification assays to determine specifically whether C. trachomatis is present in the sample being tested. Oligonucleotides useful for

Patents 261

performing thermal Strand Displacement Assay (tSDA) reactions on this gene are disclosed. The disclosed oligonucleotides can be used in an assay which is specific for all strains of C. trachomatis and which does not show crossreactivity with the genomes of other microorganisms or with human DNA. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically the Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time thermal Strand Displacement Amplification.... Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma (which is the greatest single cause of blindness), inclusion conjunctivitis, infant pneumonitis, urethritis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Diagnosis and detection of this organism is often on the basis of the pathologic or clinical findings and may be confirmed by isolation and staining techniques.... C. trachomatis includes a cryptic plasmid which is approximately 7.5 kb in size and is present in multiple copies in the organism. The presence of multiple copies makes this plasmid a good target for diagnostic purposes for assays using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218125__ •

Assay for chlamydia trachomatis by amplification and detection of chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid Inventor(s): Harris; James M. (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,837,469 Date filed: November 4, 1997 Abstract: A region of the Chlamydia trachomatis ltuB gene has been identified which is useful for performing amplification assays to determine specifically whether C. trachomatis is present in the sample being tested. Oligonucleotides useful for performing thermophilic Strand Displacement Assay (tSDA) reactions on this gene are disclosed. The disclosed oligonucleotides can be used in an assay which is specific for all strains of C. trachomatis and which does not show crossreactivity with the genomes of other microorganisms or with human DNA. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically Chlamydia trachomatis ltuB nucleic acid, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time tSDA.... Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma (which is the greatest single cause of blindness), inclusion conjunctivitis, infant pneumonitis, urethritis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Diagnosis and detection of this organism is often on the basis of the pathologic or clinical findings and may be confirmed by isolation and staining techniques.... C. trachomatis includes a gene called ltuB. This gene was discovered in 1995 by Hatch et al. (Fahr et al., J. Bacteriol. 177:4252-4260 (1995)). The ltuB gene was found to be responsible for the production of two specific messenger RNAs (T1 and T2). These transcripts were determined to be synthesized in large quantities during a stage specific switch that involves the bacteria transforming itself from a reticulate body (RB) to an elementary body (EB). Reticulate bodies are the noninfectious

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form of the bacteria, with EB being the opposite. The ltuB gene encodes both mRNA transcripts, with T2 believed to be a post-transcriptional modification of the larger T1 mRNA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837469__ •

Bacteriophage of chlamydia psittaci Inventor(s): Hsia; Ru-Ching (Pittsford, NY), Bavoil; Patrik M. (Pittsford, NY) Assignee(s): University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,741,697 Date filed: November 30, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an isolated bacteriophage designated.phi.CPG1. The invention is further directed to an isolated DNA molecule encoding bacteriophage.phi.CPG1, or a fragment thereof, a DNA molecule comprising DNA encoding bacteriophage.phi.CPG1 with heterologous DNA inserted therein, or a fragment thereof, and to oligonucleotides consisting essentially of a portion of the DNA molecule encoding.phi.CPG1. The bacteriophage.phi.CPG1 was isolated from Chlamydia psittaci strain Guinea Pig inclusion Conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an isolated bacteriophage, and more particularly to a bacteriophage designated.phi.CPG1 of Chlamydia psittaci strain Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis (GPIC), and uses of the bacteriophage.... Chlamydia is a genus of gram-negative coccoidal bacteria which are obligate intracellular parasites. These pathogenic bacteria multiply only within the cytoplasm of vertebrate host cells by a developmental cycle that is unique among microorganisms. There are three stages in the cycle. The small infectious form of the microorganism first attaches itself to the host cell membrane and is engulfed by a process resembling phagocytosis. This small infectious form is called the elementary body (EB). A vacuole, derived from the host cell surface membranes, contains the EB and the EB is reorganized to form a larger body (called the reticulate body or RB). Within the membrane-bound vacuole (called the inclusion), the RB grows in size and divides repeatedly by binary fission. Numerous daughter cells are formed, and these again reorganize becoming small EBs. Eventually, the entire inclusion becomes filled with the small infectious particles (EBs). The EBs are then released after lysis of the cell, and can survive extracellularly to repeat the cycle and infect other healthy cells.... Chlamydiae produce cytopathology and are the etiologic agents of a variety of diseases of man and other animals. Strains of C. trachomatis cause well-known diseases of the ocular and urogenital tracts in humans (including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, non-gonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and murine pneumonitis in mice. Strains of C. psittaci cause numerous diseases of man and animals, manifested primarily as pneumonitis, arthritis, placentitis (leading to abortion), and enteritis. C. psittaci causes psittacosis and ornithosis in wild and domestic birds, and psittacosis in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05741697__

Patents 263

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Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA fragments and uses thereof Inventor(s): Oomen; Raymond P. (Ontario, CA), Murdin; Andrew D. (Ontario, CA), Dunn; Pamela L. (Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): Connaught Laboratories Limited (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 6,403,102 Date filed: October 27, 1999 Abstract: In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides a method of nucleic acid, including DNA, immunization of a host, including humans, against disease caused by infection by a strain of Chlamydia, specifically C. pneumoniae, employing a vector, containing a nucleotide sequence encoding an PilG-like protein of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae and a promoter to effect expression of the PilG-like gene in the host. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA molecules, which can be used in methods to prevent and treat disease caused by Chlamydia infection in mammals, such as humans.... Chlamydiae are prokaryotes. They exhibit morphologic and structural similarities to Gram negative bacteria including a trilaminar outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharide and several membrane proteins. Chlamydiae are differentiated from other bacteria by their morphology and by a unique developmental cycle. They are obligate intracellular parasites with a unique biphasic life cycle consisting of a metabolically inactive but infectious extracellular stage and a replicating but non-infectious intracellular stage. The replicative stage of the lifecycle takes place within a membrane-bound inclusion which sequesters the bacteria away from the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.... Because chlamydiae are small and multiply only within susceptible cells they were long thought to be viruses. However, they have many characteristics in common with other bacteria: (1) they contain both DNA and RNA, (2) they divide by binary fission, (3) their cell envelopes resemble those of other Gram-negative bacteria, (4) they contain ribosomes similar to those of other bacteria, and (5) they are susceptible to various antibiotics. Chlamydiae can be seen in the light microscope, and the genome is about one-third the size of the Escherichia coli genome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403102__

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Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA fragments and uses thereof Inventor(s): Dunn; Pamela L. (Ontario, CA), Oomen; Raymond P. (Ontario, CA), Murdin; Andrew D. (Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): Aventis Pasteur Limited/Aventis Pasteur Limitee (Toronto, CA) Patent Number: 6,607,730 Date filed: October 29, 1999 Abstract: In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides a method of nucleic acid, including DNA, immunization of a host, including humans, against disease caused by infection by a strain of Chlamydia, specifically C. pneumoniae, employing a vector, containing a nucleotide sequence encoding an POMP91B precursor protein of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae and a promoter to effect expression of the POMP91B precursor gene in the host. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA molecules, which can be used in methods to prevent and treat disease caused by Chlamydia infection in mammals, such as humans.... Chlamydiae are prokaryotes. They exhibit morphologic and structural similarities to Gram negative bacteria including a trilaminar outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharide and several membrane proteins. Chlamydiae are differentiated from other bacteria by their morphology and by a unique developmental cycle. They are obligate intracellular parasites with a unique biphasic life cycle consisting of a metabolically inactive but infectious extracellular stage and a replicating but non-infectious intracellular stage. The replicative stage of the lifecycle takes place within a membrane-bound inclusion which sequesters the bacteria away from the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.... Because chlamydiae are small and multiply only within susceptible cells they were long thought to be viruses. However, they have many characteristics in common with other bacteria: (1) they contain both DNA and RNA, (2) they divide by binary fission, (3) their cell envelopes resemble those of other Gram-negative bacteria, (4) they contain ribosomes similar to those of other bacteria, and (5) they are susceptible to various antibiotics. Chlamydiae can be seen in the light microscope, and the genome is about one-third the size of the Escherichia coli genome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607730__ •

Chlamydia assay employing base treatment Inventor(s): Soule; Howard R. (Minnetonka, MN), Mach; Patrick A. (Shorewood, MN), Thompson; Jeffrey A. (Richfield, MN) Assignee(s): Kallestad Diagnostics, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,916,057 Date filed: February 29, 1988 Abstract: An immunoassay procedure for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis antigen in a urogenital clinical specimen including a method for substantially eliminating the occurrence of false negative and false positive results of the immunoassay procedure. The method comprises treating a patent specimen with an aqueous solution having a final concentration of 0.1M NaOH or 0.1M KOH and then neutralizing the specimen-containing solution before conducting the immunoassay. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an immunoassay procedure for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in a urogenital clinical specimen.... Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiologic agent in several types of human infection including urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis in females, and inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonitis of newborns.... While anti-chlamydial drug therapy exists, many chlamydial infections go untreated because of the limitations connected with current diagnostic methods. This is a significant problem for females where the majority of cervical infections are asymptomatic and, if untreated, may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease which can result in infertility. A commonly used method for detecting chlamydia depends upon culture techniques. This technique is laborious and time-consuming. Thus, a reliable, rapid and inexpensive test to identify the organism is desirable so that proper therapy can be initiated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04916057__

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Chlamydia assay using amidine modified supports or particles Inventor(s): Donahue; Catherine S. (Cary, NC), Mapes; James P. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,030,561 Date filed: December 27, 1988 Abstract: A method for assaying of Chlamydia includes adhering Chlamydia antigen to amidine modified latex particles, binding of adhered antigen to an anti-Chlamydia antibody conjugated to an enzyme, separating the particles from the liquid phase of the assay and detecting bound enzyme by color development when the separated particles are contacted with a substrate for the enzyme. The invention includes a kit of materials for preforming an assay in accordance with the method of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an assay for an analyte, and more specifically relates to an improved solid phase assay for Chlamydia.... The genus Chlamydiaceae includes two species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia trachomatis in its some fifteen various strains is the etiologic agent for a number of human ocular and genital diseases, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, "non-specific" or nongonococcal urethritis and proctitis. C. trachomatis infection is pervasive throughout the general population. It has been estimated, for instance, that C. trachomatis is accountable for several million cases per year of nongonococcal urethritis.... Since C. trachomatis-mediated disease is widespread, a reliable, simple and inexpensive test for the organism's presence is highly desirable and of great importance so that proper treatment can be undertaken. The only serological test in current use is the microimmunofluorescence test. This test, however, requires that the strains of C. trachomatis be used as serological test antigen. In addition, the facilities for conducting this test are available in only a limited number of laboratories throughout the world. The test is very laborious, time consuming and difficult to perform. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05030561__

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Chlamydia major outer membrane protein Inventor(s): Agabian; Nina (San Francisco, CA), Mullenbach; Guy (Oakland, CA), Stephens; Richard (Oakland, CA), Kuo; Cho-Chou (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, CA), Washington Research Foundation (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,821,055 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for the production of a polypeptide which is immunologically cross-reactive with a naturally-occurring major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis. A DNA construct including a replication system recognized by E. coli, and an MOMP gene under the transcriptional control of a.beta.-galactosidase promoter and terminator is provided.Recombinant phage.lambda.gt11/L2/33 was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, on Jan. 10, 1985 and granted accession no. 40157. L2 B9-F DNA was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection on Dec. 31, 1985, and granted accession No. 40217.

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Excerpt(s): Chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen responsible for such diseases as trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia, lymphogranuloma venereum, and mucous membrane genital tract infections such as cervicitis and urethritis. The latter infections may develop systemic complications resulting in epididymitis, salpingitis, or perihepatitis. Thus, it would be of great medical interest to develop reagents and vaccines useful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.... Chlamydia trachomatis species are divided into two biovars, the trachoma biovar and the lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) biovar, based on the disease inducing characteristics of the species. Each biovar, in turn, includes a number of serovars based on specific serological determinants. The trachoma biovar contains twelve known serovars, while the LGV biovar includes three known serovars. Unique serological determinants which are characteristic of the species, biovar, and serovar have been associated with the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), which protein accounts for over 60% of the total cell wall protein synthesized during chlamydial development. The major outer membrane protein of each serovar appears to have a unique structure and includes species-specific, biovar-specific, and serovarspecific epitopes, allowing Chlamydia trachomatis to be classified by reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the various epitopes. The molecular weight of the various MOMP's generally ranges from about 38 kD to 45 kD. The serovars display varying antigenic complexity, with certain serovars eliciting broad crossreactivity with others in the same biovar, while other serovars display little or no such cross-reactivity.... Vaccines utilizing purified and unpurified preparations of intact Chlamydia trachomatis have been prepared and tested on monkeys. While successful protection against subsequent challenge with the same chlamydial serovar was achieved, it was found that heterologous serovar challenge resulted in more severe pathology than that experienced by controls who had not been immunized. In human trials, immunization with the vaccines afforded significant protection against the serovar of the vaccine for up to two years, but hypersensitivity resulted from infection with heterologous serovars. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05821055__ •

Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptide Inventor(s): Matsumoto; Akira (Okayama, JP), Obara; Kazuhiko (Ibaraki, JP), Izutsu; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,491,924 Date filed: October 12, 2000 Abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, which comprise polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1; DNAs encoding the antigenic polypeptides, or DNAs complementary thereto; a method for production of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, wherein the antigenic polypeptide is used as an antigen; a method for detection and/or measurement of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, which comprise the antigenic polypeptide as an antigen; agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, which comprise the antigenic polypeptide as an active ingredient; fused proteins of an antigenic polypeptide of Chlamydia pneumoniae with dihydrofolate reudctase; a method for production of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, wherein the fused protein is used as an antigen; reagents for detection and/or

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measurement of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, which comprise the fused protein as an antigen; agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, which comprise the fused protein as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, fused proteins containing the polypeptides, DNAs coding therefor, recombinant vectors carrying the DNAS, transformants containing the recombinant vectors, a method for production of antibody, a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of antibody, a method and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, and a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene. The invention can be effectively used in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the preparation of agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections.... Several kinds of species are known in Chlamydia, that is, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and the like. Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma, venereal lymphogranuloma, urogenital infections, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia and the like. Chlamydia psittaci causes psittocosis and the like. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, atypical pneumonia and the like.... Since the symptoms of infections in the respiratory apparatus which are caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae are similar to those of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Influenza virus, physicians often make a wrong diagnosis. Hence, there is a need for the development of a simple method for diagnosing the infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491924__ •

Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens, method for production of the antigens, method and reagents for measurement of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies using the antigens Inventor(s): Izutsu; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP), Iguchi; Akifumi (Ibaraki, JP), Kawagoe; Kiyotaka (Ibaraki, JP), Morikawa; Toshihide (Ibaraki, JP), Yamaki; Mitsuo (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,146,839 Date filed: September 26, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a Chlamydia pneumoniae antigen comprising protein derived from the outer membrane of Chlamydia pneumoniae, a method for producing a Chlamydia pneumoniae antigen which comprises solubilizing the cytosol and the cytoplasmic membrane of Chlamydia pneumoniae elementary body with an ionic detergent, and then removing the solubilized portion to obtain the residue, a method for measuring an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody which comprises using the Chlamydia pneumoniae antigen, and a reagent for measuring anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, said reagent comprising the Chlamydia pneumoniae antigen.In accordance with the present invention, there are provided a Chlamydia pneumoniae antigen which has a high species-specificity, very few clinically problematic false negatives, and few false positives, a method for producing said antigen, a method for measuring an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, and a reagent for measuring an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens useful for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, methods for production of the antigens,

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methods and reagents for measurement of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies using the antigens.... Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that are capable of surviving only in a host cell. Its growth cycle is unique, and the elementary body (hereinafter referred to as EB) of Chlamydia that is morphologically outside of the cell is taken up into the cell to form a vacuole inclusion body, which is then converted to a reticulate body (hereinafter referred to as RB). RB owns a propagating capability but lacks an infecting capability and the RB that has propagated in the cell is soon converted to an EB, which by breaking the inclusion body and disrupting the cell wall, comes out of the cell. EB lacks a propagating capability but owns an infecting capability. Currently there are confirmed four kinds of Chlamydia species (C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae, and C. pecorum), among which Chlamydia pneumoniae is known to infect humans via air infection.... In recent years, Chlamydia pneumoniae has attracted widespread attention as the causative microorganism of respiratory infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, acute upper airway inflammation and the like. According to the serological epidemiological study conducted in various parts of the world, the prevalence of the antibody against Chlamydia pneumoniae is 40 to 50% in Europe and the USA, 60% or greater in Taiwan, Panama, Iran and the like, and 50 to 60% in Japan. As the actual situations on Chlamydia pneumoniae infections become more apparent, interests in the infections are mounting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06146839__ •

Chlamydia pneumoniae polynucleotides and uses thereof Inventor(s): Fletcher; Leah Diane (Geneseo, NY), Sankaran; Banumathi (Penfield, NY), Metcalf; Benjamin J. (Rochester, NY), Zagursky; Robert John (Victor, NY), Hoiseth; Susan K. (Fairport, NY), Griffais; Remy (Momtrouge, FR), Peek; Joel A. (Pittsford, NY) Assignee(s): Genset, S.A. (FR) Patent Number: 6,559,294 Date filed: November 23, 1998 Abstract: The subject of the invention is the genomic sequence and the nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides of Chlamydia pneumoniae, such as cellular envelope polypeptides, which are secreted or specific, or which are involved in metabolism, in the replication process or in virulence, polypeptides encoded by such sequences, as well as vectors including the said sequences and cells or animals transformed with these vectors. The invention also relates to transcriptional gene products of the Chlamydia pneumoniae genome, such as, for example, antisense and ribozyme molecules, which can be used to control growth of the microorganism. The invention also relates to methods of detecting these nucleic acids or polypeptides and kits for diagnosing Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. The invention also relates to a method of selecting compounds capable of modulating bacterial infection and a method for the biosynthesis or biodegradation of molecules of interest using the said nucleotide sequences or the said polypeptides. The invention finally comprises, pharmaceutical, in particular vaccine, compositions for the prevention and/or treatment of bacterial, in particular Chlamydia pneumoniae, infections. Excerpt(s): The Sequence Listing for this application is on duplicate compact discs labeled "Copy 1" and "Copy 2." Copy 1 and 2 each contain only one file named "seqlist28July2001.txt" which was created on Jul. 30, 2001, and is 5,284 KB. The entire contents of each of the computer discs are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.... The subject of the invention is the genomic sequence and the nucleotide sequences

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encoding polypeptides of Chlamydia pneumoniae, such as cellular envelope polypeptides, which are secreted or specific, or which are involved in metabolism, in the replication process or in virulence, polypeptides encoded by such sequences, as well as vectors including the said sequences and cells or animals transformed with these vectors. The invention also relates to transcriptional gene products of the Chlamydia pneumoniae genome, such as, for example, antisense and ribozyme molecules, which can be used to control growth of the microorganism. The invention also relates to methods of detecting these nucleic acids or polypeptides and kits for diagnosing Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. The invention also relates to a method of selecting compounds capable of modulating bacterial infection and a method for the biosynthesis or biodegradation of molecules of interest using the said nucleotide sequences or the said polypeptides. The invention finally comprises, pharmaceutical, in particular vaccine, compositions for the prevention and/or treatment of bacterial, in particular Chlamydia pneumoniae, infections.... Comparative analysis of the sequence of the gene encoding the ribosomal 16S RNA has been widely used for the phylogenetic study of prokaryotes. This approach has made it possible to classify the Chlamydiae among the eubacteria, among which they represent a well-isolated group, with, nevertheless, a very weak link with the planctomyces. The Chlamydiae thus exhibit some unique characteristics within the eubacteria, in particular their development cycle and the structure of their membranes. They have a unique two-phase cell cycle: the elementary body, a small extracellular form, attaches to the host and is phagocytosed; in the phagosome, it is converted to the replicative intracellular form, the reticulate body. The Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria which multiply in eukaryotic cells at the expense of their energy reserves and nucleotide pools; they are responsible for a wide variety of diseases in mammals and birds. The Chlamydiae are the only members of the order Chlamydiales, of the family Chlamydiaceae and of the genus Chlamydia. Within the genus Chlamydia, four species are currently described: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia pecorum. These bacteria are grouped together and share biological and biochemical properties. Among them, only the first three infect humans, Chlamydia pecorum being a pathogen of ruminants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559294__ •

Chlamydia-free cell lines and animals Inventor(s): Mitchell; William M. (Nashville, TN), Stratton; Charles W. (Nashville, TN) Assignee(s): Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Patent Number: 6,562,582 Date filed: February 18, 1998 Abstract: Methods for clearing Chlamydia from biological materials, e.g., cells and animals, infected therewith are described. Methods for maintaining Chlamydia-free cells and animals are also described. Excerpt(s): Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular microorganisms which parasitize eukaryotic cells and are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Members of the chlamydial genus are considered bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle having distinct morphological and functional forms. This developmental growth cycle alternates between 1) intracellular life forms, of which two are currently recognized, a metabolically-active, replicating organism known as the reticulate body (RB) and a persistent, non-replicating organism known as the cryptic phase; and 2) an extracellular life form that is an infectious, metabolically-inactive form known as the elementary

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body (EB).... Once fully established, the Chlamydia are difficult to eradicate, with frequent relapse following antibiotic therapy. Evidence also indicates that the Chlamydia may become dormant and are then shed in quantities too few to reliably detect by culture.... C. pneumoniae is the most recent addition to the genus Chlamydiae and is well-accepted as a human pathogen that is difficult to eradicate by standard antibiotic therapy (Hammerschlag et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:178-182 (1992)). C. pneumoniae is known to persist as a silent or mildly symptomatic pathogen, resulting in a chronic, persistent infection (Schacter, J., In: Baun AL, eg. Microbiology of Chlamydia, Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, 1988, pp. 153-165). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562582__ •

Compositions for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Spingola; Marc (Albuquerque, NM), Stull; Paul D. (San Diego, CA), Yang; Yeasing (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-Probe Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,514,551 Date filed: October 14, 1994 Abstract: Oligonucleotides and methods for the amplification and specific detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. The invention relates to amplification oligonucleotides capable of amplifying Chlamydia trachomatis nucleotide sequences and to probes and helper oligonucleotides for the specific detection of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids. The invention also relates to methods for using the oligonucleotides of the present invention and specific combinations and kits useful for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Excerpt(s): The invention described and claimed herein relates to the design and use of nucleic acid probes, helper oligonucleotides and amplification oligonucleotides for amplifying and detecting nucleic acids from the bacterial species Chlamydia trachomatis in test samples, e.g., from throat swabs, tissue samples, body fluids, and from cultures.... The chlamydiae are among the most common animal pathogens in the world. These Gram-negative cells are unusual among bacteria in being obligate intracellular organisms. They replicate within the infected host cell and, lacking enzymes able to produce their own energy from metabolic reactions, rob their hosts of energy by using ATP produced by the host for their own requirements. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the three species classifications of the genus Chlamydia, and is a human pathogen. See American Society for Microbiology, Manual of Clinical Microbiology (5th ed. 1991). Chlamydia trachomatis strains include the causal agents of trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and genital tract diseases. In the latter context, C. trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease in the world, causing urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. An infected woman may transmit the infection to her child during birth, resulting in pneumonia or eye disease among other conditions. Early detection of C. trachomatis infection in affected individuals can accelerate necessary treatment and prevent continued transmission of the agent.... It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide nucleic acid hybridization probes for the rapid and specific detection of C. trachomatis in test samples and particularly in human clinical specimens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05514551__

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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Kim; Seon-Kyeong (Madison, WI), DeMars; Robert I. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,225,443 Date filed: April 17, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are 9 amino acid-long peptides from the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E. These peptides activate CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in human infections that are potentially important for resolution of infection and protection against disease. Thus, the peptides, as well as DNA coding for them, are intended for use in vaccination of humans. Also, they are useful in connection with diagnostic tests. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nine amino acid-long peptides of the major outer membrane protein ("MOMP") from Chlamydia trachomatis ("Ct"). These peptides activate human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ("CTLs").... Ct is an intracellular bacterium that is the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (ocular trachoma) in the developing world and of sexually transmitted disease ("STD") in the United States and certain other parts of the developed world. The estimated annual incidence of Ct-caused STD is in the millions. While most Ct-caused disease can be treated with antibiotics, untreated or inadequately treated infections result in hundreds of thousands of cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year in the United States, alone.... Adverse outcomes of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility are among the consequences of genital tract infections with Ct. Moreover, apparent clearance of infection by a given serovar (serologically distinct strain of Ct) can be followed by the infection becoming latent and prolonged or by re-infection. This is important because much Ct-caused pathology results from tissue-damaging inflammatory responses of the immune system that are triggered by repeated or prolonged exposures to the whole organism. Therefore, there is a need for improved means to prevent primary infections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06225443__

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Detection of a unique Chlamydia strain associated with acute respiratory disease Inventor(s): Kuo; Chou-chou (Seattle, WA), Campbell; Lee A. (Seattle, WA), Grayston; J. Thomas (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Washington Research Foundation (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,350,673 Date filed: January 24, 1994 Abstract: Methods for detecting a unique strain of Chlamydia associated with acute respiratory disease are disclosed. These methods utilize monoclonal antibody directed against an antigenic determinant of the TWAR organism, or DNA probes capable of specifically hybridizing to at least a portion of the DNA sequence of the TWAR organism. A method for determining the presence of antibodies to the TWAR organism, utilizing elementary bodies of the TWAR organism as antigen is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the detection of Chlamydia strains in general, and more specifically, to the use of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes in the detection of a unique Chlamydia strain associated with respiratory infection....

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Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and are known to cause a variety of diseases. The Chlamydia genus has two recognized species, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, with further differentiation of C. trachomatis into three biovars. C. trachomatis, the species that is a primary human pathogan, causes ocular, respiratory, and ufogenital infections. C. trachomatis can initially colonize the mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva, nasopharynx, rectum, urethra, and cervix, after which the infection may spread to affect the deeper organ systems.... The other species of Chlamydia, (C. psittaci), is responsible for the human respiratory disease, psittacosis. Psittacosis is usually contracted by exposure to infected birds, outbreaks of psittacosis having occurred in association with turkey and duck processing plants and among pet shop clientele. The disease often resembles atypical pneumonia and may range in severity from mild to fatal. Although epidemics of such pneumonia have usually been traced to infected birds, an avian vector is not always found. For instance, during a radiographic survey in northern Finland in 1978, an epidemic of mild pneumonia was found in two communities; however, arian transmission was not detected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05350673__ •

Detection of cervical chlamydia trachomatis infection Inventor(s): Lee; Helen H (Lake Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,010,857 Date filed: April 15, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis infections using a female urine sample. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. In particular, the invention relates to detecting Chlamydia trachomatis infections of cervical origin using a female urine sample.... Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) has been reported as the most common sexually transmitted disease in industrial societies and causes genital infections in both men and women. In the event C. trachomatis infections are undetected and untreated, the infection may escalate to sexually acquired reactive arthritis in men, and tubal factor infertility in women. Accordingly, it is important that such infections are quickly diagnosed and treated.... In men, because C. trachomatis infections are typically manifested in the urethra, such infections can be detected effectively by assaying a male urine sample. In women, however, C. trachomatis infections can occur in the urethra, the cervix or both. While some women are dually infected, there is a substantial incidence of infection of either the urethra or the cervix. C. trachomatis infections of the female urethra have been detected using a urine sample. However, detection of cervical C. trachomatis has typically required cervical swabbing, which is an invasive, expensive and uncomfortable procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010857__

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Detection of chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction using biotin labelled lina primers and capture probes Inventor(s): Silver; Sheryl B. (Fort Lee, NJ), Longiaru; Mathew (West Orange, NJ), Sulzinski; Michael A. (Spring Valley, NY) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 5,232,829 Date filed: September 29, 1989 Abstract: The present invention relates to the synthesis of amplified biotin-labelled DNA target sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction techniques and the detection of such sequences by a microtiter plate having plurality of wells and having bound thereto oligonucleotide capture probe complementary to said target sequence. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of nucleic acids and in particular to detection methods relating thereto. It further relates to the diagnosis of various infectious diseases by such detection. It further relates to the synthesis of amplified biotin-labelled DNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction techniques, and the detection of such sequences by microtiter plate capture. It still further relates to novel primers and capture probes that are capable of detecting Chlamydia trachomatis.... U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 (both incorporated herein by reference) disclose methods of amplifying DNA sequences by a technique now known in the art as "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR). The polymerase chain reaction is a procedure in which DNA is specifically amplified by multiple primer extension syntheses of complementary strands (Saiki et al, Science, 230: 1350-1354 and 239: 489-491; 1985, 1988). The PCR product, amplified up to 10.sup.6 -10.sup.7 fold, is a DNA fragment of discrete size (amplicon) which can be detected by gel electrophoresis, or by other means as described herein. Briefly, PCR involves the preparation of short oligonucleotide primers which correspond to opposing ends of a known "target" sequence which one intends to amplify and subsequently detect. In this Procedure, DNA or RNA is extracted from cells, tissues, body fluids and the like. The nucleic acid is denatured and the oligonucleotide primers are added in molar excess, along with dNTPs (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates) and a DNA polymerase enzyme, such as preferably heat stable Tao polymerase. Upon subsequent heat denaturing, cooling to allow annealing to primers, and primer extension by DNA Polymerase, two "long products", which begin with the respective primers, are produced, complementary to the two original strands. This procedure is repeated, and after a second cycle two original strands, two long products from cycle 1, two new "long products", and two "short products" are produced. The length of these short products (amplicons) is equal to the number of nucleotides between and including both primers. With additional cycles, additional "long products" are produced, increasing in a linear fashion with each cycle. However, the generation of amplicons increases at an exponential rate with each cycle, and by means of this amplification, the detection of extremely small quantities of DNA is enabled.... Through the use of PCR technology, the detection of specific DNA sequences present in minute quantities is possible. Several of these techniques involve the use of various hybridized probes affixed to certain materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05232829__

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Detection of unique chlamydia strain associated with acute respiratory disease Inventor(s): Wang; San-pin (Redmond, WA), Kuo; Cho-chou (Seattle, WA), Grayston; J. Thomas (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents of the University of Washington (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,008,186 Date filed: April 30, 1990 Abstract: Methods for detecting a unique strain of chlamydia associated with acute respiratory disease are disclosed. These methods utilize monoclonal antibody directed against an antigenic determinant of the TWAR strain of chlamydia. Also disclosed is a method for determining the presence of antibodies to the TWAR strain, utilizing elementary bodies of the TWAR strain as antigen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production of monoclonal antibodies in general, and more specifically, to monoclonal antibodies that bind to a newly discovered Chlamydia strain associated with respiratory infection, and to methods for detecting this new Chlamydia strain in biological samples.... Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and are known to cause a variety of diseases. The chlamydia genus has two recognized species, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. C. trachomatis, the species that is a primary human pathogen, causes ocular, respiratory, and urogenital infections. C. trachomatis can initially colonize the mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva, nasopharynx, rectum, urethra, and cervix, after which the infection may spread to affect the deeper organ systems.... The other species of chlamydia, C. psittaci, is responsible for the human respiratory disease, psittacosis. Psittacosis is usually contracted by exposure to infected birds, outbreaks of psittacosis having occurred in association with turkey and duck processing plants and among pet shop clientele. The disease often resembles atypical pneumonia and may range in severity from mild to fatal. Although epidemics of such pneumonia have usually been traced to infected birds, an avian vector is not always found. For instance, during a radiographic survey in northern Finland in 1978, an epidemic of mild pneumonia was found in two communities; however, avian transmission was not detected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05008186__

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Determination of chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Appleton; Peter N. (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): IQ (Bio) Limited (Cambridge, GB2) Patent Number: 4,830,960 Date filed: October 24, 1985 Abstract: A process for determining qualitatively or quantitatively the presence of Chlamydia Trachomatis or Chlamydia trachomatis derived material in a subject material which process comprises deriving a sample from said subject material Chlamydia trachomatis derived material, contacting said sample with an antibody for a Chlamydia trachomatis derived material bound to a substrate thereby to bind at least a portion of the Chlamydia trachomatis derived material, contacting the bound Chlamydia trachomatis derived material with a conjugate between a substance which will bind selectively to the Chlamydia trachomatis derived material and a catalyst for a

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reaction system thereby to bind said conjugate to said bound Chlamydia trachomatis derived material, carrying out the reaction system catalysed by said catalyst and determining a product of said reaction system, characterised in that the sample is derived from the subject material by a process including heating the subject material to an elevated temperature and for a period of time such as to enhance the determination. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the determination qualitatively or quantitatively of the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in materials.... A known procedure for conducting determinations of Chlamydia trachomatis and also having wider applicability is the use of an immunoassay system such as ELISA. Generally, in such an immunoassay a sample containing or suspected to contain Chlamydia trachomatis derived material, particularly a Chlamydia trachomatis antigen is contacted with a support such as a microplate which will bind Chlamydia trachomatis material. The plate is then washed leaving Chlamydia trachomatis material bound to the support. The bound Chlamydia trachomatis material is then contacted with a conjugate between an antibody which will bind to the Chlamydia trachomatis material and a substance which will catalyse a detectable reaction system either directly or through an intermediate process. This process produces a concentration of bound catalyst related to the concentration of Chlamydia trachomatis material in the original sample. The bound enzyme is used to catalyse a reaction which may be detectable either visually or by a machine.... In a modification of this procedure, the bound catalyst is an enzyme which is used to catalyse a reaction which produces a trigger for a further reaction or set of reactions. Such systems are known as amplified enzyme immunoassay systems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04830960__ •

Diagnosis and management of infection caused by chlamydia Inventor(s): Mitchell; William M. (Nashville, TN), Stratton; Charles W. (Nashville, TN) Assignee(s): Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Patent Number: 6,579,854 Date filed: May 6, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a unique approach for the diagnosis and management of infections by Chlamydia species, particularly C. pneumoniae. The invention is based, in part, upon the discovery that a combination of agents directed toward the various stages of the chlamydial life cycle is effective in substantially reducing infection. Products comprising combination of antichlamydial agents, novel compositions and pharmaceutical packs are also described. Excerpt(s): Infection by members of the genus Chlamydiae induces a significant inflammatory response at the cellular level. For example, genital lesions produced by Chlamydia trachomatis frequently elicit a vigorous influx of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells, suggesting the development of humoral and cellular immunity. Yet, clinically, the initial infection is frequently varied in symptomatology and may even be asymptomatic. Once fully established, the Chlamydia are difficult to eradicate, with frequent relapse following antibiotic therapy. Evidence also indicates that the Chlamydia may become dormant and are then shed in quantities too few to reliably detect by culture.... Chlamydia pneumoniae (hereinafter "C. pneumoniae")) is the most recent addition to the genus Chlamydiae and is isolated from humans and currently is recognized as causing approximately 10 percent of community acquired cases of pneumonia (Grayston et al., J. Inf. Dis. 161:618-625 (1990)). This newly recognized

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pathogen commonly infects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is now recognized as ubiquitous in humans. C. pneumoniae is well-accepted as a human pathogen that may be difficult to eradicate by standard antibiotic therapy (Hammerschlag et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:178-182 (1992)). C. pneumoniae is known to persist as a silent or mildly symptomatic pathogen, resulting in a chronic, persistent infection (J. Schacter, In: Baun AL, eg. Microbiology of Chlamydia, Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, 1988, pp. 153-165).... The current therapy for suspected/confirmed C. pneumoniae infection is with a short course (e.g., 2-3 weeks) of a single antibiotic. C. pneumoniae is susceptible in vitro to tetracyline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin and sparfloxacin (Kuo et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:257-258 (1988); Welsh et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:291-294 (1992); Chirgwin et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33:1634-1635 (1989); Hammerschlag et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:682-683 (1992); Hammerschlag et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1573-1574); M. R. Hammerschlag, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1873-1878 (1994); M. R. Hammerschlag, Infect. Med. pp. 64-71 (1994)). Despite this demonstration of in vitro susceptibility, C. pneumoniae infections may relapse following antibiotic therapy with these agents. In vitro studies on the persistence of Chlamydiae despite specific and appropriate antibiotic therapy have suggested that the presence of antibiotics promotes the formation of an intracellular, non-replicative state (Beatty et al., Microbiol Rev. 58:686-699 (1994)), typically referred to as the latent or cryptic phase. This change can be thought of as a stringent response and is seen also with nutrient starvation and exposure to.gamma.-interferon. Removal of the stressful influence allows the organism to resume replication. Thus, in this way, the organism can escape current antibiotic therapy used in clinical practice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579854__ •

DNA encoding Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptide Inventor(s): Obara; Kazuhiko (Ibaraki, JP), Izutsu; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP), Matsumoto; Akira (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,165,478 Date filed: March 19, 1997 Abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, which comprise polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1; DNAs encoding said antigenic polypeptides, or DNAs complementary thereto; recombinant vectors carrying said DNAs; transformants containing said recombinant vectors; a method for production of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, wherein the antigenic polypeptide is used as an antigen; fused proteins of an antigenic polypeptide of Chlamydia pneumoniae with dihydrofolate reductase, in which polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is bound to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14 either directly or via an intervening amino acid or amino acid sequence; DNAs encoding the fused proteins, or DNAs complementary thereto; recombinant vectors carrying the DNAs; transformants containing said recombinant vectors; a method for production of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody; probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene; a method for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, wherein the probe or primer is used; reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, which

Patents 277

comprise the probe or primer; and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, which comprise the probe or primer as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, fused proteins containing the polypeptides, DNAs coding therefor, recombinant vectors carrying the DNAs, transformants containing the recombinant vectors, a method for production of antibody, a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of antibody, a method and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, and a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene. The invention can be effectively used in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the preparation of agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections.... Several kinds of species are known in Chlamydia, that is, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and the like. Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma, venereal lymphogranuloma, urogenital infections, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia and the like. Chlamydia psittaci causes psittocosis and the like. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, atypical pneumonia and the like.... Since the symptoms of infections in the respiratory apparatus which are caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae are similar to those of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Influenza virus, physicians often make a wrong diagnosis. Hence, there is a need for the development of a simple method for diagnosing the infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06165478__ •

Extraction procedure for Chlamydia and Neisseria antigens Inventor(s): Sheard; Paul (Northants, GB2), Davidson; Ian W. (Bedfordshire, GB2) Assignee(s): Unilever Patent Holdings B.V. (Rotterdam, NL) Patent Number: 5,387,511 Date filed: July 13, 1992 Abstract: Enhanced extraction of solubilized antigens is obtained from bacteria such as Chlamydia and Neisseri by the use of a buffer containing a zwitterionic surface active agent, especially CHAPS or CHAPSO, in the absence of divalent cations. The extraction is conducted at elevated temperature, and provides a sample useful in assays for the presence of the bacteria. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to procedures for extracting antigenic material in solubilised form from cellular biological materials such as bacteria. The solubilised antigenic material can be used thereafter in assay procedures to determine the presence or identity of the cellular material.... The use of surface active agents in extraction media at elevated temperature has been proposed. Examples are given in EP 167395 and EP 183383, both of which relate to extraction procedures especially applicable to species of Chlamydia.... However, in complete contrast, we have found that a better extraction of antigenic material can be obtained in the absence of divalent cations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05387511__

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Feline vaccine compositions and method for preventing chlamydia infections or diseases using the same Inventor(s): Chang; Lucille W. S. (Hercules, CA), Chavez; Lloyd (Fort Dodge, IA), Chu; Hsien-Jue (Fort Dodge, IA), Acree; William M. (Fort Dodge, IA) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (Madison, NJ) Patent Number: 6,004,563 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: This invention provides a feline vaccine composition comprising an immunogenically active component having inactivated mammalian chlamydial cells or antigens derived there-from, in combination with an effective amount of an immunogenically suitable adjuvant; and a veterinary pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The vaccine composition is useful to prevent chlamydia, e.g. C. psittaci, infections or diseases in felines, and may also be combined with other vaccine compositions or therapy. A process for producing C. psittaci suitable for use in the production of safe and effective chlamydia vaccines, and a method for preventing chlamydia infections or diseases in felines, are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vaccines for veterinary use. In particular, the invention relates to vaccines comprising a combination of one or more immunologically active components, i.e. inactivated Chlamydia Psittaci or antigens derived therefrom, for prevention and treatment of chlamydia diseases in mammals, such as cats. The invention also relates to methods for immunizing and treating such animals with such vaccines.... Feline Chlamydia psittaci is the etiologic agent for a common conjunctual and respiratory disease of cats known as feline pneumonitis (FPn) (Baker, J. A. (1942) Science 96:475-476). This highly contagious disease is characterized by sneezing and coughing and is accompanied by mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges (Baker, J. A. (1944) J. Exp. Med. 79:159-172). All age groups of cats are susceptible and although mortality is not great, infected kittens and older animals may become severely debilitated. Furthermore, because of its extreme communicability, FPn constitutes a major problem in pet hospitals, clinics and catteries, etc.... Feline Chlamydial infection, like chlamydial infections in other species which are clinically manifested by ocular disease, is not restricted to the conjunctival mucosa. For example, it has been shown that chlamydia inoculation into pathogen-free kittens produced conjunctivitis and rhinitis as well as positive identification of chlamydia in the superficial gastric mucosa (Gaillard, E. T. et al. (1984) Am. J. Vet. Res. 45:2314-2321). In another study, C. psittaci was recovered from a female cat, with persistent genital tract infection, resulting from ocular rather than direct genital infection (Darougar, S. M. et al. (1977) pages 186-198 in D. Hobson and K. K. Holmes (Ed.) Nongonococcal Urethritis and Related Infections, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.). Persistent genital tract infection by C. psittaci is believed to be a cause of reproductive failure in catteries, however the mechanism of such failure is unclear. The mode of extraocular transmission and the contribution of extraocular infection to the persistence and pathology of feline chlamydial disease is unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06004563__

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Feline vaccines containing Chlamydia psittaci and method for making the same Inventor(s): Schmeer; Norbert (Haan, DE), Hallstrom; Jean A. (Merriam, KS), Atherton; Rebecca A. (Shawnee, KS), Lane; Jennifer K. (Shawnee, KS), Hennessy; Kristina J. (Parkville, MO) Assignee(s): Bayer Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA), Baker Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,972,350 Date filed: May 6, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to feline vaccines comprising inactivated a non reactive Chlamydia psittaci for prevention and treatment of chlamydia diseases in cats. Excerpt(s): Feline chlamydiosis is a common conjunctival and respiratory disease of cats known as feline pneumonitis (FPn). This highly contagious disease is characterized by sneezing and coughing and is accompanied by mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges. All age groups of cats are susceptible and, although mortality is not great, infected kittens and older cats may become severely debilitated. Because of its extreme infectivity, feline chlamydiosis constitutes a major problem in pet hospitals, clinics and catteries. There is some thought that persistent genital tract infection by Chlamydia psittaci is a cause of reproductive failure in catteries.... Vaccination studies with modified-live compositions of Chlamydia psittaci have produced conflicting results. Cello (Am. J. Vet. Med. Assoc. 158:932-938, 1971) indicated that such vaccines demonstrated no significant protection of cats. Shewen, et al. (Can. J. Comp. Vet. Res. 44:244-251, 1980) indicated partial protection while McKercher (Am. J. Vet. Res. 13:557561, 1952) and others indicated almost complete protection by such vaccines. However, because the vaccinated cats are receiving live Chlamydia psittaci. some vaccine organisms can shed to other cats and reversion has been proposed to occur.... Studies with inactivated chlamydia vaccines have produced mixed results and unacceptable local and systemic reactions in vaccinated cats. Comparative challenge studies conducted with four inactivated vaccine preparations and a commercial modified-live vaccine demonstrated that the inactivated preparations conferred virtually no protection against chlamydia infection in cats (Shewen et al, Can. J. Comp. Med. 44:244-30 251, 1980). An inactivated Chlamydia psittaci vaccine has been described by Chu et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,686). However, this vaccine is not purified and causes unacceptable local reactions when administered to cats (COMPENDIUM). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972350__

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Fluorescent chlamydia antigen substrate Inventor(s): Pitner; J. Bruce (Durham, NC) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,837,695 Date filed: August 22, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a unique fluorescently labeled Chlamydial antigen. This fluorescently labeled Chlamydial antigen is useful in immunoassay-type formatted systems for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia or unlabeled Chlamydia antigens.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates broadly to the field of immunodiagnostics. More particularly, the present invention relates to compounds which are useful in immunoassays to diagnose Chlamydial infections. The compounds are also useful in screening assays to identify Chlamydia antigen ligands which are also useful in assays to diagnose Chlamydial infection.... Chlamydia are Gram negative obligate intracellular organisms which are known to be responsible for trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis and lymphogranuloma verereum. Chlamydia is also believed to be the causitive organism of nonspecific urethritis, proctitis, urethral stricture, acute epididymitis, hypertrophic erosion of the cervix, purulent cervical mucus and salpingitis.... Specimens from which Chlamydial organisms may be recovered include conjunctival swabs, endourethral swabs, endocervical swabs, Fallopian tube biopsies, epididymal aspirates, lymph node aspirates, and for infant respiratory infections, nasopharyngeal swabs and tracheobronchial aspirates. Identification of Chlamydial organisms in specimens or tissue culture involves demonstration of characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions by use of Giemsa stain, iodine stain, other stains or fluorescent antibody technique. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837695__ •

Immunoassay for Chlamydia trachomatis antigens Inventor(s): Howard; Lawrence V. (Vernon Hills, IL), Herrmann; John E. (Hawthorn Woods, IL), Armstrong; Alan S. (Waukegan, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (North Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,497,899 Date filed: March 28, 1983 Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a solid phase immunoassay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in a clinical specimen, wherein the Chlamydia trachomatis antigens to be determined are coated or adsorbed on the solid phase. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an immunoassay procedure for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in a clinical specimen. In particular, the present invention relates to a solid phase immunoassay wherein the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen to be determined is coated directly on the solid phase.... It has been reported that the incidence of chlamydial infection has dramatically increased and has approached if not exceeded the levels reported for gonorrheal infection. Currently accepted procedures for the detection of chlamydial infection rely upon culture techniques. However, culture procedures are laborious, time-consuming, expensive, and subject to technician error due to the extensive amount of handling involved.... In addition to culture procedures, various immunoassay techniques for the detection of chlamydial infection have been described. U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,469 describes the use of an antigen, common to all strains of Chlamydia trachomatis organisms, to detect antibody of Chlamydia trachomatis in sera using counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques. Great Britain patent application Ser. No. 2,047,889A discloses a serological test for Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies employing a microimmunofluorescence procedure utilizing a formaldehyde stabilized antigen. European Patent Application 17460 describes a microimmunofluorescence procedure for detecting antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis using a reticulated body antigen. As noted these procedures are limited to the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis. False-positive or false-negative results may be obtained when antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis rather than Chlamydia trachomatis antigens are detected because antibodies are produced only in response to an infectious agent, i.e., an antigen, in the body and antibodies often remain

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long after the disease has been cured. Therefore, in order to accurately diagnose the presence of chlamydial infection, it is preferred to assay for antigens rather than antibodies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04497899__ •

Immunoassays for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatisi in the urine. Inventor(s): Robison; David J. (Walnut Creek, CA), Urnovitz; Howard B. (San Francisco, CA), Gottfried; Toby D. (Orinda, CA) Assignee(s): Calypte, Inc. (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 5,516,638 Date filed: June 27, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for detecting the presence of antibodies to a microorganism (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis) associated with a sexually transmitted disease in a biological sample, preferably urine. The methods of the invention comprise contacting the sample with an antigen from the microorganism and detecting the formation of an antigen-antibody complex. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to diagnostic kits and methods for the determination of antibodies in biological sample, typically urine. More particularly, it relates to methods and kits for detecting antibodies to microorganisms associated with sexually transmitted diseases.... Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) include traditional venereal diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale. The term also encompasses a growing number of other diseases caused by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and -2), hepatitis viruses, herpes simplex virus, Type II (HSV-2), and other viruses which have been reported to be sexually transmitted.... Most STDs do not exist as an isolated problem and multiple infections by a number of pathogens are common. The presence of an STD typically indicates high risk sexual behavior that is often associated with the risk of other more serious infections. The increasing importance of potentially incurable viral STDs (e.g. HIV infection) makes the early detection of any STD more crucial to reduce the transmission of these diseases. STDs are typically propagated in core populations with high levels of sexual activity and frequent changes of sexual partners. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05516638__

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Isolation of principal outer membrane protein and antigen of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Caldwell; Harlan D. (821 Parker Ave., Hamilton, MT 59840), Schacter; Julius (17 Channel Dr., Corta Madera, CA 94925) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,427,782 Date filed: March 3, 1981 Abstract: Procedures are presented for isolating the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. The isolated protein is a species specific antigen which comprises about 60% of the C. trachomatis cell outer membrane structure. The protein has a molecular weight ranging from about 38,000 to 44,000 daltons, with a mean molecular weight of about 39,500 daltons. The protein antigen is purified from C.

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trachomatis cells by first extracting the cell contents with a mild anionic detergent, preferably sarcosyl, to leave a residue of intact outer cell membranes. These outer cell membranes are then extracted with a strong anionic detergent, preferably sodium dodecyl sulfate, which solubilizes the 39,500 dalton antigen. The antigen is then purified by hydroxlapatite chromatography. The antigen is species specific for Chlamydia trachomatis and may be utilized in assaying Chlamydial infection in mammals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the isolation of cell protein of microorganisms which exhibit antigenic properties and more particularly to the isolation of the principal outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis, which protein exhibits antigenic properties common to all the Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes.... Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the two microorganism species of the genus Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales. The other species is Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia trachomatis in its some 15 various strains, are the etiologic agents for a number of human ocular and genital diseases including trachoma, inclusion, conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, "nonspecific" or non-gonococcal urethritis and proctitis. C. trachomatis infection is pervasive throughout the general population. It has been estimated, for instance, that C. trachomatis is accountable for several million cases per year of nongonococcal urethritis.... Since C. trachomatis mediated disease is widespread, a reliable, simple and inexpensive test for the organism's presence is highly desirable and of great importance so that proper treatment may be undertaken. The only serological test in current use is the microimmunofluoresence test. This test however requires that the strains of C. trachomatis be used as serological test antigen. In addition, the facilities for conducting this test are available in only a limited number of laboratories throughout the world. The test is very laborious, time consuming and difficult to perform. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04427782__ •

Layered sandwich assay method for chlamydia and materials therefor Inventor(s): Mapes; James P. (Raleigh, NC), Jurgensen; Stewart R. (Raleigh, NC), Schulte; Thomas H. (Cary, NC) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,188,937 Date filed: July 17, 1991 Abstract: An assay for Chlamydia includes contacting Chlamydia organisms in a liquid with a solid support having an antispecies Fe antibody immobilized thereon and an anti-Chlamydia capture antibody. After binding of Chlamydia antigen to the capture antibody and binding of the capture antibody to the antispecies antibody on the support, a tracer including a label conjugated to a signal antibody is added. After binding of the signal antibody to the antigen, the presence of Chlamydia organisms in the liquid is detected by a signal associated with the label thereby bound to the support. The invention includes a kit of materials for performing an assay according to the method of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to assay for an analyte and more particularly relates to an improved solid phase assay for Chlamydia.... The genus Chlamydiaceae includes two species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia trachomatis in its some 15 various strains is the etiologic agent for a number of human ocular and genital diseases, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum,

Patents 283

"nonspecific" or nongonococcal urethritis and proctitis. C. trachomatis infection is pervasive throughout the general population. It has been estimated, for instance, that C. trachomatis is accountable for several million cases per year of nongonococcal urethritis.... Since C. trachomatis mediated disease is widespread, a reliable, simple and inexpensive test for the organism's presence is highly desirable and of great importance so that proper treatment can be undertaken. The only serological test in current use is the microimmunofluorescence test. This test, however, requires that the strains of C. trachomatis be used as serological test antigen. In addition, the facilities for conducting this test are available in only a limited number of laboratories throughout the world. The test is very laborious, time consuming and difficult to perform. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188937__ •

Method and composition for treating chlamydia infection Inventor(s): Ratcliff; Perry A. (Scottsdale, AZ) Assignee(s): Vortech, Inc. (Las Vegas, NV) Patent Number: 6,277,363 Date filed: November 3, 2000 Abstract: A solution or gel composition containing activated chlorine dioxide and a phosphate compound, such as disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and sodium monofluorophosphate, is disclosed for treating a Chlamydia infection. The preferred concentration ranges are between about 0.005% to about 2.0% chlorine dioxide, and between about 0.02% to about 3.0% phosphate compound. The phosphate compound retards escape of chlorine dioxide in the pH range of 6.0 to 7.4, at which pH the chlorine dioxide becomes activated and releases sufficient chlorine dioxide to reduce motility and become lethal to the involved micro-organisms. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and composition for destroying Human Immuno Virus (HIV) and other bacterial and fungus viral forms and the present invention is directed to a related method and composition which provide lubricity, stops vaginal itching and destroys HIV. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of activated stabilized chlorine dioxide in conjunction with a phosphate compound to destroy HIV and other viral forms and wherein the phosphate compound provides stability and serves as a surfactant or nonsudsing detergent to reduce surface tension on mucosal tissues assisting in the exposure of the epithelial covering to the activated chlorine dioxide.... Thiols, particularly the volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, methylmercaptan and dimethylsulfide, are recognized in the current literature as being major contributors to the penetration of bacterial toxins through the epithelial barrier into the underlying basal lamina and connective tissue. A. Rizzo, Periodontics, 5:233-236 (1967); W. Ng and J. Tonzetich, J. Dental Research, 63(7):994-997 (1984); M. C. Solis-Gaffar, T. J. Fischer and A. Gaffar, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chem., 30:241-247 (1979); I. Kleinberg and G. Westbay, J. Periodontal, 63(9): 768-774 (1992). The penetration of this barrier makes possible the invasion of antigenic substances such as viral and bacterial toxins and bacteria into the underlying substrate. Thus, by removing the volatile sulfur compounds and maintaining the epithelial barrier there is a reduction in the penetration capacity of antigens and microbiota (A Rizzo, Periodontics, 5:233-236 (1967); W. Ng and J. Tonzetich, J. Dental Research, 63(7): 994-997 (1984); M. C. Solis-Gaffar, T. J. Fischer and A Gaffar, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chem., 30:241-247 (1979)) as well as the destruction of the motility and the

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death of bacterial and viral forms.... Studies done in the mouth have demonstrated that the penetration of bacteria takes place in the presence of the volatile sulfur compounds, resulting in initiation of the inflammatory reaction including initiation of the complement cascade. I. Kleinberg and G. Westbay, J. Periodontal, 63(9): 768-774 (1992). Initiation of the inflammatory reaction and development of the complement cascade leads to an eightfold increase in the cell division or mitosis of epithelial cells in the attachment apparatus of the gingiva. W. O. Engler, S. P. Ramtiord and J. J. Hiniker, J.Periodont., 36:44-56 (1965). Because the epithelia of other orifices, and particularly vaginal epithelium, are very similar to the gingival epithelium, reactions similar to those described above for the gingival epithelium occur in all other parts of the body, as demonstrated by the occurrence of vaginitis and endometriosis of the vagina. Examples of such bacteria which may appear in any bodily orifice include Porphyromonas (formerly known as Bacteroides) gingivitis Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Pseudomonades. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277363__ •

Method and composition to direct Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia trachomatis infection Inventor(s): Phillips; Robert M. (Manhattan, KS), Yeary; Teresa J. (Manhattan, KS), Daniels; Eddie K. (Hastings, NE) Assignee(s): Kansas State University (Manhattan, KS) Patent Number: 5,212,062 Date filed: September 6, 1991 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to detect a Chlamydia infection. More particularly, this invention relates to the discovery of a genus specific antigen in Chlamydia psittaci strain DD-34 than can be used to make antibodies that diagnostically identify strains of both Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis, while not crossreacting with other species. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method to detect a Chlamydia infection. More particularly, this invention relates to the discovery of a genus specific antigen of Chlamydia psittaci strain DD-34 that can be used to make antibodies which diagnostically identify strains of both Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis, while not cross-reacting with other species.... Chlamydia are unique organisms that infect a susceptible host by an infectious particle called an elementary body. An elementary body is small, approximately (350 nm) and is resistant to environmental factors. The organism attaches itself to the host cell and is ingested by a phagocytic process. Schachter, J., Overview of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Requirements for a Vaccine, Rev. Inf. Dis. 7:713 (1985).... Chlamydia are of medical and biological interest because of their unique interaction with eukaryotic host cells, and the diverse diseases they cause in man and animals. Blobel, H., T. Schlieber, Handbuch der bacteriellen Infection bei Tieren. Gustav Fisher Verlag Stuttgart, p. 447 (1985). Animals susceptible to Chlamydia psittaci infections are widely distributed in the animal kingdom, ranging from wild and domesticated birds and mammals to man. These infections have been identified as a cause of pneumonia, enteritis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, and polyarthritis; abortions and genital disorders; and clinically unapparent infections. Blobel, H., T. Schlieber, Handbuch der bacteriellen Infection bei Tieren. Gustav Fisher Verlag Stuttgart, p. 447 (1985). Although Chlamydia psittaci is considered to be primarily a pathogen of animals other than man several strains have

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shown varying degrees of zoonotic potential. Filstein, M. R., Ley, A. B., Vernon, M. S., Goffney, A., Glickmen, L. T. Epidemic of Psittacosis in a College of Veterinary Medicine. Jour. of Vet. Med. p. 569-872 (Sep. 15, 1981). Fraiz, J. R., Jones, B., Chlamydial Infections. Ann. Rev. Med. 39:357-70 (1988). Fudge, A. M. Update on Chlamydiosis. Vet. Clin. of N. Amer. Small Animal Practice. 14(2):201-21 (March 1984). Johnson, F. W. A., Matheson, B. A., Williams, H., Laing, A. G., Jandial, V., Davidson-Lamb, R., Halliday, G. J., Hobson, D., Wong, S. Y., Hadley, K. M., Moffat, M. A. J., Poslethwaite, R. Abortion Due to Infection with Chlamydia psittaci in Sheep Farmer's Wife. British Med. Jour. 290:592-94 (Feb. 23, 1985). Moran, R. Epidemiologic and Laboratory Observation of Chlamydia psittaci Infections in Pet Birds. Jour. of Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. 184(11):1372-4 (Jun. 1, 1984). Nagington, J. Psittacosis/Ornithosis in Cambridgeshire. 1975-1983. Jour. Hyg. Camb. 92:9-19. Yung, A. P., Grayson, M. L., Psittacosis--a Review of 135 Cases. The Med. Jour. of Australia 148:228-33 (Mar. 7, 1988). Favero, M. S., Biological Hazards in the Laboratory. Lab. Med., 18(10):665-70 (October 1987). Filstein, M. R., Ley, A. B., Vernon, M. S., Goffney, A., Glickman, L. T. Epidemic of Psittacosis in a College of Veterinary Medicine. J. Vet. Med. p. 569-72 (Sep. 15, 1981). Fraiz, J. R., Jones, B. Chlamydial Infections. Ann. Rev. Med. 39:357-70 (1988). A Chlamidia strain that affects man is termed Chlamydia trachmomatis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05212062__ •

Method and device for chlamydia detection Inventor(s): Pawlak; Catherine (Encinitas, CA), Klepper; Robert E. (San Diego, CA), Pronovost; Allan D. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Quidel Corporation (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,773,234 Date filed: August 7, 1995 Abstract: A lateral flow assay device for detecting the presence of Chlamydia antigen in patient's samples comprises a flow matrix including a labelling zone and a capture zone. Labelling complex comprising antibodies specific for an epitope on the lipopolysaccharide antigen of Chlamydia is present within the labelling zone. Immobilized antibody specific for the same or another epitope of the lipopolysaccharide antigen of Chlamydia is located in the capture zone. The sample containing the Chlamydia antigen will flow first through the labelling zone, where it complexes with the labelling complex, and then to the capture zone, where it is captured by the immobilized antibody. Chlamydia antigen may be extracted from a patient sample, such as a endocervical swab, by first extracting the antigen in a strong base followed by neutralization with a zwitterionic detergent and a blocking protein present in a zwitterionic buffer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods devices for detecting the presence of Chlamydia antigen in patient samples. More particularly, the present invention relates to a lateral flow assay system for the detection of Chlamydia antigen in liquid extracts from patient swab samples.... Chlamydia includes two species of intracellular parasites which infect man, other mammals, and birds. Chlamydia trachomatis is the species most commonly found in man and infects the urogenital organs, eyes, and respiratory track. Urogenital Chlamydia infection has become one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases and is a particular problem when passed on by mothers to newborn infants. Infants infected with Chlamydia often suffer from eye infection that can lead to blindness. Chlamydia infection in females which is

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left untreated can cause sterility.... The symptoms of Chlamydia infection are often vague and easily overlooked by doctors. Thus, there has been considerable interest in the development of assays for detecting Chlamydia infection, where the assays would be useful both to confirm suspected disease and to provide routine screening in particular patient populations, such as pregnant females. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05773234__ •

Method for assaying antibody against Chlamydia trachomatis and diagnostic preparation for chlamydia trachomatis infection Inventor(s): Kawagoe; Kiyotaka (Hitachi, JP), Watanabe; Hiroo (Hitachi, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,318,892 Date filed: May 17, 1993 Abstract: There is provided an assay method for a Chlamydia trachomatis antibody with almost no cross reaction with a C. pneumoniae antibody or a C. psittaci antibody associated using an antigen containing at least two polypeptides which constitute C. trachomatis outer membranes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for assaying an antibody against Chlamydia trachomatis for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection and a diagnostic preparation used therefor.... C. trachomatis is a species of the obligatory intracellular parasite which can be alive only in cells of a host. The multiplication cycle of the species is unique. Morphologically, an extracellular chlamydial elementary body (EB) is introduced by phagocytosis into cells of a host, wherein they form a vacuole, inclusion. They are in turn metamorphosed to a reticulate body (RB), which are multiplicative but not infective. The intracellularly multiplied RB is then metamorphosed to EB which ruptures the inclusion, breaks the cell membrane of the host and comes out of the cell. The EB is infective but not multiplicative. If infected with the EB, the infected person will suffer from eye or genital diseases such as eye trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and cervicitis.... Recently our attention has been drawn to C. trachomatis as one of the causative microorganisms for sexually transmitted diseases. In the United States of America, 3 to 10 million fresh cases per year of C. infections are reported. Concern with C. infections is increasing also in Japan as the actualities of the infection have increasingly been known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05318892__

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Method for diagnosing a patient for chlamydia Inventor(s): Stuart; Elizabeth S. (Amherst, MA), An; Ling Ling (La Jolla, CA), MacDonald; Alex Bruce (Amherst, MA), Whipkey; Myron D. (Portland, ME) Assignee(s): Animal House, Inc. (Portland, ME) Patent Number: 5,716,793 Date filed: March 17, 1995 Abstract: A method of detecting chlamydia in a extracellular sample is provided which comprises contacting the sample with an idiotypic antibody to GLXA to form an immunocomplex and detecting the immunocomplex.

Patents 287

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for diagnosing a patient for the presence of Chlamydia.... Chlamydial infection is a diverse group of conjunctival, genital, respiratory, and neonatal infections occurring primarily on mucosal surfaces. The etiologic agent of the infection is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite of eukaryotic cells, chlamydiae. There are four genetically different species in this genus, with certain similarities in morphology, intracellular developmental cycle and antigenic responses: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia Percorum. The infection by C. trachomatis is limited to humans. Fifteen serovars are differentiated based on the antigenic variations of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Grayston and Wang, J. Infect. Dis., 132:87, 1975). Serotypes D-K, are the most common cause of sexually transmitted venereal diseases. Conservatively, more than 4 million cases of chlamydial sexual infections occur each year in the United States making it more prevalent than all other sexually transmitted diseases combined. The diseases include nongonococcal urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, acute epididymitis, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis and/or peritonitis). The infection in women can be quite damaging: Among 250,000 cases of pelvic inflammation diseases caused by this organism in the U.S. each year, 10% lead to infertility. When infants are born to chlamydia-infected mothers, they are at high risk of developing inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia. C. trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba, and C cause trachoma, an infection of conjunctival epithelial cells. The chronic and secondary infections induce the infiltration of subepithelial lymphocytes, forming follicles and the invasion of fibroblasts and blood vessels to the cornea, leading to blindness. On the other hand, the formation of the scar and malformation of the eyelid, causing trichiasis' constant scraping of the cornea by the eyelash can also lead to corneal opacification and blindness. There are approximately 500 million trachoma cases in the world, and between 7 and 9 million are now blind because of its complications making it the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. The prevalence of active trachoma is high in early age. There are 80 million children in need of treatment. It has been an enormously important health problem in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and North India.... C. psittaci mainly affects animals and birds. It had, and still has a great economic impact in dairy, wool and meat industries. There are 9 serovars from mammalian species, 7 serovars from avian species and 2 biovars from koala bears. Mammalian serovar 1, 2, 3, and 9 infect cattle and sheep, causing a wide range of disorders from placenta and fetus infection and other reproductive problems, including polyarthritis-polysistitis, encephalomyelitis, conjunctivitis as well as intestinal infections. Although numerous attempts have been made to produce vaccines, only modest success has been achieved (Schnorr, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195:1548, 1989). Serovars 4, 5, and 6 are the causes of abortions, pneumonia and polyarthritis in porcine species. Serovar 7 represents chlamydial strains of feline conjunctivitis, rhinitis and pneumonitis and serovar 8 includes guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. The avian strains often cause human infection in bird handlers and poultry processing workers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05716793__

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Method for solubilizing microbial protein obtained from Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Rose; Philip S. (Bridgeton, MO) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 4,663,291 Date filed: July 6, 1984 Abstract: A method of specimen treatment preparatory to conducting an immunoassay is disclosed whereby a microbial protein is solubilized by a detergent at elevated temperatures and in the presence of an alkali or alkaline earth metal ion. At elevated temperatures, the detergent is soluble. However, at lower temperatures, the presence of the metal ion renders the detergent insoluble so that it is prevented from interacting in the immunoassay procedure. A specific application is in the solubilization of the principal outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a method for solubilizing proteins, and especially microbial proteins and protein complexes. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of detergents for the solubilization of protein to express the protein's antigenic properties without destroying the ability to detect the protein antigen in an immunoassay.... Detergents have long been recognized as reagents for solubilizing many biochemicals, particularly microbial proteins and protein complexes. This ability is useful for liberating or exposing antigens in the proteins which subsequently may be detected by immunoassay techniques. Unfortunately, however, detergent in an antigen solution inhibits immunoassay by preventing the binding of the antigen to a solid phase immobilized antibody. Heretofore, no practical, inexpensive method has been available for eliminating this adverse effect of detergent on immunoassay. Simply diluting the sample is unsatisfactory. For example, if the immunoassay sample is diluted after solubilization so that the concentration of detergent no longer affects the assay procedure, the concommitant reduction in antigen concentration results in an antigen level which is below the assay threshold sensitivity. Similarly, increasing the initial concentration of antigen in the immunoassay sample such that the concentration of antigen after dilution is above the sensitivity threshold is often not practical, as sample specimens are often of necessity small. There is thus a need in the art for a method of detergent solubilization of proteins which does not simultaneously inhibit immunoassay procedures.... A specific application where detergents can be used beneficially is in the solubilization of the principal outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. This microorganism is one of the two species of the genus Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales. The other species is Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia trachomatis in its some 15 various strains is the etiologic agent for a number of human ocular and genital diseases, including trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, "nonspecific" or nongonococcal urethritis and proctitis. C. trachomatis infection is pervasive throughout the general population. It has been estimated, for instance, that C. trachomatis is accountable for several million cases per year of nongonococcal urethritis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04663291__

Patents 289

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Method of detecting anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody using Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific antigens Inventor(s): Obara; Kazuhiko (Ibaraki, JP), Matsumoto; Akira (Okayama, JP), Izutsu; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,489,122 Date filed: October 12, 2000 Abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, which comprise polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, DNAs encoding the antigenic polypeptides, or DNAs complementary thereto; a method for detection and/or measurement of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, wherein the antigenic polypeptide is used as an antigen; reagents for detection and/or measurement of an anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody, which comprise the antigenic polypeptide as an antigen; agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, which comprise the antigenic polypeptide as an active ingredient; fused proteins of an antigenic polypeptide of Chlamydia pneumoniae with dihydrotolate reductase, in which polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is bound to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14 either directly or via an intervening amino acid or amino acid sequence; DNAs encoding the fused proteins, or DNAs complementary thereto. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, fused proteins containing the polypeptides, DNAs coding therefor, recombinant vectors carrying the DNAs, transformants containing the recombinant vectors, a method for production of antibody, a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of antibody, a method and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, and a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene. The invention can be effectively used in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the preparation of agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections.... Several kinds of species are known in Chlamydia, that is, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and the like. Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma, venereal lymphogranuloma, urogenital infections, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia and the like. Chlamydia psittaci causes psittocosis and the like. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, atypical pneumonia and the like.... Since the symptoms of infections in the respiratory apparatus which are caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae are similar to those of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Influenza virus, physicians often make a wrong diagnosis. Hence, there is a need for the development of a simple method for diagnosing the infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06489122__

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Method of detecting chlamydia pneumoniae gene using polynucleotides Inventor(s): Obara; Kazuhiko (Ibaraki, JP), Izutsu; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP), Matsumoto; Akira (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,485,914 Date filed: October 12, 2000 Abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, which comprise polypeptide A containing a sequence of at least 5 consecutive amino acids in the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1; DNAs encoding the antigenic polypeptides, or DNAs complementary thereto; DNAs encoding the probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene. The present invention further provides a method for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, wherein the probe or primer is used; reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, which comprise the probe or primer; and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, which comprise the probe or primer as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenic polypeptides, fused proteins containing the polypeptides, DNAs coding therefore, recombinant vectors carrying the DNAS, transformants containing the recombinant vectors, a method for production of antibody, a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of antibody, a method and agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections, probes and primers for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene, and a method and reagents for detection and/or measurement of Chlamydia pneumoniae gene. The invention can be effectively used in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the preparation of agents for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections.... Several kinds of species are known in Chlamydia, that is, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and the like. Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma, venereal lymphogranuloma, urogenital infections, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia and the like. Chlamydia psittaci causes psittocosis and the like. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, atypical pneumonia and the like.... Since the symptoms of infections in the respiratory apparatus which are caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae are similar to those of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Influenza virus, physicians often make a wrong diagnosis. Hence, there is a need for the development of a simple method for diagnosing the infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485914__

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Methods and compositions for treatment of disorders associated with chlamydia and similar bacterial infection Inventor(s): Borody; Thomas Julius (144 Great North Road, Five Dock, NSW 2046, AU), Baumgart; Karl William (66 Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,518 Date filed: February 1, 2001 Abstract: At least two different antibiotics are administered to treat condition associated with infection by Chlamydia species, Mycoplasma species, Listeria species and

Patents 291

Bartonella species, and the aetiologic agents of leptospirosis and Q fever. Compositions comprise the antibiotics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of vascular disease and other diseases either resulting from, aggravated by or associated with infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae, other Chlamydia species and similar susceptible microorganisms.... Vascular disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of atheromatous plaque within vessel walls followed by complications such as plaque rupture with activation of the clotting cascade and occlusion of the vessel resulting in infarction of distant tissue accounts for the majority of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and other ischaemic tissue injury. Conventional therapy for vascular disease seeks to prevent or reverse clot formation or to reduce vascular disease risk factors such as dyslipidaemia or hypertension. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a recently described microorganism, which has been identified in atherosclerotic plaque and incriminated in vascular disease. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen that grows within macrophages and endothelial cells. Infection with C. pneumoniae is characterised by intracellular persistence following infection. Approximately 50% of the population are seropositive for C. pneumoniae in adult life and most persons acquire the infection by the respiratory route. Not all persons infected with C. pneumoniae develop vascular disease, however. Recovery rates of the microorganism have ranged between 20 to 60% of sites of atherosclerotic tissue and the organism has not been recovered from normal vascular tissue. Animal models have been developed in which infection with C. pneumoniae is followed by the development of atherosclerotic plaque. To date, however, Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled for C. pneumoniae in human atherosclerotic vascular disease, and this is in part a consequence of the serious nature of challenge testing as well as the fact that the organism is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Two limited therapeutic studies have been published in which there appears to be a benefit after monotherapy with a macrolide antibiotic. In one of these studies (Gupta S, et al., Circulation 1997, 96, 404407) azithromycin was used, and the benefit was not sustained after initial therapy. In the other study (Gurfinkel E, et al., Lancet 1997, 350, 404-407) roxithromycin was used as sole therapy and in limited numbers a benefit was described, although prolonged follow-up has not yet been reported. In another study (Sinisalo J, et al., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1998, 41, 85-92) tetracycline antibiotics were used as monotherapy and no clinical benefit was discerned.... In the case of "difficult to eradicate" intracellular pathogens, widespread use of single antibiotic regimes has serious potential adverse consequences for the population at large as well as for individuals who may develop resistant infections. Important examples of these problems in other areas of clinical practice include tuberculosis, leprosy and Helicobacter pylori infections. A further feature of largely intracellular infections such as those in which combination regimes have come to be used relates to the concept of "suppression" versus "eradication" following treatment. Although a course of macrolides in the treatment of C. pneumoniae can result in seemingly measurable early improvement clinically, the patients remain at risk of developing a recrudescence of the intracellular infection which has been merely suppressed rather than eradicated. With regrowth of the bacteria, the disease returns and the likelihood of response to repeated therapy is diminished, with the spectre of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, widespread use of single antibiotic regimes may result in greater resistance amongst C. pneumoniae and other important human pathogens than those being treated. Until now it has not been realised that antibiotic monotherapy which could result in a transient improvement in clinical parameters, was actually an indication of the suppression of the bacterial growth, with probable entry of the bacteria into a more intracellular yet chronic phase of infection.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475518__ •

Methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of chlamydia Inventor(s): Mitchell; William M. (Nashville, TN), Stratton; Charles W. (Nashville, TN) Assignee(s): Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Patent Number: 6,258,532 Date filed: February 18, 1998 Abstract: Methods for determining the susceptibility of intracellular pathogens, particularly Chlamydia, to single or combination of test agents are described. The methods can be used for in vitro or in vivo evaluation of agents that can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment/eradication of pathogen infection in general or to target a specific infected organ. Assays which utilize nucleic amplification techniques (e.g., PCR) to determine effectiveness of the agent(s) evaluated are also described. Excerpt(s): It has long been recognized that the appropriate use of susceptibility testing allows the most effective use of antimicrobial agents for the therapy of infectious diseases (1,2). Susceptibility testing for microorganisms such as the chlamydiae that cannot be cultured without the use of animal or tissue cultures is well recognized as being quite difficult (3,4). Early work used embryonated egg yolk sacs, and animal models, but these techniques were slow and cumbersome (5). In vitro susceptibility testing of chlamydiae is currently done using tissue culture cell lines (3-10). In these cell culture procedures, cycloheximide or a similar agent is routinely used to impair host cell metabolism and thus provide intracellular conditions in the host cell that enhance chlamydial growth. The use of cycloheximide has been found to increase the size and visibility of the chlamydial inclusion bodies. After a period of incubation, visual detection of inclusion bodies or immunochemical detection of chlamydial antigen is the endpoint (3,4). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is generally defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent at which no inclusion is seen after incubation. The minimal chlamydiacidal concentration (MCC) is defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent at which no inclusion is seen after several passages.... The murine model has been used extensively for the in vivo evaluation of chlamydial infection (11-18). Therefore, it is not surprising that in addition to in vitro cell culture methods, the murine model of chlamydial infection is also used for in vivo susceptibility testing (17).... Susceptibility testing of chlamydiae, including the most recent species C. pneumoniae, has been relatively extensive considering the difficulties encountered in testing an intracellular microorganism (3,5,10,19-21), and the results are considered to be consistent (5). However, in vitro susceptibility testing methods for chlamydiae are not standardized in terms of the testing conditions (3,4). Standardization of testing conditions for susceptibility testing is a well recognized requirement in general (1,2) and likewise should be required for chlamydiae (3). Moreover, results from in vitro susceptibility testing methods using current tissue culture conditions may not reflect the results seen with in vivo conditions (1-3). For example, Wyrick et al. (22) has shown that susceptibility testing results were different with polarized human endothelial cells as opposed to nonpolarized cells. Other conditions of testing have been found to markedly influence the results of chlamydial susceptibility testing (17). The timing of the addition of the antimicrobial agents to the cell culture is particularly important: the addition of agents before infection of the cell culture may lower the MICs and MCCs by 8-fold (23). Accordingly, the antimicrobial agents are usually added 30 to 60 minutes after the cells are infected (3,4).

Patents 293

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258532__ •

Methods for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Spingola; Marc (Albuquerque, NM), Stull; Paul D. (San Diego, CA), Yang; Yeasing (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-Probe Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,512,445 Date filed: May 25, 1995 Abstract: Oligonucleotides and methods for the amplification and specific detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. The invention relates to amplification oligonucleotides capable of amplifying Chlamydia trachomatis nucleotide sequences and to probes and helper oligonucleotides for the specific detection of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids. The invention also relates to methods for using the oligonucleotides of the present invention and specific combinations and kits useful for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Excerpt(s): The invention described and claimed herein relates to the design and use of nucleic acid probes, helper oligonucleotides and amplification oligonucleotides for amplifying and detecting nucleic acids from the bacterial species Chlamydia trachomatis in test samples, e.g., from throat swabs, tissue samples, body fluids, and from cultures.... The chlamydiae are among the most common animal pathogens in the world. These Gram-negative cells are unusual among bacteria in being obligate intracellular organisms. They replicate within the infected host cell and, lacking enzymes able to produce their own energy from metabolic reactions, rob their hosts of energy by using ATP produced by the host for their own requirements.... Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the three species classifications of the genus Chlamydia, and is a human pathogen. See American Society for Microbiology, Manual of Clinical Microbiology (5th ed. 1991). Chlamydia trachomatis strains include the causal agents of trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and genital tract diseases. In the latter context, C. trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease in the world, causing urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. An infected woman may transmit the infection to her child during birth, resulting in pneumonia or eye disease among other conditions. Early detection of C. trachomatis infection in affected individuals can accelerate necessary treatment and prevent continued transmission of the agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05512445__

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Methods of using Chlamydia vaccine for preventing and treating bovine and ovine diseases Inventor(s): Seawell; Albert C. (1047 Carol Ave., Ripon, WI 54971) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,271,146 Date filed: June 30, 1980 Abstract: Method of using a modified live Chlamydia-chicken embryo origin vaccine for prevention and treatment of disease processes created or induced by Chlamydia organisms in animals of the bovine and ovine species.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vaccines for veterinary use. In particular, it relates to Chlamydia vaccines useful for prevention and treatment of disease processes created or induced by Chlamydia organisms in mammalians other than felines, particularly those of the bovine and ovine species, and to methods for immunizing and treating such animals with such vaccines.... Various strains of the Chlamydia psittaci organism (psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group) have been reported frequently as involved in various mammalian and avian disease processes. The pathology described includes the following disease processes: enzootic abortion in ewes, epizootic bovine abortion, feline pneumonitis, psittacosis-ornithosis, sporadic bovine encephalomy-elitis, transmissible serositis in sheep, calves and swine, bovine respiratory disease complexes, enzootic pneumonia in calves, neonatal diarrhea of calves, polyarthritis in sheep and others.... The "Merck Veterinary Manual", Fourth Edition, published by Merck & Co., Inc. of Rahway, N.J., U.S.A. (1973) provides specific descriptions of the aforementioned and other related pathologies, the occurrence of Chlamydial organisms in connection therewith, the recommended forms of treatment, and the chemotherapeutical agents known and recommended for use therewith, especially at pages 166, 272, 274, 277, 322, 375, 385, and 879, as well as elsewhere. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04271146__ •

Methods of using chlamydia vaccine for preventing and treating bovine diseases Inventor(s): Seawell; Albert C. (1047 Carol Ave., Ripon, WI 54971) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,267,170 Date filed: September 6, 1979 Abstract: Method of using a modified live Chlamydia-chicken embryo origin vaccine for prevention and treatment of disease processes creating or induced by Chlamydia organisms in aminals of the bovine species. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vaccines for veterinary use. In particular, it relates to Chlamydia vaccines useful for prevention and treatment of disease processes created or induced by Chlamydia organisms in mammalians other than felines, particularly those of the bovine species, and to methods for immunizing and treating such animals with such vaccines.... Various strains of the Chlamydia psittaci organism (psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group) have been reported frequently as involved in various mammalian and avian disease processes. The pathology described includes the following disease processes: enzootic abortion in ewes, epizootic bovine abortion, feline pneumonitis, psittacosis-ornithosis, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, transmissible serositis in sheep, calves and swine, bovine respiratory disease complexes, enzootic pneumonia in calves, neonatal diarrhea of calves, polyarthritis in sheep and others.... The "Merck Veterinary Manual", Fourth Edition, published by Merck & Co., Inc. of Rahway, N.J., U.S.A. (1973) provides specific descriptions of the aforementioned and other related pathologies, the occurrence of Chlamydial organisms in connection therewith, the recommended forms of treatment, and the chemotherapeutical agents known and recommended for use therewith, especially at pages 166, 272, 274, 277, 322, 375, 385 and 879, as well as elsewhere. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04267170__

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Methods, kits and compositions of matter useful for determining Chlamydia pneumoniae Inventor(s): Kacena; Katherine (Waltham, MA) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 6,379,892 Date filed: May 18, 2000 Abstract: Amplification primers and methods for specific amplification and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae are disclosed. The primer-target binding sequences are useful for amplification and detection of Chlamydia pneumonia target in a variety of amplification and detection reactions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence, absence or amount of Chlamydia pneumoniae producing organisms in specimens, including specimens from animals, humans and culture. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically a Chlamydia pneumoniae target, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time tSDA.... Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular microorganism which is difficult to isolate by culture. Evidence has accrued showing the relationship between heart disease and infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. The worldwide burden from cardiovascular disease measured in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) is greater than either HIV or STDs. Chlamydia pneumoniae is responsible for about 20% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Nucleic acid amplification is a powerful technology, which allows rapid detection of specific target sequences. The oligonucleotide primers of the present invention are applicable to nucleic acid amplification and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae.... An amplification primer is a primer for amplification of a target sequence by extension of the primer after hybridization to the target sequence. Amplification primers are typically about 10-75 nucleotides in length, preferably about 15-50 nucleotides in length. The total length of an amplification primer for SDA is typically about 25-50 nucleotides. The 3' end of an SDA amplification primer (the target binding sequence) hybridizes at the 3' end of the target sequence. The target binding sequence is about 10-25 nucleotides in length and confers hybridization specificity on the amplification primer. The SDA amplification primer further comprises a recognition site for a restriction endonuclease 5' to the target binding sequence. The recognition site is for a restriction endonuclease which will nick one strand of a DNA duplex when the recognition site is hemimodified, as described by G. Walker, et al. (1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:392-396 and 1992 Nucl. Acids Res. 20:1691-1696). Alternatively, to avoid using a hemimodified recognition site, a recognition site for a nicking enzyme may be used rather than the restriction endonuclease recognition site. The nucleotides 5' to the restriction endonuclease recognition site (the "tail") function as a polymerase repriming site when the remainder of the amplification primer is nicked and displaced during SDA. The repriming function of the tail nucleotides sustains the SDA reaction and allows synthesis of multiple amplicons from a single target molecule. The tail is typically about 10-25 nucleotides in length. Its length and sequence are generally not critical and can be routinely selected and modified. As the target binding sequence is the portion of a primer which determines its target-specificity, for amplification methods which do not require specialized sequences at the ends of the target the amplification primer generally consists essentially of only the target binding sequence. For example, amplification of a target sequence according to the invention using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) will employ amplification primers consisting of the target binding

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sequences of the amplification primers described herein. For amplification methods that require specialized sequences appended to the target other than the nickable restriction endonuclease recognition site and the tail of SDA (e.g., an RNA polymerase promoter for Self-Sustained Sequence Replication (3SR), Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) or the Transcription-Based Amplification System (TAS)), the required specialized sequence may be linked to the target binding sequence using routine methods for preparation of oligonucleotides without altering the hybridization specificity of the primer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379892__ •

Nucleic acid molecules encoding inclusion membrane protein C of Chlamydia Inventor(s): Oomen; Raymond P. (Aurora, CA), Dunn; Pamela L. (Woodbridge, CA), Murdin; Andrew D. (Richmond Hill, CA) Assignee(s): Aventis Pasteur Limited (Toronto, CA) Patent Number: 6,521,745 Date filed: August 20, 1999 Abstract: An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule encoding an inclusion membrane protein C of a strain of Chlamydia, is useful for nucleic acid immunization of a host, including a human host, against disease caused by infection by a strain of Chlamydia, particularly C. pneumoniae. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA molecules, which can be used in methods to prevent and treat Chlamydia infection in mammals, such as humans.... Chlamydiae are prokaryotes. They exhibit morphologic and structural similarities to gram-negative bacteria including a trilaminar outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharide and several membrane proteins that are structurally and functionally analogous to proteins found in E. coli. Chlamydiae are differentiated from other bacteria by their morphology and by a unique developmental cycle. They are obligate intra-cellular parasites with a unique biphasic life cycle consisting of a metabolically inactive but infectious extracellular stage and a replicating but non-infectious intracellular stage. The replicative stage of the life-cycle takes place within a membrane-bound inclusion which sequesters the bacteria away from the cytoplasm of the infected host cell.... Because chlamydiae are small and multiply only within susceptible cells, they were long thought to be viruses. However, they have many characteristics in common with other bacteria: (1) they contain both DNA and RNA, (2) they divide by binary fission, (3) their cell envelopes resemble those of other gram-negative bacteria, (4) they contain ribosomes similar to those of other bacteria, and (5) they are susceptible to various antibiotics. Chlamydiae can be seen in the light microscope, and the genome is about one-third the size of the Escherichia coli genome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521745__

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Nucleic acid primers and probes for detecting Chlamydia pneumoniae Inventor(s): Cerney; Michael B. (Libertyville, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,210,876 Date filed: June 6, 1996 Abstract: Nucleic acid sequences that are useful for detecting Chlamydia pneumoniae are herein provided. These sequences can be used in hybridization assays or amplification based assays designed to detect the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a test sample. Additionally, the sequences can be provided as part of a kit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia pneumoniae and, in particular, it relates to oligonucleotides for detecting Chlamydia pneumoniae in a test sample.... Three species within the genus Chlamydia are clinically important because of their ability to infect and cause disease in a human host. Chlamydia trachomatis has been reported as the most common sexually transmitted disease in industrial societies and causes genital infections in both men and women. Chlamydia psittaci is responsible for a variety of respiratory tract infections. The most recently characterized and clinically important member of the Chlamydia genus is Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) which also is responsible for respiratory tract infections and has been associated with coronary artery disease.... Perhaps because of its fairly recent characterization, the predominant methods for detecting C. pneumoniae in a test sample include isolation of the organism in culture, and serology testing. Isolation may include growing the organism in tissue culture cells to produce inclusion bodies which are then detected by fluorescently staining the inclusion bodies using a labeled species-specific-antibody. Serological testing requires two samples from an individual suspected of being infected with C. pneumoniae. Two samples are necessary because a significant number of individuals have antibodies to C. pneumoniae and a rise in antibody titer to C. pneumoniae or a change in antibody class (e.g. IgM to IgG) is measured as an indication of a recent C. pneumoniae infection. Because a rise in antibody titer or a change in antibody class is measured, acute and convalescent serum samples are taken. Unfortunately, these samples are often times taken weeks or even months apart. Hence, detecting a C. pneumoniae infection can be a time consuming process. Accordingly, there is a need for methods and reagents capable of detecting C. pneumoniae in a specific and timely manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210876__

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Nucleic acid probes and methods for detecting chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Kop; Jo Ann (San Marcos, CA), Smith; Richard Dana (San Diego, CA), Hogan; James John (San Diego, CA), McDonough; Sherrol Hoffa (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-Probe Incorported (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,693,468 Date filed: May 30, 1995 Abstract: A method for preparing probes, as well as several probes for use in qualitative or quantitative hybridization assays are disclosed. The method comprises constructing an oligonucleotide that is sufficiently complementary to hybridize to a region of rRNA selected to be unique to a non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms sought to

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be detected, said region of rRNA being selected by comparing one or more variable region rRNA sequences of said non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms with one or more variable region rRNA sequences from one or more non-viral organisms sought to be distinguished. Hybridization assay probes for Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, Salmonella, Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Pseudomonas group I, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacteria, and fungi also are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The inventions described and claimed herein relate to probes and assays based on the use of genetic material such as RNA. More particularly, the inventions relate to the design and construction of nucleic acid probes and hybridization of such probes to genetic material of target non-viral organisms in assays for detection and/or quantitation thereof in test samples of, e.g., sputum, urine, blood and tissue sections, food, soil and water.... Two single strands of nucleic acid, comprised of nucleotides, may associate ("hybridize") to form a double helical structure in which the two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions are held together by hydrogen bonds (a weak form of chemical bond) between pairs of matched, centrally located compounds known as "bases." Generally, in the double helical structure of nucleic acids, for example, the base adenine (A) is hydrogen bonded to the base thymine (T) or uracil (U) while the base guanine (G) is hydrogen bonded to the base cytosine (C). At any point along the chain, therefore, one may find the base pairs AT or AU, TA or UA, GC, or CG. One may also find AG and GU base pairs in addition to the traditional ("canonical") base pairs. Assuming that a first single strand of nucleic acid is sufficiently complementary to a second and that the two are brought together under conditions which will promote their hybridization, double stranded nucleic acid will result. Under appropriate conditions, DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, or RNA/RNA hybrids may be formed.... Broadly, there are two basic nucleic acid hybridization procedures. In one, known as "in solution" hybridization, both a "probe" nucleic acid sequence and nucleic acid molecules from a test sample are free in solution. In the other method, the sample nucleic acid is usually immobilized on a solid support and the probe sequence is free in solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05693468__ •

Nucleic acid probes to Chlamydia pneumoniae Inventor(s): Endozo; Anthony (San Diego, CA), Hammond; Philip (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-Probe Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,683,870 Date filed: November 23, 1994 Abstract: Hybridization assay probes specific for Chlamydia pneumoniae and no other Chlamydia species. Excerpt(s): The inventions described and claimed herein relate to the design and construction of nucleic acid probes to Chlamydia pneumoniae which are capable of detecting the organism in test samples of, e.g., sputum, urine, blood and tissue sections, food, soil and water.... Two single strands of deoxyribo- ("DNA") or ribo- ("RNA") nucleic acid, formed from nucleotides (including the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymidine (T), guanine (G), uracil (U), or inosine (I)), may associate ("hybridize") to form a double stranded structure in which the two strands are held together by hydrogen

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bonds between pairs of complementary bases. Generally, A is hydrogen bonded to T or U, while G is hydrogen bonded to C. At any point along the chain, therefore, one may find the classical base pairs AT or AU, TA or UA, GC, or CG. One may also find AG, GU and other "wobble" or mismatched base pairs.... When a first single strand of nucleic acid contains sufficient contiguous complementary bases to a second, and those two strands are brought together under conditions which will promote their hybridization, double stranded nucleic acid will result. Under appropriate conditions, DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, or RNA/RNA hybrids may be formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05683870__ •

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Zhang; You-Xun (Hamilton, MT), Ying; Yuan (Hamilton, MT), Watkins; Nancy G. (Victor, MT), Caldwell; Harlan D. (Hamilton, MT) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,384,206 Date filed: February 9, 1999 Abstract: The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of the 15 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis are disclosed together with sequence and immunogenic analysis of these domains. Excerpt(s): In the United States, urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis are the leading sexually transmitted disease with an estimated 10 million new cases reported each year. The urogenital infections result in involuntary infertility in 100200,000 women each year. It is estimated that equal or greater numbers of these infections occur in European countries. In addition, ocular infection with C. trachomatis results in blinding trachoma which afflicts approximately 500 million individuals from developing countries. Improved diagnostic methodologies and vaccines or immunoprophylactic preventative measures are needed to manage and control the disease.... Chlamydia trachomatis isolates occur as 15 distinct serovars. Based on serological relatedness, these 15 serovars have been divided into three serogroups; B serogroup (serovars B, Ba, D, E, L1 and L2), intermediate serogroup (serovars F, G, K and L3), and C serogroup, (serovars A, C, H, I and J). The antigen that confers serovar and serogroup-specificities to chlamydia is the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), and protective immunity developed during chlamydial ocular infection is thought to be directed at serovar and serogroup MOMP determinants.... Epitope mapping has shown that three of the four VD domains (I, II and IV) contain contiguous antigenic determinants which elicit the formation of serovar, subspecies (determinants common to three or more serovars within a serogroup), serogroup or species-specific antibodies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06384206__

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Oligonucleotides and methods for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Manlove; Matthew T. (Vernon Hills, IL), Salituro; John A. (Kenosha, WI), Klonowski; Paul A. (Wonder Lake, IL), Carrino; John J. (Gurnee, IL), Burczak; John D. (Highland Park, IL), Pabich; Edward K. (Chicago, IL), Marshall; Ronald L. (Zion, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,756,298 Date filed: September 5, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide probes useful in detecting, e.g. by hybridization or the ligase chain reaction, Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in the presence of other related DNA. The present invention is also directed to methods of detecting Chlamydia trachomatis organisms in a sample using the ligase chain reaction. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to oligonucleotides useful in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis, e.g., by the ligase chain reaction (LCR) methods.... Microorganisms of the genus Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. They grow and multiply in the host cell forming an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell and cause a host of clinical syndromes.... The genus Chlamydia is made up of three distinct species: Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Of these species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae are commonly pathogenic for humans causing diseases such as conjunctivitis, trachoma genital infections, and pneumonia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05756298__

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Oligonucleotides specific for the MOMP gene sequence and methods for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Pabich; Edward K. (Chicago, IL), Salituro; John A. (Kenosha, WI), Manlove; Matthew T. (Vernon Hills, IL), Klonowski; Paul A. (Wonder Lake, IL), Carrino; John J. (Gurnee, IL), Burczak; John D. (Highland Park, IL), Marshall; Ronald L. (Zion, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,846,785 Date filed: June 23, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide probes useful in detecting, e.g. by hybridization or the ligase chain reaction, Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in the presence of other related DNA. The present invention is also directed to methods of detecting Chlamydia trachomatis organisms in a sample using the ligase chain reaction. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to oligonucleotides useful in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis, e.g., by the ligase chain reaction (LCR) methods.... Microorganisms of the genus Chlanydia are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. They grow and multiply in the host cell forming an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell and cause a host of clinical syndromes.... The genus Chlamydia is made up of three distinct species: Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Of these species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae are commonly pathogenic for humans causing diseases such as conjunctivitis, trachoma genital infections, and pneumonia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05846785__

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Oral vaccine comprising anti-idiotypic antibody to chlamydia glycolipid exoantigen and process Inventor(s): MacDonald; Alex Bruce (Hatfield, MA), Whittum-Hudson; Judith A. (Elkton, MD), Saltzman; William Mark (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): University of Massachusetts (Amherst, MA), The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 5,656,271 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: A genus specific chlamydia oral or injectable vaccine is provided which comprises an anti-idiotype antibody capable of producing in an animal an anti-idiotypic antibody or Fab fragment thereof enclosed in microspheres formed of a pharmacologically acceptable polymer is capable of producing in an animal an anti-antiidiotypic immune response (serum antibody, secretory antibody or T-cell responsee) which recognizes a glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) of chlamydia. The oral or injectable vaccine is produced from an idiotypic antibody to GLXA which, in turn, is utilized to produce the anti-idiotypic antibody. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to vaccines including oral vaccines against chlamydial antigens, and a process for making the vaccine.... Chlamydial infection is a diverse group of conjunctival, genital, respiratory, and neonatal infections occurring primarily on mucosal surfaces. The etiologic agent of the infection is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite of eukaryotic cells, chlamydiae. There are three genetically different species in this genus, with certain similarities in morphology, intracellular developmental cycle and antigenic responses: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae.... The infection by C. trachomatis is limited to humans. Fifteen serovars are differentiated based on the antigenic variations of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Grayston and Wang, J. Infect. Dis., 132:87, 1975). Serotypes D-K, are the most common cause of sexually transmitted venereal diseases. Conservatively, more than 4 million cases of chlamydial sexual infections occur each year in the United States making it more prevalent than all other sexually transmitted diseases combined. The diseases include nongonococcal urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, acute epididymitis, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis and/or peritonitis). The infection in women can be quite damaging: Among 250,000 cases of pelvic inflammation diseases caused by this organism in the U.S. each year, 10% lead to infertility. When infants are born to chlamydia-infected mothers, they are at high risk of developing inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia. C. trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba, and C cause trachoma, an infection of conjunctival epithelial cells. The chronic and secondary infections induce the infiltration of subepithelial lymphocytes, forming follicles and the invasion of fibroblasts and blood vessels to the cornea, leading to blindness. On the other hand, the formation of the scar and malformation of the eyelid, causing trichiasis' constant scraping of the cornea by the eyelash can also lead to corneal opacification and blindness. There are approximately 500 million trachoma cases in the world, and between 7 and 9 million are now blind because of its complications making it the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. The prevalence of active trachoma is high in early age. There are 80 million children in need of treatment. It has been an enormously important health problem in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and North India. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05656271__

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Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase alpha sub-unit from Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Reichard; Raymond W (Quakertown, PA), Lawlor; Elizabeth J (Malvern, PA), Brown; James R (Berwyn, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,214,595 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (pheS) pheS polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (pheS) pheS polypeptides and methods for producing such polypeptides from Chlamydia trachomatis by recombinant techniques. Also provided are methods for utilizing pheS polypeptides to screen for antibacterial compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides and polypeptides, and their production and uses, as well as their variants, agonists and antagonists, and their uses. In particular, in these and in other regards, the invention relates to novel polynucleotides and polypeptides of the phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (alpha sub-unit) family, hereinafter referred to as "pheS".... Chlamydiaceae is a family of obligate intracellular parasites. All members share a common developmental cycle. Chlamydia infect a wide range of vertebrate host, particularly humans.... Chlamydia trachomitis is one of the two recognized species of Chlamydia. Human infections caused by C. trachomitis. are widespread. This species is one of the most common cause of sexually transmitted disease in the world. It is also one of the main causes of infertility in humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214595__

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PNA probes for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Hyldig-Nielsen; Jens J.o slashed.rgen (Vanl.o slashed.se, DK), Godskesen; Michael Anders (Vedb.ae butted.k, DK) Assignee(s): DAKO A/S (Glostrup, DK) Patent Number: 6,169,169 Date filed: May 18, 1995 Abstract: Specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes for detecting a sexual transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis comprising N-(2aminoethyl)glycine units in amide linkage with the glycine nitrogen connected to naturally occurring nucleobases or non-naturally occurring nucleobases by a methylene carbonyl linker and said probes capable of hybridizing to 16S or 23S rRNA or rDNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are described. PNA is a very stable molecule with very high affinity for nucleic acid allowing a PNA probe to be shorter than conventional nucleic acid probes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes and methods for detecting a sexual transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. More particularly, the invention relates to peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes capable of hybridizing to 16S or 23S rRNA or DNA from the area coding for said rRNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis

Patents 303

in test samples which may contain Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis.... N. gonorrhoeae, the pathogen of gonorrhoea, is still today a very frequent infectious disease worldwide. In males, the genital infection manifests itself as a purulent inflammation and swelling of the urethra. These symptoms occur in 90% of cases of infection. If left untreated, the infection can ascend and after several weeks produce symptoms of prostatitis. In women, no or only slight symptoms occur in 50% of cases of infection. The infection primarily affects the cervix, but also the urethra. In 10 to 15% of women, the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes and can also lead, inter alia, to sterility. Since the course of the infections is often asymptomatic, many carriers contribute unknowingly to the spread of the disease.... Another very wide spread sexual transmitted disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Among the more serious complications of C. trachomatis infections are ecotropic pregnancy and tubal infertility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06169169__ •

Polypeptides useful in prevention of chlamydia infection Inventor(s): Woollen; Neal E. (Harvard, NE), Daniels; Eddie K. (Hastings, NE) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,725,863 Date filed: September 6, 1991 Abstract: The present invention relates to a polypeptide vaccine and method to immunize subjects against Chlamydia. In particular, this invention relates to essentially pure polypeptides of Chlamydia psittaci strain DD-34 ranging from about 40 to 140 kilodaltons in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These compositions are used to immunize several species of animals against Chlamydia. More specifically, this invention relates to the discovery of a highly immunogenic essentially pure polypeptide of Chlamydia psittaci strain DD-34 having a molecular weight of about 96 kilodaltons. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vaccines for veterinary use. In particular, it relates to Chlamydia vaccines useful for prevention and treatment of disease processes created or induced by Chlamydia organisms. In particular, this invention relates to essentially pure polypeptides of Chlamydia psittaci strain DD-34 in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the use of this composition as a vaccine for a number of Chlamydia strains.... Chlamydia are unique organisms that infect a susceptible host by an infectious particle called an elementary body. An elementary body is small, approximately (200-300 nm) and is resistant to environmental factors. The organism attaches itself to the host cell and is ingested by a phagocytic process. Schachter, J., Overview of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Requirements for a Vaccine, Rev. Inf. Dis. 7:713 (1985).... Chlamydia are of medical and biological interest because of their unique interaction with eukaryotic host cells, and the diverse diseases they cause in man and animals. Blobel, H., T. Schlieber, Handbuch der bacteriellen Infection bei Tieren. Gustav Fisher Verlag Stuttgart, p. 447 (1985). Animals susceptible to Chlamydia psittaci infections are widely distributed in the animal kingdom, ranging from wild and domesticated birds and mammals to man. These infections have been identified as a cause of pneumonia, enteritis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, and polyarthritis; abortions and genital disorders; and clinically unapparent infections. Blobel, H., T. Schlieber, Handbuch der bacteriellen Infection bei Tieren. Gustav Fisher Verlag Stuttgart, p. 447 (1985). Although Chlamydia psittaci is considered to be primarily a pathogen of animals other than man several strains have shown varying

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degrees of zoonotic potential. Filstein, M. R., Ley, A. B., Vernon, M. S., Goffney, A., Glickmen, L. T. Epidemic of Psittacosis in a College of Veterinary Medicine. Jour. of Vet. Med. p. 569-872 (Sep. 15, 1981). Fraiz, J. R., Jones, B., Chlamydial Infections. Ann. Rev. Med. 39:357-70 (1988). Fudge, A. M. Update on Chlamydiosis. Vet. Clin. of N. Amer. Small Animal Practice. 14(2):201-21 (March 1984). Johnson, F. W. A., Matheson, B. A., Williams, H., Laing, A. G., Jandial, V., Davidson-Lamb, R., Halliday, G. J., Hobson, D., Wong, S. Y., Hadley, K. M., Moffat, M. A. J., Poslethwaite, R. Abortion Due to Infection with Chlamydia psittaci in a Sheep Farmer's Wife. British Med. Jour. 290:592-94 (Feb. 23, 1985). Moran, R. Epidemiologic and Laboratory Observation of Chlamydia psittaci Infections in Pet Birds. Jour. of Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. 184(11):1372-4 (Jun. 1, 1984). Nagington, J. Psittacosis/Ornithosis in Cambridgeshire. 1975-1983. Jour. Hyg. Camb. 92:9-19. Yung, A. P., Grayson, M. L., Psittacosis--a Review of 135 Cases. The Med. Jour. of Australia 148:228-33 (Mar. 7, 1988). Favero, M. S., Biological Hazards in the Laboratory. Lab. Med., 18(10):665-70 (Oct. 1987). Filstein, M. R., Ley, A. B., Vernon, M. S., Goffney, A., Glickman, L. T. Epidemic of Psittacosis in a College of Veterinary Medicine. J. Vet. Med. p. 569-72 (Sep. 15, 1981). Fraiz, J. R., Jones, B. Chlamydial Infections. Ann. Rev. Med. 39:357-70 (1988). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05725863__ •

Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 fusion protein Inventor(s): Giuliani; Marzia M. (Siena, IT), Tecce; Mario F. (Siena, IT), Comanducci; Maurizio (Siena, IT), Ratti; Givlio (Siena, IT) Assignee(s): Chiron S.p.A. (Siena, IT) Patent Number: 6,110,705 Date filed: May 18, 1995 Abstract: A plasmid isolated from Chlamydia trachomatis is described, which comprises 8 genes encoding proteins useful in the formation of vaccines or diagnostic test for determining the bacterium or specific antibodies generated during C. trachomatis infections. In particular, the recombinant fusion protein MS2-pgp3D is described, which comprises polypeptide sequences encoded by pCT and is immunogenic in the course of infections in man. A method for preparing the recombinant fusion protein MS2-pgp3D in E. coli is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to the pCTD plasmid isolated from Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D, cloned and sequenced and to the genes present in said plasmid, to the proteins expressed by said genes, to the expression vectors containing said genes and to the microrganisms transformed by said vectors. The invention further refers to the process for the preparation of genes and of said vectors and to the use of said proteins as antigens for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies apt to recognize Chlamydia trachomatis and hence useful for the preparation of vaccines capable of imparting a protective immunity against infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and pathologic conditions deriving from said infections and for the development of diagnostic methods for the search of specific antibodies produced following C. trachomatis infections.... Chlamydias are gram-negative bacteria, obligate intracellular parasites of eukariotic cells. Chlamydias show an extracellular infective and metabolically practically inert form, called elemental body (EB), and intracellular replicative forms called reticular bodies (RB).... The reticular bodies, after multiplication by binary fission, are transformed into elemental bodies which come out of the host cell and infect new cells.

Patents 305

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110705__ •

Recombinant clones of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide Inventor(s): Caldwell; Harlan D. (Hamilton, MT), Nano; Francis E. (Hamilton, MT) Assignee(s): United States of America (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,075,228 Date filed: September 27, 1990 Abstract: Disclosed is a clone and the process for cloning genes encoding the genusspecific lipopolysaccharide antigen of chlamydia. The clone is a hybrid lipopolysaccharide molecule composed of both chlamydia and E. coli components. Excerpt(s): Chlamydia are obligate intracellular procaryotes that are structurally similar to gram-negative bacteria. There are two species, Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci. C. trachomatis is a specific human pathogen, whereas C. psittaci is a pathogen of a variety of non-primate species. Diseases caused by C. trachomatis present a major health problem throughout the world. In developing countries, C. trachomatis causes hyperendemic trachoma which is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. There are approximately two million people in the world today who are blind as a result of trachoma and an estimated 500 million more who are affected by this disease. In industralized nations, C. trachomatis is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes an array of genital tract and associated infections whose incidence is increasing at epidemic rates. Conservative estimates indicate that in the United States alone there are 7-10 million C. trachomatis infections per year. In addition to their vertebrate hosts, chlamydial-like organisms have also been identified in tissues of spiders (Coelotus luctuosus) and clams (Mercenarie mercenaria), suggesting that chlamydiae are ubiquitous parasites present throughout the animal kingdom.... Biologically, Chlamydia are distinguished from all other intracellular procaryotes by their unique life cycle and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. The life cycle consists of two cell types, the elementary body and the reticulate body, which differ both morphologically and functionally. The elementary body is the extracellular cell type; it is metabolically inactive and is the infectious form of the parasite. The elementary body is unique in that it is efficiently phagocytized, even by nonprofessional phagocytes, and once internalized, it prevents phagolysosomal fusion. Mediators of these pathogenic mechanisms are believed to be surface components of the elementary body; however, their identity and biochemical nature is currently unknown.... Despite their common biology, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci share only 10% DNA homology and demonstrate little antigenic relatedness among their surface protein constituents. They do, however, share a common outer membrane qlycolipid antigen that has been shown to be a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigenically similar to the Re LPS chemotype isolated from mutants of Salmonella spp. (Caldwell et al: Inf. & Imm. 44 : 306-314 [1984]). Despite the similarities between chlamydial LPS and the Re LPS of enteric bacteria, chlamydial LPS contains a periodate sensitive antigenic determinant that is common to Chlamydia but is not found in a variety of enteric bacteria. This antigenic determinant has been defined by monoclonal antibody and termed the genus-specific LPS antigen (see Caldwell et al, above). The biological function of chlamydial LPS is unknown, but the conserved nature of the LSP epitope in an otherwise antigenically diverse genus suggests that this epitope may be functionally important with respect to the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis shared by these obligate intracellular parasites. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05075228__

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Specimen adequacy control for chlamydia assays Inventor(s): Knowles; William J. (Guilford, CT), Huguenel; Edward D. (Guilford, CT) Assignee(s): Miles Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Patent Number: 5,166,053 Date filed: February 23, 1990 Abstract: A method for determining the adequacy of a cervical or urethral test specimen collected for an immunological assay to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis. Cells present in the specimen are disrupted to expose a substance present in or on C. triachomatis that is detectable by immunological reaction. In order to determine if the test specimen contains an adequate amount of the cervical or urethral cell type that serves as a host cell for C. trachomatis, the disrupted specimen is also reacted with an immunological reagent that produces a detectable complex upon specific binding with a substance present in or on columnar epithelial cells. The present invention therefore provides a control reaction that verifies the adequacy of the collected test specimen and thereby increases the confidence that a negative test result for the presence of Chlamydia indicates the absence of a C. trachomatis infection in the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chemical assays, particularly immunoassays, for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. More particularly, the invention concerns means for assessing the adequacy of a cellular test specimen to be assayed, specifically a cervical or urethral specimen.... Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for a number of disease manifestations in humans including trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis, cervical infections and lymphogranuloma venereum. The development of extremely sensitive methods for the detection of Chlamydial infections is medically important since the organism is often harbored without obvious symptoms of infection.... Due to the obligate intracellular nature of its life cycle, the accurate detection of Chlamydia requires that the host cells in which the organism replicates be carefully sampled. In the case of genital, cervical and ocular infections, the participating host cells are the columnar epithelial cells [Kuo, C.-C. (1988) Host Response. In, Microbiology of Chlamydia, ed. A. L. Barron, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., USA]. Columnar epithelial cells constitute a broad class of cell type found, among other places, in the mucus membranes lining the eye, urethral and portions of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix. The cells display a characteristic morphology that allow the trained individual to differentiate these cells from other cell types when observing a specimen under a microscope. Thus, the detection of C. trachomatis by staining under a microscope offers the opportunity to an individual performing the test to observe if an adequate number of columnar epithelial cells are present in the specimen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05166053__

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Vaccine comprising anti-idiotypic antibody to chlamydia GLXA and process Inventor(s): Whittum-Hudson; Judith A. (Elkton, MD), Sutton-Stuart; Elizabeth (Amherst, MA), An; Ling-Ling (La Jolla, CA), MacDonald; Alex Bruce (Amherst, MA) Assignee(s): Johns Hopkins University (), University of Massachusetts () Patent Number: 5,840,297 Date filed: March 19, 1993 Abstract: A genus specific chlamydia vaccine is provided which comprises an antiidiotype antibody capable of producing in an animal an anti-anti-idiotypic antibody which recognizes a glycoplipid exoantigen (GLXA) of chlamydia. The vaccine is produced by producing an idiotypic antibody to GLXA which, in turn, is utilized t produce the anti-idiotypic antibody comprising the vaccine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine against chlamydial antigens, a process for making the vaccine, and a process for immunizing a human or an animal against chlamydia and a process for assaying for chlamydia infection.... Chlamydial infection is a diverse group of conjunctival, genital, respiratory, and neonatal infections occurring primarily on mucosal surfaces. The etiologic agent of the infection is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite of eukaryotic cells, chlamydiae. There are three genetically different species in this genus, with certain similarities in morphology, intracellular developmental cycle and antigenic responses: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae.... The infection by C.trachomatis is limited to humans. Fifteen serovars are differentiated based on the antigenic variations of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Grayston and Wang, J. Infect. Dis., 132:87, 1975). Serotypes D-K, is the most common cause of sexually transmitted venereal diseases. Conservatively, more than 4 million cases of chlamydial sexual infections occur each year in the United States making it more prevalent than all other sexually trans-mitted diseases combined. The diseases include nongonococcal urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, acute epididymitis, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis and/or peritonitis). The infection in women can be quite damaging: Ten percent of the 250,000 cases of pelvic inflammation diseases caused by this organism in the U.S. each year, lead to infertility. When infants born to chlamydia-infected mothers, they are at high risk of developing inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia. C. trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba, and C cause trachoma, an infection of conjunctival epithelial cells. The chronic and secondary infections induce the infiltration of subepithelial lymphocytes, forming follicles and the invasion of fibroblasts and blood vessels to the cornea, leading to blindness. On the other hand, the formation of the scar and malformation of the eyelid, causes constant scraping of the cornea by the eyelash which can also lead to corneal opacification and blindness. There are approximately 500 million trachoma cases in the world, and between 7 and 9 million are now blind because of its complications making it the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. The prevalence of active trachoma is high in early age. There are 80 million children in need of treatment. It has been an enormously important health problem in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and North India. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05840297__

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Vaccines for Chlamydia psittaci infections Inventor(s): Tully, Jr. Thomas N. (St. Francisville, LA), Chouljenko; Vladimir N. (Baton Rouge, LA), Kousoulas; Konstantin G. (Baton Rouge, LA), Baghian; Abolgasem (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University & Agricultural and (Baton Rouge, LA) Patent Number: 6,605,287 Date filed: August 28, 1998 Abstract: Vaccine compositions protective against Chlamydia psittaci infections in animals, including but not limited to humans and avian species, comprising an immunogenic amount of a C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) polypeptide lacking regions VD1 and VD2 are provided. Nucleic acid vectors for the expression of MOMP polypeptides and MOMP polypeptide fusion proteins are disclosed. Nucleic acid vectors encoding a C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) polypeptide lacking regions VD1 and VD2 useful for genetic, or "naked nucleic acid" vaccination are disclosed. Methods for preventing a Chlamydia psittaci infection in a subject using MOMP polypeptides, MOMP polypeptide-fusion proteins, or nucleic acid expression vectors are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia psittaci vaccines and to methods of protecting animals, including avian species, from Chlamyida psittaci infections.... The genus Chlamydia contains four species of obligate parasitic bacteria: Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. This unique genus causes a variety of diseases in humans, mammals, and birds. In humans, the most notable are trachoma and urogenital infections due to C. trachomatis and psittacosis caused by C. psittaci. In animals, C. psittaci can cause a diverse range of disease in livestock, poultry, turkeys and companion birds. The known C. psittaci strains have been grouped into eight biovars (Perez-Martinez, J A and J Storz, 1985). Strains of serovar 1 are mainly associated with intestinal infections and abortions, while strains of serovar 2 cause polyarthritis, encephalitis, and conjunctivitis in ruminants. Avian strains of C. psittaci cause respiratory problems and diarrhea in birds (Storz, 1988). The organism can also be transmitted to humans from these animals, and outbreaks have been documented in animal production workers. Thus, there is a need for an effective vaccine against C. psittaci for mammalian and avian species.... The chlamydia organism goes through two developmental stages in its life cycle. The extracellular form, which is the infectious entity of the cycle, is called the elementary body (EB). These EBs attach and enter the host cell, where they re-organize into reticulate bodies (RBs) which divide within membrane-bound host cell compartments by binary fission and then condense into a new generation of infectious EBs. The attachment and entry of the EB into the host cell is a receptor-mediated phenomenon (Hodinka et al. 1988), and several chlamydial proteins have been implicated in the EB attachment to host cellular membranes (Baghian and Schnorr, 1992). One of these proteins is called the "major outer membrane protein", or MOMP, and surface-exposed epitopes of this protein from C. trachomatis have been shown to block EB attachment onto the host cell (Su and Caldwell, 1991). The MOMP genes from some strains of C. psittaci and C. trachomatis have been sequenced (Baehr et al., 1988, Pickett et al. 1988, Yuan et al. 1989, Zhang et al. 1989, Kaltenboeck, et al. 1993). Analyses of these sequences revealed that portions of the structure of this protein are conserved between species. There are also four regions of "variable domain" interspersed with conserved sequences, and these are referred to as VD1, VD2, VD3, and VD4. The location of these VD regions are identical in the two species (see Zhang et al.,

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1989). A comparison of the genes encoding the MOMP from C. psittaci and C. trachomatis show that, overall, the sequences are approximately 68% identical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605287__

Patent Applications on Chlamydia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chlamydia: •

Anti-chlamydia agent Inventor(s): Hara, Yukihiko; (Fujieda-shi, JP), Yamazaki, Tsutomu; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: FRISHAUF, HOLTZ, GOODMAN,; LANGER & CHICK, P.C. 25th Floor; 767 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20020006447 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an anti-Chlamydia agent characterized by containing tea polyphenol and to a method for preventing or treating a Chlamydia infectious disease, characterized by comprising administering a composition containing tea polyphenol in an amount effective for the therapy of a Chlamydia infectious disease on an affected part of a patient.The tea polyphenol is a component of tea, natural substance. Tea has been used widely since old time as a beverage so that there is no problem on safety. Therefore, tea polyphenol has no harmful side effects on human body and no risk of emergence of resistant strains. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-Chlamydia agent characterized by containing tea polyphenol.... Bacteria belonging to genus Chlamydia are of a spherical or ellipsoidal shape of 0.2 to 1.5.mu.m and are unique bacteria which are obligate parasites in cells of eucaryotes.... Infectious body, which is an ecotype outside host cells, enters into the vacuoles of host cells and converted therein into particles called reticular structural body due to phagocytosis. The reticular formation increases in number by division and matures into an infectious body in a later stage of infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA fragments and uses thereof Inventor(s): Wang, Joe; (Toronto, CA), Oomen, Raymond P. (Aurora, CA), Murdin, Andrew D. (Richmond Hill, CA), Dunn, Pamela; (Woodbridge, CA) Correspondence: FOLEY AND LARDNER; SUITE 500; 3000 K STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030161833 Date filed: December 31, 2002

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: The present invention provides a method of nucleic acid, including DNA, immunization of a host, including humans, against disease caused by infection by a strain of Chlamydia, specifically C. pneumoniae, employing a vector containing a nucleotide sequence encoding an omp P6 precursor of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae and a promoter to effect expression of the omp P6 precursor in the host. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/171,525, filed Dec. 22, 1999, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to the Chlamydia omp P6 precursor and corresponding DNA molecules, which can be used to prevent and treat Chlamydia infection in mammals, such as humans.... Chlamydiae are prokaryotes. They exhibit morphologic and structural similarities to gram-negative bacteria including a trilaminar outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharide and several membrane proteins that are structurally and functionally analogous to proteins found in E coli. They are obligate intra-cellular parasites with a unique biphasic life cycle consisting of a metabolically inactive but infectious extracellular stage and a replicating but noninfectious intracellular stage. The replicative stage of the life-cycle takes place within a membrane-bound inclusion which sequesters the bacteria away from the cytoplasm of the infected host cell. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CHLAMYDIA ANTIGENS AND CORRESPONDING DNA THEREOF Inventor(s): WANG, JOE; (ETOBICOKE, CA), DUNN, PAMELA; (MISSISSAUGA, CA), OOMEN, RAYMOND P. (SCHOMBERG, CA), MURDIN, ANDREW D. (NEWMARKET, CA) Correspondence: BERNHARD D SAXE; FOLEY & LARDNER; WASHINGTON HARBOUR; 3000 K STREET NW SUITE 500; WASHINGTON; DC; 200075109 Patent Application Number: 20020094340 Date filed: December 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of nucleic acid, including DNA, immunization of a host, including humans, against disease caused by infection by a strain of Chlamydia, specifically C. pneumoniae, employing a vector containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a 98 kDa outer membrane protein of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae and a promoter to effect expression of the 98 kDa outer membrane protein gene in the host. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/113,439, filed Dec. 1, 1998 and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/132,272, filed May 3, 1999.... The present invention relates to the Chlamydia 98 KDa outer membrane protein antigen and corresponding DNA molecules, which can be used to prevent and treat Chlamydia infection in mammals, such as humans.... Chlamydiae are prokaryotes. They exhibit morphologic and structural similarities to gram-negative bacteria including a trilaminar outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharide and several membrane proteins that are structurally and functionally analogous to proteins found in E coli. They are obligate intra-cellular parasites with a unique biphasic life cycle consisting of a metabolically inactive but infectious extracellular stage and a replicating but noninfectious intracellular stage. The replicative stage of the life-cycle takes place within a

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membrane-bound inclusion which sequesters the bacteria away from the cytoplasm of the infected host cell. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Chlamydia infection Inventor(s): Rosenfeld, Michael E. (Seattle, WA), Campbell, Lee Ann; (Seattle, WA), Lin, Tsun-Mei; (Tainan, TW), Kuo, Cho-Chou; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: ROYLANCE, ABRAMS, BERDO & GOODMAN, L.L.P. 1300 19TH STREET, N.W. SUITE 600; WASHINGTON,; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030021782 Date filed: July 24, 2001 Abstract: Chlamydia binds to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor on mammalian cells. Molecules that prevent binding of elementary bodies to the mammalian cells can be therapeutically beneficial in treating and/or preventing Chlamydial infection. Excerpt(s): Portions of the research described herein were supported in part by monies from the National Institutes of Health.... Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria. The extracellular form consists of infectious elementary bodies (EB) that gain entry into target cells, convert into reticulate bodies and proliferate therein.... It is believed that there is a recognition means at the surface of target cells that enables the EB to recognize and to bind a target cell. The cell surface receptor for the EB is one that likely interacts with the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of the EB. The MOMP is the principal structural protein of the EB. The MOMP is glycosylated. The carbohydrate structure of the MOMP glycom is a high mannose type ogliosaccaride (Kuo et al. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 2813-8,1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Chlamydia oligosaccharides Inventor(s): Takahashi, Noriko; (Nagoya, JP), Swanson, Albertina F. (Tucson, AZ), Kuo, Cho-Chou; (Seattle, WA), Hakomori, Sen-Itiroh; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: ROYLANCE, ABRAMS, BERDO & GOODMAN, L.L.P. 1300 19TH STREET, N.W. SUITE 600; WASHINGTON,; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030139375 Date filed: November 5, 2002 Abstract: Oligosaccharides specific for Chlamydia mediate attachment of the organism to host cells. Excerpt(s): Portions of the research described herein were supported in part by monies for the National Institutes of Health.... Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common causes of blindness and sexually transmitted diseases in humans. C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium which is biphasic. The intracellular form is the metabolically active reticulate body and the extracellular form is the infectious elementary body (EB) (Moulder et al. (1984) in Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology (Krieg, ed.) 1:729-735, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore).... A prominently exposed component on the surface of the chlamydial EB involved in the initial

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interaction between C. trachomatis and the host cell is the major outer membrane protein (MOMP; Mr 40,000) (Caldwell & Judd (1982) Infect. Immun. 38:960-968). The MOMP is the principal structural protein of the EB and individual MOMP proteins are cross-linked by disulf ide bonds to provide rigidity to the cell wall (Newhall & Jones (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:998-1001). The serologic specificity of the organism resides in the MOMP and antibodies raised to MOMP can neutralize infectivity of chlamydia (Caldwell & Perry (1982) Infect. Immun. 38:745-754; Lucero & Kuo (1985) Infect. Immun. 50:595-597). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CHLAMYDIA-FREE CELL LINES AND ANIMALS Inventor(s): STRATTON, CHARLES W. (NASHVILLE, TN), MITCHELL, WILLIAM M. (NASHVILLE, TN) Correspondence: KAREN F. ELBING, ESQ. CLARK AND ELBING; 176 FEDERAL STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02110 Patent Application Number: 20020009802 Date filed: February 18, 1998 Abstract: Methods for clearing Chlamydia from biological materials, e.g., cells and animals, infected therewith are described. Methods for maintaining Chlamydia-free cells and animals are also described. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/911,593, filed on Aug. 14, 1997, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.... Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular microorganisms which parasitize eukaryotic cells and are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Members of the chlamydial genus are considered bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle having distinct morphological and functional forms. This developmental growth cycle alternates between 1) intracellular life forms, of which two are currently recognized, a metabolically-active, replicating organism known as the reticulate body (RB) and a persistent, non-replicating organism known as the cryptic phase; and 2) an extracellular life form that is an infectious, metabolically-inactive form known as the elementary body (EB).... EBs are small (300-400 nm) infectious, spore-like forms which are metabolically inactive, non-replicating, and found most often in the acellular milieu. EBs are resistant to a variety of physical insults such as enzyme degradation, sonication and osmotic pressure. This physical stability is thought to be a result of extensive disulfide cross-linking of the cysteine-rich major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Bavoil et al., Infection and Immunity, 44:479-485 (1984); Hackstadt et al., Journal of Bacteriology, 161:25-31 (1985); Hatch et al., Journal of Bacteriology, 165:379-385 (1986); Peeling et al., Infection and Immunity, 57:3338-3344 (1989); J. C. A. Bardwell, Molecular Microbiology, 14:199-205 (1994); and T. P. Hatch, Journal of Bacteriology, 178:1-5 (1993)). Under oxidizing conditions in the acellular milieu of the host, the outer membrane of EBs is relatively impermeable as well as resistant to inactivation. EBs are thus well suited to survive long enough outside of their hosts to be transmitted to a new host in the form of a droplet nuclei (Theunissen et al., Applied Environmental Microbiology, 59:2589-2593 (1993)) or a fomite (Fasley et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 168:493-496 (1993)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Kim, Seon-Kyeong; (Sunnyvale, CA), DeMars, Robert I. (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Carl R. Schwartz, Esq. Quarles and Brady LLP; Suite 2040; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20010041788 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are 9 amino acid-long peptides from the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E. These peptides activate CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in human infections that are potentially important for resolution of infection and protection against disease. Thus, the peptides, as well as DNA coding for them, are intended for use in vaccination of humans. Also, they are useful in connection with diagnostic tests. Excerpt(s): This is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/551,510 filed Apr. 17, 2000, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/314,742 filed May 19, 1999, now allowed.... The present invention relates to nine amino acid-long peptides of the major outer membrane protein ("MOMP") from Chlamydia trachomatis ("Ct"). These peptides activate human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ("CTLs").... Ct is an intracellular bacterium that is the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (ocular trachoma) in the developing world and of sexually transmitted disease ("STD") in the United States and certain other parts of the developed world. The estimated annual incidence of Ct-caused STD is in the millions. While most Ct-caused disease can be treated with antibiotics, untreated or inadequately treated infections result in hundreds of thousands of cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year in the United States, alone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Diagnosis and management of infection caused by Chlamydia Inventor(s): Stratton, Charles W. (Nashville, TN), Mitchell, William M. (Nashville, TN) Correspondence: CLARK & ELBING LLP; 101 FEDERAL STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030171348 Date filed: March 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a unique approach for the diagnosis and management of infections by Chlamydia species, particularly C. pneumoniae. The invention is based, in part, upon the discovery that a combination of agents directed toward the various stages of the chlamydial life cycle is effective in substantially reducing infection. Products comprising combination of antichlamydial agents, novel compositions and pharmaceutical packs are also described. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/073,661, filed May 6, 1998 (now pending), which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/025,521 (now pending), filed Feb. 18, 1998, which is a Continuation-inPart of U.S. Ser. No. 08/911,593, filed Aug. 14, 1997 (now abandoned). U.S. Ser. No. 09/073,661 also claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/025,176 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,532) and U.S. Ser. No. 09/025,174 (now pending), each filed Feb. 18, 1998, and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/045,739, 60/045,779, 60/045,780, 60/045,784,

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60/045,787, and 60/045,689, each filed May 6, 1997, and now abandoned. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference.... Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular microorganisms which parasitize eukaryotic cells and are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Members of the chlamydial genus are considered bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle having distinct morphological and functional forms. This developmental growth cycle alternates between 1) intracellular life forms, of which two are currently recognized, a metabolically-active, replicating organism known as the reticulate body (RB) and a persistent, non-replicating organism known as the cryptic phase; and 2) an extracellular life form that is an infectious, metabolically-inactive form known as the elementary body (EB).... EBs are small (300400 nm) infectious, spore-like forms which are metabolically inactive, non-replicating, and found most often in the acellular milieu. EBs are resistant to a variety of physical insults such as enzyme degradation, sonication and osmotic pressure. This physical stability is thought to be a result of extensive disulfide cross-linking of the cysteine-rich major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Bavoil et al., Infection and Immunity, 44:479485 (1984); Hackstadt et al., Journal of Bacteriology, 161:25-31 (1985); Hatch et al., Journal of Bacteriology, 165:379-385 (1986); Peeling et al., Infection and Immunity, 57:3338-3344 (1989); J. C. A. Bardwell, Molecular Microbiology, 14:199-205 (1994); and T. P. Hatch, Journal of Bacteriology, 178:1-5 (1993)). Under oxidizing conditions in the acellular milieu of the host, the outer membrane of EBs is relatively impermeable as well as resistant to inactivation. EBs are thus well suited to survive long enough outside of their hosts to be transmitted to a new host in the form of a droplet nuclei (Theunissen et al., Applied Environmental Microbiology, 59:2589-2593 (1993)) or a fomite (Fasley et al., The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 168:493-496 (1993)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

DNA IMMUNIZATION AGAINST CHLAMYDIA INFECTION Inventor(s): BRUNHAM, ROBERT C. (WINNIPEG, CA) Correspondence: SIM & MCBURNEY; 330 UNIVERSITY AVENUE; 6TH FLOOR; TORONTO; M5G1R7; CA Patent Application Number: 20020110542 Date filed: August 12, 1999 Abstract: Nucleic acid, including DNA, immunization to generate a protective immune response in a host, including humans, to a major outer membrane protein of a strain of Chlamydia, preferably contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a MOMP or a MOMP fragment that generates antibodies that specifically react with MOMP and a promoter sequence operatively coupled to the first nucleotide sequence for expression of the MOMP in the host. The nonreplicating vector may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for in vivo administration to the host. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunology and, in particular, to immunization of hosts using nucleic acid to provide protection against infection by chlaymdia.... DNA immunization is an approach for generating protective immunity against infectious diseases (ref. 1--throughout this application, various references are cited in parentheses to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each citation is found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosure of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure) Unlike protein or peptide based subunit vaccines, DNA immunization provides protective immunity through

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expression of foreign proteins by host cells, thus allowing the presentation of antigen to the immune system in a manner more analogous to that which occurs during infection with viruses or intracellular pathogens (ref. 2). Although considerable interest has been generated by this technique, successful immunity has been most consistently induced by DNA immunization for viral diseases (ref. 3). Results have been more variable with nonviral pathogens which may reflect differences in the nature of the pathogens, in the immunizing antigens chosen, and in the routes of immunization (ref. 4). Further development of DNA vaccination will depend on elucidating the underlying immunological mechanisms and broadening its application to other infectious diseases for which existing strategies of vaccine development have failed.... Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen which usually remains localized to mucosal epithelial surfaces of the human host. Chlamydiae are dimorphic bacteria with an extracellular spore-like transmission cell termed the elementary body (EB) and an intracellular replicative cell termed the reticulate body (ref. 5). From a public health perspective, chlamydial infections are of great importance because they are significant causes of infertility, blindness and are a prevalent co-factor facilitating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (ref. 6). Protective immunity to C. trachomatis is effected through cytokines released by Th1-like CD 4 lymphocyte responses and by local antibody in mucosal secretions and is believed to be primarily directed to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), which is quantitatively the dominant surface protein on the chlamydial bacterial cell and has a molecular mass of about 40 kDa (ref. 19). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Feline vaccine compositions and method for preventing chlamydia infections or diseases using the same Inventor(s): Acree, William M. (Fort Dodge, IA), Chang, Lucille W.S. (Hercules, CA), Chavez, Lloyd; (Fort Dodge, IA), Chu, Hsien-Jue; (Fort Dodge, IA) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C. Post Office Box 5257; New York; NY; 101505257; US Patent Application Number: 20030170251 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: This invention provides a feline vaccine composition comprising an immunogenically active component having inactivated mammalian chlamydial cells or antigens derived therefrom, in combination with an effective amount of an immunogencally suitable adjuvant; and a veterinary pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The vaccine composition is useful to prevent chlamydia, e.g. C. psittaci, infections or diseases in felines, and may also be combined with other vaccine compositions or therapy. A process for producing C. psittaci suitable for use in the production of safe and effective chlamydia vaccines, and a method for preventing chlamydia infections or diseases in felines, are also provided. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/467,775, filed Jun. 6, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,563); which was a continuation of Ser. No. 08/065,741, filed May 20, 1993, which was a divisional of Ser. No. 07/610,229, filed Nov. 7, 1990 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,686, issued Sep. 7, 1993). Each of these prior applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.... The present invention relates to vaccines for veterinary use. In particular, the invention relates to vaccines comprising a combination of one or more immunologically active components, i.e. inactivated

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Chlamydia psittaci or antigens derived therefrom, for prevention and treatment of chlamydia diseases in mammals, such as cats. The invention also relates to methods for immunizing and treating such animals with such vaccines.... Feline Chlamydia psittaci is the etiologic agent for a common conjunctual and respiratory disease of cats known as feline pneumonitis (FPn) (Baker, J. A. (1942) Science 96:475-476). This highly contagious disease is characterized by sneezing and coughing and is accompanied by mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges (Baker, J. A. (1944) J. Exp. Med. 79:159-172). All age groups of cats are susceptible and although mortality is not great, infected kittens and older animals may become severely debilitated. Furthermore, because of its extreme communicability, FPn constitutes a major problem in pet hospitals, clinics and catteries, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Feline vaccines containing chlamydia psittaci and method for making the same Inventor(s): Hennessy, Kristina J. (Parkville, MO), Hallstrom, Jean A. (Merriam, KS), Schmeer, Norbert; (Haan, DE), Atherton, Rebecca A. (Shawnee, KS), Lane, Jennifer K. (Shawnee, KS) Correspondence: William M. Blackstone; Intervet Inc. Patent Department; 405 State Street; P.O. Box 318; Millsboro; DE; 19966; US Patent Application Number: 20020146425 Date filed: March 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to feline vaccines comprising inactivated[a]non reactive Chlamydia psittaci for prevention and treatment of chlamydia diseases in cats. Excerpt(s): Feline chlamydiosis is a common conjunctival and respiratory disease of cats known as feline pneumonitis (FPn). This highly contagious disease is characterized by sneezing and coughing and is accompanied by mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges. All age groups of cats are susceptible and, although mortality is not great, infected kittens and older cats may become severely debilitated. Because of its extreme infectivity, feline chlamydiosis constitutes a major problem in pet hospitals, clinics and catteries. There is some thought that persistent genital tract infection by Chlamydia psittaci is a cause of reproductive failure in catteries.... Vaccination studies with modified-live compositions of Chlamydia psittaci have produced conflicting results. Cello (Am. J. Vet. Med. Assoc. 158:932-938, 1971) indicated that such vaccines demonstrated no significant protection of cats. Shewen, et al. (Can. J. Comp. Vet. Res. 44:244-251, 1980) indicated partial protection while McKercher (Am. J. Vet. Res. 13:557561, 1952) and others indicated almost complete protection by such vaccines. However, because the vaccinated cats are receiving live Chlamydia psittaci, some vaccine organisms can shed to other cats and reversion has been proposed to occur.... Studies with inactivated chlamydia vaccines have produced mixed results and unacceptable local and systemic reactions in vaccinated cats. Comparative challenge studies conducted with four inactivated vaccine preparations and a commercial modified-live vaccine demonstrated that the inactivated preparations conferred virtually no protection against chlamydia infection in cats (Shewen et al, Can. J. Comp. Med. 44:244-251, 1980). An inactivated Chlamydia psittaci vaccine has been described by Chu et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,686). However, this vaccine s not purified and causes unacceptable local reactions when administered to cats (COMPENDIUM). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHOD OF CHLAMYDIA PROPHYLAXIS Inventor(s): Stanberry, Lawrence R. (Cincinnati, OH), Bourne, Nigel; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Jules E. Goldberg, Esq. Reed E. Smith LLP; 375 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10152; US Patent Application Number: 20020187974 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: The likelihood of chlamydia infection can be prevented by the topical application of metallo-organic cobalt compounds according to the following formula to the site of infection: 1wherein each A may be the same or different and is an alkyl group, a phenyl group or a substituted derivative of a phenyl group; each Y may be the same or different and is hydrogen, an unbranched alkyl group, a halide or a group having the structure wherein R is hydrogen, an alkoxide group, and alkyl group, or OH; each B may be the same or different and each is hydrogen or an alkyl group; each X may be the same or different and each is a water soluble group having weak to intermediate ligand filed strength; and Z.sup.-- is a soluble, pharmaceutically acceptable negative ion. Metallo-organic cobalt compounds may also be used to disinfect liquids which contain chlamydia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to metallo-organic cobalt compounds and their use in the prophylactic treatment of subjects to prevent chlamydia infections.... Z.sup.-is a soluble, pharmaceutically acceptable negative ion.... Today, chlamydia infections are known to be significant causes of morbidity in human and veterinary medicine. Many of these infections present no noticable symptoms, yet can lead to sterility. New prophylactic treatments would decrease the incidence of these infections and improve overall health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and compositions for vaccination comprising nucleic acid and/or polypeptide sequences of chlamydia Inventor(s): Kaltenboeck, Bernhard; (Auburn, AL), Stemke-Hale, Katherine; (Dallas, TX), Johnston, Stephen A. (Dallas, TX), Sykes, Kathryn F. (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: Mark B. Wilsjon; FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI L.L.P. Suite 2400; 600 Congress Avenue; Austin; TX; 78701; US Patent Application Number: 20020183272 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: The instant invention relates to antigens and nucleic acids encoding such antigens obtainable by screening a Chlamydia genome. In more specific aspects, the invention relates to methods of isolating such antigens and nucleic acids and to methods of using such isolated antigens for producing immune responses. The ability of an antigen to produce an immune response may be employed in vaccination or antibody preparation techniques. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/225,839 filed on Dec. 15, 2000. The entire text of the abovereferenced disclosure is specifically incorporated herein by reference without disclaimer.

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The government owns rights in the present invention pursuant to DARPA grant number MDA 972-97-1-0013.... The present invention relates generally to the fields of immunology, bacteriology and molecular biology. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for screening and obtaining vaccines generated from the administration of expression libraries constructed from a Chlamydia psittaci genome or corresponding homologs from other Chlamydia species. In particular embodiments, it concerns methods and compositions for the vaccination of vertebrate animals against Chlamydia bacterial infections, wherein vaccination of the animal is via a protein or gene derived from part or all of the genes validated as vaccines.... Intracellular bacteria of the genus Chlamydia are important pathogens in both man and vertebrate animals, causing blindness in man, sexually transmitted disease, and community-acquired pneumonia, and most likely act as co-factors in atherosclerotic plaque formation in human coronary heart disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHODS FOR IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF CHLAMYDIA Inventor(s): MITCHELL, WILLIAM M; (NASHVILLE, TN), STRATTON, CHARLES W; (NASHVILLE, TN) Correspondence: KAREN F. ELBING; CLARK AND ELBING; 176 FEDERAL STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20010002421 Date filed: February 18, 1998 Abstract: Methods for determining the susceptibility of intracellular pathogens, particularly Chlamydia, to single or combination of test agents are described. The methods can be used for in vitro or in vivo evaluation of agents that can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment/eradication of pathogen infection in general or to target a specific infected organ. Assays which utilize nucleic amplification techniques (e.g., PCR) to determine effectiveness of the agent(s) evaluated are also described. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/911,593, filed on Aug. 14, 1997, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.... It has long been recognized that the appropriate use of susceptibility testing allows the most effective use of antimicrobial agents for the therapy of infectious diseases (1,2). Susceptibility testing for microorganisms such as the chlamydiae that cannot be cultured without the use of animal or tissue cultures is well recognized as being quite difficult (3,4). Early work used embryonated egg yolk sacs and animal models, but these techniques were slow and cumbersome (5). In vitro susceptibility testing of chlamydiae is currently done using tissue culture cell lines (3-10). In these cell culture procedures, cycloheximide or a similar agent is routinely used to impair host cell metabolism and thus provide intracellular conditions in the host cell that enhance chlamydial growth. The use of cycloheximide has been found to increase the size and visibility of the chlamydial inclusion bodies. After a period of incubation, visual detection of inclusion bodies or immunochemical detection of chlamydial antigen is the endpoint (3,4). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is generally defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent at which no inclusion is seen after incubation. The minimal chlamydiacidal concentration (MCC) is defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent at which no inclusion is seen after several passages.... The murine model has been used extensively for the in vivo evaluation of chlamydial infection (11-18). Therefore, it is not surprising that in addition to in vitro

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cell culture methods, the murine model of chlamydial infection is also used for in vivo susceptibility testing (17). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel chlamydia antigens and corresponding DNA fragments Inventor(s): Prefontaine, Paul; (Quebec, CA), Brassard, Pascal; (Plessisville, CA), Martin, Denis; (St-Augustin-de-Desmaures, CA), Brodeur, Bernard R. (Sillery, CA), Couture, France; (St-David, CA), Hamel, Josee; (Sillery, CA), Beaudoin, Frederic; (Ste-Foy, CA) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C. 2200 CLARENDON BLVD. SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030059896 Date filed: December 20, 2001 Abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding them are disclosed. Said polypeptides are antigenic and therefore useful components for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of Chlamydial infection in animals. Also disclosed are recombinant methods of producing the protein antigens as well as diagnostic assays for detecting Chlamydia bacterial infection, particularly C. pneumoniae. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to Chlamydia polypeptides and corresponding DNA fragments, which may be used to prevent, diagnose and/or treat Chlamydia infections.... Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a wide variety of diseases in man, animals and birds. Despite many differences (e.g. epidemiology, transmission routes, overall DNA homology, antigenic analysis), Chlamydiae share common biological and immunological features. The organism only grows into a specialized vacuole in the post-Golgi exocytic vesicular compartment of the eukaryotic cell. They undergo a distinct developmental cycle that alternates between an extracellular transmission cell, termed elementary body (EB) and an intracellular replicating cell, termed the reticulate body (RB). The organisms are capable of persisting in cells of an immune host presumably due to its evolved capabilities for immune evasion. Infection causes host cells to produce a variety of proinflammatory cytokines which likely contribute to disease pathogenesis (Rasmussen S. J., Eckmann L., Quayle A. J., Shen L., Zhang, Y. X., Anderson D. J., Fierer J., Stephens R. S. and Kagnoff M. F. (1997) Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 99:77-87).... Four chlamydial species are currently known: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia psittaci. C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae are two Chlamydia species that are natural human pathogen. C. psittaci strains are highly diverse, having been isolated from human and a very large number of avian and mammalian species. They have been grouped into eight biovars which produce a broad spectrum of diseases (Storz J., (1988), Overview of Animal Diseases Induced by Chlamydial Infections, In <<Microbiology of Chlamydia>> Ed. AL. Baron, CRC Press Inc. Boka Raton, Fla., pp. 167-192). C. pecorum has been isolated only from mammals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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NUCLEOTIDE FRAGMENT OF THE 23S RNA OF THE GENUS CHLAMYDIA, USE AS A PROBE, PRIMER, AND IN A REAGENT AND A DETECTION PROCEDURE Inventor(s): MABILAT, CLAUDE; (SAINT GERMAIN AU MONT D'OR, FR), SCHLEIFER, KARL-HEINZ; (UNTERSCHLEISSHEIM, DE), LUDWIG, WOLFGANG; (SACHSENKAM, DE) Correspondence: OLIFF & BERRIDGE; PO BOX 19928; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22320 Patent Application Number: 20020168633 Date filed: March 4, 1999 Abstract: The invention concerns a single-stranded nucleotide fragment comprising at least a sequence of 12 contiguous nucleotide patterns, belonging to a 23S ribosome RNA strand of the species of the Chlamydia genus or to is complementary strand, said sequence being selected in any one of the following groups consisting of said RNA zones: Group I: 451-472, 542-570, 596-623, 731-756, 878-890, 996-1020, 1061-1094, 11231186, 1857-1880, 2234-2307, 2341-2370; Group II: 420-450, 473-514, 694-713, 756-790, 842857, 927-937, 1231-1248, 1241-1319, 1371-1381, 1880-1895, 1943-1961, 2151-2182; Group III: 404-426, 436-457, 466-515, 683-722, 747-808, 817-863, 891-955, 1024-1055, 1208-1251, 1315-1350, 1407-1548, 1364-1388, 1576-1622, 1891-1918, 2148-218; the first number corresponding to the position of the first nucleotide of said zone relative to the 23S ribosome RNA nucleotide sequence of serotype A of Chlamydia trachomatis, SEQ ID NO:55, selected as reference sequence, and the second number corresponding to the position of the last nucleotide of said zone relative to this same reference sequence. The invention also concerns the uses of said fragment as probe, primer and in a reagent and method for detecting said bacteria. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the field of detection and/or amplification techniques, with the aid of oligonucleotide probes or primers, and their application in the search for the presence or for the identification of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia.... Three species of Chlamydia are presently known: Chlamydia trachomatis (subgroup A) which is specific to man and includes 15 serotypes, Chlamydia psittaci (subgroup B) which is commensal in birds and Chlamydia pneumoniae (Twar strain). The pathogenic power of these bacteria is very varied, just as much in man as in animals.... In man, Chlamydia trachomatis is especially responsible for urethritis, cervicitis or salpingitis, conjunctivitis, trachoma which can lead to blindness, arthritis, perihepatitis; two other clinical forms are also frequent, namely conjunctivitis of the newborn, who are infected in the course of delivery and the conjunctivitis known as swimming pool conjunctivitis, contracted in the course of bathing in a swimming pool whose water is dirty; Chlamydia psittaci contaminates man by the intermediary of bird excrement, causing attacks such as benign pneumopathy (ornithosis) or more serious pneumopathy (psittacosis) and pseudoinfluenza; finally, Chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated in 1965 from a conjunctival sample during a vaccine campaign against trachoma and in 1983 from a pharyngeal sample during an epidemic of acute respiratory illnesses in the United States. Recently, the studies of F. Blasi et al. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology, (November 1996) 2766-2769) demonstrated the direct implication of C. pneumonia [sic] in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Porin B (PorB) as a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of infection by chlamydia Inventor(s): Kubo, Aya; (Sunnyvale, CA), Stephens, Richard; (Orinda, CA) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030021801 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: The present invention features the use of PorB polypeptide as a therapeutic agent. In specific embodiment the invention features a chlamydial vaccine based on a PorB polypeptide, as well as methods for induction of a protective immune response against infection by Chlamydia and Chlamydiophila. The invention further features methods for identifying agents that offset PorB function (e.g., in transport of.alpha.ketoglutarate and which are effective as anti-chlamydial chemotherapeutic agents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease, particularly to prevention of infectious disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Chlamydia and Chlamydophila (formerly classified as, for example, C. psittacci and C. pneumoniae).... Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that cause a spectrum of diseases including trachoma, the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, as well as a variety of sexually transmitted diseases such as lymphogranuloma venereum, urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, and salpingitis (Thylefors et al. (1995) Bull W H O 73:115-121). For example, Chlamydia trachomatis is considered the world's most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen (Schachter and Grayston (1998) Presented at the Ninth international symposium on human chlamydial infection, Napa, Calif. World Health Organization, 1996, Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted diseases: overview and estimates). Currently an estimated 400 million people have active infectious trachoma, while 90 million have a sexually transmitted disease caused by C. trachomatis (World Health Organization, 1996). Chlamydia pneumoniae usually infects the lungs and causes no more than a mild cold; however, it can travel to the blood vessels and thrive in clots, causing heart disease. Diseases caused by Chlamydia represent significant health problems worldwide.... Growth of Chlamydia generally depends on the acquisition of host ATP and other high-energy metabolites from the host (Moulder et al. (1991) Microbiol. Rev. 55:143-90). Chlamydiae have the enzymatic machinery for the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway (EMP), the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Kalman et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 21:385-9; Stephens et al. (1998) Science 282:754-9). The TCA in chlamydia is incomplete in that the host lacks three enzymes: citrate synthase, aconitase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (Kalman et al., ibid,; Stephens et al., ibid.). This observation suggests that the glutamate and.alpha.ketoglutarate are obtained from the host cell since these can not be synthesized-by the bacterium. It has been shown that chlamydiae utilize glucose as the major source of carbon, but that dicarboxylates also serve to support chlamydial viability and growth ((Iliffe-Lee et al. (2000) Mol. Microbiol. 38:20-30). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Secreted Chlamydia polypeptides and method for identifying such polypeptides by their secretion by a type III secretion pathway of a gram-negative bacteria Inventor(s): Dautry-Varsat, Alice; (Paris, FR), Parsot, Claude; (Paris, FR), Subtil, Agathe; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: OBLON SPIVAK MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT PC; FOURTH FLOOR; 1755 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030045702 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: Chlamydia spp. are strictly intracellular pathogens that grow inside a vacuole, called an inclusion. They possess genes encoding proteins homologous to components of type III secretion machineries which, in other bacterial pathogens, are involved in delivery of bacterial proteins within or through the membrane of eukaryotic host cells. Inc proteins are chlamydial proteins that are associated with the membrane of the inclusion and are characterized by the presence of a large hydrophobic domain in their amino acid sequence. To investigate whether some Chlamydia proteins, especially Inc proteins and other proteins exhibiting a similar hydropathic profile, might be secreted, the inventors used an heterologous secretion system, namely a type III system. Chimeras were constructed by fusing the N-terminal part of these proteins with a reporter, the Cya protein of Bordetella pertussis, and expressed in various strains of Shigella flexneri. The inventors demonstrate that these hybrid proteins are secreted by the type III secretion system of S. flexneri. Moreover, the inventors show that three other proteins from C. pneumoniae, all of which have in common the presence of a large hydrophobic domain, are also secreted by S. flexneri type III secretion machinery. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to application Ser. No. 60/255,118 filed Dec. 14, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to secreted Chlamydia polypeptides expressed by a Gramnegative bacterial strain and secreted by the type III secretion pathway of said bacterial strain.... Chlamydiae are gram-negative bacteria that proliferate only within eukaryotic host-cells. The three species pathogenic to humans, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae, cause a number of diseases, including trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, pneumonia and their sequelae (Gregory, D. W. and W. Schaffner. (1997). Psittacosis. Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 12: 7-11; Kuo, C.-C., L. Jackson, L. Campbell, and J. Grayston. (1995). Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8: 451-61; Stamm, W. E. (1999). Chlamydia trachomatis infections: progress and problems. J. Infect. Dis. 179: S380-3). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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TWO-STEP IMMUNIZATION PROCEDURE AGAINST CHLAMYDIA INFECTION Inventor(s): Brunham, Robert C. (Vancouver, CA), Murdin, Andrew D. (Newmarket, CA) Correspondence: SIM & MCBURNEY; 330 UNIVERSITY AVENUE; 6TH FLOOR; TORONTO; M5G1R7; CA Patent Application Number: 20020168382 Date filed: December 3, 1999

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Abstract: A host is immunized against infection by a strain of Chlamydia by initial administration of an attenuated bacteria harbouring a nucleic acid encoding a Chlamydia protein followed by administration of a Chlamydia protein in ISCOMs. This procedure enables a high level of protection to be achieved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of immunology and, in particular, to a vaccination procedure for protection of a host against disease caused by infection with a bacterium of the Chlamydiacease genus, particularly Chlamydia trachomatis.... Chlamydia trachomatis is a species of the genus Chlamydiacease, order Chlamydiales, C. trachomatis infects the epithelia of the conjunctivae and the genital tract, causing trachoma and a variety of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) which can lead to, respectively, blindness or infertility. There are at least 15 serovars of C. trachomatis, of which A, B and C are causative agents of trachoma, while serovars D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K are the most common causative agents of the Chlamydial STDs. C. trachomatis infections are endemic throughout the world. Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness in developing nations, and it is estimated that 600 million people suffer from trachoma worldwide, with as many as 10 million of them being blinded by the disease. In the United States, there are an estimated 3 million cases per year of STDs caused by C. trachomatis.... The pathogenesis of trachoma involves repeated ocular infections and the generation of a deleterious hypersensitivity response to chlamydial antigen(s) (refs. 1 to 4--Throughout this specification, various references are referred to in parenthesis to more fully describe the state of the art of which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each citation is found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure). The available evidence supports the hypotheses that both secretory IgA and cell-mediated immune responses are important components of protection. Ocular infection in a primate model induces rapid and persistent production of IgA in tears, whereas the presence of IgG in tears is transient, corresponding to the period of peak conjunctival inflammation (refs. 5). Protective immunity following experimental ocular infection in a sub- human primate model is homotypic and resistance to ocular challenge correlates with the presence of serovar-specific antibodies in tears (refs. 1, 2, 6). Tears from infected humans neutralized the infectivity of homologous but not heterologous trachoma serovars for owl monkeys eyes (ref. 7) whereas passive humoral immunization with antitrachoma antibodies was not protective (ref. 8). Several lines of evidence indicate the importance of cell-mediated responses in protection from or clearance of chlamydial infection. B-cell deficient mice can resolve infection, whereas nude mice become persistently infected. Adoptive transfer of at least some chlamydiaspecific T-cell lines or clones can cure persistently infected nude mice, and this antichlamydial activity is probably a function of the ability of the T-cells to secrete interferon-y (refs. 9 to 16). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Use of thiamphenicol and derivatives thereof for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of chlamydia pneumoniae infections Inventor(s): Gismondo, Maria Rita; (Sagittario Milanodue, IT), Drago, Lorenzo; (Milano, IT), Ungheri, Domenico; (Parabiago, IT), Colombo, Giovanni Battista; (Cassina De Pecchi, IT), Licciardello, Luciano; (Monza, IT) Correspondence: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C. 1940 DUKE STREET; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030100614 Date filed: December 11, 2001 Abstract: Use of thiamphenicol and derivatives thereof for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment Chlamydia pneumoniae infections is described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of thiamphenicol and derivatives thereof for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections.... Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium recently considered responsible of respiratory infections both of the upper tract and the lower tract.... This bacterium is one of the most widespread human pathogens and primary infections in children from 5 to 14 years have been supported by documentary evidence. In children the infection is generally mild and asymptomatic, but can be more serious in adult and elderly. Chlamydia pneumoniae is responsible for about 10% of cases of atypical pneumonia and of 5% of cases of bronchitis. It has also been associated with respiratory airways diseases and with new onset asthma and asthmatic bronchitis in the adults. Sinusitis caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae also associated with infections of the lower respiratory tract has been described and, moreover, Chlamydia pneumoniae has been isolated from middle ear fluids of patients with otitis media. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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VACCINES FOR CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI INFECTIONS Inventor(s): CHOULJENKO, VLADIMIR N. (BATON ROUGE, LA), KOUSOULAS, KONSTANTIN G. (BATON ROUGE, LA), TULLY, JR., THOMAS N. (ST. FRANCISVILLE, LA), BAGHIAN, ABOLGASEM; (BATON ROUGE, LA) Correspondence: JANICE A KIMPEL; NEEDLE & ROSENBERG; SUITE 1200 THE CANDLER BUILDING; 127 PEACHTREE STREET N W; ATLANTA; GA; 303031811 Patent Application Number: 20020136742 Date filed: August 28, 1998 Abstract: Vaccine compositions protective against Chlamydia psittaci infections in animals, including but not limited to humans and avian species, comprising an immunogenic amount of a C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) polypeptide lacking regions VD1 and VD2 are provided. Nucleic acid vectors for the expression of MOMP polypeptides and MOMP polypeptide fusion proteins are disclosed. Nucleic acid vectors encoding a C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) polypeptide lacking regions VD1 and VD2 useful for genetic, or "naked nucleic acid" vaccination are disclosed. Methods for preventing a Chlamydia psittaci infection

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in a subject using MOMP polypeptides, MOMP polypeptide-fusion proteins, or nucleic acid expression vectors are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia psittaci vaccines and to methods of protecting animals, including avian species, from Chlamyida psittaci infections.... The genus Chlamydia contains four species of obligate parasitic bacteria: Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. This unique genus causes a variety of diseases in humans, mammals, and birds. In humans, the most notable are trachoma and urogenital infections due to C. trachomatis and psittacosis caused by C. psittaci. In animals, C. psittaci can cause a diverse range of disease in livestock, poultry, turkeys and companion birds. The known C. psittaci strains have been grouped into eight biovars (Perez-Martinez, J A and J Storz, 1985). Strains of serovar 1 are mainly associated with intestinal infections and abortions, while strains of serovar 2 cause polyarthritis, encephalitis, and conjunctivitis in ruminants. Avian strains of C. psittaci cause respiratory problems and diarrhea in birds (Storz, 1988). The organism can also be transmitted to humans from these animals, and outbreaks have been documented in animal production workers. Thus, there is a need for an effective vaccine against C. psittaci for mammalian and avian species.... The chlamydia organism goes through two developmental stages in its life cycle. The extracellular form, which is the infectious entity of the cycle, is called the elementary body (EB). These EBs attach and enter the host cell, where they re-organize into reticulate bodies (RBs) which divide within membrane-bound host cell compartments by binary fission and then condense into a new generation of infectious EBs. The attachment and entry of the EB into the host cell is a receptor-mediated phenomenon (Hodinka et al. 1988), and several chlamydial proteins have been implicated in the EB attachment to host cellular membranes (Baghian and Schnorr, 1992). One of these proteins is called the "major outer membrane protein", or MOMP, and surface-exposed epitopes of this protein from C. trachomatis have been shown to block EB attachment onto the host cell (Su and Caldwell, 1991). The MOMP genes from some strains of C. psittaci and C. trachomatis have been sequenced (Baehr et al., 1988, Pickett et al. 1988, Yuan et al. 1989, Zhang et al. 1989, Kaltenboeck, et al. 1993). Analyses of these sequences revealed that portions of the structure of this protein are conserved between species. There are also four regions of "variable domain" interspersed with conserved sequences, and these are referred to as VD1, VD2, VD3, and VD4. The location of these VD regions are identical in the two species (see Zhang et al., 1989). A comparison of the genes encoding the MOMP from C. psittaci and C. trachomatis show that, overall, the sequences are approximately 68% identical. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chlamydia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chlamydia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chlamydia. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html.

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Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHLAMYDIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chlamydia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chlamydia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on chlamydia: •

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2000 Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV STD and TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS E06, Atlanta, GA, 30333, (404) 639-8063, http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/nchstp.html. Summary: This report provides policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health with implications of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with statistics and trends of STDs in the United States (US) through 2000. It consists of four sections: (1) a national profile section, which contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the US and text identifying major findings and trends for selected STDs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis; (2) a special focus profiles section, which highlights trends and distribution of STDs in populations of particular interest for STD and HIV prevention programs in State and local health departments, including women and infants,

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adolescents and young adults, racial and ethnic minorities, men who have sex with men, persons entering corrections facilities, and persons living in the South; (3) a detailed tables section, which presents statistical information about STDs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphillis, and chancroid at the State, county, city, and national levels; and (4) an appendix, which includes the sources and limitations of the data used to produce the report, tables and figures that demonstrate the progress made toward Healthy People 2010 Priority Area 25, and figures that show progress made by States in converting from hardcopy aggregate reporting to electronic line-listed data submissions. •

Texas Resource Guide for HIV/STD Education for Health Education Professionals Contact: Texas Department of Health, Bureau of HIV and STD Prevention, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX, 78756-9987, (512) 490-2500, http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/hivstd/. Summary: This directory, for health education professionals, provides a comprehensive listing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) resources in Texas. It discusses what individuals can do to become involved in HIV/STD prevention; legal mandates related to health education; STDs; HIV transmission; risk-factors; information on diseases including chlamydia, hepatitis, syphilis, and vaginitis; model education programs and other training opportunities; school-aged HIV/STD education resources; legal resources; special resources (e.g., on sexual abstinence, self-esteem, and sexual education); statistics; HIV/STD resources including treatment resources and training centers; and other resources on abuse, condoms, hemophilia, pharmacies, sex workers, and special populations. It provides helpful telephone numbers for HIV/STD resources in Texas.

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Abstinence: Making Responsible Decisions Contact: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, Glencoe Division, 936 Eastwind Drive, Westerville, OH, 43081. Summary: This study guide covers teen sexuality and promotes sexual abstinence in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It discusses making good decisions; various aspects of dating and relationship building; the physical, emotional, and social consequences of having sex as an adolescent; and the transmission, symptoms, possible long-term effects, and treatment of STDs including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, vaginitis, the human papillomavirus (HPV), parasitic infections, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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Sexually Transmissible Diseases Source: Guidelines for Women's Health Care; 1996. Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. Summary: This book chapter reviews the assessment, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The chapter provides an overview and history of the more common STDs followed by guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, hepatitis B, and HIV.

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Adolescent Health: State of the Nation, Monograph Number 2: Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Related Risk Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and, Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, 3005 Chambelle Tucker Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, (770) 448-3252. Summary: This monograph reports on the consequences of early, unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescents. It is designed to provide state and local education and health agencies with information about priority health outcomes among adolescents aged 10-24 years. The monograph shows changes over time in the rates of pregnancy, abortion, live births, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. In addition, the national and state profiles include data about live birth rates and trends by age group; live birth rates by race/ethnicity; pregnancy rates (both abortion and live births) by age group; gonorrhea rates and trends by age group and sex; chlamydia cases, rates, and trends by sex; cumulative AIDS case counts by age group and sex; and related risk behaviors for high school students by sex.

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STD Counseling and Treatment Guide Contact: American Social Health Association, PO Box 13827, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, (919) 361-8400. Summary: This handbook contains guidelines and patient management protocol for health care providers who treat patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The handbook serves as a tool for physicians who want to improve the STD counseling component of their clinical practice. Part one includes suggestions for communicating more effectively with patients about the behaviors, issues, and emotions that affect STD infection rates and successful treatment. In part two, CDC treatment guidelines for each major STD are presented in an accessible format. Part three provides in-depth information on chlamydia. The appendices contain telephone referrals and a sample of the sexual health history form.

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Guidelines for Perinatal Care Source: Guidelines for Perinatal Care; 3rd edition, 1992. Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. American Academy of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, Committee on Pediatric AIDS, 141 NW Point Blvd, Elk Grove Village, IL, 60007-1098, (847) 434-4000, http://www.aap.org. Summary: This book chapter focuses on the clinical management of viral and bacterial perinatal infections. These include cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus, human parvovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, group B streptococcal, listeriosis, syphilis, lyme disease, and chlamydia infection. For each of these infections, guidelines are provided on treatment and counseling during pregnancy, obstetric management, management of exposed newborns, nursery management, and early diagnosis. The section on HIV focuses on diagnostic criteria for adults, children, and infants; prevention; and management after delivery.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Problems in Primary Care Contact: Practice Management Information Corporation, 4727 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 90010, (800) 633-7467. Summary: This monograph provides basic and practical information on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is designed for physicians, particularly those practicing family and emergency medicine. The monograph describes how various STDs are spread and exactly what is meant by safe sexual practices. It covers the many types of venereal disease (VD) currently prevalent, as well as non-VD infections that can be spread by sexual contact. Each chapter deals with one type of disease, or groups of closely related diseases or infections. Methods of recognizing, treating, and preventing each disease are covered. The effectiveness and outcome statistics for treatments are discussed, with effectiveness based on current sensitivities of the infecting organism. The type of the organism and its life cycle are described. Chapters on the "classic" STDs include: gonorrhea, syphilis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and chancroid. Other chapters discuss: HIV infection, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis, and chlamydia. The monograph also contains information concerning related topics such as management of rape victims and contraception.

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Reasonable Reasons to Wait: Family Life and Character Formation; Student Handbook Contact: An Educated Choice, Inc., Teen Choice, 6201 Leesburg Pike Ste 404, Falls Church, VA, 22044, (703) 532-9455. Summary: This guide is the student handbook of an eight unit sexual abstinence and human sexuality curriculum for high school students. The curriculum covers human development, peer pressure, premarital sex, chemical use and abuse, and the freedom associated with sexual self-control and regaining that self-control. The first unit contains exercises and information that support the decision to remain abstinence until marriage. Unit Two reviews the impact that peer pressure and the need for acceptance often has on the adolescent's sexual behavior. The third unit covers the purpose and responsibilities of dating and the benefits of establishing long lasting relationships. Unit four discusses the facts about common sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, and gonorrhea. Unit five emphasizes the importance of building a solid foundation to marriage relationship. The sixth unit covers the elements and purpose of marriage. Unit seven presents the prerequisites for parenting, and the eighth unit contains the basics of human development.

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Social Diseases Source: The Serious Sides of Sex. Contact: Nevbet Company, 2843 Brownsboro Rd, Louisville, KY, 40206, (502) 897-1664. Summary: This book chapter discusses a dozen Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhea, nonspecific urethritis, syphilis, vaginitis, genital herpes, genital warts, Hepatitis B, pubic lice, and scabies. Symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and consequences for sexual partners are covered for each. The chapter also looks at public health, education, and ethical, legal, medical and psychological issues involved in STD transmission.

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Sexually - Transmitted Diseases Contact: Daniel Memorial Institute, Incorporated, 3725 Belfort Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32216, (904) 448-7612. Summary: This teaching guide enables trainers to teach foster parents about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as they may affect the children that they will care for. The first section starts off by looking at long-term effects and general symptoms of STDs. It then provides specific symptoms, long-term effects, and treatment for a number of common STDs, including: chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, vaginitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, crab lice, Hepatitis, and gastrointestinal STDs. The second section teaches caregivers how to recognize those members of the foster-care population who are at risk for STDs; that group includes infants, abused children, and sexually active youth. The third section gives guidance on dealing with STD-infected children. This section presents detailed information on AIDS, including symptoms; routes of transmission; prevention, such as condom use; and talking with children about AIDS. Myths of casual contact transmission are dispelled.

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AIDS and Infections of Homosexual Men Contact: Butterworth Heinemann Publishers, 225 Wild Wood Ave, Woburn, MA, 01801, (800) 366-2665. Summary: This monograph details clinical information on infections related to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that occur in homosexual men. The first section examines nondiarrheal Sexually transmitted disease (STD's), such as syphilis and proctitis due to chlamydia trachomatis, and also examines the relationship of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to infections with pathogenic neisseria. In the second section, authors turn to diarrheal STD's, including gay bowel syndrome, bacterial diarrhea, parasitic infectious diseases, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis. The third section studies other STD's, beginning with Hepatitis B transmission as a model for AIDS. It also studies herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection in both healthy and immune deficient homosexual men, and laboratory diagnosis of STD's and opportunistic infections. The fourth section looks at infectious and neoplastic complications. It opens with a chapter on HIV as the etiologic agent of AIDS, then gives a revision of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance case definition for AIDS. The section also includes chapters on surveillance and epidemiology in the U.S between 1981 and 1985; clinical manifestations of Kaposi's Sarcoma and its treatment; neurology in AIDS; AIDS in prostitutes, children, and prisoners; AIDS in Europe; and opportunistic infections and their treatment. The fifth section turns to immunologic evaluation methods and controls, such as analysis of mechanisms of immune suppression. It also deals with immunologic responses, epidemiologic observations of immunologic abnormalities, immunogenetic findings in patients with Kaposi's Sarcoma, the significance of endogenous interferon and interferon-induced enzymes in patients with AIDS, and approaches to AIDS therapy. The sixth and final section provides a diagnostic perspective.

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New Pathways to Health: Lessons for Teaching About AIDS and Other STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) - Senior High School Contact: Los Angeles Unified School District, Office of Health Education Programs, 1320 W Third St Rm 34, Los Angeles, CA, 90012, (213) 625-6411. Summary: This AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) instructional guide for teachers of senior high schools provides a framework for AIDS and STD

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instruction. It is structured to provide students with the facts and critical-thinking skills that will enable them to make informed decisions that will reduce their chances of contracting an STD. It is comprised of 8 lesson plans which constitute teaching objectives, materials, procedures, content, and activities. The lesson plans include information on STD's, the body's defenses against disease, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, genital herpes, reducing the risks of STD's, STD's and the law, and communicating about AIDS and other STD's. Worksheets, factsheets, and a resource list are included. •

VD! STD! or What? Some Facts About Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Translated title Contact: Hawaii Department of Health, AIDS/STD Project, AIDS Prevention Project, PO Box 3378, Honolulu, HI, 96816, (808) 735-5303. Summary: This monograph gives young people basic information about Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) so they can protect themselves against them. Descriptions of the symptoms of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, vaginitis, genital herpes, venereal warts, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are given. The reader is counseled to know one's sex partner, to use condoms, and to seek treatment if symptoms appear. The location of a local clinic is given.

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Modern Breast and Pelvic Examinations: A Handbook for Health Professionals. Fourth Edition Source: New York, NY, National Council on Women's Health, Inc., 104 p., 1996. Contact: National Council on Women's Health, Inc., 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. (212) 746-6967. FAX: (212) 746-8691. Summary: Modern Breast and Pelvic Examinations: A Handbook for Health Professionals, is the 4th edition of a handbook designed for physicians and other health professionals to assist them in developing effective techniques for observation, palpation, use of equipment, and communication for the performance of breast and pelvic examinations. The book, which was developed in conjunction with the Women's Teaching Associates Program, is also designed to promote an educational, egalitarian approach to the patient as a coparticipant in breast and pelvic examinations. The handbook consists of nine chapters, three appendices, and a glossary. The nine chapters are entitled (1) Pelvic Examinations; (2) Breast Examination and Instruction in SelfExamination; (3) The Patient's Role in the Breast and Pelvic Examination; (4) Breast and Pelvic Examination on Adolescents and Children; (5) Pelvic Examination in an Elderly Patient; (6) When Suspecting chlamydia, Herpes Infections and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases; (7) Examination of the Sexually Abused Woman; (8) The First Pelvic Exam; and (9) Examination of the Disabled Woman. The appendices present (1) samples of dialogue and monologue to illustrate the way in which communication can and should occur in connection with breast and pelvic examinations; (2) a recommended reading list, and (3) a discussion of screening techniques for cervical neoplasms.

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Sex: What you don't know can kill you Source: Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. 1997. 121 pp. Contact: Available from Baker Books, P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516. Summary: This book by an obstetrician/gynecologist is divided in two sections; the first reviews the symptoms and treatments for a number of sexually transmitted diseases; the

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second examines the various behaviors and risks involved with different methods of sexual fulfillment. The first section covers these diseases, among others: chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis B, HIV and AIDS, and vaginal infections. The second section discusses sexual acts other than intercourse, the use of condoms, cohabitation as a form of mutual monogamy, how and when to abstain from sex, secondary virginity, celibacy, and personal codes regarding sexual activity. •

S.T.D.: Sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS Source: Hinsdale, IL: Medtext. 1992. 149 pp. Contact: Available from Medtext, 15W560 89th Street, Hinsdale, IL 60521. Telephone: (708) 325-3277. $14.95 plus $1.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This guide for adolescents describes the medical aspects of sexually transmitted diseases. It discusses methods of transmission, common symptoms, treatment, and long-term complications of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, genital warts, and HIV infection. It also provides information on prevention methods, including abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.

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Pediatric and adolescent gynecology. (3rd ed.) Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1990. 621 pp. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company, 34 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02117. Telephone: (800) 759-0190 / fax: (617) 890-0875. $54.00. Summary: This book for pediatric practitioners and residents in pediatrics and family practice focuses on the most common diagnoses. Its chapters cover office evaluation of the child and adolescent, ambiguous genitalia in the newborn, vulvovaginal problems in the prepubertal child, the physiology of puberty, precocious puberty, delayed puberty and menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, vulvovaginal complaints in the adolescent, gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, human papillomavirus, HIV, in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, ovarian masses, the breast, contraception, adolescent pregnancy, sexual abuse, legal issues, and sex education.

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AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases Source: Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1990. 239 pp. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Telephone: (215) 546-4995. Summary: This volume was written to provide the practitioner with a comprehensive review of the major sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) affecting adolescents, including the latest approaches to clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and guidelines for treatment. The topics discussed include the epidemiology and control of STDs; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; genital human papillomavirus infections; genital human papillomavirus infections; genital herpes, gonococcal infections; syphilis; office approaches to urethritis, vaginitis, and cervicitis; pelvic inflammatory disease; STDs in homosexual youth; office of laboratory testing; psychosocial, behavioral, and educational factors in preventing STDs; and chlamydia trachomatis infections.

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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “chlamydia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “chlamydia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “chlamydia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Allegra: Chlamydia Pneumoniae by Luigi Allegra (1995); ISBN: 354075007X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/354075007X/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia by Per-Anders Mardh, et al (1989); ISBN: 0306429659; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306429659/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia and Chlamydia Induced Diseases by Johannes Storz; ISBN: 0398018707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398018707/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia and NSU: What They Are, and What to Do About Them; ISBN: 1854482777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854482777/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Chronic Diseases: Proceedings of the State-Of-The-Art Workshop, Held at the Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, on 19 and 20 March 1999 by Johanna L'Age-Stehr (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 3540411364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540411364/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae in Aortic Valve Sclerosis & Thoracic Aortic Disease: Aspects of Pathogenesis & Therapy (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of mediciNe, 1168) by Christina Nystrom Rosander (2002); ISBN: 9155453562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155453562/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae: The Lung and the Heart by Luigi Allegra (Editor), F. Blasi (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 8847000475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8847000475/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia Research: Proceedings of the European Society (1988); ISBN: 9122012206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9122012206/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydia: Intracellular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity by Richard S. Stephens (Editor); ISBN: 1555811558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555811558/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydial Infections by Peter Reeve (Editor); ISBN: 0387165525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387165525/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydial Infections (1987); ISBN: 3540165525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540165525/icongroupinterna

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Chlamydial Infections by William Robert Bowie (Editor), et al (1990); ISBN: 0521390826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521390826/icongroupinterna

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Chronic Infection, Chlamydia and Coronary Heart Disease (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 218) by Sandeep Gupta, et al (1999); ISBN: 0792357973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792357973/icongroupinterna

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Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections by Nathalie J. Schmidt (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0875532209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875532209/icongroupinterna

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Genital Infection by Chlamydia Trachomatis (Current Topics in Infection, Vol 2) by J. D. Oriel (Editor), et al (1982); ISBN: 0444007008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444007008/icongroupinterna

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Guide to the collection and transport of virological specimens (including chlamydial and rickettsial specimens) by C. R. Madeley; ISBN: 9241540559; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241540559/icongroupinterna

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Infecciones por Chlamydia Trachomatis by Dr. Gabriel González-Almaráz; ISBN: 9709123602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9709123602/icongroupinterna

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: 19A (Cumitech Ser.) by Ann Warford, et al (1984); ISBN: 9990058164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990058164/icongroupinterna

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Microbiology of Chlamydia by Almen L. Barron (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0849368774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849368774/icongroupinterna

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Chlamydia: A Guide to Causes, Treatment and Prevention by Patsy Westcott; ISBN: 0722526083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722526083/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections by David Oriel (Editor), et al; ISBN: 052132453X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/052132453X/icongroupinterna

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Rickettsial and Chlamydial Diseases of Domestic Animals by Zerai Woldehiwet (Editor), Miodrag Ristic (Editor); ISBN: 0080408311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080408311/icongroupinterna

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Sexually Transmitted Chlamydial Infections: New Approaches to Treatment (International Congress and Symposium Series, No 111) by D. Taylor-Robinson (Editor); ISBN: 090595842X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/090595842X/icongroupinterna

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sourcebook: Basic Information About Herpes, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis, Nongonoccocal Urethritis, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Syphilis, AIDS, and More (Health Reference Series, Vol 26) by Linda M. Ross (Editor), Peter Dresser (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0780802179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802179/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Chlamydia Pneumonia: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597832900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597832900/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Chlamydia: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597832919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597832919/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Catalogue of strains II: [animal cell lines, animal viruses and antisera, chlamydiae, rickettsiae] Author: Hatt, Harold D.; Year: 1979; Rockville, Md.: American Type Culture Collection, 1979

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Catalogue of strains II: animal cell lines animal viruses, chlamydiae & rickettsiae Author: Shannon, John E.; Year: 1977; Rockville, Md.: American Type Culture Collection, 1975

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Catalogue of viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydiae. Edited by Trygve O. Berge [and] David A. Stevens. Author: American Type Culture Collection.; Year: 1974; Rockville, Md., 1971

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Chlamydia and Chlamydia-induced diseases. Author: Storz, Johannes.; Year: 1975; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1971]

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Chlamydia trachomatis in genital and related infections: proceedings of the First Scandinavian Symposium on Chlamydia Trachomatis, held at Kolle-Kolle, Denmark, Møoller, Jorma Paavonen. Author: Mårdh, Per-Anders.; Year: 1986; Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist; Wiksell International, 1982; ISBN: 9122005625

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Chlamydia trachomatis in male urethritis: a clinical microbiological and serological study Author: Terho, Pertti.; Year: 1982; Turku [Finland: s.n.], 1979; ISBN: 9519920048

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Chlamydia trachomatis infections: January 1983 through July 1985: 274 citations in English Author: Abrams, Estelle J.; Year: 1983; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, [1985]

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Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the female genital tract Author: Paavonen, Jorma.; Year: 1982; Helsinki: [s.n.], 1979; ISBN: 951451730X

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Chlamydial disease Author: Darougar, S.; Year: 1964; Edinburgh; New York: Published for the British Council by Churchill Livingstone, 1983; ISBN: 0443027250 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443027250/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections: proceedings of an international symposium, 3-4 April 1981, Oslo, Norway Author: Csángó, Péter A.; Year: 1983; München: MMW Medizin Verlag, 1982

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Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial and chlamydial infections Author: Lennette, Edwin H.,; Year: 1979; Washington: American Public Health Assn., c1979; ISBN: 0875530877

11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections Author: Schmidt, Nathalie J.; Year: 1990; Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, c1989; ISBN: 0875531555 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875531555/icongroupinterna

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Genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis Author: Oriel, J. D.; Year: 1982; London: Arnold, 1982; ISBN: 0713143762 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713143762/icongroupinterna

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Human chlamydial infections Author: Schachter, Julius.; Year: 1967; Littleton, Mass.: PSG Pub. Co., 1978; ISBN: 0884160432 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884160432/icongroupinterna

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Studies on chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of lower urogenital tract infection Author: Johannisson, Gunnar.; Year: 1979; Göteborg, Sweden: From the Depts. of Dermatology and Virology, University of Göteborg; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell, 1981; ISBN: 9172223669

Chapters on Chlamydia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chlamydia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chlamydia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chlamydia: •

Chapter 11-A: Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Epidemiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 239-245. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. This heterogeneous group of diseases, characterized by inflammatory axial spine involvement, includes ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis/spondylitis, the arthritis/spondylitis of inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile spondyloarthropathy, and a heterogeneous group of disorders known as the undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies. Various criteria exist for the classification of the spondyloarthropathies. Their frequency parallels that of the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. Although the role of HLA-B27 in the pathogenesis of the spondyloarthropathies has not been defined, it may contribute to disease susceptibility by its failure to eliminate intracellular organisms or by its presentation of an arthritogenic peptide. Twenty three different subtypes of HLA-B27 have been described. Although most of them are quite rare, one, HLA-B[asterisk]2705, is the most common B27 and is present in all populations. Two subtypes, HLA-B[asterisk]2706 and B[asterisk]2709 are not associated with the spondyloarthropathies. The increased risk of

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developing spondylitis in an HLA-B27 positive person who has a family member with AS suggests that other genes, in addition to HLA-B27, are involved in the pathogenesis of the spondyloarthropathies, including HLA-B60, HLA-DR1, HLA-DR8, and tumor necrosis factor genes. The genetics of psoriatic spondylitis are less clear than those of AS. Infection may have a role in triggering spondyloarthropathies. The best example of infectious triggers in the rheumatic diseases is probably reactive arthritis, which is generally categorized as being triggered by enteric or urogenital infections. Urogenital bacterial triggers, that is, chlamydia, differ from enteric triggers. No specific infectious triggers have been found for psoriatic arthritis. With regard to the role of gut inflammation in spondyloarthropathy, it has been speculated that chronic inflammation may increase small intestinal permeability to enteric organisms. 3 tables and 25 references. •

Chapter 11-B: Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Reactive Arthritis and Enteropathic Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 245-250. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the clinical features and diagnosis of reactive arthritis (ReA) and enteropathic arthritis. ReA, a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis, is a form of peripheral arthritis that is often accompanied by one or more extraarticular manifestations. ReA usually begins acutely 2 to 4 weeks after venereal infections or bouts of gastroenteritis. Nongonococcal urethritis, when present, is usually the first manifestation. chlamydia trachomatis is frequently the cause of the urethritis or cervicitis as well as the triggering agent of the ReA. Conjunctivitis, when present, typically accompanies urethritis or occurs within several days. Articular manifestations usually occur last. Lower leg joints are affected more commonly than joints of the upper extremities. Inflammation also usually occurs at bony sites where tendons, ligaments, or fascia have their attachments or insertions. Low back and buttock pain are common in ReA. Various mucocutaneous and visceral manifestations are associated with ReA, including keratoderma blennorrhagicum, circinate balanitis, aortitis, and amyloidosis of the serum amyloid A variety. Acute phase reactants are usually abnormal, serum globulins are frequently elevated, synovial fluid typically shows highly inflammatory changes, and tests for rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are negative. Radiographic abnormalities may be found once symptoms have been present for several months. Diagnosis is based on disease manifestations and laboratory findings. ReA has a self limited course of 3 to 12 months in most patients. Arthritis with or without other extraintestinal manifestations may be the first clinical symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The usual pattern of joint inflammation is migratory arthralgias or arthritis. Extraarticular manifestations of IBD usually reflect active bowel disease and tend to occur at the same time as peripheral arthritis. Anemia is common in IBD. Acute phase reactants are typically elevated, serum rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies are not present, and synovial fluid findings are reported infrequently. Joint disease can occur in a rare multisystem disease known as Whipple's disease. The arthritis is usually chronic but nondeforming. Diagnosis is based on finding characteristic, periodic acid Schiff staining deposits in macrophages of the small intestine and, less commonly, in biopsies of lymph nodes of joint synovia. Remission

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can be achieved with long term treatment with tetracyclines. 3 figures, 1 table, and 20 references. •

Cultures: Pinpointing the Cause of Infection Source: in Shaw, M., et al., eds. Everything You Need to Know About Medical Tests. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 617-636. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. Attention: Trade and Textbook Department, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 3313170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0874348234. Summary: This section on cultures is from a consumer reference guide to over 400 diagnostic tests. For each test, the book covers the reasons for performing the test; what patients should know before the test; what to expect during and after the test; risk factors associated with the test; the normal results; and what abnormal results mean. Tests in this section include general cultures, including urine culture, stool culture, throat culture, nasopharyngeal culture, sputum culture, blood culture, wound culture, stomach culture, and intestinal culture; and genital cultures, including culture for gonorrhea, for herpes, and for chlamydia.

•

Urethritis Source: in Landau, L. Kogan, B.A. 20 Common Problems in Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 77-94. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $45.00;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070634130. Summary: Urethral discharge (the presenting symptom of urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, the tube that goes from the bladder to the outside of the body) is largely caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The two most common pathogens causing urethral discharge are gonorrhea and chlamydia. This chapter on urethritis is from a text on common problems in urology (written for the primary care provider). The author develops the differential diagnoses of a segment of STDs: urethritis and urethral discharge. STDs that manifest primarily as genital ulcerations or as cutaneous (skin) lesions are covered in another chapter. The author first reviews the steps for treating any STD, then discusses discharge in males and females; definition of urethritis and urethral discharge; key elements to the patient history; the physical examination and laboratory tests; diagnosis by DNA probes and nucleic acid amplification techniques; classification of male urethritis; gonococcal urethritis; chlamydia trachomatis; management recommendations for chlamydia and other nongonococcal urethritis; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Mycoplasma genitalium; Trichomonas vaginalis; treatment of recurrent or persistent symptoms of urethritis; other manifestations and complications of urethritis; and controversies, pitfalls to avoid, and emerging trends. A series of patient evaluation and care algorithms is also provided. The author recommends that physicians consider multiple pathogens (disease causing organisms) in each patient with urethritis. Second, it is vital to include the patient's sexual partner in care and educational strategies. And third, physicians are cautioned to maintain adequate followup after treatment in these patients, to ensure eradication of pathogens (and to prevent reinfection or recurrence of symptoms). 3 figures. 4 tables. 35 references.

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Health Behaviors Source: in Georgia Women's Health Survey: 1995: Preliminary Report. Serbanescu, F. Rochat, R. Atlanta, GA, Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources, pp. 71-90, October 1996. Contact: Office of Perinatal Epidemiology, Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources, Atlanta, GA. Summary: Health Behaviors, a chapter in Georgia Women's Health Survey: 1995: Preliminary Report, presents survey findings on the health behaviors of Georgia women, including (1) cigarette smoking, (2) alcohol intake, (3) cervical cancer screening, (4) prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), (5) self-assessed physical and mental health, and (6) perceived levels of current stress. The findings indicated that 65 percent of the women had never smoked and 24 percent were current smokers. Of the ever smokers, 31 percent have stopped smoking. Current smoking was more prevalent among white than black women, among previously married than currently married women, and among nonchurch attenders than those who attend church weekly. Fortyfive percent of the women reported not using alcohol and 48 percent averaged less than one drink daily during the past year. Four percent averaged one drink daily and 2 percent averaged two or more drinks per day during the past year. Overall, 15 percent were binge or chronic drinkers. Binge or chronic drinking was more common among whites than blacks, among those with no children than those with one or two children, and among those who never attend church compared with those who attend church monthly or weekly. Binge or chronic drinking was also more common among those with no insurance or private insurance than among those with Medicaid. Eighty-nine percent of all women had ever had a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test. Over 96 percent of women age 18 to 44 years had ever had a Pap smear test and 99 percent of women with living children had had a Pap smear. Sixty-four percent of the women had had a Pap smear in the past year, 16 percent in the past 1 to 2 years, 5 percent 2 to 3 years ago, and 5 percent more than 3 years ago. Nine percent of the women overall had ever been clinically diagnosed with one of four STD's: (1) Genital warts, (2) chlamydia, (3) gonorrhea, and (4) genital herpes. The prevalence of having had any one STD increased from 3.5 percent with one lifetime partner to 26 percent for those with nine or more partners. The STD prevalence was higher in Atlanta than elsewhere, for those with low incomes, and for those who were previously married. Overall, 38 percent of the women reported their physical health as excellent, 49 percent as good, and 13 percent as fair or poor. Compared with the state average, fair or poor health was reported more frequently by Medicaid recipients, those with no health insurance, those who had not completed high school, and blacks. Sixty percent of all women reported their mental health as excellent, 40 percent as good, and 7 percent as fair or poor. Compared with the state average, fair or poor mental health was reported more frequently by Medicaid recipients, women with high school or less education, and by previously married women. Only 17 percent of all women reported not feeling stressed during the preceding week. Twenty percent reported feeling very stressed, 17 percent stressed, and 46 percent somewhat stressed. Compared with the state average, feeling very stressed during the past week was more prevalent among women who never attended church, previously married women, and Medicaid recipients.

•

Reiter's Syndrome Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 57-58.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter on Reiter's syndrome is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Reiter's syndrome usually involves young males, and follows genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract infection. The typical clinical triad is arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. The typical triggering agents are genitourinary chlamydia or enteric salmonella or Yersinia infections. The chapter covers the clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of Reiter's syndrome. The oral mucosa in Reiter's may be involved in a manner similar to psoriasis. The transient lesions are those of geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis. In addition, more permanent plaques are likely to be seen. 2 figures. 4 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHLAMYDIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on chlamydia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on chlamydia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “chlamydia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on chlamydia: •

Chlamydia: The Silent STD Contact: NIMCO, PO Box 9, Calhoun, KY, 42327-0009, (502) 273-5050. Summary: This video provides information about the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. The video discusses chlamydia and its transmission, possible longterm effects if left untreated, prevention, and treatments.

•

Infertility: A Focus on Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Chlamydia Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Practice Program Office, Division of Media and Training Services, 1600 Clifton Rd M/S G21, Atlanta, GA, 30333, (404) 6393707, http://www.cdc.gov/phtn. Summary: This video, for health professionals, provides current information about the bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia, its transmission; possible longterm effects on women, men, and infants; symptoms; diagnostic tests; and medical

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treatment. It explains how chlamydia can make infected individuals more susceptible to other STDs and identifies the high-risk populations. The video discusses ways to educate patients about chlamydia.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on chlamydia: •

Children at Risk Because of AIDS Contact: King's College, Center for Education about Death and Bereavement, 266 Epworth Ave, London, (519) 432-7946. Summary: This sound recording contains an address by Dr. Robert Fulton in which he discusses a study of 1000 first year students at the University of Minnesota. The study is comprised of statistics on the knowledge about sexual behavior, sexual activity, incidences of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and their relationship to divorce. It presents information that STD's are a major health factor on college campuses, and that the use of barrier protection is inversely related to the number of partners each sexually active individual has. It highlights the fact that young women are at greater risk for HIV because of the high incidence of chlamydia. It emphasizes the lack of impact education efforts are having on young adults who are sexually active, and recommends that current education efforts be reexamined.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Chlamydia The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in chlamydia (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on chlamydia (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Chlamydia [videorecording] Source: produced and filmed by Health Education Video, Inc; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Bloomington, MN: Health Education Video, [1990]

•

Chlamydia [videorecording]: silent epidemic. Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; New York: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1985

•

Chlamydia [videorecording]: the hidden disease Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1996

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•

Chlamydia [videorecording]: the new scourge of reproductive health Source: by H. Robert Harrison; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory University, c1986

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Chlamydia trachomatis infections [slide]. Year: 1985; Format: Slide; Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Prevention Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1985

•

Chlamydia, pathogenicity & identification [slide] Source: author, Julius Schachter; produced by the American Society for Microbiology, Committee on Educational Materials; Year: 1983; Format: Slide; Washington, D.C.: The Society, c1983

•

Chlamydial infections [videorecording] Source: presented by the Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1982

•

Clinical spectrum of human infection with Chlamydia trachomatis [slide] Source: author, Julius Schachter; produced by the American Society for Microbiology, Committee on Educational Materials; Year: 1982; Format: Slide; Washington, D.C.: The Society, c1982

•

Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis [slide]. Year: 1989; Format: Slide; New York, N.Y.: Gower Medical Pub., c1989

•

Update on chlamydia infections [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the Emory Medical Television Network, Emory University School of Medicine of the Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, GA: The University, c1993

Academic Periodicals covering Chlamydia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chlamydia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chlamydia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 13

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “chlamydia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance: 2000 Supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report 2000 Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV STD and TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS E06, Atlanta, GA, 30333, (404) 639-8063, http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/nchstp.html. Summary: This report compares data on chlamydia prevalence in selected populations with data reported to CDC through the case reporting system for the year 2000. Data were taken from women in family planning and prenatal clinics, health departments of the 50 states and the District of Columbia, females entering the National Job Training Program, women entering juvenile and adult corrections facilities, and women attending the Indian Health Service. Chlamydia test positivity data are presented from those states reporting results on 500 or more women screened during 2000. Crude incidence rates were calculated on an annual basis per 100,000 population.

•

National Assembly on School-Based Health Care 1998 Conference : Handouts for Session 00A2 : HIV/STDs Testing in SBHCs : School-Linked Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Prevention : Creating Effective Contact: Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Public Health Programs Disease Control Programs, Sexually Transmitted Disease Program, 2615 S Grand Ave Rm 500, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, (213) 744-3070, http://www.lapublichealth.org/std. Summary: This teaching aid provides statistical information about the sexual behavior of adolescents, including the incidence rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia, and the effectiveness of school-based urine testing for preventing these diseases. The teaching aid provides general information about chlamydia, and statistics about the number of sexually active teens, their average number of partners, and condom use. It describes a high school-based chlamydia and gonorrhea screening project. It shows statistics concerning the number of chlamydia cases found by this screening process in Los Angeles, and compares this data to that of non-school-based testing. It compares the cost of the screening process versus the number of cases missed. The teaching aid discusses

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the possible disadvantages of urine testing and challenges regarding the implementation of the screening process. Recommendations about how these obstacles can be overcome are given. The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 16569 323 48 649 10 17599

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “chlamydia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 16

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 20 21

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chlamydia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chlamydia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chlamydia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chlamydia”:

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Guides on chlamydia Chlamydia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html

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Other Guides Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to chlamydia, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Chlamydia Source: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/FactsChlamydiaInfo.htm Information to Live By: Chlamydia Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/chlamydia.html

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Chlamydia Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chlamydia/test.html

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Treatment Chlamydia's Quick Cure: Fight Against 'Silent' STD Includes New Screening Test, One-Dose Drug Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/499_std.html

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Children Chlamydia (Chlamydial Trachomatis) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/chlamydia.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Chlamydial Infection Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdclam.htm

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Men Chlamydia Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4women.gov/faq/stdchlam.htm

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Organizations American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/ National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. . . Especially AIDS Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/condom.html Right Way to Use a Condom Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/condom_a.html

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Research Chlamydia Infection among Patients Receiving Treatment for Gonorrhea in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in the United States Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/3/I-40 New Team Approach Dramatically Boosts Chlamydia Screening of Teen-Age Girls Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2002/chlampr.htm Spermicide Nonoxynol-9 Does Not Protect Women Against Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZBHP2OKYC &sub_cat=2

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Statistics Chlamydia in the United States Source: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Fact_Sheets/chlamydia_facts.htm FASTATS: Sexually Transmitted Disease Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/stds.htm

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Teenagers Chlamydia Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/std_chlamydia.html

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Women Chlamydia Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4women.gov/faq/stdchlam.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chlamydia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Chlamydia: Learn the Facts Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD) chlamydia. It discusses chlamydia transmission, symptoms, effects on the body, treatment, and prevention. The pamphlet also discusses who should be tested for chlamydia.

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2002 Pocket Calendar: Chlamydia Is Not a Flower Contact: California Family Health Council, Incorporated, 3600 Wilshire Blvd Ste 600, Los Angeles, CA, 90010-0605, (213) 386-5614, http://www.cfhc.org. Summary: This pamphlet, which can serve as a pocket calendar, promotes awareness of the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. The pamphlet discusses chlamydia, how it is transmitted, who should get tested for this STD, and what individuals can do to prevent it.The pamphlet explains that chlamydia can infect men, women, and children; that the majority of people with chlamydia have no noticeable symptoms; and that if left untreated this disease can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies in women and lung and eye infections in babies of infected mothers. The pamphlet emphasizes testing, as the disease is curable.

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What is It Going to Cost You? Chlamydia Contact: Health Edco, Division of WRS Group, Inc., PO Box 21207, Waco, TX, 767021207, (254) 776-6461. Summary: This brochure, written for adolescents, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. The following topics are discussed: (1) diagnosis; (2) symptoms; (3) transmission (e.g., unprotected oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected person); (4) treatment with antibiotics; (5) prevention measures such as practicing sexual abstinence, monogamy, and safer sex with condoms and maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle; and (6) the financial costs of chlamydia. The long-term effects for women with untreated chlamydia are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause scarring in the fallopian tubes or tubal pregnancies, and if passed perinatally, blindness; can cause eye infections, or pneumonia in infants. In men, untreated chlamydia may lead to the development of epididymitis, an inflammation of the testicles that can cause sterility.

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Chlamydia Contact: Medical Institute for Sexual Health, PO Box 162306, Austin, TX, 78716-2306, (512) 328-6268, http://www.medinstitute.org. Summary: This brochure, for adolescents and young adults, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia; the most common STD in humans. The brochure discusses the epidemiology of chlamydia in the United States (US). Chlamydia is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual activity and can be passed from a pregnant mother to her infant. Typical symptoms include vaginal or urethral discharge, pelvic pain in women, burning urination, swelling and tenderness of the scrotum in men, and sometimes genital ulcers; however, chlamydia is often an asymptomatic infection. This STD can be diagnosed with a visual examination or urine testing. The various available treatments for chlamydia are presented. Some of the possible longterm effects of chlamydia if left untreated include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, or ectopic pregnancy. Individuals can prevent genital herpes by practicing sexual abstinence until marriage, since condoms only provide partial protection.

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Chlamydia : What You Need to Know Contact: Education Programs Associates, Health Education Resource Center, 1 W Campbell Ave Ste 45, Campbell, CA, 95008, (408) 374-3720, http://www.cfhc.org. Summary: This brochure, for the general public, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD) chlamydia. Symptoms include thick, yellow, or bloody discharge from the penis or vagina; painful urination; and pain during sex. Symptoms specific to women

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include bleeding between periods or during sex. Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics. Individuals with chlamydia need to protect themselves by ensuring that partners are treated, taking all of their medications even if symptoms disappear, avoiding sex during treatment, reporting any drug side effects or new symptoms immediately to a health care provider, and undergoing follow-up treatment after the antibiotic regimen has been completed. Persons with untreated chlamydia can pass it to others, have pain and swelling in their sex organs, or become sterile. Women who are infected and pregnant may have premature births, tubal pregnancies, or pass their infection to their infants, harming their lungs and eyes. To help prevent STDs, individuals should practice safer sex with condoms and foam during each sexual encounter. The brochure provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about chlamydia. •

Chlamydia Screening Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org. Summary: This brochure, for sex partners, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. Chlamydia is spread from person to person by close physical contact during vaginal, anal and oral sex. Untreated chlamydia can be passed during sex and can spread in the body and causing permanent damage to the pelvic and sex organs, tubal pregnancies in women, be passed to an infant during childbirth, and cause urethra infections in men. The brochure describes the testing process and the medical treatments available for chlamydia. It identifies the symptoms of chlamydia in both men and women. Individuals can help to protect themselves from chlamydia by practicing safer sex with latex condoms during each penetrative act, getting tested for chlamydia and other STDs, practicing sexual abstinence, and avoiding substance abuse. Persons who should be tested for chlamydia include those who have had unprotected sex, are currently sexually active, or have a partner who has tested positive for this STD. Individuals can get tested for chlamydia from their health care providers, an STD clinic, their local health department, or a family planning clinic.

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Chlamydia : Are You at Risk? Contact: Coral Life Foundation, PO Box 5183, Hagatna, GU, 96932, (671) 479-2437, http://www.guam.net/list.htm?catno=4. Summary: This brochure for the general public discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. Chlamydia is a bacterial infection common among adolescents and young adults. It can lead to infertility in men and women. The brochure discusses long-term effects of chlamydia if left untreated, symptoms experienced by men and women, testing, treatment with medication, telling a partner, perinatal transmission, and prevention. To prevent the transmission of chlamydia, the brochure suggests practicing safer sex with condoms, engaging in non-genital contact activities, limiting numbers of partners, and getting tested for the infection.

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Chlamydia : Questions and Answers Contact: Planned Parenthood of Federation of America Incorporated, PO Box 4457, New York, NY, 10163-4457, (800) 669-0156, http://www.plannedparenthood.org. Summary: This brochure presents general information about chlamydia using a question and answer format. The brochure presents the general symptoms of chlamydia and methods of transmission including unprotected vaginal or anal sex. Chlamydia is

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the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States (US), and can lead to the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a condition that can block fallopian tubes in women. The symptoms of PID in women include longer and/or heavier periods, more cramping during periods, abnormal mucus discharge, lower abdomen pain, tiredness, weakness, fever, vomiting, and/or pain during vaginal intercourse or a pelvic exam. Chlamydia also can cause sterility or Reiter's syndrome in men. Chlamydia can be passed to infants from their mothers during pregnancy or childbirth leading to neonatal conjunctivitis, chlamydia pneumonia, miscarriage, or stillbirth. It can be diagnosed through a cervical exam; lab tests of cells from the penis, cervix, urethra, or anus; or tests of urine samples. Chlamydia can be treated easily using antibiotics such as doxycycline, azithromycin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, or erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Persons with chlamydia should adhere to their medical regimen, undergo follow-up visits with their physicians, and get their partner(s) treated at the same time. Persons who have a number of different sex partners, who don't use condoms, or who have a history of other STDs are most likely to get chlamydia. Persons with chlamydia can avoid spreading their infection to others by informing their sex partners about their condition, avoiding sex until treatment is complete, getting their partners tested and treated at the same time, and using female or male condoms during each sexual activity. Persons can prevent getting chlamydia by practicing safer sex or abstaining from intercourse altogether. Birth control pills may increase women's chances for contracting this STD, therefore, they should also use a male or female condoms. Concerned individuals can get tested for chlamydia at Planned Parenthood centers, their doctors' offices, health departments, and clinics. •

Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea Contact: Multicultural Health Communication Service, GPO Box 1614, Sydney, http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/health-public-affairs/mhcs. Summary: This pamphlet provides general information about chlamydia and gonorrhea. It describes their symptoms in both men and women and explains how they are transmitted, diagnosed, and treated. Other topics include the complications associated with inadequate or no treatment and the testing and treatment of sexual partners. In addition, the pamphlet provides contact information for sexual health services in Australia.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases : Chlamydia : Get the Facts : Protect Yourself Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-8466, (831) 4231400, http://www.promotehealth.com. Summary: This brochure provides general information about the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. The brochure discusses the epidemiology of chlamydia in the United States, especially among adolescents and young adults, and describes the symptoms. It states that chlamydia is transmitted through unprotected sex and can be prevented through safer sex or sexual abstinence. It explains that chlamydia responds to treatment, but can be extremely dangerous if left undiagnosed. The brochure recommends that the reader get tested for chlamydia and all one's sexual partners also get tested.

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STD Fast Facts: Chlamydia Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org.

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Summary: This pamphlet presents basic facts about chlamydia, the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease (STD). The disease transmission process, health consequences, symptoms, and treatment of chlamydia are reviewed. Strategies for chlamydia prevention are summarized, including abstinence from sexual relations, the use of a condom, and limiting sexual relations to one partner. •

Chlamydia : Reduce Your Risk Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: This brochure discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD) chlamydia and its symptoms. It identifies the long term effects in women, men, and infants from untreated chlamydia. To avoid contracting chlamydia, the brochure recommends that the reader either abstain from sex, wear condoms during intercourse, or practice monogamy. It advises the reader to get regular physical examinations and get tested immediately for chlamydia when any symptoms appear. It explains that chlamydia is a curable STD.

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What You Should Know About Chlamydia Contact: Texas Department of Health Warehouse, Attn: Literature and Forms, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX, 78756, (512) 458-7761. Summary: This brochure for the general public discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. Chlamydia is spread by unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sex and can often be asymptomatic. If left untreated, it can cause a number of long-term effects in women and men, which can include sterility and severe bodily pain. If the readers do have chlamydia, they should seek medical treatment and complete their medical regimen. The readers should get tested if they think they are at risk for getting chlamydia or if they are exhibiting symptoms, which are identified in the brochure. Practicing sexual abstinence, safer sex, or monogamy can prevent chlamydia.

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What About This Disease Called... Chlamydia? Contact: Virginia Department of Health, Division of HIV/STD, PO Box 2448, Richmond, VA, 23218-2448, (804) 225-4844, http://www.vdh.state.va.us/. Summary: This brochure presents information concerning the sexually transmitted disease (STD) chlamydia. The brochure describes chlamydia, methods of transmission, and symptoms. It discusses the results if chlamydia is left untreated and recommends that the readers get tested since it can be an asymptomatic infection. It advises the readers to get tested if their partners have chlamydia, and that to prevent this infection the readers should practice safer sex, by using condoms with one partner or by becoming sexually abstinent. It discusses the effects that chlamydia could have on an unborn baby of a pregnant woman infected with chlamydia.

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Chlamydia Is Not A Flower, It's the Nation's Most Prevalent Sexually Transmitted Disease Contact: Abbott Laboratories, Public Affairs Department, 100 Abbott Pk Rd, D383-AP6D 2nd Fl, Chicago, IL, 60064-3500, (708) 937-6100. Summary: This brochure informs the reader that chlamydia is the most widespread sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. It describes the different consequences of chlamydial infection in men, women, and newborns. The brochure

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discusses possible symptoms and preventive measures. Greater public awareness and widespread medical testing are suggestions for controlling the spread of chlamydia. •

Low Rate of Concurrent Positive Laboratory Findings of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea Among Women Presenting to Massachusetts STD Clinics Contact: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 150 Tremont St, Boston, MA, 02111, (617) 727-0368. Summary: This brochure presents findings of an analysis of positive laboratory findings of chlamydia and gonorrhea in the same women tested by 15 Massachusetts clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. Of 887 women screened for both infections, 198 (22.3 percent) were found to have positive laboratory findings, with dual infections in 21 (2.4 percent). Findings do not justify dual therapy for all patients presenting to these clinics, although patients should be screened for both diseases.

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STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases - AIDS, Cervicitis, Chlamydia, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, Herpes, PID, Syphilis, Urethritis, Vaginitis Contact: Intermedia, Incorporated, 1300 Dexter Ave, Seattle, WA, 98109, (206) 284-2995. Summary: This brochure presents general information about the warning signs and transmission of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and their prevention and specific characteristics of the individual diseases in this group. Symptoms are not always present with STD's and the only way to know for sure is to have the right tests, and then the right treatment. The brochure contains a chart of the various STD's: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cervicitis, chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, Herpes-virus group, pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, urethritis, and vaginitis, with pertinent information. For each disease it provides a definition, causative agent, mode of transmission, duration of infection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and consequences if not treated. It lists steps to take when the presence of STD's is suspected.

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What You Need to Know About Chlamydia Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: Using a question and answer format, this fact sheet provides general information about chlamydia and what is being done to address the problem of this infection and statistics on the rate of chlamydia in the United States (US) and in adolescents and young women. Chlamydia, the most frequently reported infectious disease in the US, is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. Many individuals with chlamydia experience no symptoms, are not aware of their infection, and may not seek health care. When diagnosed, chlamydia can be easily treated and cured. Untreated, chlamydia can cause severe, costly reproductive and other health problems, which include both short- and long-term consequences. The annual cost of chlamydia and its consequences in the US is more than two billion dollars. Every dollar spent on screening and treatment saves $12 in complications that result from untreated chlamydia. In 1993, Congress appropriated funds to begin a national STD-related infertility prevention program. Through a cooperative effort between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Office of Population, the program involves strong collaboration among family planning, STD and primary health care programs, and public health laboratories. The fact sheet discusses the progress that has been made where screening programs have

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been fully implemented and identifies problems with the programs and areas for improvement. •

What Is Chlamydia? Contact: California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS, California AIDS Clearinghouse, 1443 N Martel Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90046-4207, (323) 845-4180, http://www.hivinfo.org/cac/cachouse.shtml. Summary: This fact sheet provides general information about chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Chlamydia is spread through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. It can also be spread if individuals touch their eyes after touching infected sex organs. Women with chlamydia may experience symptoms such as pain and itching of the vulva or in the vagina, vaginal discharge, unusual vaginal or anal bleeding, painful urination, or pain during sexual intercourse. Men with chlamydia may experience symptoms including pain and swelling in the groin, penile or anal discharge, pain or itching at the head of the penis, and/or pain when urinating. Often individuals have no symptoms. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause sterility in men and women, as well as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Individuals with chlamydia should see a health care provider immediately, inform their health care provider if they believe that they are pregnant, and inform their sex partners so that they can get tested. Individuals can help to prevent chlamydia by practicing safer sex with condoms and getting tested if any symptoms appear. The fact sheet provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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STD: Clamidia. [STD : Chlamydia] Contact: New York City Department of Health, Division of Public Health Promotion, 125 Worth St, New York, NY, 10013, (212) 788-4415. Summary: This fact sheet presents general information about the sexually transmitted disease (STD), chlamydia. It explains that chlamydia is a bacterial STD, how it is transmitted, and that it may not appear in an infected person for some time after originally entering the body. The fact sheet identifies the symptoms of chlamydia and the possible long-term effects if left untreated. It discusses how chlamydia is diagnosed and treated, and how it can be prevented through safer sex with condoms. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “chlamydia” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 June 5; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3401&nbr=2627&a mp;string=chlamydia

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Screening for chlamydial infection: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2001 Apr); 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2660&nbr=1886&a mp;string=chlamydia Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Chlamydial Infection Summary: This booklet describes the symptoms of chlamydial infection in both men and women, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=67

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Chlamydia's Quick Cure Summary: This online article provides an overview of Chlaymidia, a sexually transmitted disease that often presents with no syptoms. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4760 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chlamydia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on chlamydia can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.

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Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Chlamydia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to chlamydia: •

American Social Health Association Address: Telephone: (919) 361-8400 Toll-free: Fax: (919) 361-8425 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ashastd.org Background: The American Social Health Association (ASHA) is a not-for-profit voluntary organization dedicated to stopping sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their harmful consequences to individuals, families, and communities. Established in 1914, ASHA provides direct patient support through the Herpes Resource Center/National Herpes Hotline and the HPV Support Group, which coordinate a network of over 100 local support groups and publish quarterly journals. ASHA also operates the National AIDS Hotline and the National STD Hotline, both under contract with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as the FIRST STEP Hotline and Health Check Hotline, components of North Carolina's effort to improve the health and development of children in the state. In addition, ASHA advocates for increased funding for STD programs and public policies on STD control, working through its office in Washington D.C. provides leadership for the National Coalition to Fight Sexually Transmitted Diseases; and operates the Women s Health Matters program. The organization also administers the ASHA Research Fund, the only privately funded training program for STD research. ASHA s materials include an annual report, quarterly catalog, and pamphlets. Relevant area(s) of interest: Chlamydia

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chlamydia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chlamydia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chlamydia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chlamydia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chlamydia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chlamydia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chlamydia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 371

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chlamydia: •

Basic Guidelines for Chlamydia Chlamydia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001345.htm Chlamydia infections in women Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000660.htm Chlamydial urethritis - male Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000659.htm PID Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000888.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Chlamydia Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm

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Abdominal tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Painful intercourse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Sexual intercourse, painful Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Testicular tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003160.htm Urinary frequency/urgency, increased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003140.htm Urinary hesitancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003143.htm Urination, painful Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Vaginal discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003158.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Chlamydia Complement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm Culture from cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003754.htm Urethral discharge culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003750.htm

•

Background Topics for Chlamydia Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Asymptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002217.htm

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Breathing problems Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm High-risk sexual behavior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Immunity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Testes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002334.htm Testicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002334.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHLAMYDIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]

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Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Medicine: A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin,

Dictionary 381

and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH]

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Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test

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new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Producing Cells: Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often Blymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]

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Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the

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arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Asynchronous: Pacing mode where only one timing interval exists, that between the stimuli. While the duration of this interval may be varied, it is not modified by any sensed event once set. As no sensing occurs, the upper and lower rate intervals are the same as the pacema. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benchmarking: Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH]

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Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopterin: A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects. [NIH]

Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budgets: Detailed financial plans for carrying out specific activities for a certain period of time. They include proposed income and expenditures. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base

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more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode

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or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an

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insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]

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Chlamydia Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: urogenital diseases. [NIH]

Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and

Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema. [NIH]

Collective term for chronic bronchitis and

Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a

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long time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to

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erythrocytosis. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in

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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact Tracing: Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial

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function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryostat: A batchwise operating apparatus in which a cryogenic liquid or solid is used to maintain by evaporation a cryotemperature which needs not be constant but may vary in a predetermined fashion. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data

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from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH]

Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or

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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH]

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Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used

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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures

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that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH]

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Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteritis:

Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small

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intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Epizootic: A disease of high morbidity which is only occasionally present in an animal community: it affects a great number of animals in a large area of land at the same time and spreads with great rapidity over a wide territory. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH]

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Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous

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and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such

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as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye or an indirect method by formation of antigenantibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with

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diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frozen Sections: Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has

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various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelatinase B: An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to gelatinase A. It degrades types I and V gelatin and types IV and V collagen. EC 3.4.24.35. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Duplication: It encodes the major envelope protein and includes all the specifications for HBsAg. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism

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by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

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Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses

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produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hantavirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae causing Hantavirus infections, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and Hantaan virus, the type species. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of

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health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of

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variance. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Host-cell: A cell whose metabolism is used for the growth and reproduction of a virus. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH]

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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hysterosalpingography: Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiotype: The unique antigenic determinant in the variable region. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other systemic immunologic diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH]

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Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU]

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Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH]

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Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key ratelimiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41. [NIH] Isosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Isospora, producing intestinal disease. It is caused by ingestion of oocysts and can produce tissue cysts. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.

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Chemically unstable. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Ligase Chain Reaction: A DNA amplification technique based upon the ligation of oligonucleotide probes. The probes are designed to exactly match two adjacent sequences of a specific target DNA. The chain reaction is repeated in three steps in the presence of excess probe: (1) heat denaturation of double-stranded DNA, (2) annealing of probes to target DNA, and (3) joining of the probes by thermostable DNA ligase. After the reaction is repeated for 20-30 cycles the production of ligated probe is measured. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of

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independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of

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connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: anaemia. [EU]

A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious

Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH]

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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metrial Gland: Collection of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develop during pregnancy in certain species of animals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres:

Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with

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radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Microsporidiosis: Infections with protozoa of the phylum Microspora. [NIH] Microviridae: A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria. It contains two genera: Microvirus and Spiromicrovirus. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Evolution: Multiple rounds of selection, amplification, and mutation leading to molecules with the desired properties. [NIH] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU]

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Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, ...): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to

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the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neisseria: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neopterin: A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis,

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as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one orginal template. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides

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form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH]

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Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH]

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Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodic Acid: Periodic acid (H5IO6). A strong oxidizing agent. [NIH] Periodontitis: simplex. [NIH]

Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering

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the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU]

Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not

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stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.

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Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the

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selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]

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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psittacosis: A lung disease caused by a Chlamydia bacterium; occurs in domestic fowls, ducks, pigeons, turkeys and many wild birds and is contracted by man by contact with these birds; the human symptoms are headache, nausea, epistaxis and fever and usually with added symptoms. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Puberty, Delayed: Unusually late sexual maturity. [NIH] Puberty, Precocious: Unusually early sexual maturity. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH]

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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to

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separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH]

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Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticular Formation: A region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network. [NIH] Reticulate: An area of the cell wall involved in the coalescence of two vessel elements having multiple perforations that are netlike. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in

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which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that

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utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]

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Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serositis: Inflammation of a serous membrane. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Globulins: The amber-colored fluid which exudes from coagulated blood as the clot shrinks and then no longer contain fibrinogen. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Education: Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH]

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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,

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maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and

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digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH]

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Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH]

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Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and

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the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamphenicol: A methylsulfonyl analog of chloramphenicol. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

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Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH]

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Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Ureaplasma: A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of man, cattle, dogs, and monkeys. [NIH] Ureaplasma urealyticum: A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract, oropharynx, and anal canal. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body

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breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urine Testing: Checking urine to see if it contains glucose (sugar) and ketones. Special strips of paper or tablets (called reagents) are put into a small amount of urine or urine plus water. Changes in the color of the strip show the amount of glucose or ketones in the urine. Urine testing is the only way to check for the presence of ketones, a sign of serious illness. However, urine testing is less desirable then blood testing for monitoring the level of glucose in the body. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH]

454

Chlamydia

Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

Dictionary 455

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

456

INDEX A Abdomen, 361, 379, 388, 412, 418, 420, 421, 432, 446, 447, 450 Abdominal Pain, 379, 408, 433, 452 Aberrant, 37, 379 Abortion, 44, 72, 73, 83, 234, 240, 262, 285, 294, 304, 329, 379 Abscess, 379, 411 Acceptor, 379, 430 Acetylcholine, 379, 428 Acetylglucosamine, 68, 379 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 333, 379 Actin, 7, 51, 379, 427 Adaptability, 379, 390 Adenine, 298, 379 Adenocarcinoma, 14, 379 Adenovirus, 379 Adenylate Cyclase, 22, 379 Adjuvant, 66, 278, 315, 379, 409 Adolescence, 380, 431 Adolescent Medicine, 30, 380 Adoptive Transfer, 10, 25, 380 Adrenal Glands, 380, 382 Adsorption, 380 Adsorptive, 380 Adverse Effect, 288, 380, 445 Aerobic, 380, 425, 427 Aetiology, 380 Affinity, 27, 302, 380, 445 Agar, 380, 434 Age Groups, 278, 279, 316, 380 Aged, 80 and Over, 380 Agonists, 302, 380 Airway, 12, 268, 380, 455 Albumin, 380, 449 Algorithms, 5, 339, 381 Alkaline, 246, 288, 381, 388 Alkylating Agents, 381, 452 Alleles, 7, 381 Allogeneic, 381 Allograft, 381, 427 Alloys, 381, 393 Alpha-Defensins, 381, 398 Alternative medicine, 381 Amber, 381, 444 Amino Acid Sequence, 276, 289, 299, 322, 381, 383, 396, 409

Aminoethyl, 302, 381 Amoxicillin, 57, 381 Ampicillin, 381 Amyloid, 338, 382 Amyloidosis, 338, 382 Anaerobic, 382, 426, 442, 447 Anaesthesia, 382, 417 Anal, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 382, 407, 452 Analog, 382, 450 Analogous, 296, 310, 315, 382 Anaphylatoxins, 382, 394 Anaplasia, 382 Anatomical, 382, 391, 416, 443 Anemia, 32, 254, 338, 382, 393, 407 Anesthesia, 380, 382, 385, 402 Angina, 382 Angina Pectoris, 382 Angiogenesis, 382, 423 Angioplasty, 54, 382, 385 Animal model, 11, 12, 19, 20, 24, 37, 40, 241, 291, 292, 318, 382 Anionic, 282, 383, 446 Annealing, 273, 383, 420, 435 Anode, 383, 397 Anorexia, 383, 408 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 383, 391 Antibacterial, 302, 383, 429, 446 Antibiotic, 13, 46, 58, 67, 68, 241, 244, 253, 260, 270, 275, 291, 360, 381, 383, 385, 388, 393, 398, 405, 408, 425, 426, 432, 446, 448, 450 Antibody-Producing Cells, 245, 383 Anticoagulant, 383, 437 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 281, 383, 394, 407 Antigen-presenting cell, 27, 383, 399 Anti-infective, 383, 419 Anti-inflammatory, 236, 383, 431 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 236, 383 Antioxidants, 384, 421 Antiserum, 15, 384 Anus, 361, 382, 384, 388, 394, 440 Aorta, 49, 384, 396, 454 Aortic Aneurysm, 12, 384 Aortic Valve, 251, 334, 384 Aortitis, 338, 384 Apolipoproteins, 384, 421

Index 457

Apoptosis, 52, 58, 59, 69, 70, 82, 235, 236, 238, 384, 389 Applicability, 275, 384 Aqueous, 264, 384, 386, 398, 402, 421, 446 Arachidonic Acid, 384, 437 Archaea, 384, 424 Arginine, 382, 384, 428, 452 Arteries, 48, 68, 254, 384, 385, 387, 389, 390, 396, 397, 419, 421, 424, 426, 427, 439 Arterioles, 384, 385, 387, 427 Arteriolosclerosis, 384, 385 Arteriosclerosis, 385, 427 Arteritis, 385 Articular, 338, 385, 420 Aseptic, 385, 430, 447 Astringents, 385, 424 Asynchronous, 39, 385 Atherectomy, 385, 402 Atrophy, 385, 405 Atypical, 267, 272, 274, 277, 289, 290, 324, 385 Auditory, 385, 443 Autoimmune disease, 385, 426 Avian, 87, 235, 237, 239, 272, 274, 287, 294, 308, 319, 324, 325, 385 Azithromycin, 57, 58, 66, 67, 73, 234, 238, 244, 245, 291, 361, 385 B Bacteremia, 385, 443 Bacterial Infections, 239, 318, 386, 420 Bacterial Proteins, 22, 35, 322, 386 Bacterial toxin, 283, 386 Bacteriophage, 9, 34, 73, 262, 386, 434, 443, 451, 455 Bacteriostatic, 386, 405 Bacterium, 9, 11, 271, 304, 306, 311, 313, 321, 323, 324, 364, 386, 395, 401, 438 Bacteriuria, 386, 453 Balanitis, 338, 386 Base, 30, 264, 285, 298, 299, 379, 386, 388, 397, 398, 399, 405, 408, 409, 419, 449 Base Sequence, 386, 397, 408, 409 Basement Membrane, 386, 405 Basophils, 386, 411, 420 Benchmarking, 5, 386 Benign, 320, 385, 386, 408, 412, 427, 431, 442, 455 Beta-Defensins, 386, 398 Beta-pleated, 382, 386 Bilateral, 386, 405 Bile, 6, 386, 387, 408, 414, 421, 436, 447 Bile Acids, 386, 447

Bile Acids and Salts, 386 Bile duct, 387, 436 Biochemical, 11, 26, 28, 37, 269, 305, 381, 387, 407, 420, 433, 444 Biodegradation, 268, 269, 387 Biological response modifier, 387, 418 Biological therapy, 387, 412 Biological Warfare, 17, 387 Biopsy, 37, 387, 432 Biopterin, 387, 427 Biotin, 273, 387, 429 Birth Rate, 329, 387 Bladder, 339, 387, 395, 426, 437, 452, 453, 455 Blast phase, 387, 392 Blastocyst, 387, 395, 434 Blennorrhoea, 387, 411 Blood pressure, 387, 389, 415, 425, 432, 439, 445 Blot, 59, 88, 387, 429 Body Fluids, 270, 273, 293, 387, 401, 427, 445 Body Mass Index, 387 Bone Marrow, 21, 72, 387, 392, 409, 416, 422, 447, 448 Bone scan, 388, 443 Bowel, 331, 338, 382, 388, 400, 404, 417, 418, 433, 447, 452 Bowel Movement, 388, 400, 447 Bradykinin, 388, 428 Branch, 340, 373, 380, 388, 402, 422, 431, 438, 446, 449, 450 Breeding, 78, 388 Broad Ligament, 388, 406 Broad-spectrum, 381, 388, 429 Bronchi, 388, 404 Bronchial, 388 Bronchiseptica, 388, 433 Bronchitis, 12, 268, 324, 388, 392 Buccal, 388, 447 Budgets, 11, 388 C Calcification, 385, 388 Calcium, 388, 393, 394, 423, 424, 445 Canonical, 298, 388 Carbohydrate, 12, 246, 311, 389, 410, 435, 444 Carbon Dioxide, 389, 397, 407, 408, 419, 434, 441, 454 Carcinogenic, 381, 389, 417, 429, 436, 447 Carcinoma, 14, 389

458

Chlamydia

Cardiac, 238, 389, 396, 403, 404, 408, 426, 427, 441, 447 Cardiomyopathy, 389 Cardiovascular disease, 46, 295, 389, 421 Carotid Arteries, 389 Case report, 352, 389, 393 Case series, 389, 393 Caspase, 82, 389 Catabolism, 238, 389 Catalyse, 275, 389 Catecholamine, 389, 433 Catheter, 385, 389, 402 Catheterization, 382, 389 Cathode, 383, 389, 397 Cations, 277, 389, 419 Causal, 35, 270, 293, 390, 418, 438, 444 Causality, 390 Cause of Death, 38, 390 Cell Adhesion, 390, 418 Cell Death, 384, 390, 410 Cell Differentiation, 390, 445 Cell Division, 37, 284, 385, 390, 412, 423, 425, 434, 436, 443 Cell Extracts, 36, 390 Cell membrane, 236, 262, 282, 286, 390, 399, 405, 433 Cell proliferation, 385, 390, 445 Cell Size, 390, 407 Cell Survival, 390, 412 Cell Transplantation, 390 Cellular adhesion, 390 Cellulose, 390, 408, 434 Central Nervous System, 253, 379, 390, 392, 408, 410, 412, 426, 435, 444 Central retinal artery, 390, 441 Cerebral Arteries, 390, 425 Cerebral Infarction, 32, 390 Cerebrospinal, 52, 76, 391 Cerebrospinal fluid, 391 Cerebrovascular, 32, 254, 255, 389, 391 Cerebrum, 390, 391 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 391 Cervix, 14, 85, 245, 272, 274, 280, 303, 306, 361, 376, 377, 379, 391, 419 Chancroid, 281, 328, 330, 391 Character, 330, 382, 391, 398 Chelation, 239, 391 Chemical Warfare, 391, 398 Chemical Warfare Agents, 391, 398 Chemokines, 11, 40, 61, 391 Chemotactic Factors, 391, 394 Chemotherapeutic agent, 321, 391

Chest Pain, 391 Chimeras, 21, 34, 322, 391 Chin, 241, 247, 391, 424 Chlamydia Infections, 24, 39, 254, 255, 278, 315, 317, 345, 356, 392 Chlorine, 283, 392 Chlorophyll, 392, 397, 403, 408 Chloroplasts, 45, 392, 397 Cholera, 392, 444 Cholesteatoma, 392 Cholesterol, 38, 59, 240, 254, 386, 392, 393, 397, 421, 447 Cholesterol Esters, 392, 421 Chromatin, 384, 392, 404, 428 Chromosomal, 40, 381, 392, 434 Chromosome, 40, 392, 395, 409, 412, 420, 443, 451, 452 Chronic Disease, 16, 23, 31, 329, 334, 392 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 392 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 392 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 387, 392 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 392 Chronic phase, 291, 392 Chronic prostatitis, 244, 245, 392 Chronic renal, 393 Chylomicrons, 393, 421 Ciprofloxacin, 77, 244, 393 CIS, 36, 43, 393, 441 Citric Acid, 393, 419 Clarithromycin, 67, 70, 238, 245, 276, 393 Clathrin, 7, 393, 403 Claudication, 12, 393 Clear cell carcinoma, 393, 400 Clinical Medicine, 393, 436 Clinical study, 393 Clinical trial, 5, 33, 253, 256, 351, 393, 396, 401, 426, 438, 439 Clone, 29, 36, 43, 305, 393 Cloning, 8, 28, 73, 77, 305, 393, 420 Coated Vesicles, 393, 403 Cobalt, 317, 393 Codons, 394, 409, 429 Coenzyme, 394 Cofactor, 14, 34, 394, 437, 450 Coliphages, 386, 394 Colitis, 394 Collagen, 381, 386, 394, 405, 406, 409, 423, 434 Colloidal, 380, 394, 402 Colon, 394, 417, 420, 452 Commensal, 320, 394

Index 459

Complement, 8, 245, 284, 376, 382, 394, 395, 409, 418, 422 Complementary and alternative medicine, 243, 249, 394 Complementary medicine, 243, 395 Complementation, 19, 28, 395 Compliance, 21, 395 Computational Biology, 351, 395 Computed tomography, 395, 443 Conception, 4, 379, 395, 396, 406, 447 Condoms, 328, 332, 333, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 377, 395 Congestion, 395, 404 Conjugated, 265, 282, 386, 395, 407 Conjugation, 395, 407 Conjunctiva, 272, 274, 395, 417, 451 Connective Tissue, 283, 388, 394, 395, 396, 399, 406, 409, 422, 442 Connective Tissue Cells, 395, 396 Consensus Sequence, 396 Conserved Sequence, 308, 325, 396 Constipation, 396, 433 Constriction, 396, 455 Consumption, 396, 399, 409, 441 Contact Tracing, 396 Contamination, 237, 396 Contraception, 330, 333, 396 Contraindications, ii, 396 Contrast medium, 396, 415 Controlled study, 396 Coordination, 396, 426 Cornea, 287, 301, 307, 396, 411, 443, 451, 455 Coronary Angiography, 52, 396 Coronary Artery Bypass, 396 Coronary Circulation, 382, 396 Coronary Disease, 255, 396 Coronary Thrombosis, 397, 424, 426, 427 Coronary Vessels, 396, 397 Corpus, 397, 432 Cortex, 390, 397, 405, 425 Cortisone, 80, 397 Cost-benefit, 397 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 280, 397 Cowpox, 397, 453 Cowpox Virus, 397, 453 Criterion, 31, 397 Crossing-over, 397, 440 Cryostat, 397, 408 Cryptosporidiosis, 331, 385, 397 Cultured cells, 39, 397 Curative, 397, 428, 450

Cutaneous, 339, 397, 411, 421, 443, 453 Cyanobacteria, 397 Cyclic, 379, 398, 412, 428, 437 Cycloheximide, 85, 292, 318, 398 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 398, 415 Cytokine, 11, 16, 35, 57, 63, 69, 70, 81, 86, 88, 398 Cytokinesis, 49, 398 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 254, 255, 398 Cytosine, 298, 398 Cytoskeleton, 7, 51, 398, 418 Cytotoxic, 6, 25, 54, 55, 62, 75, 235, 271, 313, 398, 445 Cytotoxicity, 6, 24, 50, 398 D Data Collection, 398, 407 Decidua, 398, 434 Decontamination, 45, 398 Defense Mechanisms, 398, 418 Defensins, 86, 381, 386, 398 Degenerative, 398, 413 Deletion, 83, 384, 399, 409 Dementia, 379, 399 Denaturation, 399, 420, 435 Dendrites, 399, 428 Dendritic, 27, 55, 61, 65, 71, 399 Dendritic cell, 27, 399 Density, 38, 387, 399, 407, 421, 429 Deoxyribonucleic, 399 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 399 Deoxyribonucleotides, 399 Depolarization, 399, 445 Deprivation, 52, 238, 399 Dermis, 399, 441 Detergents, 6, 288, 399 Deuterium, 399, 414 Developed Countries, 13, 399 Developing Countries, 299, 305, 399, 422 Diagnostic procedure, 259, 336, 337, 399, 444 Diaphragm, 399, 435 Diarrhea, 294, 308, 325, 331, 397, 400 Diarrhoea, 400, 408 Diastolic, 400, 415 Diethylstilbestrol, 333, 400 Digestion, 386, 388, 400, 418, 421, 447 Digestive system, 256, 400, 426 Digestive tract, 400, 445, 447 Dihydrotestosterone, 400, 440 Dilatation, 234, 379, 382, 400, 436, 454 Dilation, 385, 388, 400 Dilution, 78, 288, 400

460

Chlamydia

Diploid, 395, 400, 434 Discrete, 273, 400, 455 Disease Susceptibility, 337, 400 Disease Transmission, 362, 400 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 400 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 400 Dissociation, 380, 400 Distal, 396, 400 Domesticated, 284, 303, 401, 412 Dormancy, 22, 401 Double-blind, 401 Douching, 4, 401 Doxycycline, 66, 67, 361, 401 Drug Tolerance, 401, 451 Duct, 389, 401, 438, 442, 447 Duodenum, 386, 401, 447 Dura mater, 401, 423, 430 Dyes, 382, 386, 401, 407, 428, 448 Dysmenorrhea, 333, 401 Dysplasia, 401 E Ectopic, 4, 6, 11, 15, 21, 24, 26, 31, 41, 83, 260, 271, 287, 301, 307, 359, 401 Ectopic Pregnancy, 4, 6, 11, 15, 21, 24, 26, 31, 41, 83, 260, 271, 287, 301, 307, 359, 401 Effector, 10, 11, 24, 29, 379, 394, 401 Efficacy, 6, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 41, 58, 61, 73, 79, 85, 240, 245, 401 Effusion, 401, 449 Egg Yolk, 292, 318, 401 Ejaculation, 401, 443 Elastic, 401, 449 Elasticity, 385, 401 Elastin, 394, 401, 405 Elective, 401 Electrolysis, 390, 402 Electrolyte, 402, 446 Electrophoresis, 273, 402 Emaciation, 379, 402 Embolus, 402, 417 Embryo, 293, 294, 379, 387, 390, 401, 402, 417, 446 Emergency Medicine, 330, 402 Emergency Treatment, 402 Emphysema, 392, 402 Emulsion, 402, 407 Encapsulated, 402 Encephalitis, 284, 303, 308, 325, 402 Encephalitis, Viral, 402 Encephalomyelitis, 287, 294, 402 Endarterectomy, 74, 382, 385, 402

Endemic, 323, 392, 403, 446 Endocarditis, 28, 403, 411 Endocardium, 403, 452 Endocrinology, 403, 412 Endocytosis, 7, 28, 245, 403 Endogenous, 22, 59, 331, 403, 451 Endometrial, 72, 80, 403 Endometriosis, 284, 403 Endometrium, 398, 403, 423 Endoscopy, 403 Endosomes, 28, 403 Endothelium, 403, 428, 452 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 403 Endothelium, Vascular, 403 Endothelium-derived, 403, 428 Endotoxin, 86, 403, 452 End-stage renal, 393, 403 Enteric bacteria, 305, 403 Enteritis, 262, 284, 303, 403 Enterocolitis, 404 Enteropeptidase, 404, 452 Enterovirus, 404 Environmental Health, 350, 352, 404 Enzymatic, 27, 321, 381, 388, 394, 404, 435, 441 Eosinophils, 404, 411, 420 Epidemic, 13, 18, 272, 274, 285, 304, 305, 320, 344, 404, 446 Epidemiological, 8, 35, 63, 78, 268, 404 Epidermal, 404, 455 Epidermoid carcinoma, 404, 447 Epinephrine, 404, 428, 452 Epistaxis, 404, 438 Epithelium, 75, 246, 284, 386, 403, 404, 408, 419, 431, 455 Epitope, 10, 11, 26, 86, 285, 299, 305, 404 Epizootic, 294, 404 Erectile, 404, 432 Erythema, 12, 404, 405 Erythema Nodosum, 12, 405 Erythrocytes, 382, 388, 405, 440 Erythromycin, 254, 276, 361, 385, 393, 405, 442 Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate, 361, 405 Esophagus, 400, 405, 433, 447 Estrogen, 80, 254, 405 Eukaryotic Cells, 7, 28, 235, 241, 269, 287, 300, 301, 307, 312, 314, 405, 416, 429, 430 Evoke, 405, 447 Excitation, 405, 407, 428 Exocytosis, 19, 405 Exogenous, 69, 380, 403, 405

Index 461

Exotoxin, 34, 405 Extensor, 405, 438 Extracellular Matrix, 21, 395, 396, 405, 406, 418, 423 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 405, 423 Extracellular Space, 405 Extraction, 42, 74, 244, 277, 406 Extraocular, 278, 406 Eye Infections, 254, 359, 379, 406 F Fallopian tube, 6, 21, 26, 40, 81, 280, 303, 359, 361, 406, 415 Family Planning, 20, 76, 351, 352, 360, 364, 406 Family Practice, 333, 406 Fat, 38, 384, 386, 388, 397, 402, 406, 421, 426, 442, 446, 449 Fatigue, 392, 406 Fatty acids, 238, 380, 406, 421, 437 Febrile, 406, 430 Feces, 396, 406, 447 Femoral, 406 Femur, 406 Fermentation, 406, 443 Fetus, 287, 379, 406, 434, 436, 446, 447, 453 Fibrin, 406, 433, 450 Fibrinogen, 406, 444, 450 Fibroblasts, 83, 237, 287, 301, 307, 396, 406, 418 Fibrosis, 81, 406, 443 Fixation, 245, 406 Flow Cytometry, 10, 407 Fluorescence, 16, 33, 39, 55, 86, 407 Fluorescent Antibody Technique, 280, 407 Fluorescent Dyes, 39, 407 Flush, 407 Foam Cells, 35, 38, 407 Focus Groups, 30, 407 Folate, 407 Fold, 12, 273, 292, 388, 407 Folic Acid, 40, 407 Follicles, 287, 301, 307, 399, 407 Foot Ulcer, 407 Fosfomycin, 68, 408 Fovea, 407, 408 Frameshift, 33, 408 Frameshift Mutation, 33, 408 Frontal Lobe, 383, 391, 408 Frozen Sections, 246, 408 Fungi, 298, 395, 406, 408, 412, 424, 455 Fungus, 283, 408

G Gallbladder, 379, 400, 408 Ganglion, 408, 455 Gangrenous, 408, 444 Gas, 389, 392, 408, 414, 428, 441, 454 Gas exchange, 408, 441, 454 Gastric, 278, 381, 408 Gastric Mucosa, 278, 408 Gastrin, 408, 414 Gastroenteritis, 338, 408, 443 Gastrointestinal, 37, 331, 341, 388, 393, 404, 409, 444, 447, 448 Gastrointestinal tract, 341, 409, 444, 447 Gelatin, 409, 411, 449 Gelatinase B, 409 Gels, 409, 424 Gene, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 57, 62, 65, 71, 81, 83, 237, 238, 261, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 276, 277, 289, 290, 300, 310, 318, 336, 379, 381, 409, 418, 420, 429, 443 Gene Amplification, 44, 409 Gene Deletion, 8, 409 Gene Duplication, 33, 409 Gene Expression, 8, 9, 19, 20, 36, 37, 39, 46, 62, 409 Gene Therapy, 379, 409 Genetic Code, 409, 428 Genetic Engineering, 26, 393, 409 Genetic testing, 410, 435 Genetics, 22, 26, 28, 36, 39, 338, 395, 410 Genitourinary, 13, 244, 341, 410, 427, 452, 453 Genomics, 17, 410 Genotype, 410, 433 Gestation, 4, 45, 410, 432, 434, 446 Giant Cells, 410, 443 Gingivitis, 284, 410 Gland, 397, 410, 422, 423, 431, 437, 443, 447, 450 Glomerular, 410 Glomeruli, 410 Glomerulonephritis, 410, 415 Glottis, 410, 433 Glucose, 52, 79, 321, 390, 410, 413, 418, 453 Glucuronic Acid, 410, 413 Glutamate, 321, 410 Glutamic Acid, 407, 410, 428 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, 410, 452 Glycerol, 410, 433, 452 Glycine, 302, 381, 386, 411, 428, 444

462

Chlamydia

Glycols, 411, 415 Glycoprotein, 406, 410, 411, 450, 452 Glycosaminoglycan, 28, 241, 411 Glycosidic, 411, 429 Gonadotropin, 241, 411 Gonorrhoea, 42, 303, 361, 411 Governing Board, 411, 436 Graft, 411, 414, 416 Grafting, 396, 411, 416 Gram-positive, 411, 426, 429, 447, 448 Granule, 411, 442 Granulocytes, 411, 445, 455 Granuloma, 281, 411, 422 Granuloma Inguinale, 281, 411, 422 Grasses, 407, 411 Groin, 364, 412, 417 Growth factors, 30, 412 Guanine, 298, 412 Guanylate Cyclase, 412, 428 Guinea Pigs, 57, 87, 412 Gynecology, 4, 20, 236, 333, 345, 412 H Habitat, 412, 428 Haemorrhage, 379, 412 Hantavirus, 412 Haploid, 412, 434 Haptens, 380, 412 Headache, 412, 417, 436, 438 Health Behavior, 340, 412 Health Education, 328, 331, 344, 360, 412 Health Services, 352, 361, 364, 412 Health Status, 412, 413 Heart attack, 389, 413 Heart Transplantation, 413 Heme, 413, 430 Hemoglobin, 382, 405, 413 Hemophilia, 328, 413 Hemorrhage, 412, 413, 448 Hemostasis, 413, 418, 444 Heparin, 59, 413 Hepatitis, 281, 328, 330, 331, 333, 335, 413, 425 Hepatitis Viruses, 281, 413 Hepatocytes, 413 Hereditary, 413 Heredity, 409, 410, 413 Herpes Zoster, 413 Heterodimers, 413, 418 Heterogeneity, 45, 380, 413 Heterotrophic, 408, 414 Hirsutism, 333, 414, 415 Histology, 414, 431

Homologous, 40, 50, 322, 323, 381, 397, 409, 414, 426, 443, 449, 451 Homotypic, 323, 414 Hormonal, 19, 385, 414 Hormone, 254, 397, 400, 404, 408, 414, 418, 419, 423, 434, 442, 445, 450 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 254, 414 Host-cell, 322, 414 Human Development, 330, 350, 414 Human papillomavirus, 14, 328, 329, 333, 414 Humoral, 34, 45, 48, 64, 66, 275, 323, 414 Humour, 414 Hybrid, 16, 34, 44, 53, 60, 61, 88, 305, 322, 393, 414, 429 Hybridization, 17, 39, 236, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 414, 429 Hybridomas, 414, 418 Hydrogen, 283, 298, 317, 379, 386, 389, 399, 405, 414, 425, 429, 430, 438 Hydrogen Bonding, 414, 429 Hydrogenation, 414, 439 Hydrolysis, 415, 432, 433, 438, 452 Hydrophilic, 399, 415 Hydrophobic, 322, 399, 415, 421 Hydroxides, 415 Hydroxyl Radical, 239, 415 Hydroxyproline, 381, 394, 415 Hygienic, 401, 415 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 398, 415 Hyperlipidemia, 38, 48, 234, 415 Hyperplasia, 415 Hypersensitivity, 12, 25, 266, 323, 415, 442 Hypertension, 291, 385, 389, 412, 415, 450 Hypertrichosis, 414, 415 Hypertrophy, 415 Hysterosalpingography, 415 I Id, 242, 247, 365, 366, 372, 374, 415 Idiopathic, 415, 439, 443 Idiotype, 301, 307, 415 Imidazole, 387, 415 Immune Complex Diseases, 383, 415 Immune Sera, 51, 415, 416 Immunoassay, 4, 53, 54, 55, 72, 73, 80, 88, 237, 264, 275, 279, 280, 288, 416 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 330, 331, 363, 416 Immunofluorescence, 416 Immunogen, 26, 48, 416 Immunogenic, 27, 73, 299, 303, 304, 308, 324, 416

Index 463

Immunohistochemistry, 10, 416 Immunologic, 32, 331, 380, 391, 415, 416 Immunosuppressive, 416, 450 Immunotherapy, 380, 387, 416 Impairment, 406, 416, 424 Implantation, 395, 416 In situ, 39, 236, 416 In Situ Hybridization, 39, 55, 416 Incision, 416, 419 Incubation, 239, 292, 318, 416, 417, 433 Incubation period, 417, 433 Indicative, 334, 417, 431, 454 Induction, 11, 19, 26, 34, 35, 39, 48, 55, 69, 234, 235, 236, 238, 321, 417 Infant, Newborn, 380, 417 Infarction, 33, 255, 291, 391, 417 Infiltration, 287, 301, 307, 410, 417, 455 Inflammatory bowel disease, 337, 338, 417 Influenza, 239, 267, 277, 289, 290, 417 Infusion, 417, 451 Ingestion, 407, 417, 419, 435 Inguinal, 417, 422 Inhalation, 417, 430, 435 Initiation, 23, 30, 32, 35, 36, 284, 417, 445, 448, 451 Inorganic, 415, 417, 426, 448 Insight, 22, 26, 417 Insomnia, 417, 436 Insulator, 417, 426 Insulin, 418 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 418 Integrins, 10, 418 Interferon-alpha, 418 Interleukin-1, 59, 62, 65, 71, 78, 83, 418 Interleukin-10, 62, 418 Interleukin-2, 418 Interleukin-6, 44, 75, 418 Intermittent, 418, 432 Intervention Studies, 418 Intestinal, 287, 308, 325, 338, 339, 381, 397, 404, 418, 419 Intestinal Mucosa, 404, 418 Intestine, 386, 388, 403, 418, 420, 448 Intracellular, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 39, 64, 71, 76, 235, 239, 240, 260, 262, 263, 264, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 276, 280, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 334, 337, 393, 411, 417, 418, 419, 423, 428, 437, 442, 445

Intracellular Membranes, 419, 423 Intraepithelial, 26, 419 Intraperitoneal, 75, 419 Intravascular, 419 Intrinsic, 380, 386, 419 Invasive, 18, 77, 272, 416, 419, 422 Invasive cervical cancer, 419 Involuntary, 299, 419, 427, 445 Iodine, 280, 419 Ions, 386, 400, 402, 414, 419 Iris, 396, 419, 439 Ischemic stroke, 419 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, 321, 419 Isosporiasis, 331, 419 J Joint, 32, 37, 338, 385, 393, 419, 449 K Kb, 261, 350, 419 Kidney stone, 419, 452 Kinetics, 10, 72, 419 L Labile, 43, 394, 419 Laparoscopy, 420 Large Intestine, 400, 418, 420, 440, 445 Latent, 260, 271, 276, 420 Lectin, 234, 240, 420, 423 Leprosy, 291, 408, 420 Leptospirosis, 291, 420 Lethal, 283, 420 Leukocytes, 7, 11, 386, 388, 391, 404, 411, 418, 420, 428, 452 Levofloxacin, 73, 420 Library Services, 372, 420 Lice, 330, 331, 420 Ligaments, 338, 396, 420 Ligands, 8, 41, 280, 418, 420 Ligation, 420 Light microscope, 263, 264, 296, 420 Linkage, 302, 420, 432 Lipid, 7, 72, 237, 246, 384, 385, 407, 410, 418, 421, 426 Lipid Peroxides, 237, 421 Lipoprotein, 411, 421 Lipoprotein(a), 421 Liposome, 421 Liver, 78, 379, 381, 382, 384, 386, 387, 398, 400, 402, 406, 407, 408, 410, 413, 421, 436, 443 Liver scan, 421, 443 Lobe, 383, 391, 421, 431 Localization, 15, 69, 72, 86, 239, 252, 416, 421

464

Chlamydia

Localized, 15, 34, 51, 64, 71, 240, 246, 315, 382, 391, 402, 407, 414, 415, 417, 421, 434 Locomotion, 421, 434 Low-density lipoprotein, 234, 421 Lyme Disease, 329, 421 Lymph, 71, 280, 338, 391, 403, 414, 421, 422, 442, 443 Lymph node, 280, 338, 391, 421, 422, 442, 443 Lymphatic, 403, 417, 421, 422, 442, 446, 450 Lymphatic system, 421, 422, 442, 446, 450 Lymphocyte, 47, 54, 55, 56, 235, 240, 271, 313, 315, 379, 383, 422 Lymphocyte Count, 379, 422 Lymphoid, 61, 383, 422 Lymphoma, 422 Lymphoproliferative, 85, 422 Lysine, 422, 452 Lysosome, 12, 422 Lytic, 10, 422, 425, 444, 455 M Macrolides, 291, 422 Macrophage, 8, 37, 43, 65, 78, 418, 422 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 422, 443 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 50, 62, 79, 422 Malformation, 287, 301, 307, 422 Malignancy, 422, 431 Malignant, 379, 385, 422, 427 Mammary, 396, 423 Mammogram, 388, 423, 424 Manifest, 339, 423 Mannans, 408, 423 Mass Media, 423 Mastitis, 423, 444 Matrix metalloproteinase, 21, 423 Meat, 287, 423 Mechanical ventilation, 423 Medial, 385, 423 Mediate, 15, 41, 65, 311, 423 MEDLINE, 351, 423 Megaloblastic, 407, 423 Meiosis, 423, 426, 449, 452 Melanin, 419, 423, 433, 452 Memory, 10, 24, 383, 399, 423 Meninges, 390, 392, 401, 423 Meningitis, 25, 411, 423 Menopause, 254, 423, 435 Menstrual Cycle, 423, 436 Menstruation, 398, 401, 423, 424, 436

Mental, iv, 5, 257, 340, 350, 353, 391, 399, 400, 406, 423, 424, 438 Mental Disorders, 257, 424, 438 Mental Health, iv, 5, 257, 340, 350, 353, 424, 438 Mercury, 240, 246, 407, 424 Meta-Analysis, 49, 424 Metastasis, 423, 424 Methionine, 424, 448 Metrial Gland, 75, 424 MI, 255, 321, 332, 377, 424 Mice Minute Virus, 424, 431 Microbicide, 6, 19, 424 Microbiological, 73, 244, 336, 424 Microcalcifications, 388, 424 Microorganism, 262, 268, 269, 281, 282, 288, 291, 292, 295, 394, 424, 431, 455 Micro-organism, 283, 424, 434, 444 Microscopy, 10, 16, 33, 86, 239, 386, 407, 424, 429 Microspheres, 59, 301, 424 Microsporidiosis, 331, 425 Microviridae, 9, 425 Middle Cerebral Artery, 425 Migration, 19, 30, 61, 69, 425 Minocycline, 425 Miscarriage, 45, 361, 425 Mitochondria, 45, 419, 425, 430 Mitosis, 284, 384, 425 Mode of Transmission, 363, 425 Modification, 28, 262, 275, 381, 409, 425 Molecular Evolution, 17, 425 Molecular mass, 315, 425 Monitor, 24, 39, 260, 425, 428, 454 Monoclonal, 10, 33, 44, 46, 51, 58, 79, 80, 234, 266, 271, 274, 304, 305, 414, 425 Monoclonal antibodies, 10, 44, 51, 58, 79, 80, 234, 266, 271, 274, 304, 425 Monocyte, 37, 69, 82, 240, 425 Mononuclear, 32, 45, 55, 235, 411, 425, 452 Monotherapy, 291, 425 Morphological, 246, 269, 312, 314, 402, 408, 426 Morphology, 263, 264, 287, 296, 301, 306, 307, 384, 426 Motility, 283, 426, 444 Mucins, 426, 442 Mucociliary, 426, 445 Mucocutaneous, 338, 426 Mucopurulent, 264, 278, 279, 287, 301, 307, 316, 426

Index 465

Mucosa, 6, 11, 27, 43, 52, 61, 278, 340, 341, 408, 426, 447 Mucositis, 426, 450 Mucus, 280, 306, 361, 387, 426, 452 Multicenter study, 426 Multiple sclerosis, 253, 426 Multivalent, 426 Mupirocin, 237, 426 Muscle Fibers, 426, 427 Mutagens, 408, 426 Myalgia, 417, 426 Mydriatic, 400, 426 Myelin, 426 Myocardial infarction, 255, 291, 397, 424, 426, 427 Myocardial Ischemia, 382, 397, 426 Myocarditis, 427 Myocardium, 382, 424, 426, 427 Myosin, 427 N Nasal Mucosa, 417, 427 Nasopharynx, 272, 274, 427 Nausea, 408, 427, 436, 438 NCI, 1, 256, 349, 393, 427 Neonatal, 51, 254, 267, 277, 287, 289, 290, 294, 301, 307, 361, 411, 427 Neonatal period, 51, 427 Neoplasia, 427 Neoplasm, 427, 431 Neoplastic, 331, 382, 392, 414, 422, 427 Neopterin, 427 Nephropathy, 427 Nerve, 382, 391, 399, 408, 426, 427, 430, 431, 435, 441, 443, 447, 450, 452, 454, 455 Nervous System, 390, 421, 427, 428, 432, 454 Networks, 39, 427 Neural, 382, 414, 427 Neurology, 331, 428 Neurons, 399, 428, 441, 449 Neuropathy, 428 Neurotransmitter, 379, 381, 388, 410, 411, 428, 445, 448 Neutralization, 51, 77, 285, 428 Neutrophils, 69, 78, 83, 381, 411, 414, 420, 428 Niacin, 428, 452 Niche, 26, 428 Nitric Oxide, 51, 52, 69, 75, 82, 87, 238, 239, 428 Nitrogen, 302, 397, 405, 407, 425, 428, 452 Nuclear, 393, 395, 405, 408, 428

Nuclei, 312, 314, 383, 395, 409, 410, 422, 425, 428, 438, 442 Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, 261, 339, 428 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 4, 270, 298, 414, 428 Nucleic Acid Probes, 270, 293, 298, 302, 429 Nucleolus, 429, 442 Nucleus, 383, 384, 386, 392, 397, 398, 399, 404, 405, 423, 425, 428, 429, 436, 438, 447 Nulliparous, 4, 429 O Odds Ratio, 429, 440 Ofloxacin, 40, 67, 77, 276, 361, 429 Ointments, 429, 431 Oligonucleotide Probes, 300, 320, 420, 429 Oligosaccharides, 311, 429 Oncogenic, 418, 429 Oophoritis, 411, 429 Opacity, 399, 429 Open Reading Frames, 31, 429 Operon, 22, 31, 57, 429, 441 Ophthalmology, 27, 246, 407, 430 Opportunistic Infections, 331, 379, 430 Organ Culture, 6, 430, 451 Organelles, 393, 398, 430 Orgasm, 401, 430, 443 Ornithosis, 262, 285, 294, 304, 320, 430, 438 Oropharynx, 427, 430, 452 Osmosis, 430 Osmotic, 312, 314, 380, 430 Otitis, 324, 430 Otitis Media, 324, 430 Outpatient, 41, 59, 430 Ovum, 398, 410, 420, 430, 455 Oxidation, 234, 379, 384, 421, 430 Oxygenase, 430 P Pachymeningitis, 423, 430 Paediatric, 430 Palate, 427, 430, 447 Palliative, 430, 450 Palpation, 332, 430 Pancreas, 379, 387, 400, 418, 431, 452 Pancreatic, 431, 438 Papilloma, 330, 431 Papillomavirus, 19, 333, 431 Paraffin, 431 Paranasal Sinuses, 431, 445 Parasite, 7, 25, 37, 286, 287, 301, 305, 307, 431, 452

466

Chlamydia

Parasitic, 9, 308, 325, 328, 331, 397, 419, 420, 431, 442, 452 Parasitism, 17, 431 Parietal, 383, 431, 432, 435 Parotid, 431, 443 Paroxysmal, 382, 431, 433, 455 Parturition, 429, 431 Parvovirus, 329, 424, 431 Pathologic, 12, 23, 261, 304, 384, 387, 396, 415, 431, 438 Pathologic Processes, 384, 431 Pathologies, 294, 431 Patient Education, 358, 370, 372, 377, 431 Pediatrics, 18, 30, 254, 329, 333, 431 Pelvis, 379, 388, 419, 432, 453 Penicillin, 6, 44, 72, 381, 432 Penis, 360, 361, 364, 377, 386, 395, 401, 432, 433 Peptide, 10, 26, 27, 54, 66, 260, 302, 314, 337, 381, 393, 404, 432, 434, 437, 438 Peptide Chain Elongation, 393, 432 Peptide Fragments, 260, 432 Peptide Library, 27, 432 Percutaneous, 432 Perinatal, 329, 340, 360, 432 Periodic Acid, 338, 432 Periodontitis, 410, 432 Peripheral blood, 235, 418, 432 Peripheral Nervous System, 428, 432, 448 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 432 Peritoneal, 419, 432 Peritoneal Cavity, 419, 432 Peritoneal Dialysis, 432 Peritoneum, 388, 432, 433 Peritonitis, 287, 301, 307, 411, 433 Pertussis, 322, 433, 455 Pesticides, 387, 433 Petroleum, 431, 433 Phagocytosis, 262, 286, 309, 433 Phallic, 407, 433 Pharmacodynamics, 68, 433 Pharmacologic, 382, 433, 451 Pharmacotherapy, 433 Pharynx, 417, 427, 430, 433 Phenotype, 395, 409, 433 Phenyl, 317, 433 Phenylalanine, 433, 452 Phospholipases, 433, 445 Phospholipids, 406, 421, 433 Phosphorus, 388, 434 Phosphorylated, 34, 235, 394, 434 Phosphorylation, 52, 69, 434

Phosphoserine, 15, 434 Physical Examination, 339, 362, 434 Physiologic, 423, 424, 434, 437, 440 Physiology, 333, 403, 412, 434, 448, 454 Pigments, 393, 434, 441 Pilot study, 434 Placenta, 287, 424, 434, 438 Plant Diseases, 403, 434 Plants, 272, 274, 387, 388, 389, 392, 398, 410, 420, 426, 434, 451, 454 Plaque, 77, 240, 291, 318, 382, 385, 434 Plasma cells, 275, 383, 434 Plasmid, 47, 64, 260, 261, 304, 409, 434, 454 Platelet Activation, 434, 445 Platelet Aggregation, 382, 428, 434 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 434 Platelets, 252, 428, 434, 444, 450 Pleura, 435 Pleural, 435 Pleural cavity, 435 Pleural Effusion, 435 Poisoning, 409, 424, 427, 435, 443 Polyarthritis, 28, 284, 287, 294, 303, 308, 325, 435 Polymorphic, 31, 33, 61, 65, 77, 86, 435 Polymorphism, 45, 63, 435 Polysaccharide, 383, 390, 411, 435 Pons, 435, 441 Posterior, 382, 419, 430, 431, 435, 443 Postmenopausal, 254, 255, 435 Postsynaptic, 435, 445 Potentiates, 418, 435 Potentiation, 16, 78, 435, 445 Practice Guidelines, 353, 365, 436 Precancerous, 436 Precipitating Factors, 390, 436 Precursor, 263, 310, 384, 401, 404, 427, 433, 436, 452 Premalignant, 436 Premenstrual, 333, 436 Premenstrual Syndrome, 333, 436 Prenatal, 352, 402, 436 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 436 Proctitis, 248, 265, 280, 282, 283, 288, 331, 436 Progression, 29, 382, 436 Progressive, 21, 385, 390, 393, 399, 401, 412, 434, 436 Prophase, 426, 436, 449, 452 Prophylaxis, 254, 319, 436, 453 Proportional, 409, 436 Prospective Studies, 436

Index 467

Prospective study, 49, 437 Prostaglandin, 437 Prostaglandins A, 437 Prostate, 248, 392, 437, 443 Prostate gland, 392, 437 Prostatitis, 244, 247, 248, 303, 437 Protease, 50, 381, 437 Protein C, 22, 66, 288, 305, 380, 381, 384, 386, 393, 421, 437, 438 Protein Conformation, 381, 437 Protein S, 62, 88, 266, 336, 393, 396, 398, 405, 409, 437, 442, 448, 450 Proteins, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 44, 47, 52, 63, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 82, 84, 86, 87, 234, 236, 239, 240, 252, 263, 264, 266, 267, 276, 277, 288, 289, 290, 296, 299, 304, 308, 310, 312, 315, 322, 324, 325, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 401, 403, 405, 413, 414, 418, 423, 425, 428, 432, 434, 437, 438, 440, 444, 451 Proteolytic, 394, 404, 406, 438 Proteome, 35, 438 Protocol, 329, 438 Protons, 414, 438, 439 Protozoa, 395, 419, 424, 425, 438 Protozoan, 397, 438, 452 Pruritic, 438, 443 Pseudocysts, 438 Psittaci, 9, 13, 17, 33, 34, 44, 46, 47, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 262, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 294, 297, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307, 308, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325, 430, 438 Psittacosis, 262, 272, 274, 285, 294, 304, 308, 320, 322, 325, 438 Psoriasis, 341, 438 Psychiatry, 406, 438, 454 Psychic, 424, 438 Puberty, 333, 380, 438 Puberty, Delayed, 333, 438 Puberty, Precocious, 333, 438 Public Policy, 351, 438 Puerperium, 429, 438 Pulmonary, 61, 387, 392, 396, 439, 449, 454 Pulmonary Edema, 392, 439 Pulmonary hypertension, 439 Pulse, 425, 439 Pupil, 396, 400, 426, 439

Purulent, 280, 303, 379, 411, 439, 453 Pyoderma, 439 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 439 Pyridoxal, 398, 439, 452 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 398, 439, 452 Q Quinolones, 439 R Race, 329, 425, 439 Radiation, 382, 397, 407, 439, 443, 455 Radioactive, 388, 398, 414, 416, 421, 425, 428, 429, 439, 443 Radioisotope, 429, 439, 451 Radiological, 432, 439 Random Allocation, 439 Randomization, 41, 253, 439 Randomized, 5, 20, 41, 253, 401, 439 Randomized clinical trial, 20, 439 Rape, 330, 440 Reactivation, 80, 440 Reactive Oxygen Species, 237, 440 Reagent, 267, 306, 320, 392, 440 Recombinant, 12, 27, 33, 36, 44, 52, 55, 59, 265, 267, 276, 277, 289, 290, 302, 304, 305, 319, 440, 454 Recombinant Proteins, 36, 52, 59, 440 Recombination, 40, 81, 395, 409, 440 Rectal, 248, 440 Rectum, 272, 274, 384, 388, 394, 400, 408, 417, 420, 436, 437, 440, 449 Recurrence, 339, 440 Red blood cells, 405, 430, 440 Reductase, 276, 289, 440 Refer, 1, 388, 394, 407, 408, 413, 421, 440, 451 Refraction, 440, 446 Refractory, 17, 440 Regimen, 27, 360, 361, 362, 401, 433, 440 Reinfection, 12, 24, 66, 72, 339, 440 Relapse, 270, 275, 440 Relative risk, 14, 440 Remission, 338, 440, 441 Renovascular, 441 Repressor, 429, 441 Reproducibility of Results, 45, 441 Respiration, 389, 425, 441 Respirator, 423, 441, 454 Respiratory failure, 441, 454 Restoration, 440, 441, 455 Resuscitation, 402, 441 Reticular, 304, 309, 441 Reticular Formation, 309, 441

468

Chlamydia

Retina, 390, 441, 442 Retinal, 441 Retinal Artery, 441 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 441 Reversion, 279, 316, 442 Rheumatic Diseases, 337, 338, 442 Rheumatism, 442 Rheumatoid, 338, 442 Rheumatoid arthritis, 338, 442 Rhinitis, 278, 287, 388, 442, 444 Ribosome, 320, 442, 451 Rickettsiae, 336, 442 Rigidity, 312, 434, 442 Rod, 386, 442 Roxithromycin, 291, 442 Rubella, 329, 442 Ruminants, 269, 308, 325, 442 Rural Population, 442 S Safe Sex, 330, 442 Saliva, 442 Salivary, 398, 400, 442 Salivary glands, 398, 400, 442 Salmonella, 298, 305, 341, 409, 442 Salpingitis, 28, 33, 236, 266, 280, 287, 301, 307, 320, 321, 411, 443 Saphenous, 396, 443 Saphenous Vein, 396, 443 Sarcoidosis, 12, 443 Scabies, 330, 443 Scans, 32, 253, 443 Sclera, 395, 443 Sclerosis, 52, 71, 251, 253, 334, 384, 385, 426, 443 Scrotum, 359, 443, 449 Secretion, 10, 11, 22, 50, 58, 319, 322, 414, 418, 426, 443 Secretory, 19, 301, 323, 381, 443 Sediment, 443, 453 Segregation, 386, 440, 443 Semen, 76, 401, 437, 443 Seminal fluid, 246, 443 Semisynthetic, 381, 393, 425, 442, 443 Senile, 443 Sepsis, 25, 444 Septicaemia, 444 Sequence Analysis, 9, 84, 444 Sequence Homology, 444 Sequencing, 63, 65, 84, 435, 444 Serine, 398, 434, 444, 452 Seroconversion, 444

Serologic, 4, 53, 312, 416, 444 Serologic Tests, 53, 444 Serology, 50, 51, 52, 60, 81, 297, 444 Serositis, 294, 444 Serotonin, 428, 433, 444, 452 Serotypes, 14, 236, 282, 287, 301, 307, 320, 444 Serous, 403, 435, 444 Serum Globulins, 338, 444 Sex Characteristics, 380, 438, 444, 450 Sex Education, 333, 444 Sexual Abstinence, 328, 330, 359, 360, 362, 444 Sexual Partners, 281, 330, 361, 362, 444 Shedding, 444 Side effect, 254, 309, 360, 380, 387, 445, 451 Sigma Factor, 36, 445 Signal Transduction, 8, 15, 445 Signs and Symptoms, 440, 441, 445 Sinusitis, 12, 324, 445 Skeletal, 64, 237, 445 Skeleton, 379, 406, 419, 437, 445 Skull, 392, 445, 449 Small intestine, 338, 393, 401, 404, 414, 418, 445, 452 Smallpox, 445, 453 Smoking Cessation, 4, 445 Smooth muscle, 35, 68, 81, 382, 396, 407, 445, 448 Sneezing, 278, 279, 316, 433, 444, 445 Sodium, 282, 283, 445, 446 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 282, 446 Soft tissue, 387, 445, 446 Solvent, 410, 430, 446 Somatic, 380, 414, 423, 425, 432, 446 Somatic cells, 423, 425, 446 Spasmodic, 433, 446 Specialist, 367, 400, 446 Specificity, 4, 11, 15, 27, 267, 295, 312, 380, 446 Spectrum, 9, 13, 28, 34, 319, 321, 345, 442, 446 Sperm, 52, 392, 443, 446, 449 Spermicide, 446 Spinal cord, 390, 391, 392, 401, 402, 408, 423, 427, 428, 430, 432, 446 Spirochete, 421, 446, 449 Spleen, 382, 398, 422, 443, 446 Spondylitis, 337, 446 Spontaneous Abortion, 446 Sporadic, 294, 446 Sputum, 73, 298, 339, 446

Index 469

Squamous, 14, 392, 404, 446, 447 Squamous cell carcinoma, 14, 404, 446, 447 Squamous cells, 446, 447 Squamous Epithelium, 392, 447 Staging, 443, 447 Staphylococcus, 409, 425, 447 Stem cell transplantation, 447 Stem Cells, 447 Stenosis, 12, 447, 448 Stent, 447 Sterile, 360, 385, 447 Sterility, 286, 303, 317, 359, 361, 362, 364, 417, 447 Steroid, 386, 397, 447 Stillbirth, 361, 447 Stimulus, 29, 32, 405, 441, 447, 450 Stomach, 339, 379, 400, 405, 408, 409, 414, 427, 432, 433, 442, 445, 446, 447 Stomatitis, 341, 447 Stool, 339, 394, 420, 447 Strand, 52, 261, 295, 298, 299, 320, 435, 447 Streptococcal, 329, 448 Streptococci, 426, 448 Streptococcus, 234, 448 Streptomycin, 398, 448 Stress, 23, 252, 340, 389, 409, 427, 442, 448 Stricture, 280, 447, 448 Stromal, 403, 448 Subacute, 417, 422, 445, 448 Subclinical, 85, 417, 448 Subspecies, 299, 446, 448, 453 Substance P, 306, 405, 443, 448 Substrate, 23, 265, 274, 279, 283, 448 Sulfates, 19, 446, 448 Sulfur, 283, 405, 424, 448 Sulfur Compounds, 283, 448 Sulfuric acid, 448 Superinfection, 237, 245, 448 Supplementation, 40, 449 Support group, 367, 449 Suppositories, 409, 424, 449 Suppression, 291, 331, 449 Surfactant, 283, 446, 449 Survival Rate, 449 Symptomatic, 88, 270, 276, 449 Symptomatology, 275, 449 Synaptic, 428, 445, 449 Synergistic, 38, 68, 449 Synovial, 31, 36, 37, 62, 83, 237, 338, 449 Synovial Fluid, 338, 449 Synovial Membrane, 449

Synovitis, 32, 449 Syphilis, 252, 281, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 335, 363, 449 Systolic, 415, 449 T Temporal, 39, 86, 449 Terminator, 265, 449 Testicles, 359, 377, 443, 449 Testicular, 376, 449 Testis, 449 Testosterone, 440, 450 Tetracycline, 6, 63, 291, 401, 425, 450 Therapeutics, 8, 244, 246, 450 Thermal, 261, 400, 435, 450 Thiamphenicol, 324, 450 Thigh, 406, 412, 450 Thoracic, 251, 334, 399, 435, 450 Thorax, 379, 450 Threshold, 288, 415, 450 Thrombin, 406, 434, 437, 450 Thromboembolism, 255, 450 Thrombomodulin, 437, 450 Thrombosis, 418, 437, 448, 450 Thrombus, 397, 417, 419, 427, 434, 450, 454 Thymidine, 298, 450 Thymus, 416, 422, 450 Thyroid, 419, 450, 452 Ticks, 421, 450 Tinnitus, 430, 450 Tissue Culture, 37, 58, 280, 292, 297, 318, 451 Tolerance, 379, 451 Tomography, 395, 443, 451 Topical, 6, 18, 317, 385, 431, 451 Torsion, 417, 451 Toxic, iv, 33, 34, 381, 386, 395, 398, 402, 405, 412, 416, 421, 428, 451 Toxicity, 424, 451 Toxicology, 352, 451 Toxin, 403, 451 Toxoplasmosis, 385, 451 Trace element, 393, 451 Tracer, 282, 451 Transcriptase, 45, 451 Transcription Factors, 27, 50, 451 Transduction, 8, 16, 28, 445, 451 Transfer Factor, 416, 451 Transfusion, 451 Translation, 41, 381, 405, 451 Translocate, 22, 451 Translocation, 22, 26, 33, 393, 405, 452 Transmitter, 379, 452, 454

470

Chlamydia

Transplantation, 393, 416, 422, 452 Triad, 341, 452 Trichomoniasis, 328, 452 Trypsin, 243, 404, 452 Tryptophan, 16, 31, 57, 71, 78, 238, 394, 410, 444, 452 Tryptophan Synthase, 78, 452 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 57, 58, 70, 338, 452 Tunica, 402, 426, 452 Tunica Intima, 402, 452 Tyrosine, 52, 69, 452 U Ulcerative colitis, 417, 436, 439, 452 Unconscious, 398, 415, 452 Univalent, 415, 430, 452 Uracil, 298, 452 Ureaplasma, 241, 247, 339, 452 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 241, 247, 339, 452 Ureters, 419, 452, 453 Urethra, 272, 274, 303, 339, 360, 361, 432, 437, 452, 453 Uric, 243, 452 Urinalysis, 453 Urinary, 88, 376, 386, 393, 410, 453 Urinary tract, 386, 453 Urinary tract infection, 386, 453 Urinate, 453, 455 Urine, 18, 30, 42, 44, 54, 55, 56, 60, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 88, 272, 281, 298, 339, 352, 359, 361, 386, 387, 419, 452, 453 Urine Testing, 352, 359, 453 Urogenital Diseases, 392, 453 Urology, 247, 339, 453 Uterine Contraction, 379, 453 Uterus, 379, 388, 391, 397, 398, 401, 403, 415, 424, 453 V Vaccination, 27, 34, 40, 65, 260, 271, 279, 308, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 323, 324, 453 Vaccinia, 35, 453 Vaccinia Virus, 35, 453 Vacuole, 7, 15, 26, 34, 47, 262, 268, 286, 319, 322, 453 Vagina, 284, 360, 364, 391, 400, 424, 453, 455 Vaginal Discharge, 364, 453 Vaginitis, 13, 284, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 363, 453

Varicella, 329, 454 Variola, 453, 454 Vasculitis, 454 Vasodilators, 428, 454 Vegetative, 19, 20, 454 Vein, 428, 431, 443, 454 Venereal, 267, 277, 281, 287, 289, 290, 301, 307, 330, 332, 338, 449, 454 Venous, 255, 391, 437, 454 Venous blood, 391, 454 Venous Thrombosis, 454 Ventilation, 454 Ventilator, 423, 441, 454 Ventricle, 384, 439, 449, 454 Venules, 387, 403, 454 Vertebrae, 446, 454 Vertigo, 430, 454 Vesicular, 15, 88, 319, 413, 445, 454 Veterinary Medicine, 239, 240, 285, 304, 317, 351, 454 Video Recording, 343, 454 Videodisc Recording, 454 Virulence, 13, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 35, 268, 269, 448, 451, 455 Virulent, 19, 455 Visceral, 338, 433, 455 Vivo, 8, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 38, 56, 61, 68, 75, 85, 240, 244, 292, 314, 318, 409, 413, 416, 421, 455 Void, 18, 66, 455 Volition, 419, 455 Vulva, 364, 455 W War, 391, 412, 455 Warts, 252, 330, 331, 332, 333, 340, 363, 414, 455 Wheezing, 455 White blood cell, 383, 387, 392, 420, 422, 425, 426, 434, 455 Whooping Cough, 433, 455 Wound Healing, 418, 423, 426, 455 X Xenograft, 383, 455 X-ray, 389, 395, 396, 407, 423, 428, 443, 455 Y Yeasts, 408, 433, 455 Z Zoster, 329, 455 Zygote, 395, 455 Zymogen, 437, 456

Index 471

472

Chlamydia