Chlamydia Trachomatis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES...

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CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chlamydia Trachomatis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00230-2 1. Chlamydia Trachomatis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Chlamydia trachomatis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS .................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chlamydia Trachomatis ................................................................ 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 59 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 89 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ........................................................ 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlamydia Trachomatis............................................................. 137 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 140 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS .................................. 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 143 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 150 General References ..................................................................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS .................................................... 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Dissertations on Chlamydia Trachomatis.................................................................................. 151 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 155 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ............................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Patents on Chlamydia Trachomatis ........................................................................................... 157 Patent Applications on Chlamydia Trachomatis ....................................................................... 168 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 172 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS .................................................................. 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 173 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 174 Chapters on Chlamydia Trachomatis ......................................................................................... 174 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ..................................... 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 177 Academic Periodicals covering Chlamydia Trachomatis ........................................................... 179 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 183 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 185 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 187 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 189 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 193 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 195 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 195 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 195 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 195 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 195 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 201

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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 201 CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS DICTIONARY .................................................................... 203 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 265

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Chlamydia trachomatis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Chlamydia trachomatis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Chlamydia trachomatis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Chlamydia trachomatis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Chlamydia trachomatis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Chlamydia trachomatis. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Chlamydia trachomatis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Chlamydia trachomatis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Gastrointestinal Manifestations Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 76(1): 45-62. January 1992. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this article, the authors review the GI symptoms that attend AIDS and their causes. Topics include esophageal symptoms; abdominal pain; biliary tract disease; pancreatic disorders; obstruction and perforation of the GI tract; GI bleeding; general considerations regarding diarrhea; protozoal causes of diarrhea, including coccidiosis, microsporidia, entamoeba histolytica, and giardia

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

lamblia; bacterial and fungal causes of diarrhea, including mycobacterium aviumintracellulare infections, salmonella, shigellosis, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and Chlamydia trachomatis; and viral causes of diarrhea, including HIV itself, cytomegalovirus, and herpes. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of AIDS enteropathy and its treatment. 1 table. 95 references. •

Evaluation of Dysuria in Men Source: American Family Physician. 60(3): 865-872. September 1, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: Men with pain or a burning sensation on urination (dysuria) should be evaluated with a thorough history, a focused physical examination, and urinalysis (both urine dipstick and microscopic examination of the urine specimen). This article reviews the evaluation of dysuria in man. The authors note that although dysuria may be caused by anything that leads to inflammation of the urethral mucosa, it is most often the result of urinary tract infection (UTI). In younger patients, the infectious agent is usually a sexually transmitted organism such as Chlamydia trachomatis. In patients over 35 years of age, coliform bacteria predominate. Infection in older men most often occurs as a result of urinary stasis secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Other conditions that may cause dysuria include renal calculus, genitourinary malignancy, spondyloarthropathy, and medications. The authors conclude that successful treatment of dysuria depends on correct identification of its cause. 1 figure. 2 tables. 35 references.

•

Prostatitis Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11(4): 604-613. October 1998. Contact: Available from American Society for Microbiology. Institutional or Nonmember Subscription Office, P.O. Box 11127, Birmingham, AL 35201-1127. (800) 633-4931 or (205) 995-1567. Fax (205) 995-1588. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Prostatitis (infection of the prostate) is a common urologic condition that many clinicians find difficult to treat effectively. Culture diagnosis of acute bacterial prostatitis is straightforward and easily accomplished in the laboratory. On the other hand, the microbiologic diagnosis of chronic prostatitis and chronic idiopathic (nonbacterial) prostatitis (more commonly referred to as prostatodynia) is more of a challenge. This article reviews prostatitis, focusing on its etiology and diagnosis. Topics include acute versus chronic bacterial prostatitis, specimen collection and bacteriologic culture, common bacterial etiologic agents, chronic idiopathic prostatitis (including prokaryotic DNA sequences in patients, bacterial cultures for commensal and fastidious bacteria, difficult to culture Coryneforms in expressed prostatic secretions, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum), mycobacterial infection, gonococcal prostatitis, parasitic prostatitis, fungal prostatitis, abscesses of the prostate gland, viral prostatitis, prostatitis in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urovirulence determinants of bacteria causing prostatitis, antibiotic pharmacokinetics in prostatitis, chemical inflammatory reactions as the cause of nonbacterial prostatitis, and the autoimmune disease hypothesis. The author concludes that reports published within the past 2 years strongly suggest an association between bacteria and chronic idiopathic prostatitis. It is important to undertake research to determine whether there is persistence of bacterial antigens in prostatic tissue and fluids, since these antigens could trigger immunologic

Studies

5

and biochemical events that may result in initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammation in this troublesome condition. 1 figure. 73 references. •

Reactive Arthritis: Preliminary Microbiologic Analysis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 58(10): 1137-1142. October 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been previously shown in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This article reports on a study that investigated whether the presence of other bacteria associated with reactive arthritis (ReA) can be identified in the TMJ. Posterior bilaminar (2 layer) tissue removed during TMJ surgery from 26 patients (24 female, 2 male) was evaluated for the presence of bacteria, including C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp by highly specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Bacterial DNA was identified in the TMJ as follows: C trachomatis, 11 of 26 patients (42 percent); M. fermentans orale, 6 of 26 patients (23 percent); M. genitalium, 9 of 26 patients (35 percent). Nine of 26 TMJs (35 percent) had the presence of a single bacterial species. Eight of 26 TMJs (31 percent) had more than 1 species. A total of 17 of 26 patients (65 percent) had the presence of bacteria identified in the TMJ. The authors note that the presence of M. genitalium in the human TMJ has not been previously reported. The presence of bacteria in the TMJ, either singly or concurrently with other bacteria, may serve as the pathogenetic mechanism of TMJ inflammation. The presence of 2 bacteria from the urogenital tract in the TMJ suggests that internal derangement of the TMJ may occur as a result of a sexually acquired infection. 2 figures. 43 references.

•

Do Minocycline and Other Tetracyclines Have a Place in Rheumatology? Source: Revue du Rhumatisme (English ed.). 64(7-9): 474-480. July-September 1997. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the potential usefulness of antimicrobials such as tetracycline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tetracyclines are a family of antimicrobials with activity against a broad range of organisms, including those that develop intracellularly. Links have been reported between some infections and some inflammatory joint diseases, with the most notable example involving mycoplasmas and rheumatoid arthritis. Reactive arthritides are known to be triggered by organisms found in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract, and antigenic material from these organisms has recently been demonstrated in synovial tissue from patients with reactive arthritis. These factors led to the hypothesis that tetracyclines may be useful in rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis. Two controlled studies found that minocycline benefited patients with rheumatoid arthritis when it was given either as an adjunct to another second line treatment or as the only slow acting drug. Lymecycline has been found to expedite recovery from reactive arthritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis, and tetracycline to decrease the incidence of reactive arthritis due to sexually transmitted diseases. The safety profiles of these treatments were acceptable in all available studies but require further investigation for long term administration. The benefits may be related to the immunomodulating effects of tetracyclines or their ability to inhibit metalloproteases such as collagenases. Whether tetracycline therapy influences the course of radiologic lesions in rheumatoid arthritis remains unknown. However, minocycline therapy has given sufficient proof of its

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

efficacy to make it an attractive alternative in rheumatoid arthritis. No data are available on the usefulness of tetracycline therapy in human osteoarthritis. 2 tables and 42 references. (AA-M). •

Management of the Patient with Urethritis Source: IHS Provider. 19(2): 29-40. February 1994. Contact: Available from IHS Clinical Support Center. 1616 East Indian School Road, Suite 375, Phoenix, AZ 85016. (602) 640-2140. Fax (602) 640-2138. Summary: Urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, is caused by an infection characterized by the discharge of mucoid or purulent material and by burning during urination. This article outlines the management of the patient with urethritis. The two bacterial agents primarily responsible for urethritis among men are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Testing to determine the specific diagnosis is recommended because both of these infections are reportable to State health departments. In addition, with a specific diagnosis, treatment compliance may be better and the likelihood of partner notification may be improved. If diagnostic tools are unavailable, health care providers should treat patients for both infections. The authors discuss patient care management, followup considerations, the management of sex partners, and special considerations for nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), mucopurulent cervicitis, chlamydial infections, gonococcal infections, human papillomavirus infection, trichomoniasis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Chlamydia Trachomatis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Chlamydia trachomatis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Chlamydia trachomatis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Chlamydia trachomatis: •

Project Title: A HIGH TRACHOMATIS TEST

ACCURACY

POINT-OF-CARE

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Helms, Michael K.; Quidel Corporation 10165 Mc Kellar Ct San Diego, Ca 921214201 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Urogenital disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a major public health problem affecting 3-4 million people in the U.S. and over 100 million worldwide annually. Sequelae include urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (which can lead to infertility in women), pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g. abortion, still birth or premature birth), and epididymitis (which can lead to infertility in men), as well as being a risk factor for HIV infection. Chlamydial infections are asymptomatic in up to 70% of women and 50% of men, thus delaying treatment and facilitating transmission. This asymptomatic feature coupled with the ease and efficacy of treatment (e.g. a single dose of azithromycin) places the burden for disease management on diagnosis. Furthermore, a persistent and unmet need exists for rapid, accurate, cost effective and simple (RACES format) diagnostic tests for Ct due to patient noncompliance with treatment and delays in providing treatment to infected patients. Currently marketed point-of-care (POC) Ct tests are rapid, but less sensitive than the more complex, slow and expensive laboratory methods such as cell culture and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). To improve sensitivity without sacrificing specificity, the key challenge, we propose novel and proprietary methods that will provide enhanced sensitivity and reduced background signal, therefore maintaining specificity. The sensitivity enhancement will be assessed by comparison to gold standard tests including cell culture and a NAAT. We hypothesize that the proposed test system will increase testing accuracy while adding the speed and simplicity necessary for widespread POC clinical utilization. The resulting enhanced accuracy Ct POC test is directly relevant to the goal of improving diagnosis of infectious diseases stated by organizations such as the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Health Organization. Furthermore the novel aspects of the test system are expected to result in significant intellectual property rights for the company. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A DEVELOPMENT

NOVEL

CHLAMYDIAL

VECTOR

FOR

HIV

VACCINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Watkins, David I.; Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ultimate application of the proposed research is the development of vaccines for HIV. The express goal of the research is to use a novel approach to first develop a vaccine that will provide immunity against SIV in a simian AIDS model. A basic premise of the Research Plan is the desirability of initiating immunity at mucosae that are natural sites of infection with HIV. SPECIFIC AIM 1. Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) will be used as a vaccine "vector" for SIV genes because it naturally infects mucosae. The gag, nef, tat and rev SIV genes will be introduced into Ct by the use of homologous recombination vectors (HRV): plasmids in which SIV genes are flanked by segments of Ct chromosomal DNA. Ct transformants (Ct(SIV)) resulting from such recombinations, will be isolated by selection for a selection gene that is also present in the HRV. SPECIFIC AIM 2. The expression of SIV genes in Ct(SIV) strains will be studied both in vitro and in vivo. Expression will be examined in HeLa cells and immunogenicity studies will be carded out in Cynomolgus macaques. SPECIFIC AIM 3. The ability of Ct(SIV) strains to induce immunity that might reduce rate of infection or ameliorate disease course after SIV challenge will be investigated by repeatedly challenging (intravaginally, i.vag.) cynomolgous macaques with a low dose of

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

SIVmac239. Immune responses to the SIV proteins encoded in the Ct(SIV) strains will be monitored, as will the outcome after challenge with SIV. This is a first attempt to use Chlamydia as a vaccine vector to induce immune responses at mucosae. Subsequent experiments might include the use of attenuated strains of Chlamydia vectors to deliver additional SIV genes (Env and Pol). However, the immediate goal of this limited R21 application is to explore the innovative idea of using Chlamydia as a vaccine vector. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AN INTERNET INTERVENTION TO INCREASE CHLAMYDIA SCREENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Allison, Jeroan J.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Background. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, with 3 to 4 million cases occurring annually. Most cases occur in those less than 25 years old. Increased prevalence has been found in patients who live in inner cities, have a lower socioeconomic status, or are black. Up to 80 percent of women infected with Chlamydia are asymptomatic and do not seek medical care. In addition to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and its sequelae, chlamydial infections also may facilitate acquisition of HIV. Treatment is simple, effective, and cost effective. Despite recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most high-risk women are not being screened. The UAB Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research and Education, in collaboration with U.S. Quality Algorithms, the performance measurement subsidiary of Aetna U.S. Healthcare, proposes a controlled, group-randomized trial to increase adherence to guidelines for chlamydial screening in at-risk women. Specific Aims. (1) to increase rates of chlamydial screening for at-risk female patients; (2) to increase rates of treatment for Chlamydia; and (3) to decrease the incidence of PID. Methods. We will randomize 220 primary care physician offices and their at- risk female patients to either an intervention or control arm. Patient risk status will be defined by the specifications of HEDIS 2000. Our intervention consists of a year-long series of physician Internet learning modules that integrate case-based education with audit, feedback, and benchmarking of practice profiles. Analysis. The major comparison will be the differential improvement in screening rates of the two study arms as ascertained from administrative data. Patientlevel multivariable analyses will adjust for the extra-binomial variation resulting from patients being nested within physicians from the group randomized design. Significance. With a research team that has a proven record of collaboration, this project will produce an evidence-based and replicable intervention than can be sustained in the "real world," readily adapted by other health care organizations, and easily modified for other diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: ANTICHLAMYDIAL PROTECTION BY MOLECULAR MIMCRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Whittum-Hudson, Judith A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause worldwide of sexually transmitted disease and the most prevalent ocular pathogen. In addition to being the major cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and pelvic

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inflammatory disease, chlamydia are also the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (trachoma) and are also associated with arthritis in a significant number of patients with Reiter's syndrome/Reactive arthritis. The public health costs of chlamydial infections and their sequelae are enormous. Identification of a protective antichlamydial vaccine would have important public health significance. We propose studies in a BALB/c ocular infection model induced by a human chlamydial biovar to further characterize the demonstrated long-lasting protective immunity against ocular infection induced by oral or systemic immunization with a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (mAb2). The mAb2 is a functional and molecular mimic of the genus-specific chlamydial glycolipid exo-antigen, GLXA. We hypothesize that the basis for anti-id induced protection is that detrimental Th1- driven responses are shifted to Th2mediated protection and that the targeted specificity for GLXA rather than for surface proteins such as MOMP accounts for the protective responses. Since the anti-id is an immunogenic protein, it induces more effective immune responses than would be induced by the glycolipid GLXA Ag itself. Studies will be performed to test this hypothesis using primarily the mouse ocular model as a mucosal infection paradigm; immunization with the mAb, vaccine candidate will be used to (1) characterize the relative role of T and B cells in protective responses, (2) distinguish between requirements for mucosal versus systemic immunization with encapsulated vaccine, (3) determine requirements for maximal protection including adjuvants or additional chlamydial antigens in a cocktail vaccine, and (4) test for anti-id- induced protection in other chlamydial infection models including C. trachomatis and C. psittaci genital infection and arthritides. Humoral responses in sera and secretions and cytokine responses will be used to define the Th1 and Th2 components of protective immunity; immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR methods and functional assays will be used in normal and immunodeficient mice to distinguish local and systemic immune responses which correlated with reduced microbiologic and clinical disease. These studies will potentially reveal strategies to assess protection against chlamydial disease induced by other vaccine candidates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTI-HIV MICROBICIDE: CELLULOSE ACETATE PHTHALATE (CAP) Principal Investigator & Institution: Neurath, Alexander R.; Member; New York Blood Center 310 E 67Th St New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) has been used as an enteric film coating material or as a matrix binder for tablets and capsules. It is widely used in oral pharmaceutical products and is generally regarded as a nontoxic material free of adverse effects. It is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide and is listed in pharmacopoeias internationally. CAP is available in large quantities and is inexpensive. It was demonstrated that CAP: 1) has antiviral activity against HIV-1 and several herpesviruses (HSV); and 2) when formulated in a micronized form a) inactivated in vitro HIV-1, HSV-1. HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Haemophilus ducreyi and Chlamydia trachomatis; b) inactivated bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis; c) protected mice against vaginal infection by HSV-2; and d) protected 4/6 rhesus monkeys from vaginal infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251). These results have established the promise of CAP as a microbicide for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. Additional preclinical studies are needed to further support this promise. This includes:

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

(Project I): Prevention of infection by primary HIV-1 isolates and distinct HIV-1 clades in cell cultures in vitro and in human cervical and rectal tissue models; (Project II): a) Assess the safety of CAP in a monkey model by colposcopic examinations and measurement of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines; b) Assessment of CAP distribution after vaginal application in monkeys using chemically tagged CAP and colposcopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and c) Evaluate the efficacy of CAP against infection with pathogenic X4- and R5-specific simian/human chimeric HIV viruses (SHIV), respectively; (Project III): Measurement of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines after exposure of cervical and vaginal epithelial cells in culture to CAP; (Project IV): Studies on CAP-human sperm interactions to assess the spermicidal/contraceptive potential of CAP and its formulations. Information gained from the proposed studies, coordinated and supplied by uniform and quality controlled formulations by Cores A, B, respectively, is expected to facilitate the design of Phase I, II and III human clinical trials. CAP meets criteria proposed for an ideal microbicide: activity in presence of semen and blood; activity against sexually transmitted infections other than HIV-1; condom compatibility, negligible systemic absorption (due to its large, molecular mass and micronized state); lack of color and unpleasant taste; and low cost. The proposed research is expected to help transform this ideal into a reality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AZITHROMYCIN IN CONTROL OF TRACHOMA II Principal Investigator & Institution: Schachter, Julius; Professor of Epidemiology; Laboratory Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. This disease, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is endemic in many parts of the developing world. Several years ago in a project called Azithromycin in Control of Trachoma (ACT I) we evaluated the use of community-wide treatment with oral Azithromycin. This approach resulted in clinical improvement and dramatic reduction in prevalence of chlamydial infection through a 1- year follow-up. We now propose to return to these villages and do clinical surveys to assess trachoma activity, and to test conjunctival swabs for the presence of C. trachomatis by ligase chain reaction (LCR). The villages will include the previous treatment sites (oral) azithromycin versus topical tetracycline) as well 2 new villages that have not had any prior treatments. Thus we will determine the longterm (5 year) effects of the azithromycin, and follow them for 3 years. We will compare singledose treatment with the 3 doses used in ACT I to determine the efficacy of this simpler, less expensive regime. All LCR positive specimens from the ACT I villages will have the major outer membrane gene amplified and sequenced. The genovars will be mapped for location within villages and families and then their distribution will be followed over time, after treatment to provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of the infection. Results of the study will be used as data input for the generation of mathematical model to predict whether community-wide retreatment (or alternate strategies) will be needed, and the optimal timing for such retreatment. In sum, this study should provide a rational approach to use of community-wide azithromycin treatment to eliminate blinding trachoma as a public health problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOGENESIS OF THE CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS VACUOLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Engel, Joanne N.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases in this country and a major cause of blindness in third world countries. The ability of this obligate intracellular parasite to enter a non-phagocytic epithelial cell and survive within the hostile intracellular environment of the eukaryotic cytoplasm is key to its pathogenesis. The intimate interactions between chlamydia and its eukaryotic host is likely to involve natural biological pathways of the eukaryotic cell that the parasite usurps for its own survival. Study of these processes will yield insights into eukaryotic cell biology as well as insights into chlamydial disease pathogenesis. From these studies may emerge new therapeutic approaches to treating or preventing chlamydial infections. Specific Aim 1: The investigators hypothesize that successful C. trachomatis biovar LGV entry and intracellular development in epithelial cells involves at least two separate pathways, one of which is clathrin-independent, and have preliminary evidence that entry and/or development is dependent upon the host actin cytoskeleton and is modulated by c-src. (A) They will test the role of clathrin mediated endocytosis by assessing the effect in epithelial cells of expression of dominant negative (DN) alleles of dynamin, ARF-6, or clathrin on C trachomatis binding, entry, and replication. (B) They will further investigate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the C trachomatis life cycle by determining whether the actin-regulating GTPases rac, rho, and CDC42 affect LGV and serovar E binding, entry, and replication in polarized and non-polarized epithelial cells. (C) They will determine the mechanism of c-src-mediated stimulation of C. trachomatis infectivity. Specific aim 2: An unusual aspect of the C. trachomatis life cycle is the receipt of sphingomyelin from the trans Golgi Network (TGN) by the bacteriacontaining vacuole. They will test the hypothesis that the C. trachomatis vacuole interacts with one or more apical exocytic pathways including the newly proposed exocytic pathway in which lipid rafts transport sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, and other designated proteins to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. Using several approaches, they will identify specific host cell factors required for the delivery of sphingomyelin from the TGN to the C. trachomatis vacuole. This will help to further define the pathway involved. These studies may lead to the development of new anti-chlamydial drug therapies and further our understanding of lipid trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EVOLUTION

C.

TRACHOMATIS

GENOMICS,

STRAIN

TYPING,

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Dean, Deborah A.; Adjunct Professor of Medicine; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 946091809 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading cause of preventable blindness (trachoma) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) worldwide. While much has been learned about human chlamydial infections in the last decades, we are still lacking a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of CT diseases, and do not have an appropriate tool for precisely typing CT strains both for molecular

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

epidemiologic and basic research studies. The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of CT is an immunodominant protein and the primary target for serotyping, and hence strain typing along with the ompA gene, which encodes MOMP. Yet, MOMP does not fully reflect the phylogeny of the organism or distinguish strains by biologic or phenotypic properties. Other genes/proteins that may contribute to phylogeny, or these properties include the inter-genic region (IGR), polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps), cytotoxin genes in the replication termination region (RTR) or "plasticity zone", partial tryptophan operon proteins (TrpB/A), Type III secretion system proteins, chlamydial protease- or proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF), and the porin protein, PorB. Further, the majority of research on CT has used laboratory-adapted strains that may not reflect current clinical isolates that are responsible for the myriad of CT diseases described today. Our goal is to advance the genetic discovery initiated by the CT genome sequences of serovars D and L2 and other genomes of the family Chlamydiaceae by providing genome sequences of six of the 13 remaining reference serovars along with genomes of recent clinical isolates to advance our understanding of CT tissue tropism, virulence, disease pathogenesis, and evolution. Within the context of our Specific Aims, we will develop and make publicly available the data and research tools described: 1) Sequence six genomes of the remaining 13 reference serovars of CT and four genomes of selected recent clinical isolates (see #2), and develop a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for global epidemiologic studies; MLST screening of the seven remaining reference serovars and -500 isolates from CT STD and trachoma populations worldwide will fine-tune the MLST and identify unique clinical isolates for additional genome sequencing; 2) Develop a Chlamydia GeneChip for rapid, robust genotyping of CT based on genome data and MLST findings; and 3) Develop a strain identification database to address specific research questions related to unraveling the association between genetic determinants and tissue tropism, virulence, and disease outcome in addition to the evolution of the organism and how new strain types might evolve over time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CELLULAR TRAFFICKING TO INFLAMED FEMALE GENITAL MUCOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelly, Kathleen A.; Assistant Professor; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy typically emerge in females after a chronic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Due to the insidious nature of chlamydial infections, efforts have been put forth to develop a vaccine that would enhance the clearance of organisms, avoid chronic infections, and in turn, eliminate reproductive disability. Based on the theory of a common mucosal immune system, lymphocyte recruitment to the genital mucosa is predicted to occur when lymphocytes are activated at distant mucosal surfaces. Studies of Chlamydia genital infection in the mouse have shown that T cells are required for protection and effector T cells are found in the genital mucosa following immunization at other mucosal sites. Currently, the degree of T cell migration to the genital mucosa following antigen delivery at other mucosal surfaces is unknown in humans. In this proposal, we will test the hypothesis that T cells activated at other mucosal surfaces can be recruited to the genital mucosa during an inflammatory process. Since T cells are not commonly recruited to the genital mucosa, we will study females infected with C.

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trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae as a model to test this hypothesis. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) Develop a method to identify T cells that home to the genital mucosa in vivo using individuals with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). 2) Determine if immunization by a distant mucosal route promotes T cell trafficking to the genital mucosa. We will define the homing receptor expression pattern (gut mucosal, other mucosal, non-mucosal) on endocervical T cells and IFNgamma+ peripheral blood cells from STD infected volunteers using flow cytometric techniques. We will also determine which adhesion molecules are induced within the female genital mucosa during STD infection by utilizing an in vitro fallopian tube culture of living tissue followed by immunohistological staining. The candidate homing receptor: adhesion molecule pairs will be tested in a genital mucosa adhesion assay. The frequency of genital mucosa homing T cells and mature dendritic cells will be monitored in volunteers following immunization with Salmonella typhi vaccine via different routes. These studies will contribute to the design of STD vaccines that would provide lasting immunity in the female genital mucosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA

CHARACTERIZATION

OF

HUMAN

T

CELLS

AGAINST

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kavathas, Paula B.; Professor; Laboratory Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. In the majority of infected individuals they are asymptomatic. This poses a heath risk for women, causing pelvic inflammation and tubal infertility, and for newborns from infected mothers. Our goal is to characterize the human T cell immune response to Ct in infected individuals with the goal of identifying immunogenic proteins and peptides that could be used for vaccine development. We will determine whether CD4 or CD8 T cell responses can be elicited against Ct proteins that enter the MHC class I or class II antigen processing pathway or are likely to enter those pathways. Specific peptide epitopes from these proteins and the HLA allotypes that present the peptides will be determined using a unique panel of B lymphoblastoid lines expressing single HLA antigens. Our hypothesis is that some regions of immunogenic proteins will contain epitope clusters for both CD4 and CD8 T cells as we found for the major outer membrane protein MOMP. The functional characteristics of the Ct-specific T cells will be determined using antibodies against cytokines, proteins involved in cytotoxicity, and cell surface molecules. Assays such as the Lysispot assay will be used to determine CTL function. Ct-specific T cells in the blood of infected individuals will be enumerated with MHC class I tetramer and class II tetramers. We will determine if the CD8 T cells recognizing Ct antigens are functional CTL cells or potentially "exhausted" T cells lacking CTL activity, which has been found in chronic viral infections. The potential for immunogenic epitopes to cross-protect other Ct species such as C. pneumonia and C. psittaci will be determined by sequence comparisons. Characterizing human T cell responses to Ct is important for understanding immunity to Ct in humans and for future vaccine development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA SIGNIFICANCE

PNEUMONIAE

ANTIGENS

OF

BIOLOGICAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Campbell, Lee Ann.; Professor; Pathobiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes 5 percent to 10 percent of pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Virtually everyone is infected in his or her lifetime and reinfection is common. Infection is difficult to treat even with sensitive antibiotics. Chronic infection is common and has been associated with asthma, reactive airway disease, Reiter's syndrome, erythema nodosum, and sarcoidosis. The potential public health impact of infection with this pathogen is underscored by the association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis and related clinical manifestations such as coronary heart disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysm, claudication, and stroke. If C. pneumoniae infection plays a role in atherogenesis, there will be an urgent need to facilitate diagnosis and develop strategies for intervention and prevention. The overall goal of this proposal is two fold. First, C. pneumoniae specific antigens that are recognized during human infection will be exploited to facilitate serodiagnosis and identify putative vaccine candidates. The second goal is to define chlamydial/host cell interactions that lead to entry and survival of C. pneumoniae in host cells relevant to atherosclerosis. The specific focus will be on the interaction of the chlamydial glycan moiety with carbohydrate binding receptors on the host cell. Importantly, infection of epithelial cells can be inhibited with N-linked high mannose type oligosaccharide, the major component of the glycan. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that C. pneumoniae enters through the mannose-6 phosphate receptor by binding to the site involved in transport of phosphomannosylated residues to the lysosome and this differs from C. trachomatis, which utilizes the mannose receptor. The ultimate goals of these studies are to identify C. pneumoniae specific antigens to facilitate laboratory diagnosis and virulence factors playing a role in pathogenesis to guide vaccine development or develop anti-adhesive strategies for prevention of infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND CERVICAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Madeleine, Margaret M.; Staff Scientist; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-MAR-2002; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes common, but usually transient, infections of the cervix that sometimes become cervical cancer. Since few of the women infected with HPV get cervical cancer, we are interested in cofactors in addition to HPV that promote tumor formation. One such possible cofactor is Chlamydia trachomatis, a prevalent, sexually transmitted disease that can infect the cervix for long periods of time. A recent article suggested that specific serotypes of C. trachomatis were associated with the development of cervical squamous cell cancer. We have a population based sample of 500 cervical cancer cases and 300 controls blood samples that have been tested for antibodies to HPV and have been interviewed for risk factors for cervical cancer. The tumor tissue has been tested for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. This resource will allow us to quickly and efficiently test for C. trachomatis in order to evaluate two hypotheses. First, whether an increased risk of cervical carcinoma is associated with C. trachomatis, with an emphasis on the relative

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risks associated with the three genital C. trachomatis serotype classes. Second, to examine this association separately among women with the two main histologic types of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (n=300) and adenocarcinoma (n=200) of the cervix. Control subjects selected for this study have serum antibodies to HPV-16 or -18. The benefit of screening and treatment for chlamydial infections might extend to include prevention of the proportion of cervical cancer promoted by infection with specific serotypes of C. trachomatis. If we are able to confirm the relationship between C. trachomatis and cervical cancer, repeated targeted screening of young women for C. trachomatis may become a higher public health priority. Furthermore, our results would help determine whether further follow up of the C. trachomatis and cervical cancer association is warranted in a more expensive, prospective setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Raulston, Jane E.; Pathology; East Tennessee State University Box 70565 Johnson City, Tn 37601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading bacterial agent of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and a major culprit in urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The highest chlamydial infection rates are observed in young people between 15 and 34 years of age. Throughout these peak reproductive years, the endometrial epithelial cell layer lining the uterine cavity is subject to constant changes in levels of micronutrients such as iron, due to hormonal cycling during menstruation. Endometrial epithelial cells are natural target host cells for infection by chlamydiae. The availability of iron is well-known to have a tremendous influence on the production of bacterial antigens, envelope components and virulence factors; these effects are particularly prominent for obligate intracellular pathogens such as chlamydiae. In other pathogens, virulence factors produced in response to low concentrations of iron elicit tissue damage in the host. Certain bacterial iron-regulated proteins are also immunotherapeutic targets for vaccine design. In these studies, the mechanism for regulation of chlamydial iron-responsive proteins and antigens will be examined in Specific Aim 1. Specific Aims 2 and 3 will (i) determine the identities of chlamydial ironregulated proteins, and (ii) quantitatively assess the transcription of the genes encoding these components under iron-deficient growth conditions, respectively. In Specific Aim 4, an envelope transport system will be examined to determine whether or not it functions as a major iron-uptake pathway for the chlamydiae. The long-term objective for these studies are to develop a better understanding of mechanisms for the destructive tissue pathology observed in chlamydial infections and to provide new insights on specific chlamydial proteins and antigens that could be tested for their immunotherapeutic potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INCA MUTANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rockey, Daniel D.; Professor; Microbiology; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006

16

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): C. trachomatis variants have been described that are incapable of undergoing inclusion fusion in cell culture. These variants represent 1-2 percent of clinical isolates in Seattle and have been defined as lacking detectable IncA, a chlamydial protein that localizes to the inclusion membrane. Twenty-six independent incA mutant isolates have been sequenced and organized into several distinct categories. The overall goal of the proposed research is to identify distinctions between wild type and non-fusogenic strains and to exploit differences that are defined to better understand chlamydial development and pathogenesis. Experiments are planned to examine molecular and cell biology as well as clinical manifestations of the mutant chlamydiae. Each variant will be compared with matched wild-type controls. In the first aim molecular analyses will be done to determine mechanisms responsible for loss of expression of IncA and possibly other Inc's. In the second aim, growth and development of non-fusogenic strains will be studied in cell culture models. Finally, in the third aim the clinical relevance of the non-fusogenic phenotype will be determined using a retrospective case-control analysis and a monkey model of chlamydial infection. Study of these natural mutants will lead to a better understanding of chlamydial growth, development and pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INCLUSION MEMBRANE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Scidmore, Marci A.; Microbiology and Immunology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydiae species are obligate intracellular bacteria that are the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease as well as the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Chlamydiae replicate in a nonacidified vacuole, termed an inclusion, which is actively modified by chlamydiae to prevent lysosomal fusion and promote intracellular survival. The molecular determinants that mediate chlamydial pathogenesis are largely undefined primarily due to the inability to manipulate the chlamydial genome. The overall goal of this research is to identify pathogenic mechanisms utilized by chlamydiae to promote and maintain their intracellular survival. Because chlamydiae remain sequestered within a vacuole, all interactions between chlamydiae and their host must be mediated through the inclusion membrane. We have identified Chlamydia trachomatis-specific proteins (IncD/E/F/G) that are localized to the inclusion membrane. Their intracellular localization makes them potential mediators of host-pathogen interactions via direct interactions with host proteins. To achieve our overall goals, we propose to identify biological functions of IncD/E/F/G through identification and characterization of cellular targets of IncD/E/F/G We have identified mammalian 14-3-3 proteins, as the first and only cellular targets of an inclusion membrane protein, IncG. 14-3-3 proteins are dimeric phosphoserine binding proteins that regulate diverse signal transduction pathways through directed subcellular localization of signaling complexes. Specific Aim 1: Experiments are designed to define biological functions of 14-3-3 IncG interactions and determine whether chlamydiae target 14-3-3 proteins to exploit host signal and vesicular-mediated pathways. First, we will disrupt 14-3-3 IncG interactions through expression of 14-3-3 dominant negative mutants and microinjection of anti-IncG antibodies to examine whether 14-3-3's recruitment to the inclusion functions in exploitation of cellular signal transduction and vesicular-mediated pathways. Second, we will use a combination of fluorescence microscopy, yeast tri-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments to determine whether 14-3-3 proteins recruit

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additional signaling proteins to the inclusion. And third, we will employ coimmunoprecipitation experiments to determine whether chlamydiae alter 14-3-3dependent signaling pathways by altering host 14-3-3/ligand interactions. Specific Aim 2 utilizes yeast two-hybrid assays to identify cellular targets of IncD/E/F. Identification of cellular targets of Incs and how these interactions contribute to chlamydial pathogenesis will lead to a better understanding of the complex host-pathogen interactions that facilitate chlamydial intracellular survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS OMP1 GENOTYPE HUMORAL IMMUNITY & GENITAL TRACT CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Batteiger, Byron E.; Professor; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHLAMYDIAL EVASION OF IFN MEDIATED IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlin, Joseph M.; Microbiology; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This proposal is in response to the program announcement 'Research on molecular immunology of STDs (ROMIS).' Interferon (IFN)-y induces an effective antichlamydial mechanism in vitro by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) which depletes tryptophan that is essential for chlamydial growth. Although proinflammatory cytokines produced during infection enhance the amount of IDO induced by IFN, the presence of chronic disease suggests that Chlamydia is evading this response. The goals of this research project are to identify and characterize mechanisms by which Chlamydia evades the effect of IFN. Chlamydia may be affecting IDO regulation directly by interfering with transcriptional activation of the IDO gene by IFNS, or by blocking the effect of proinflammatory cytokines. Chlamydia also may be regulating IDO indirectly by stimulating production of interieukin-10 (IL-10) leading to inhibition of IDO transcription. Specific aim 1: Molecular mechanisms of IDO potentiation. IDO regulatory mechanisms will be evaluated using HeLa cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein reporter vector containing the IDO promoter. Identification of IDO promoter regions and DNA-binding proteins will be by DNase I footprinting, EMSA, and super-shift assays. Site-directed mutagenesis will be used to confirm promoter site function. Specific aim 2: Direct mechanisms of evasion. The effect of Chlamydia on IDO promoter activity and cytokine receptor expression will be assessed using two-color flow cytometric analysis of infected HeLa cells. Specific aim 3: Indirect mechanisms of evasion. The role of IL-10 in inhibition of IDO will be assessed by quantifying IL-10 production by Chlamydia-exposed cells using ELISA, assessing the effect of IL-10 on proinflammatory cytokine production by Chlamydia-exposed cells and by measuring the effect of IL-10 on IDO regulation using the fluorescent IDO promoter reporter. Thus, the aims are to dissect the process of IDO potentiation at the transcriptional level, and to assess the means by which Chlamydia interferes with this process. Accomplishment of the aims will help resolve the long- term objectives of this research project: to determine how Chlamydia evades an otherwise

18

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effective immunological response, and to understand regulation of this response in order to overcome Chlamydia's evasive mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Totten, Patricia A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Large proportions of the major reproductive tract inflammatory syndromes remain idiopathic, not attributable to the major sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Where effective STD control programs exist, most urethritis in men and endocervicitis or mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) in women is no longer attributable to gonococcal or chlamydial infection. This is equally true for most upper genital tract complications of urethritis (epididymitis) or endocervicitis (endometritis, salpingitis and perinatal and puerperal morbidity). Mycoplasma genitalium, a fastidious bacterium discovered in 1981, now detectable by PCR, has been significantly associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men in 11 of 11 studies over the past decade using PCR, including our own recent study which demonstrated M. genitalium in 27 (22%) of 211 men with and 5 (4%) of 117 without NGU (OR 6.5; 95% CI 2.1- 19.9). Recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen in the male raises the important question of its role as a pathogen in the female, both in nonpregnant and in pregnant women. Since initial submission of this proposal in February 2000, we have completed two retrospective cross- sectional studies involving women. In a random sample of female STD clinic patients, we demonstrated endocervical M. genitalium infection in 24 (13%) of 191 with MPC vs. 27 (6%) of 453 without MPC (OR adjusted for cervical pathogens 3.0; 95% CI 1.6-5.8). This study also detected M. genitalium in 10 (14.3%) of 70 women with history of spontaneous miscarriage at < 20 weeks gestation vs. 41 (7.2%) of 570 without this history (adj OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.6). A cross-sectional study of 115 Kenyan women with suspected PID demonstrated M. genitalium in endometrial biopsies from 7 (12%) of 58 women with endometritis vs. 0 of 57 without endometritis (p=0.01). In our studies of male urethritis, MPC, and endometritis, associations of M. genitalium with disease were similar to, or stronger than, the associations with chlamydial infection. These data support our proposed studies as the next logical step in clinical epidemiologic studies of this pathogen. Our three specific aims are to (1) define the role of M. genitalium in acute salpingitis in women undergoing laparoscopy in Nairobi Kenya; (2) define the association of M. genitalium with abnormal pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery of a low birthweight infant, using data and clinical specimens already available from 2500 women prospectively followed to term at University of Washington hospitals (including 625 with gestation <37 weeks); and (3) determine (a) risk factors for M. genitalium infection in a population-based sample of young women participating in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and in a sample of higher risk women attending the Seattle STD clinic, and (b) concordance of M. genitalium infection in these women and their sex partners. M genitalium may represent an important new pathogen in the female reproductive tract. Studies of its association with salpingitis and pregnancy morbidity are essential. Future studies should also address whether, similar to gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, it facilitates transmission of HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CONTROL OF TRICHOMONIASIS -A PARADIGM FOR STD CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwebke, Jane R.; Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan sexually transmitted disease (STD), which causes vaginitis and urethritis. Complications associated with this infection include preterm birth and HIV acquisition. Despite the availability of generally effective single dose, affordable antibiotic therapy, this infection remains extremely prevalent worldwide. At a time when bacterial STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia have decreased, rates of trichomoniasis have remained constant. Contributors to this continued infection rate may include less sensitive diagnostic tests, especially in males, lack of systematic partner notification and treatment methods, and possibly, decreased susceptibility to metronidazole. In fact, the most effective means of partner notification for STDs in general has not been well studied. We propose to investigate three different methods of partner notification for trichomoniasis via a randomized study design (including partner referral, partner delivered medication and medication delivered by a field worker), determining relative effectiveness rates based on recurrent infection in the female. The role of stigma as a barrier to partner notification and treatment will also be evaluated. The information gained from this study will have broad applicability for control of other STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. In addition, we will utilize specimens from the study to improve diagnostic methods for T. vaginalis, to examine strain differences using PFGE, and to examine the prevalence of resistance strains and their potential contribution to treatment failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--LABORATORY FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stamm, Walter E.; Professor; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--MICROBIOLOGY FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Myron S.; J Herbert Bate Professor of Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The Microbiology Core is designed to provide infrastructure support for investigators in the CRC. The Core will support specimen collection for Projects, which involves Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Treponema pallidum research. In one project, the Core will be responsible for the infrastructure required for assessment of STD pathogens, including N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis and (perhaps) Trichomonas vaginalis in urine harvested from participants in the Add Health Program. The Core will also be used to develop a new diagnostic assay for trichomonas, which may be applied to urine. The resources of the Microbiology Core includes facilities in the Department of Hospital Laboratories and in the Division of Infectious Diseases.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYCLODEXTRIN AS NOVEL SPERMICIDE AND MICROBICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hildreth, James Ek.; Associate Professor; Pharmacol & Molecular Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Locally applied biomedical barriers and microbicides have proven ineffectual in preventing sexual transmission of HIV. We have recently found that HIV requires intact lipid rafts, highly specialized subregions in cell membranes, for entry into cells and for budding of fully infectious particles. Betacyclodextrin (beta-CD), a cyclic heptasaccharide that removes cholesterol from cell membranes and disperses lipid rafts, has been shown to block HIV infection and drastically reduce the infectivity of budding HIV particles. Cholesterol is also required by other pathogens some of which are associated with STDs. Beta-cyclodextrin is nontoxic and currently in human use as a carrier for polar drugs. Thus properly formulated, this molecule may be an effective microbicide with activity against HIV and other pathogens. Cholesterol has been shown to play a role in regulating sperm cell acrosomal reaction and depletion of sperm cell cholesterol by beta-CD induces capacitation and premature acrosomal reaction. The latter has been associated with low rates of fertilization. Thus beta-CD, by depleting sperm cell cholesterol, may prevent fertilization in vivo by inducing premature acrosomal reactions and reducing fusion efficiency. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that because it rapidly and efficiently depletes cholesterol from lipid membranes beta-CD has great potential as a combination microbicide-spermicide with low host cell toxicity. The goal of this project is to use in vitro and in vivo animal models to test the potential of beta-CD as a microbicide, particularly against HIV, and spermicide and to determine the mechanisms by which beta-CD inactivates H1V. The specific aims are: 1. To characterize and optimize the inhibitory effect of Beta-cyclodextrin on HIV-1 infection. 2. To determine the mechanisms by which Beta-cyclodextrin inactivates cell-free HIV-1 particles. 3. To determine the mechanisms by which Beta-cyclodextrin inactivates cell-associated HIV-1. 4. To determine the effects of Beta-cyclodextrin on sperm function in a rabbit contraception model. 5. To determine the effect of Beta-cyclodextrin in vitro on bacterial pathogens and vaginal flora. 6. To determine the anti-HIV microbicide potential of Betacyclodextrin in a Hu-PBL-SCID mouse vaginal challenge model. 7. To determine the microbicide potential of Beta-cyclodextrin against HSV, papillomavirus, and Chlamydia trachomatis in animal models. This project takes advantage of the shared importance of cholesterol in the biology of sperm and HIV and other pathogens to develop a novel microbicide/contraceptive approach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CYTOKINE NETWORK IN CHLAMYDIAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Darville, Toni; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): In women, the manifestations of C. trachomatis infection range from asymptomatic cervicitis to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Variations in outcomes suggest humans exhibit heterogeneity in host susceptibility to chlamydial disease. A genetic influence on disease susceptibility is supported by epidemiological studies in humans, and in animal

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models of experimental infection. The candidate has confirmed that true differences exist among three genetically defined strains of mice as regards resolution of chlamydial genital tract infection and the development of pathological sequelae. Despite these differences, extensive data reveal their acquired immune responses to be similar - CD4+ T cells of the Th 1 phenotype are critical to recovery from chlamydial infection. In contrast, comparisons of responses active during the first week of infection reveal significant differences in early cellular and cytokine response mediators. This proposal involves using the inherent differences present in these strains of mice as a tool for examining cytokine regulatory pathways important in chlamydial disease pathogenesis. The significance of the different patterns of cytokine responses determined among the three strains will be further explored with mice genetically deficient in specific cytokine mediators. Specific aims of the proposal include: 1) confirmation of the role of TNFalpha and of neutrophils in early control of chlamydial infection and determination of their role in the development of chronic pathology; 2) delineation of the contribution of other proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and interleukin-6) and of select chemokines to host defense and immunopathology; 3) determination if different kinetics of the downregulatory cytokines, TGF-beta and interleukin-10, influence the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection. A determination of cytokine response patterns that promote tissue damage from those that result in benign resolution of infection is an important goal as regards the development of a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CD14 DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Freeman, Mason W.; Chief; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): CD14 is a 55 kDa glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked protein that is also present in a soluble form in serum. CD14 binds lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) derived from the outermost layer of Gram-negative bacteria and activates a signaling cascade that results in the production of inflammatory cytokines that include tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1. This response has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of septic shock following Gram- negative septicemia. Recent data have also suggested that a similar response may play a role in accelerating atherosclerotic plaque development and in enhancing the formation of the macrophage foam cell, the histologic hallmark of the early atheroma. Several lines of evidence also implicate this pathway in the pathogenesis of PID, a leading cause of infertility in the developed world, and in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, an essential event in tissue remodeling and development. Investigators working on inflammatory bowel disease, periodontal disease, and a variety of inflammatory pulmonary disorders have also postulated an important role for CD14 in these conditions. Given the widespread interest in understanding the contributions of CD14 to normal physiology and pathologic conditions, the applicant's laboratory has generated homologous recombinant mice lacking this protein. This grant application proposes to generate a breeding colony of these animals and to distribute these mice to the many investigators that have requested them. These investigators, working on diseases supported by a diverse group of NIH Institutes, can then utilize these animals in experiments that explore the biological processes in which CD14 activity has been implicated. In addition to developing the breeding colony of CD14 deficient mice, this

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application proposes to characterize the utility of these animals as models for diseases that represent major human health problems in which the principal investigators of the grant have established research efforts. Thus, the CD14 deficient animals will be bred into mouse strains that are susceptible to atherosclerosis in order to explore the role of Chlamydial infections in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. In addition, CD14null mice will also be used to explore the role of the endotoxin signaling pathway in mouse models of PID. This work is intended to broaden the applicability of CD14 deficient mice to research involving acute and chronic inflammatory disease and to make a critical animal resource available to the investigative community at large. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ECTOPY, HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND STD'S IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Peralta, Ligia; Chief; Pediatrics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Adolescents are at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which can have serious consequences for their future health and fertility, and which can increase their vulnerability to HIV infection. Cervical ectopy and use of oral contraceptives (OC), both common in adolescence, are risk factors for chlamydia, the most common inflammatory STD. Standardized, reliable measurements of ectopy have not been employed across studies. The independent risk of OC use stratified by ectopy has not been well studied. The association among Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA), a contraceptive widely used among adolescents, ectopy and STD acquisition has not been reported. The aims of this proposal are to study prospectively: 1) the natural history of cervical ectopy and the transformation zone (T zone) in sexually active adolescents, 2) the impact of DMPA and a combined estrogen-progestins (OC) over time on cervical ectopy/T zone; 3) the relation between the size of the area of ectopy/T zone and STD acquisition, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas and HPV; and 4) the risk of STDs in OC users compared to DMPA users stratified by the extent of cervical ectopy/T zone. Design: This is a 5 year prospective study on 500 inner-city sexually active nonparous females aged 12-18, some of whom will initiate DMPA or OC. They will be recruited consecutively from the Adolescent, Pediatric and community-based OB/Gyn Clinics of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, where the study will be conducted. Participants will be seen every 6 months for medical/sexual history, complete physical and pelvic examinations, and specimen collection of STDs. Cervicography will be used to determine the areas of ectopy and T zone, measured by computerized planimetry. This is an innovative reliable, sensitive and standardized method of measurement. Behavioral data will be collected anonymously by audio assisted computer interview (A-CASI). Interim follow up visits (every 3 months) will include behavioral risk by ACASI, medical history and incidence of STDs by urine screening and from the City STD registry. Summary. This proposal will 1) use a standardized measure of ectopy in young nonparous adolescents before and during hormonal contraceptive use; 2) address the relation between STDs and OCs, especially those OCs containing new progestins; 3) be one of the few studies to examine the association among DMPA, STDs and ectopy in adolescents; 4) recruit a difficult cohort with one of the highest rates of STDs, especially chlamydia infection. The team of researchers has expertise on STDs, adolescent health, and cervical anatomy. They have collaborated on the preliminary study and have experience in planning, implementing and managing successful longitudinal studies on high-risk youth.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFICACY OF MICROBICIDES IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyrick, Priscilla B.; Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: It is well recognized that genital Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are responsible for epidemic sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the USA, with an estimated annual 4 million cases. Chlamydial diseases can be insidious and they constitute significant primary, secondary and tertiary health care concerns in which women bear a special burden because of their increased risk of adverse reproductive consequences. Clearly, safe, effective, female-controlled topical microbicides are urgently need to help prevent and control STDs. Our previous studies showed that in human epithelial cells already infected with C, trachomatis serovar E, the microbicide C31G gains access to the chlamydial inclusions causing destruction to chlamydiae; in addition, the alteration in inclusion membrane integrity results in increased exocytosis of chlamydial LPS but not heat shock protein 60. Thus, in Specific Aim 1, we have devised a co-culture model system to determine if there is modulation of inflammatory response cell migration (PMN) to chlamydiae-infected HeLa cells exposed to C31G. My colleagues at Hershey Medical School have shown that alkyl sulfates are quite effective in killing papillomavirus, in addition to herpes simplex (HSV) and HIV. So, in Specific Aim 2, we will evaluate the action of the new topical microbicide candidate alone and in combination with C31G and alkyl sulfates on HeLa cells doubly infected with C. trachomatis and HSV. Finally, we shall use a pig model of chlamydial infection to determine or how microbicide intervention of chlamydial infection is altered in the different hormonal states (proliferative and secretory). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHLAMYDIA INCLUSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Valdivia, Raphael H.; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 20-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is a widely disseminated, obligate intracellular pathogen that causes a range of diseases including trachoma, conjunctivitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Within infected cells, C. trachomatis efficiently re-routes endocytic and exocytic traffic to create a growth-permissive compartment termed the Inclusion. Because Chlamydiae are not currently amenable to genetic manipulation, little progress has been made in identifying bacterial or host factors required to reprogram vesicular traffic in the host cell. Nonetheless, the increasing availability of Chlamydia genomic sequences provides the opportunity for the design of new experimental approaches to study Chlamydia pathogenesis. We propose a functional genomic approach to identify factors required for the biogenesis and maintenance of the C. trachomatis Inclusion. We propose to perform a three-stage screen of Chlamydia expression libraries in model eukaryotic systems to identify bacterial factors that interfere with endocytic traffic. Because C. trachomatis-mediated disruption of endocytic traffic is limited to the Inclusion, we hypothesize that the function of many Inclusion proteins is restricted to the surface of endosomal membranes. Therefore, a central aspect of our expression system includes anchoring

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Chlamydia proteins to the surface of endosomes (Endosomal Display). In the first screening stage, we utilize whole cell-based assays in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to rapidly sample all Chlamydia proteins of unknown function for factors that disrupt eukaryotic cellular functions. In the second stage, Chlamydia proteins that display a phenotype in yeast are expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells to confirm and/or extend phenotypes observed in yeast. We will raise antibodies to these Chlamydia proteins to determine their subcellular localization during Chlamydia infections. In the last stage of the screen, we will use the antibodies and cell lines generated to determine if these factors are necessary for Chlamydia growth in host cells. A third of the Chlamydia genome encodes proteins whose function cannot be determined from sequence analysis. We expect that the functional approach we propose will lead to the identification of novel classes of virulence factors and represent a major breakthrough in our understanding of Chlamydia pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHLAMYDIAL VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: O'connell, Catherine M.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Our long-range goals are to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis by examining how this obligate intracellular pathogen regulates its unusual dimorphic life cycle, and by identifying novel virulence genes and mechanisms. The objective of this application is to apply genetic techniques to the investigation of developmental gene regulation and chlamydial pathogenesis. One hypothesis to be tested is that gene induction or repression at critical phases of the life cycle reflects a response to environmental signals which trigger differentiation between the vegetative reticulate body (RB) and the metabolically inert but infectious elementary body (EB) prior to release from the eukaryotic cell. In addition, we aim to generate allele-replacement mutants of C. trachomatis that can be studied in suitable animal models of chlamydial infection and disease. We also intend to test the hypothesis that C. trachomatis strain MoPn expresses specific gene products that render it uniquely virulent in the mouse model of genital infection. The rationale behind this research is that the development of techniques for the genetic manipulation of C. trachomatis will lead to methods of examining virulence gene expression and regulation in vivo. To accomplish the objectives of this application we will pursue three specific aims; (i) to identify and characterize temporally regulated promoters in vivo, focusing particularly on those that are strongly up regulated late in the developmental cycle; (ii) to develop a generally applicable method for the direct selection of gene replacement mutants in Chlamydia and iii) to distinguish genes important for the virulence of C. trachomatis strain MoPn by expressing a complementation library in the relatively avirulent C. trachomatis serovar H then enriching by passage in vivo for transformants enhanced ability to establish infection in mice. At the completion of this research we expect to have identified genes which are involved in differentiation of RBs to EBs. We also expect to have derived a system for site-specific mutagenesis of C. trachomatis and to have demonstrated its efficacy by generating site-specific mutations in genes which have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial disease. In addition, we anticipate identifying at least one MoPn gene that contributes to the virulence of this strain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENOTYPICALLY MATCHED CHLAMYDIAL STRAINS & INCA FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Xia, Minsheng; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydiae are important human pathogens causing a variety of ocular, respiratory and genitourinary infections, and potentially atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Particularly Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen of tremendous public health importance causing the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases, preventable blindness and increased risk for HIV transmission. Despite the clinical and public health importance of this organism, the mechanisms that the organism uses to interact with host cells are not understood. C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, developing and multiplying exclusively within the host cell in a membrane bound vacuole termed an inclusion. Research on chlamydial gene function has been hampered by the lack of laboratory methods for manipulating its genome. We propose an alternative strategy for studying chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins utilizing naturally occurring mutants and their genotypically matched wild type counterpart strains. Because the chlamydial inclusion membrane serves as the interface between the organism and the host cell, inclusion membrane proteins are therefore believed to be essential to chlamydial survival and organism-host interactions. The overall goal of this study is to utilize mutant-wild type strain pairs to assess the role of C. trachomatis IncA in interacting with the host cells. Specifically, in Aim 1 we will identify genetically closely related strains to match the naturally occurring incA mutants as an alternative to laboratory derived mutant-wild type pairs. In Aim 2, we will utilize these mutant-wild type pairs to examine the impact of Inca on host cell gene expression, especially with respect to signal transduction constituents. Results from these studies will provide new understanding of chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins and their interaction with host cells. A better understanding of chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins will provide new insights into chlamydial biology and pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HIV AND STIS IN YOUNG ADULTS: A NETWORK APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, W M.; Professor; Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) This proposal seeks funding to support analyses of the biomarkers for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that will be collected in the forthcoming wave (Survey 2000) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The central aim of Survey 2000 is to document the health status of young adults (18-26 years old), and to provide data that make it possible to analyze the relationships between social context, behavior, and health outcomes. Specimens will be tested for four STIs in Survey 2000: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Neisseria gonorrhea (GC), Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The analyses proposed in this project will focus on three interrelated STI topics: 1) basic descriptive work on STI prevalence; 2) the development of multiple imputation strategies for missing behavioral and biomarker data; 3) the measurement and analysis of epidemiologically relevant aspects of network location and structure;

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and 4) multivariate analyses of individual STI risk that explicitly integrate measures of network exposure. The prevalence analyses will provide the first detailed population based estimates of STIs in this age group. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are reportable, and their prevalence is estimated to peak during the age range of the Survey 2000 sample. Trichomoniasis is not reportable, but it is thought to peak during a similar age range. Prevalence of HIV among young adults is not well established. The size of the Survey 2000 sample (N=19,500) will make it possible to estimate prevalence of each of these STIs for detailed race, sex, region, and other subgroups for the first time. All prevalence analyses will implement existing statistical corrections for the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. We estimate that the biomarker collection will have a non-response rate of about 15%. We will therefore develop multiple imputation strategies for the missing data. Comparable strategies have been developed successfully for the NHANES III. There is a wealth of both cross-sectional and longitudinal data in Add Health that can be used to construct an effective imputation scheme. We will produce a public use data set containing the imputed variables, and instructions on the use of existing statistical software for implementing a multiple imputation analysis, available electronically through the Add Health project website. The network and multivariate analyses that comprise the third and fourth foci of this project will take advantage of the unique local network data that will be collected on respondents' sexual partners. STIs travel through networks of sexual partnerships, and Survey 2000 will provide the first nationally representative data on local networks for this highly active age group. Local network data consist simply of respondent reports about their partners, rather than tracing and enrolment of the partners themselves. While relatively simple to collect, these data provide a rich source of information on network exposure, mixing, and concurrent partnerships that can be incorporated into traditional epidemiological models of infection risk. The goal of these analyses will be to identify the relative contribution of individual attributes and network exposure to the risk of infection, and to establish the implications for prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOME SCREENING FOR CHLAMYDIA SURVEILLANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Bacterial sexually transmittd diseases (STD's), the most common of which is C. trachomatis, are major causes of reproductive morbidity among women in the U.S. Advances in technology for detecting STD's offer the novel opportunity for home-based self- screening. However, whether such a strategy could enhance adherence with screening has not been examined in this country. We propose a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of home-testing versus return clinic visits for screening of STD's among high risk women. Women aged 14-29 with documented C. trachomatis cervicitis will be enrolled from family planning services, STD clinics, adolescent clinics and gynecology clinics in Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Baseline characteristics including risk factors for STDs and attitudes about screening will be collected. Women will be randomly assigned in equal numbers to 1) home samplings vs. 2) return visits for screening. At 6, 12, and 18 months, the two groups will then receive either 1) selfsampling vaginal swabs that they can elect to be mailed home or picked-up or 2) postcard reminders to return to the enrollment site for screening. Swabs will be tested at a central laboratory for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by DNA amplification. All

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women with STD's detected will bu urged to return for treatment, and all obtained treatment will be recorded. Main analyses will compare between home screening and return visit groups: 1) proportion of screening tests completed; 2) proportion of women with C. trachomatis infections detected by screening. Secondary analyses will include: 1) proportion of women with N. gonorrhoeae detected by screening; 2) proportion of detected chlamydia/gonococcal infections treated; 3) attitudes towards screening. At two years after enrollment, we will recontact all study participants (both those who complied with screening and those that did not). All participants will be interviewed by telephone and asked to complete a self-collected vaginal swab for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections. Based on these end-of-study data, secondary analyses will compare between study group: 1) the proportion of women with C. trachomatis after the screening period; 2) the proportion of women who sought care for PID during the study. This study will determine whether a home screening strategy for bacterial STD's would enhance compliance with screening recommendations; such a strategy could contribute to elimination of STD's at reduced societal cost. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST FACTORS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHLAMYDIAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramsey, Kyle H.; Professor and Chair; Microbiology; Midwestern University 555 31St St Downers Grove, Il 605151235 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis infections are the most commonly reported transmissible diseases in the U.S. Diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae of chlamydial disease cost billions of dollars each year in the U.S. alone. The infection is often asymptomatic in women. Variations in the host immune response are likely to blame for adverse outcomes because not all persons who become infected will suffer the long-term consequences of the disease. In those who progress to disease, the affected tissues are significantly altered in their structure and function by a process that ultimately results in scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes. This results in tubal factor infertility and risk of ectopic pregnancy. Our hypothesis is that those who sustain this outcome have dysregulation of factors which are responsible for the repair of the extracellular matrix. To address hypothesis, we will use a mouse model of chlamydial disease where inbred strains exist which have been characterized as resistant or susceptible as indicated by the outcomes of tubal damage and infertility. In approach, we will first extensively compare and contrast these strains with regard to their ability to modify and repair the extracellular matrix of the urogenital tract in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, we will define the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the outcome of chlamydial disease through in vivo studies where the enzymes are inhibited pharmacologically or cytokines that influence their activity and production are neutralized. We will then define a role of specific metalloproteinases to the disease process through the use of mice with deletions in genes that encode the enzymes. Lastly, the contribution of specific inflammatory cells to the modulation of extracellular matrix in chlamydial disease will be defined by the production of bone marrow chimeras between susceptible and resistant strains of mice and subsequent depletions of leukocyte populations. In summary, it is the intent of this proposal to define host factors that are responsible for adverse chlamydial disease outcome. The information derived will assist in the development of therapies which could ameliorate the chlamydial disease process; noninvasive diagnostic indicators of progressive scarring and abnormal physiological outcome; development of prognostic indicators of those at high risk for

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chlamydial disease; and, further advances in design of a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine through avoidance of adverse outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST FREE ACTIVITIES OF CHLAMYDIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hatch, Thomas P.; Professor; Molecular Sciences; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1983; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The goal of my laboratory is to determine how gene expression is regulated in chlamydiae with the long term objective of understanding how chlamydiae cause latent, persistent, and chronic infections. The field of chlamydial research is severely handicapped by the lack of tools to genetically manipulate chlamydiae. However, the development of host-free (intact chlamydiae isolated from host cells) and in vitro transcription methodologies and the successful DNA sequencing of several chlamydial genomes offers new opportunities to identify regulatory DNA elements and transcriptional regulators that bind to these elements. Host-free and in vitro strategies will be used to accomplish four specific aims. 1. Determine the role of alternative sigma factors in gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis. The temporal expression and the interaction of the sigma factors and their regulators will be characterized, and the promoters regulated by the sigma factors will be identified. 2. Determine the role of integration host factor (IHF) and histones in late gene expression. The genomic DNA binding sites of IHF and the chlamydial histone proteins will be determined, and the effect of histones and IHF on CRP-operon expression in vitro will be examined. 3. Characterize post translational modifications of chlamydial histone proteins. Transmethylation of histones by the chlamydial SET protein will be assayed in vitro with recombinant proteins, and the ability of modified histones to bind to chlamydial DNA will be determined. 4. Determine the pattern of gene expression during the developmental cycle, making use of host-free probes. A microarray consisting of all 894 chromosome and the 8 plasmid ORFs of C. trachomatis D will be probed directly with RNA synthesized by host-free chlamydiae at different times post infection. Emphasis will be placed on transcription at very early times post infection (pi). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOST-C. TRACHOMATIS INTERACTION BY MULC-MS/MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Christine C.; Staff Scientist; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Infection of the eukaryotic host cell by Chlamydia trachomatis is initiated by the attachment of elementary bodies (EBs) followed by endocytosis into a membrane-bound vacuole (the inclusion). Expression of early chlamydial gene products (within 2 hours after infection) is required for both the physical transport of the inclusion to the peri-Golgi region and the establishment of fusion competence with sphingomyelin-containing post-Golgi vesicles. This physical interaction with the exocytic pathway has been proposed to be the mechanism whereby the inclusion is isolated from degradation in the lysosomal pathway and constitutes a protected site supporting parasite replication. Knowledge of the molecular responses of the host cell as well as the temporal sequence of bacterial protein expression is crucial to the understanding of the interactions between host and bacterial parasite. Traditionally,

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this type of protein profiling has been done using radioactive metabolic labeling followed by comparative 2D gel technology. This method is not robust due to limitations in sensitivity, quantita-tion, and detection of post-translational modifications. A major aim of this project is to develop methods using mass spectrometry to rapidly profile differentially expressed proteins and their posttranslational modifications in total cell lysate mixtures. These methods will be used to monitor the changes in protein expression and post-translational modifications of the host cell in response to chlamydial entry, establishment of the inclusion, and subsequent fusion events at the peri-Golgi region. Additionally, bacterial protein expression will be temporally profiled during these time points. These novel proteomic approaches will identify key molecular players for subsequent molecular dissection to determine functional interactions between host and parasite. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HPV ETIOLOGY OF A SUBSET OF HEAD AND NECK CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shah, Keerti V.; Professor; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The objective of this proposal is to perform comprehensive virologic and focused epidemiologic and molecular pathogenesis studies to evaluate the hypothesis that a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC-defined as SCC of the oral cavity, the pharynx and the larynx for this proposal) is etiologically linked to infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs). In the USA, each year, there are about 41,000 cancer cases and about 12,00 deaths, due to HNSCC. Alcohol and tobacco use are the best recognized risk factors of HNSCC. Preliminary data suggest that, as compared to HPV-negative HNSCC, HPV- associated HNSCC (about 24 percent of all HNSCC) occur largely in the oropharynx and are less related to history of tobacco and alcohol use and to p53 mutations. The specific aims of the proposed studies are: (i) to define the site distribution of HPV- associated HNSCC, identify the HPV types involved and characterize the virus-cell relationships in HPV-positive tumors in terms of HPV copy numbers per cell, HPV transcripts, localization of the viral genome to tumor cell nuclei, viral integration into cellular DNA, and site of viral integration on the cellular chromosomes, and to compare cases at different sites for their serologic profiles against HPV-16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 and HPV-16 L1 protein; (ii) to describe the molecular and pathologic features of HPV-related tumor progression; and to (iii) to examine the clinical and epidemiologic correlates of HPV-associated HNSCC, especially with respect to survival and to exposure to risk factors relating to alcohol use, tobacco use and sexual activity. It is anticipate that about 1,300 cases of HNSCC attending clinics at Johns Hopkins will be investigated. If HPV etiology is established for a subset of HNSCC, patients with these tumors may benefit from HPV-specific immunotherapies which are being evaluated for the treatment of invasive cervical cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HPV METHYLATION: A BIOMARKER OF CERVICAL LESION PROGRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Giuliano, Anna R.; Associate Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant)Epidemiologic research has shown that infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of most cases of cervical cancer and that specific HPV types (e.g., 16 and 18) are associated with high risk of progression to cervical cancer. However, HPV infection is an insufficient cause of cervical cancer and appears to require the presence of other factors for the infection to progress to a significant cervical lesion. One factor that may modify progression of HPV to cervical neoplasia is DNA methylation. In support of this hypothesis, in vitro work from zur Hausen's laboratory indicated that methylation in the Upstream Regulatory Region (URR) of oncogenic HPV exerts a powerful effect on transcriptional activity and hence carcinogenicity of the virus. HPV DNA methylation patterns may modify the virulence resulting in increased risk for progression of HPV infection to high grade SIL. However, the association between HPV methylation patterns specifically has only been tested in vitro. In this application, we propose to conduct the first epidemiological study of the association between HPV methylation status and cervical cancer risk. The overall goal of this application is to examine in vivo methylation patterns of oncogenic HPV and determine if these patterns are associated with SIL. The primary aims of this study are to determine: 1) the overall methylation status and site-specific methylation in the URR of oncogenic HPV among women previously identified with normal, ASCUS, LgSIL, and HgSIL cytology; 2) whether methylation patterns of HPV are related to viral load; 3) the factors (such as smoking, oral contraceptives, and co-infections) associated with HPV methylation status; 4) whether HPV DNA methylation status is independently associated with risk of SIL Study Design: Data and biological samples collected from the USA-Mexico Border HPV, Cervical Dysplasia and Chlamydia trachomatis study (19971998) will be used for this proposed study. A population of 2,246 women, 246 of whom are HPV positive for one of eight oncogenic HPV types, 15 years and older were recruited from family planning clinics in 3 pairs of contiguous communities at the Arizona (US) - Sonora (Mexico) border, and in Tucson, AZ and Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. HPV DNA methylation status will be assessed among 246 women positive for one of eight HPV types (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 39, 45, 51, 52, and 58) utilizing the Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing technique. Data available from the completed study include laboratory measures (HPV typing, HPV viral load, C. trachomatis status, and cytology), and risk factor data (reproductive, sexual and medical histories, and demographic data). Results from this study may provide a novel biomarker for women at risk of progression of HPV infection to SIL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF THE CHLAMYDIAL ADHESIN AND RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Carabeo, Reynaldo A.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Louisville Jouett Hall, Belknap Campus Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of disease in humans, such as trachoma, infertility, pneumonia, and possibly atherosclerosis. Entry of chlamydia into a favorable intracellular niche is an absolute requirement for its survival, and thus, it has been speculated that this organism has developed a very efficient means of entering a host cell. How chlamydia enters the host cell is unknown, and this glaring lack of knowledge of the mechanisms involved in chlamydial invasion stems from its undeveloped genetic system. A recently isolated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant clone that arose from random chemical mutagenesis of the CHO-K1 cell line and selection of resistance to infection by the lyric

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serovar L2, indicate the requirement for a secondary receptor. Engagement of this receptor by chlamydial elementary bodies is downstream of binding of heparan sulfate. This grant proposal will focus on two areas of research that takes advantage of this novel cell line and relies on experimental approaches that are designed to preserve the surface structures of both pathogen and host. Firstly, this cell line will be used to identify the chlamydial receptor using cDNA complementation, functional binding assays, and mass spectrometry. Verification of candidates will involve the introduction of the wild type copy of the gene to restore the susceptibility phenotype. In addition, knockout alleles of the gene will be created in susceptible cells to recapitulate the resistance phenotype. The second research aim will focus on the identification of chlamydial ligands by mass spectrometry. Assays will take advantage of the natural affinity of the receptor for the chlamydial adhesin. Existence of homologs of the lympogranuloma venereum (LGV) serovar L2 adhesin in other serovars will be determined, and the presence of genetic polymorphisms that may contribute to the biological differences, such as tissue tropism, will be investigated. Findings from the two research aims will be correlated with the biological differences between LGV and non-LGV serovars. Knowledge gained from these research areas should contribute to our understanding of chlamydial pathogenesis and lead to rationally sound strategies in combating infection by this clinically relevant organism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE RESPONSES IN GENITAL CHLAMYDIA PRIOR TO THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Geisler, William M.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite improved preventive efforts, genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection remains the most common bacterial STD in the United States and is a global public health concern. If untreated, Chlamydia may persist allowing for transmission to uninfected individuals and possible clinical progression to complications. Recent reports studying chlamydia-infected patients between the time of routine testing (screening) and the time they returned for therapy demonstrated evidence of spontaneous clearance of a portion of untreated infections, suggesting immune-mediated clearance of chlamydia. Other than limited observations such as these, most of our knowledge on the host response to C. trachomatis has been derived from animal models and in vitro studies, which have demonstrated the importance of both cell-mediated and humoral-mediated immune responses to C. trachomatis. To assess the role of cell-mediated and humoral-mediated immune responses in clearance of genital chlamydia in humans, we propose a prospective pilot study that will enroll STD clinic patients with positive chlamydia screening tests that return for therapy. Study aims are: (1) determine the percentage of patients who spontaneously clear chlamydia versus having persisting infection by culture upon return for therapy and the relationship of patient age to this outcome; (2) measure proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and cytokine gene expression in genital specimens from both patient groups by ELISA, cDNA Gene Array, or RT-PCR; and (3) measure anti-C, trachomatis antibody subtypes in the serum and genital secretions in both groups by ELISA. The relationship of specific immune responses to outcome in chlamydia (resolution versus persisting infection) will be analyzed through parametric or nonparametric methods and multivariate analysis. Study findings will provide preliminary data for further NIH grant applications, which if granted will allow

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continued enrollment of patients for this prospective study (increasing the sample size and power to detect outcomes) and the ability to test for additional host immune parameters. Findings from this research may improve our understanding of the host pathogen interactions in genital chlamydia and may provide the basis for future efforts towards prevention and control of genital chlamydia in development of novel immune interventions or a vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNITY AND LATENCY TO CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Byrne, Gerald I.; Professor & Chairman; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1982; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: Members of the genus Chlamydia, a group of obligate intracellular procaryotic pathogens, are important causes of human infectious diseases. Chlamydia pneumoniae recently has been implicated in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of preventable infectious blindness and the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Upper genital tract complications in females represents a significant women's health issue. Silent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to tubal obstructive infertility. This serious disease will require extensive investigation to understand the pathogenic processes that cause irreparable damage of the reproductive tract in women during their child-bearing years. It is important to discern pathologic changes that accompany atherosclerosis, trachoma, PID and tubal obstructive disease as these events actually occur in infected people, but studies involving human populations do not lend themselves well to carefully controlled experimental conditions. Therefore we propose to continue our work using a variety of cell culture systems (human and murine) to study general features of persistent intracellular chlamydial growth which may be common to all chronic chlamydial infections and pursue the murine-C. trachomatis genital tract in vivo model to study the hypothesis that persistent chlamydiae may contribute to the development of upper genital tract disease. This hypothesis will be tested by building on our experience related to the effects of immune response regulated cytokines on chlamydial host cell activation that results in enhanced expression of chlamydial stress response proteins together with new information on the effects of stress response proteins on the disease process. We also will study how these fundamental events in the basic biology of chlamydiae relate to chronic disease as exemplified by upper genital tract infections in mice. The work plan will comprise 4 specific aims, 2 of which are intended to broaden our cell culture knowledge of persistent (stressed) chlamydial growth and 2 of which will apply this knowledge to an in vivo system. Results will lead to increased information concerning how the basic biology of chlamydiae directly impacts the disease process and the development of chronic chlamydial disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNITY TO CHLAMYDIAL GENITAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrison, Richard P.; Professor; Microbiology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005

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Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Chlamydia trachomatis is possibly the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in the world. In the United States, 4 million new cases of C, trachomatis urogenital tract infection occur each year, and it is estimated that the cost of treating those infections approaches $4 billion annually. Urogenital infections caused by C. trachomatis result in a number of diverse clinical conditions. Infections in women range from acute self-limiting infections to more serious infections that result in pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Considerable progress has been made in the past few years to significantly broaden our understanding of immune responses that develop during the course of chlamydial infection. However, our understanding of effector mechanisms that limit chlamydial infection and prevent reinfection is insufficient. The investigator's recent data suggest that both CD4+ T cells and B cells (antibody) contribute to adaptive immunity to chlamydial genital tract infection. Thus the overall goal of this project is to use the murine model of C. trachomatis genital tract infection to study the relationship between CD4+ T cells and antibody in adaptive immunity to infection. That goal will be realized through the studies described in 4 specific aims: 1) To determine the ability of immune B cells and antibody to reconstitute protective immunity in CD4-depleted B cell deficient mice; 2) To determine if the lack of mature B cells in B cell gene knockout mice affects the development of chlamydial-specific memory T cell responses; 3) To determine the effect of simultaneous immune cell depletions on acquired immunity; and 4) To evaluate the inhibitory effects of antibodies and lymphocytes on chlamydial growth in vitro (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity). These studies will broaden our understanding of how the host resists chlamydial infection, and may provide new insights into the formulation and administration of an effective vaccine to control the spread of chlamydial infections or prevent the serious sequelae of disease pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNITY TO STDS IN THE HUMAN MALE GENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Deborah J.; Director; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cause extensive morbidity and are epidemic in many developing countries and in certain segments of the US population. Little is known about immune defense mechanisms of the male urogenital tract that normally limit STD infections or that can be induced to protect against transmission of STD pathogens. Such information would facilitate the development of vaccines and other strategies to prevent STDs. This Program Project application addresses several aspects of this important research area. Three research projects and two service cores (Administrative and Clinical) are proposed. Project 1 (Dr. Anderson, PI) will investigate humoral and cellular acquired immune responses in the male genital tract and their regulation. A special focus of this project will be the molecular definition and functional studies of immunoregulatory molecules and changes in their expression during infection. It is hypothesized that the male urogenital tract is an inductive site for local humoral immunity, but that cellular immune responses are tightly regulated. Project 2 (Dr. Quayle, PI) addresses the role of epithelial defensins (HD-5, HBD-1 and HBD- 2) in early host-pathogen interactions in the male urogenital tract. This project will characterize expression patterns and secreted forms of defensins in normal men and men with STDs, their activity against STD pathogens, and the role of defensins in leukocyte recruitment to the mucosa. Project 3 (Dr. Toribara, PI) will investigate mucin expression at various sites in the male genital tract, and address the hypothesis that

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mucins play an important role in mucosal immune defense. Investigators workings on Projects 1 (acquired immunity) and 2 (defensins) will collaborate with investigators working on Project 3 (mucins) to define functional interactions between classic immunological mediators (cytokines, immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, defensins) and mucins present in the male genital tract. The Administrative Core will provide infrastructure support for the program. The Clinical Core, codirected by Drs. J. Pudney and P. Rice (PI of the Boston STD-CRC), will provide five services: 1) a male genital tract tissue bank for studies on cellular distribution and expression of defense molecules in different regions of the male genital tract; 2) immortalized epithelial cell lines from prostate, urethra and seminal vesicles and STD organisms for in vitro studies of effects of infection on gene regulation of defense and immunoregulatory molecules; 3) urethral and prostatic secretions from men with specific STDs and controls for studies on regulation of defense mechanisms by natural infections in vivo; 4) a PCR service for screening tissues and clinical samples for specific STD pathogens; and 5) database and statistical support. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Raymond M.; Medicine; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate is applying for a career development award in order to gain training in chlamydia-specific microbiology and immunology with the goal of pursuing a career in chlamydia immunobiology. He will work in his own laboratory under the supervision of Drs. Stanley Spinola (mentor) and Byron Batteiger (co-mentor). A local committee consisting of experts in bacterial pathogenesis and cellular immunology will monitor Dr. Johnson's progress. In addition, he will travel to the University of Arkansas for training in MoPn animal models with Dr. Roger Rank (consultant). The candidate has significant prior training in cellular immunology and animal models of viral immunopathogenesis. The mentored development outlined in this application should provide a solid foundation for the candidate's future studies of chlamydia immunobiology. During the award period the candidate will apply a unique T cell culture system that he developed during prior training to study the mucosal immune response to chlamydia infections of the reproductive tract. Much of the work done to date in the field has utilized T lymphocytes from the systemic immune compartment. The candidate's proposed research using mucosal immunology methodologies should compliment that work. Based on his prior research, Dr. Johnson hypothesizes that use of epithelial antigen presenting cells (APC) will facilitate outgrowth of mucosal T lymphocytes with unique properties and possibly important roles in host defense against chlamydia infections. The goals of this proposal are: 1) To derive epithelial cell lines from the upper reproductive tract of female mice to serve as APC for studying mucosal immune responses to chlamydia infections. 2) To investigate chlamydia immunobiology using chlamydia-infected epithelial cell lines as APC for ex vivo studies of CD4 and CD8 T cells responding to genital tract infections. 3) To determine the effect of adoptive transfer of mucosal CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes on the natural course of MoPn genital tract infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF TUBAL INFERTILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: De La Maza, Luis M.; Professor; Pathology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common pathogens involved in sexually transmitted diseases. In most instances, particularly in women, the infection is asymptomatic and thus, therapeutic measures cannot be initiated. Even in symptomatic cases, unless adequate therapy is implemented in a timely fashion, the patient may end up suffering from long term sequelae including chronic abdominal pain, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. In this proposal we want to test the hypothesis that a vaccine consisting of the C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) will be able to induce protection in mice against a genital challenge with the C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) biovar. To achieve this goal we want to utilize a MOMP preparation extracted from native organisms that following purification, has been refolded. Adjuvants, that can be utilized in humans, including CpG, ISCOM, Montanide and DNA plasmids will be tested in mice for their ability to enhance the immunogenicity of the MOMP. In addition, in an effort to optimize a protective immune response, we will test different routes of vaccination. In the immunized animals we will be assessing the parameters that are critical for protection using different approaches. We will first compare the immune response in protected and control groups of three different strains of mice, and will attempt to identify epitopes of the MOMP recognized by B and T cells. Another group of immunocompetent animals will be first immunized with MOMP and subsequently, will be treated with antibodies to block CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells before they are challenged. In addition, we will transfer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells and antibodies from immunized mice to naive animals before they are challenged. Also, we will use anti-ML-12 and anti-IL-4 antibodies to characterize the role that Th1 and Th2 cells have in protection. Furthermore, to identify the cytokines involved in the eradication of Chlamydia, MOMP-immunized mice will be treated with anti-IFN-g and anti-TNF-a antibodies before they are challenged. In conclusion, our goals are to establish an immunization protocol, utilizing a purified and folded MOMP preparation, that can protect mice against a genital challenge, and to characterize the immune components induced by the folded MOMP that are critical for protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INDUCTION OF CHLAMYDIAL PERSISTENCE BY HSV-2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Schoborg, Robert V.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; East Tennessee State University Box 70565 Johnson City, Tn 37601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) are two very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) agents. In the US, 4 million new cases of C. trachomatis and 500,000 new cases of HSV-2 are reported annually. Epidemiological and clinical case studies indicate that double infection with HSV-2 and C. trachomatis occurs in the human population. However, the possibility that co-infection with HSV-2 and C. trachomatis might alter pathogenesis or transmission of one or both of these organisms in vivo has not been rigorously examined. The long-term goal of our laboratory is to determine whether super or double infection with C. trachomatis/HSV-2 changes transmission or disease. As a first step toward this goal, we have established a cell culture model of HSV-2/C. trachomatis co-

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infection. Our preliminary data demonstrate that HSV-2 super-infection profoundly effects the chlamydial developmental cycle. Chlamydial reticulate bodies (RB) in coinfected cells are swollen and diffuse, resembling persistent chlamydiae. Elementary bodies (EB) are not observed. Co-infected cells also contain numerous membrane blebs; similar structures carry a chlamydial immunodestructive antigen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to the surface of persistently infected cells. These data suggest a mechanism by which co-infection could increase chlamydial disease severity by releasing proinflammatory molecules and "hyper-activating" the inflammatory response. The immediate goal of this proposal is to test the following hypothesis: productive HSV-2 replication within C. trachomatis infected cervical epithelial cells interferes with chlamydial development and alters release of immunomodulatory molecules from coinfected cells. This hypothesis will be tested in the first 2 related, but independent, Specific Aims. Aim 1 will determine whether productive HSV-2 replication is required for induction of C. trachomatis human serovar E and murine biovar MoPn (C. muridarum) persistent morphology in co-infected cells. Aim 2 will determine whether HSV-2/C. trachomatis co-infected cells produce or release altered quantities of immunomodulatory molecules. Aim 3 will ascertain whether less-pathogenic, attenuated HSV-2 mutants can induce persistence in the human C. trachomatis serovar E as well as the murine biovar MoPn. The studies in Aim 3 will facilitate development of a murine co-infection model system. Completion of this project will narrow down the possible mechanisms by which HSV interferes with the chlamydial developmental cycle, identify immunomodulatory substances released from co-infected calls and set the stage for development of an in vivo routine co-infection model. Additionally, novel mechanisms for induction of chlamydial persistence may be identified, thus increasing our understanding of chlamydial/host cell interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INDUCTION OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Eko, Francis O.; Professor; Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Genital infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States, with four million reported annual cases that cost over $2 billion. Of major pathophysiological significance is the propensity for cervical infection in women to spread into the upper genital tract, provoking serious complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, fallopian tube scarring, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Also, the frequently asymptomatic infections do cause severe irreversible complications to be the first evidence of an infection. There are concerns that genital chlamydial disease, like certain other STDs, such as AIDS and gonococcal disease, may pose a serious threat to human reproduction, well-being and healthcare costs. Current control and prevention strategies target frequent screening for early detection and treatment, and development of vaccines as the priority. The search for a chlamydial vaccine has led to extensive research to define the crucial immune effectors in anti-chlamydial immunity, identify antigens that elicit protective immunity, and design effective methods of vaccine delivery. Our research has been focused on identifying the relevant immune parameters in chlamydial immunity and elucidating the mechanism(s) of intraepithelial inhibition of chlamydiae. Our findings and reports by others have culminated in a new paradigm for designing vaccines against Chlamydia based on the induction of local mucosal TH1 response. The major challenge at this stage

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is to select an appropriate immunogen(s) and design an effective delivery system, to induce high levels of local genital mucosal Th1 response to maintain long-term immunity. Accordingly, this proposal uses immunological, genetic engineering, molecular, cellular and biochemical techniques to investigate the central hypothesis that protective anti-chlamydial immunity will be established if immunogenic chlamydial antigen(s) are effectively delivered to induce high frequency of specific Th1 cells in the genital mucosa. Specific studies planned will use genetically engineered and wild type mice to: (a) investigate the efficacy of genetically designed recombinant multi-subunit vaccines composed of mucosal bacterial ghosts co-expressing multiple membrane proteins of C. trachomatis; (b) assess the therapeutic benefits of an immunotherapeutic cellular vaccine based on IL-lO gene-suppressed dendritic cells presenting antigens for inducing high frequency of specific Th1 response, as an alternative therapeutic vaccine for C. trachomatis; (c) identify the major mucosal inductive sites, antigen-presenting cells and other accessory cells crucial for Th1 activation; and (d) define the molecular and cellular elements regulating Th1 activation, trafficking and recruitment into the genital mucosa following effective cellular and subunit vaccination against C. trachomatis. Results from these studies will likely lead to the development of a reliable vaccine regimen against Chlamydia, which should have major implications for the genital, ocular, and lung infections and their complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS: NON-MEVALONATE PATHWAY STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Proteau, Philip J.; Associate Professor; None; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: The medical community is faced with increasing numbers of bacterial infections that are resistant to many of the currently used antibiotics. Identifying new molecular targets in bacteria is an approach that can lead to the development of antibiotics that may help to combat resistance. The non-mevalonate pathway (NMP) to isoprenoids which has recently been identified in some bacteria, higher plants, and algae through biosynthetic studies may prove to be such a target. Based on database searches of recently deposited whole genome DNA sequences, a number of pathogenic organisms have been identified that harbor genes with high homology to the first two genes identified for the NMP, suggesting that these organisms might be susceptible to antibiotics targeted to this pathway. Organisms implicated as causative agents of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), some ulcers (Helicobacter pylori), sexually transmitted diseases (Chlamydia trachomatis), and malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) are included in this list. The long-term objectives of this research are to thoroughly understand the mechanisms of the enzymes of the NMP and to determine the feasibility of inhibiting these enzymes as a means to develop new antibacterial agents. The first specific aim of this project will be to fully characterize 1- deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), the second enzyme in the pathway and one which has been shown to be inhibited by the known antibacterial agent, fosmidomycin. This aim will be accomplished by 1) Purifying and obtaining kinetic data for the recombinant enzymes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Helicobacter pylori. 2) Examining the stereochemistry of the reduction step by using DXP specifically deuterated at C3 3) Preparing and characterizing eleven site-directed mutants of DXR 4) Synthesizing alternate substrates and proposed inhibitors and assaying for their effects on and 5) Testing in vitro inhibitors for antibacterial activity. The second aim will be to

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

examine 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase from Synechocystis sp., the first enzyme involved in the pathway. This will be accomplished by 1) Cloning, overproducing, purifying, and characterizing the recombinant DXP synthase, 2) Testing alternate substrates with DXP synthase 3) Testing known inhibitors of TPP dependent enzymes with DXP, and 4) Designing and testing bisubstrate analogs to build the foundation for the later development of bisubstrate inhibitors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORRELATES

M.

GENITALIUM:

BEHAVIORAL

AND

REPRODUCTIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitti, Jane E.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted microorganism recently identified from vaginal and cervical specimens using PCR technology, with a prevalence of 3-5%. This microbe is capable of invading the upper genital tract, and thus could plausibly be a cause of preterm birth and other pregnancy complications. However, the role of M. genitalium in preterm birth has not been systematically evaluated. We propose to examine the behavioral, infectious and reproductive correlates of M. genitalium infection among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Our study design will take advantage of an on-going case-control study of infectious causes of preterm birth. 750 preterm cases and 750 controls will be selected from deliveries at the Instituto Materno Perinatal, a large tertiary referral center in Lima. Cervical swabs will be obtained after delivery for M. genitalium by PCR, as well as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We will also evaluate vaginal Trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis. Demographic and behavioral information will be collected by standardized interview. The study has the following specific aims: 1. To examine the associations between M.genitalium infection and other STD with spontaneous preterm birth. 2. To examine sexual history and behavioral characteristics as risk factors for M. genitalium and other STD in pregnancy among Peruvian women. This research will be conducted primarily in Lima, Peru in collaboration with Pedro Garcia, MD, as an extension of NIH grant HD 41682. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF HOST RESPONSES IN GONORRHEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Tie; Microbiology and Immunology; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci, GC) cause gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Studies show that gonorrhea can facilitate infection of both HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). The infection results from the ability of the pathogens to adhere to and penetrate host cells. However, little is known about whether the host immune responses play a role in GC infection. To establish infection, bacteria must interact with receptors on host cells. The opacity (Opa) proteins of GC mediate adherence and phagocytosis in epithelial cells and neutrophils in part through interaction with members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family (CEA, CEACAM, or CD66), CEACAM3 (CD66d) and CEACAM1 (CD66a). CEACAM1 is an inhibitory receptor, which mediates negative signals in DT40 B cells. The biological

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functions of inhibitory receptors are the inhibition of phagocytic ability of cells and proliferation as well as antibody production in B cells. Neutrophils and lymphocytes play a critical role in protection against infectious bacteria. Consistent with our preliminary data that GC inhibits the production of antibodies in human B cells in vitro, local and systemic anti-GC antibody levels in gonorrhea patients with a history of prior infection are low, suggesting that GC might inhibit local host immune responses. In the proposed research, we hypothesize that local immune inhibition mediated by GC infection may be achieved through the following two events: 1). GC binds to neutrophils and inhibits their ability to phagocytose microorganisms. 2). GC enters the host and binds to CEACAM1 on B cells to activate inhibitory pathways, and consequently inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production. We expect that signal transduction is involved in these events. Therefore, we propose these specific aims to: 1. Determine whether GC inhibits the phagocytic ability of neutrophils. 2. Elucidate how the interaction of CEACAM1 with GC inhibits antibody production. 3. Identify CEACAM3 and CEACAMl-mediated signal transduction pathways following infection with GC. The proposed research will begin to unveil the potential mechanisms of antibody suppression, which consequently play a role in the GC induced immunosuppression during infection. We believe that these studies will uncover some mechanisms of GC infection and will help us to understand how microbial pathogens exploit host cells. This knowledge will allow us to develop novel strategies to combat other infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MENTAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENT STD PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shrier, Lydia A.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Lydia A. Shrier, M.D., M.P.H., is an Adolescent Medicine specialist committed to a career in patient-oriented clinical research. Her research goals are to develop and evaluate adolescent-specific interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Adolescents are the population at highest risk for STD/HIV. Studies have suggested that mental health problems, including depression, low self-esteem, and low self-efficacy, may play an important role in the development of sexual risk behaviors and influence the effectiveness of STD/HIV prevention interventions. To develop effective STD/HIV risk reduction interventions for adolescents, it is critical to understand the impact of poor mental health on sexual risk behavior. A K23 Award would provide Dr. Shrier with the funding and time to pursue intensive training in health behavior and interventional trial design, implementation, and analysis, as well as to acquire new knowledge and experience in the study of mental health and sexual risk behavior. The superb clinical, research, and teaching faculties of Children's Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health will support Dr. Shrier in meeting the objectives of the career development and research plans. The Career Development Plan includes (1) coursework in biostatistics and research design, (2) a fellowship with the Behavioral Interventions and Research Branch of the Division of STD Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (3) mentoring in mental health research, prevention/intervention theory and methodology, and health behavior research, and (4) on-going access to consultation and support during the planning, implementation, and

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

evaluation of the proposed research. The Research Plan proposes 3 linked studies to evaluate the hypothesis that depression, low self-esteem, negative mood, and low selfefficacy to use condoms are related to condom nonuse and STD acquisition among sexually active adolescents. Study 1 will use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health to evaluate associations of depressive symptoms and selfesteem with condom nonuse and STD acquisition. Informed by Study 1, Studies 2 and 3 will prospectively examine associations of these mental health risk factors, as well as mood and self-efficacy to use condoms, with outcomes of inconsistent condom use and STD acquisition in a randomized clinical trial of an interactive video-plus-counseling safer sex intervention. An objective biologic measure, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, as well as self-reported condom use will be used to assess intervention effectiveness. Study 2 will use the control group to elucidate temporal relationships among the mental health factors and the outcomes of condom nonuse and Chlamydia acquisition over one year. Study 3 will evaluate whether poor mental health alters response to the intervention, as measured by a reduction in Chlamydia incidence. If mental health is found to influence intervention effectiveness, the results of the study will be used to develop a program that systematically incorporates mental health evaluation and treatment into the prevention of HIV and other STDs in adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MICROBICIDES IN MODEL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Howett, Mary K.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The research described in this competing renewal focuses on three main areas of our current research: a.) Continued development and characterization of model in vitro and in vivo systems, including human xenografts, as targets for STDs including herpes simplex virus type 2 (HS-2), human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). b.) Expansion of studies with formulated C31G preparations to optimize delivery and microbicidal activity, including pharmacodynamics of the delivered product. c.) Establishment of formulated alkyl sulfates as topical microbicides that can be applied to the vagina and provide protection from HPVs in addition to the other agents. Formulations that include N-9 or C31G in combination with alkyl sulfates will also be evaluated. The application will have four main projects including: The first Project will focus on the xenograft model and the demonstration of the efficacy of the alkyl sulfate compounds. Cellular and enzymatic profiles of the xenografts will be compiled. The second Project will focus on continued studies with C31G, alone and ir combination with alkyl sulfate microbicides. The pharmacodynamics in humans and in vitro models will be studied. The third Project will focus on the three selected viral STDs. Natural history of these infections in the vaginal xenograft model will be carried out as well as intervention studies with selected microbicides. Other model virus systems (for example, the rabbit oral papillomavirus) will also be used as surrogate systems. The four Project will focus on C. trachomatis infection and identification of effective microbicidal interventions as well as the consequences thereof for intracellular chlamydiae in already infected natural infections of C. trachomatis in a porcine model will be established and microbicides tested in this system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR CHLAMYDIA

MECHANISMS OF

GENE REGULATION

41

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Tan, Ming; Assistant Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Ming Tan is a physician scientist with a research interest in bacterial pathogenesis and infectious diseases. He is a faculty member in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at the University of California, Irvine, which has a strong record of research in microbial pathogenesis and gene regulation. Dr. Tan is studying the bacterial pathogen, Chlamydia, which is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease in the developed world and one of the main causes of preventable blindness in the developing world. In addition, Chlamydia has been associated with atherosclerotic heart disease. Dr. Tan's career goal is to maintain an independent research program that ultimately leads to new insights into chlamydial pathogenesis, and new therapeutic and preventative approaches towards chlamydial infections. Dr. Tan is investigating the intracellular survival and replication of Chlamydia, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of chlamydial gene regulation. He is using an in vitro approach to study gene regulation, based on the transcription of cloned chlamydial promoters by purified RNA polymerase. In this proposal, several different mechanisms that regulate promoter activity will be investigated. A cis-acting DNA element has been identified in many chlamydial promoters and its presence increases promoter activity. Dr. Tan hypothesizes that a putative activator binds to this DNA element and upregulates transcription, providing a general switch for turning on chlamydial gene expression. This hypothesis will be tested by determining if the activity that is dependent on the DNA element is separable from the activity of RNA polymerase. Dr. Tan has also demonstrated that regulated chlamydial transcription can be reconstituted by adding recombinant chlamydial proteins to his in vitro assay. For example, heat shock promoters have been shown to be regulated by a transcriptional repressor. The mechanism by which increased temperature modulates the activity of this repressor, and leads to upregulation of heat shock gene expression, will be examined in this proposal. Additional forms of regulation will be studied by testing the activity of candidate transcription factors. Dr. Tan has reconstituted the activity of an alternative chlamydial RNA polymerase that transcribes specific genes by recognizing a different promoter structure. This reconstituted activity will be combined with a bioinformatics approach to identify genes that are regulated by this alternative RNA polymerase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MU CELLS IN MAMMALIAN CONJUNCTIVA Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Thomas E.; Biological Sciences; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) M cells (membranous epithelial cells) are essential participants in immunological receptivity phenomena of most mucosae. Cells with the distinctive morphological and physiological phenotype of M cells have been found in the epithelium overlying mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the intestine, bronchi, nasal cavity, and tonsils. M cells initiate mucosal immune events by preferentially binding and translocating soluble and particulate antigens across the surface epithelium and delivering captured antigens to underlying antigenpresenting cells. The follicle-

42

Chlamydia Trachomatis

associated epithelium in the mammalian conjunctiva has cells with striking morphological similarity to intestinal M cells but a lack of data on the ability of these cells to transport antigens or pathogens has led some investigators to question their existence in the conjunctiva. We have identified an innovative approach in which an attenuated Shigella strain's natural ability to selectively bind and translocate across M cells can be used to unequivocally demonstrate that the conjunctiva contains fully functional M cells. Multiple species will be examined to establish the ubiquity of M cells in the mammalian conjunctiva. The effect of aging on M cell morphology and function will be also investigated. We will seek to demonstrate ocular immunization is optimal for generating local mucosal immunity by comparing the immune response to ocular topical and intra-nasal immunization with an M-cell targeted immunogen. Demonstration that there are M cells capable of antigen sampling in the conjunctiva will link ocular immunology to the growing body of research concerned with targeted mucosal vaccines. Our long-term goals include designing M-cell targeted vaccines to develop ocular immunity against common ocular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis. Recognition of conjunctival M cells would also lay the foundation for future studies examining whether opportunistic bacterial or viral pathogens use the M cell as an entry site to cross the mucosal barrier in the eye. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTIPLEX PRENATAL SCREEN FOR PERINATAL PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kiefer, Heather L.; Intelligent Medical Devices, Llc 58 Charles St Cambridge, Ma 02141 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): During labor and delivery, neonates can be infected by pathogens from an asymptomatic mother. A rapid and accurate diagnostic screen would enable immediate and effective intervention in both the mother and neonate. This would be especially beneficial when prenatal cultures have not been taken, such as in cases of preterm labor. In this proposal, we will demonstrate the feasibility of a nucleic acid-based multiplex test for the detection and quantification of the most common perinatal pathogens; Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. Conserved nucleotide sequences within each genome will be targeted for PCR amplification. Each primer set will be optimized using TaqMan technology in a multiplex format. The amplicons will then be quantified on the Luminex xMAPTM platform, that can simultaneously detect up to 100 targets. This approach takes advantage of the sensitivity of PCR, while using a rapid, multiplex detection system. The ultimate goal is to develop a commercial diagnostic platform that can simultaneously and rapidly screen for all types of potential perinatal pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS FROM INFECTION TO NEOPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Moscicki, Anna-Barbara; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NON-INVASIVE CHLAMYDIAL SCREENING FOR ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blake, Diane R.; Pediatrics; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (adapted from application abstract): The candidate, Dr. Diane Blake, has completed fellowship training in adolescent medicine, with a particular emphasis on sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents. She is now an Assistant Professor at the University of Massachusetts School of Medicine and she proposes a multi-pronged research approach, under the mentorship of Dr. Marianne Felice, (Chair of Pediatrics at the University of Massachusetts), to 1) investigate social and behavioral factors that serve as obstacles to chlamydial screening in adolescent populations; 2) conduct a screening program using urine-based LCR to determine the point prevalence of chlamydia in these two populations and 3) conduct cost effectiveness analysis to determine whether urine-based screening of young people based upon entry into residential setting is cost effective. The project will be phased, involving focus groups that will address issues regarding the knowledge base, perceived barriers, etc. of STD service utilization; construction of a questionnaire that will further explore some of the barriers and ideas for overcoming barriers that were identified in the focus groups; determination of the point prevalence of chlamydia in the populations of these residential settings; followed by analysis of the cost-effectiveness of screening in preventing of sequaelae of untreated chlamydial infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NORTH CAROLINA STD COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Sparling, Philip F.; Professor; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This is a competing renewal of a cooperative research agreement for a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Center (STD CRC). A total of five project and 3 cores are included, including studies on the STD pathogens N. gonorrhoeae, H. ducreyi, and T. pallidum and an epidemiological/behavioral study on adolescent sexual behaviors and outcomes. Work on the scientific projects will be facilitated by an administrative core, a clinical microbiology core, and human challenge core. These studies will unit the scientific areas of basic microbiology and immunology, clinical infectious diseases, and behavioral and epidemiological research. Within these scientific areas there are multiple interactions of the scientific disciplines of molecular microbial genetics, immunology, epidemiology, behavioral research, and biostatistics and mathematical modeling. This work will be conducted at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and its affiliated sexually transmitted disease. The proposed work is, for the most part, a direct follow-up on successfully completed projects of th4e past STD CRC. The first project will study the pathogenesis and immunology of gonococcal outer membrane proteins involved in iron utilization from hemoglobin and heme. The second project will study the importance of gonococcal opacity proteins and pili for infection in the human volunteers. The third project will focus on studies of attachment of H. ducreyi to human neutrophils and epithelial cells. The fourth project will explore potential phase and antigenic variation of newly discovered outer membrane proteins of T. pallidum. The five project is a behavioral and epidemiological study of adolescents who have been followed by the ADHEALTH project, which aims to understand the particular health seeking behaviors related to testing for STDs and treatment of STDs.

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

Overall these projects will help to understand the immunobiology and several important bacterial STDs and may help to develop vaccines to prevent these diseases. These projects also will help to understand interventions at the clinical level which might help reduce STDs particularly in adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL APPROACH TO CHLAMYDIA VACCINE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kraig, Ellen B.; Associate Professor; Cellular & Structural Biology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States and continues to spread in the population as >50% of the infected individuals show no overt symptoms and fail to obtain treatment. These untreated chlamydial infections pose a particular health risk in women by leading to severe complications including pelvic inflammation, tubal infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Although a high priority, it has proven difficult to design an effective vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis. It has been shown that T cells are necessary for immune protection, but they may also contribute to inflammation associated with pathogenesis. Thus, it is of great importance to delineate the roles of immune T cells during infection. Although T cell clones specific for C. trachomatis have been reported, it has been difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of such homogeneous lines to analyze the repertoire of the T cell response to this pathogen. Thus, we have exploited T cell hybridoma technology in order to generate panels of cloned helper (CD4 +) and cytotoxic (CD8 +) T cells from mice that had been vaginally inoculated with viable Chlamydia trachomatis. The T cell hybridomas will provide us with a unique tool for use in identifying the antigens from C. trachomatis that are capable of eliciting a broadbased T cell response in mice. In addition, through a new collaboration with clinical investigators at Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, it will be possible to assess whether T cells from humans infected with Chlamydia respond to the same antigens that were identified in mice. These aims represent the first time that T cell hybridomas have been used to assess the activation of T cells in response to an infection with viable Chlamydia and should provide important insights into novel approaches for enhancing immunity to C. trachomatis and to other intracellular pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POLYMORPHIC TRACHOMATIS

MEMBRANE

PROTEINS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bavoil, Patrik M.; Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydial polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps) are a newly identified family of Chlamydia-specific membrane proteins, whose role in chlamydial biology and pathogenesis is unknown. Genomic analysis of the pmp family of C. pneumoniae have revealed frameshift mutations, deletions and gene duplications. Studies of the larger pmp families of C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci have also revealed that Pmp proteins are expressed in vitro, that some can be detected at the elementary body surface, and that some are dominant antigens during infection and may be targets for vaccine design. The emerging evidence is consistent with a role of the

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pmp family in pathogenesis and immune evasion. The purpose of this project is to characterize the smallest pmp family identified to date: the 9-member pmp family of C. trachomatis. In preliminary studies using the 9 partially purified recombinant Pmps as target antigens, we have observed differential Pmp-specific antibody responses in archived sera from patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. This analysis will be expanded through cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of Pmp-specific responses in a well-characterized patient population with genital C. trachomatis l infection. This analysis may identify direct relationships between Pmp-specific responses and disease outcome. More importantly, this analysis will provide a set of fresh clinical C. trachomatis isolates for further I molecular characterization. A second focus of this project will be to identify and characterize determinants of pmp expression in C. trachomatis. Polymorphisms will be identified and compared in the pmp families of selected study isolates. Experiments will be performed to characterize developmental patterns of pmp expression in these isolates. Using a panel of Pmp-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies generated in this project, we will examine Pmp protein expression and eventual translocation to the surface of the outer membrane along development and at the single cell level using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mrsny, Randall J.; Trinity Biosystems, Llc 1455 Adams Dr, Ste 1713 Menlo Park, Ca 940251438 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis infections represent a critical unmet medical need. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that can cause blinding trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis and salpingitis, and is an important cofactor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infection rates associated with this pathogen make it the number one sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. Previous vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful, leading to the suggestion that induction of both a humoral and cellular immune response may be required for protection from infection. Recent studies have led to the identification of specific antigenic epitopes of this pathogen that may provide a potent and durable immunity capable of preventing or reducing rates of infection, and/or clearing an infection. A unique method of delivering such antigens across intact mucosal epithelia using a non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE) has also recently been identified. This Phase I application proposes the development and pre-clinical testing of several potential vaccines composed of ntPE chimeras that contain a variety of these specific C. trachomatis antigens integrated into specific sites of the carrier. The goal of these studies is to identify a viable vaccine candidate for clinical development in the prevention of the STD associated with C. trachomatis infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON VIRAL LOAD OF CERVICAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Adami, Hans-Olov H.; Karolinska Institute Stockholm, 17177 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term objective is to bring about prevention of cervix cancer through improved biologic understanding and more cost-effective

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

screening strategies. Although human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is an established cause of cervical cancer, it is incompletely known if viral load of HPV influences progression from cancer in situ (CIS) to invasive cancer and/or interacts with genetic factors. Since clinical intervention precludes direct observation of this progression. unconventional approaches are needed. Our main specific aims are to; 1) quantify the absolute and relative risks for CIS and invasive cancer as a function of time since detected HPV and HPV 16 high viral load, 2) assess whether persistent HPV 16 high viral load is a determinant for development of CIS and invasive cancer, 3) assess whether the specific HLA DQ6/DR15 haplotype is associated with risks for CIS and invasive cancer, and if the association is mediated via a higher viral load and/or persistence of HP V. and 4) assess whether Chlamydia infection is associated with risks for CIS and invasive cancer. Building on experience from an earlier study of CIS (funded by NCI). we will take advantage of unique prerequisites in Sweden created by extensive population-based PAP smear screening documented in computerised registers. ascertainment of all incident cases of CIS and invasive cancer. and access to archival smears and tissue specimens. Using a nested design in this large study base with up to 25 years of complete follow-up, we will identify 600 women with invasive cancer, 600 women with CIS and 600 individually matched control women to each case-group. Using validated and sensitive PCR assays, the presence of viral DNA - and for HPV 16, also the viral load -will be analyzed in all available smears from each participant (on average four per individual, giving a total of about 9600 smears). HLA and C trachomatis will be analyzed in the first smear from all included women. Relative risks and interactions will be estimated by conditional logistic regression and absolute risk functions by non-parametric methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REITERS PATHOGENESIS

SYNDROME--MECHANISM

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudson, Alan P.; Associate Professor; Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome (ReA/RS) is known to be related to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, since the disease has often been observed to follow episodes of urethritis. Studies from the investigator's laboratory have demonstrated that a far larger proportion of ReA/RS cases than expected are attributable to this organism. They have further shown that chlamydia are present in synovial tissues in ReA/RS patients, even in those with long disease duration, and that the organism is metabolically active at that site. Our data show that the primary synovial host cell for persistent chlamydial infection is the monocyte/macrophage. Other studies have demonstrated that chlamydial gene expression is aberrant during synovial infection, with transcription of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) severely attenuated and that of the strongly antigenic heat shock protein gene (hsp60) at high level. This latter chlamydial protein is probably the cause of the synovial inflammation characteristic of ReA/RS. The ability of chlamydia to persist in synovial tissue and cause disease results from a balanced hostparasite interaction, and it is the purpose of the present application to delineate the molecular dynamics of that interaction. In the studies proposed here, the investigators employ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other assays to define bacterial gene products relating to cell division, energy metabolism and other critical functions, in both synovial biopsy samples from ReA/RS patients and an in vitro

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tissue culture model system they have developed. Similarly, they use RT-PCR and other standard molecular and cell biological methods to assess production of cytokines and other proinflammatory molecules by synovial tissue in persistent infection, again using materials from both ReA/RS patients and the in vitro model system. In these and other studies, they address biochemical, molecular genetic, and clinical questions regarding the dynamics of persistent synovial infection with C. trachomatis. Results of these studies will provide a significant new understanding of the roles played by both chlamydia and host in the maintenance of inflammatory joint disease. In future research, they will employ results from the present studies to assess therapies designed to reduce bacterial load in the synovium and inflammation in that tissue, using both the in vitro cell culture system and an animal model of reactive arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RISK FACTORS AS PREDICTORS OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnhart, Kurt T.; Assistant Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading pregnancy - related cause of death in the first trimester of pregnancy and a major contributor to maternal morbidity. As the tubal pregnancy progresses, it erodes into blood vessels and can cause massive intraabdominal bleeding. There are limitations in the strategies currently employed to diagnose EP. Even with the use of diagnostic algorithms that systematically evaluate all women at risk for an EP, only 50 percent of women with an EP can be diagnosed upon presentation to an Emergency Department (ED). Diagnosis in the remaining 50 percent represents a clinical conundrum and can take up to 6 weeks. If the diagnosis of EP is delayed, the abnormal gestation will continue to grow in the fallopian tube with potential rupture resulting in greater risks of morbidity, and mortality. Moreover, an EP of large size is not amenable to medical therapy, may require major surgery (laparotomy) instead of laparoscopy and can cause greater damage to fallopian tube (and greater impairment of fertility), even if treated before rupture. The aims of this proposal focus on this clinically relevant subpopulation of women at risk for an EP butwhose diagnosis cannot be confirmed during their initial presentation to the ED, and is thus delayed. The University of Pennsylvania Medical Center has used a systematic, validated, protocol to diagnose pregnant women who are at risk for EP since 1989. An existing electronic database chronicles the clinical course and contains the results of the diagnostic tests used to definitively diagnose women at risk for EP but not diagnosed upon presentation to the ED. We plan to use the information in this database to: 1) identify factors predictive of EP in this subgroup of pregnant women and derive a clinical prediction rule to help identify those at highest risk for EP in an attempt to shorten the time needed for diagnosis. And 2) to evaluate the serial betahcg determinations to assess the clinical utility defining deviations from the curves characteristic of a viable intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) or spontaneous miscarriage (SAB) to diagnose an EP. For these aims, we will use a retrospective cohort study design of greater than 2100 subjects. We also plan to perform a prospective cohort study, in the same study population to: 3) evaluate the utility of novel strong predictors of EP including the endometrial stripe thickness and chlamydia serology, independently, and in context with the derived prediction rule. And 4) to validate our derived prediction rule using a prospectively collected sample of women at high risk of EP. Finally, we plan for the first time, 5) to investigate if the different clinical situations in which a woman with EP are diagnosed represent differences in the natural history of EP. This

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proposal represents a unique opportunity to use large amounts of existing data, combined with the efficient prospective collection of data, to understand and improve upon important limitations in our ability to diagnose a reproductive disorder with important public health consequences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF APOE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerard, Herve C.; Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Taken from the application): An infectious etiology for reactive arthritis (ReA) has long been suspected since this diseases often follow primary infections of the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. While many bacterial species have been associated with the disease, the genital pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis has emerged as a primary agent due to its high prevalence in the population. However, another species of Chlamydia, Chlamydia pneumoniae shows even more widespread prevalence than does C trachomatis. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for various respiratory infections and some reports have associated C pneumoniae with heart diseases and even Alzheimer's disease. Importantly, studies from several groups have provided indirect evidence that this organism may be involved in synovial pathogenesis. Preliminary election microscopic (EM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of synovia from arthritis patients and asymptomatic patients confirmed the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in human synovia. In the present application, we describe studies to confirm and extend our preliminary observations. We will continue our initial screening of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the synovium of arthritis patients and we will determine whether patients with AD show also synovial Chlamydia pneumoniae with/without joint pathology, at a higher rate than that of standard arthritis patients. The molecular genetic, EM, IH and other laboratory methods required for these studies are already developed or in place in the collaborators' laboratory. The studies proposed in this application will confirm the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the human synovium, and define metabolic characteristics of the organism and host synovial responses to chlamydial infection in addition to th role of APOE in the pathology of C. pneumoniae. Such new information will augment our understanding of the pathogenesis process leading to arthritides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF C31G FOR OCULAR INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bax, Richard; Biosyn, Inc. 1800 Byberry Rd, Bldg 13 Huntingdon Valley, Pa 19006 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are extremely common conditions and can result in a wide range of pathologies. There are different manifestations of disease with complications, which occur rarely; however, because the infection is so common, alternative therapies are required. A broad-spectrum nonantibiotic which covers both bacteria and viruses could have great therapeutic utility on a worldwide basis. C31G is a broadly active anti-infective compound with high potency against bacterial and viral pathogens of the eye. C31G is active through surface contact with the pathogen, making resistance development unlikely. Of particular relevance to

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the eye is the established activity against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world. C31G has been extensively evaluated in four Phase I clinical studies as a topical vaginal microbicide; however, no effort has been made to evaluate this agent in the eye. Therefore, this SBIR proposes a specific collection of studies to assess the potential of C31G as a treatment for a broad range of bacterial/viral conjunctivitis. Specifically, the aims of this Phase I effort are: (1) conduct an expanded in vitro evaluation of C31G aqueous solutions against primary bacterial and viral isolates that are relevant to ophthalmic infections; (2) assess C31G aqueous solutions for safety and tolerance in the eye in established animal models; and (3) develop candidate ophthalmic formulations of C31G that are appropriate for application in the eye against conjunctivitis caused by bacterial and viral infections. This effort will be primarily conducted at Biosyn; however the animal studies will be conducted with a consortium partner, Louisiana State University Eye Center. Upon achievement of these specific aims, the lead formulation will be advanced through preclinical FDA required studies via a Phase II SBIR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SCREENING FOR STDS USING HOME SAMPLING IN ESTONIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Uuskula, Anneli; University of Tartu Olikooli 18 Tartu, Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: During recent decades there have been considerable developments in the field of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). These changes have been driven largely by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, but also by an increased recognition of the range and severity of complications and sequelae linked to other STDs. Unfortunately, the prevalence and distribution of STDs within the Estonian population are poorly understood. Objective: To assess the acceptability and feasibility of home sampling as a population-based outreach screening program for STDs in a country of post-soviet transitional economy; and to determine the revalence of and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among the study population. Methods, design: We will perform a cross-sectional study, based on a probability sample, of residents of Tartu County; 1,690 persons (845 women and 845 men) aged 18-39 will be randomly sampled from the Estonian Population Registry. The study activities include an outreach-screening program utilizing home sampling of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, together with a written survey. Those selected from the population registry will receive a mailing consisting of an explanatory letter, a urine sample container, a study survey, and a prepaid return envelope. Participants will be re-screened after 6 months. The main outcome measures will be the response rate and prevalence of infections, as measured by the percentage of specimens testing positive for gonococcal and/or genital chlamydiai infection by polymerase chain reaction. An alternative prevalence estimate will be derived from survey respondents' answers to questions asking whether they have been diagnosed as having gonorrhea or chlamydia in the 12 months prior to the survey. This information will allow us to identify STD infected individuals, and to develop selective screening criteria to be used in general population studies and screening programs in Estonia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SEX HORMONE REGULATION OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wira, Charles R.; Professor; Physiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1985; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Peter A.; Professor & Chief; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The major objectives of this STD-CRC are directed towards the prevention and control of two major STD pathogens, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the context of their natural settings-patients infected with these organisms. Five research projects and four service cores (Administrative, Clinical, Laboratory and Statistical) are proposed. In the first project we propose to develop and evaluate an educational intervention to prevent Chlamydia infection among sexually active inner city youths using the populations of two Boston adolescent clinics (Boston Medical Center and Children's Hospital). In the second Project, we propose to use newly developed genetic techniques to identify novel virulence genes and mechanisms focusing particularly on how C. trachomatis regulate their dimorphic life cycle. In the third Project we proposed to examine the role of bacterial LPS (or LOS) receptors, CR3 and CD14, in the host response to genital infections with N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. We believe that innate immune responses determine the extent of uptake by both professional and non-professional phagocytes of these two pathogens. In the fourth Project we propose to examine the trafficking pathway of N. gonorrhoeae after it enters genital epithelial cells and the effects of the up-regulated asialoglycoprotein receptor in these events. Together with the third project we will also examine the basis upon which these cells produce cytokines in a CD14 independent fashion. In the fifth Project we propose to continue to investigate the immunologic hypothesis that women who resist infection with N. gonorrhoeae when exposed may have protective immunity. We will determine in vivo expression of and the immune response to a group of ironregulated proteins in subjects with gonorrhea, examining also whether women who resist gonococcal infection harbor potentially protective immune responses. Together with the fourth Project, we will also examine the regulation of these proteins in the model of urethral epithelial cell infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SINGLE CELL EXPRESSION PROFILING OF CHLAMYDIA GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Starnbach, Michael N.; Associate Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen that is responsible for significant human morbidity throughout the world. Under the funded grant linked to this proposal (5 R01 AI039558-07) we have been identifying and

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testing a number of T cell antigens for their role in protective immunity to C. trachomatis. Through the work described in this Exploratory/Developmental application, we propose to use the published genome sequence and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology to identify candidate C. trachomatis T cell antigens based on their expression at the relevant time in the developmental cycle and their expression in the relevant tissues. Little is known about gene expression in these organisms during their developmental cycle because of the difficulty in synchronizing Chlamydia infections. The use of FISH technology circumvents the problem of asynchronous infections because we will be able to analyze the expression of Chlamydia genes at the level of individual bacteria. In the first Specific Aim, we propose to use FISH to explore the developmental cycle of C. trachomatis in cultured cells. Using FISH, we should be able to detect induction or repression of genes that were previously undetectable using other techniques. After optimizing probe design and hybridization conditions, we will use FISH to simultaneously monitor the expression of multiple genes within an organism using probes tagged with different fluorescent dyes. We will then compile a database containing the relative levels of expression of many C. trachomatis genes at various times in the developmental cycle. This information will be applied to the rational identification of candidate T cell antigens based on their expression early in intracellular development, when a T cell response would be most effective. The database will also aid in deciphering the pathways and regulatory networks present at each developmental stage. In the second Specific Aim, we propose to use FISH to study Chlamydia gene expression in genital tissues during murine infection. In particular, we will look at the temporal and spatial differences in Chlamydia gene expression in these tissues. We also propose to analyze changes in Chlamydia gene expression under various host immunological or chemotherapeutic pressures. These data will also allow for the identification of candidate antigens expressed in appropriate tissue types at times when T cell recognition would be most effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STD SCREENING IN YOUNG WOMEN: A STAGE-BASED INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chacko, Mariam; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad long-term objective of the proposed 3year project is to decrease the duration of untreated gonococcal and chlamydial infection in urban adolescent and young adult women through promotion of STD screening. Using the Trans Theoretical Model of Change as a conceptual guide, the specific aim of this application is to use a randomized clinical trial design to determine the efficacy of a client-centered, stage-based intervention promoting STD screening in response to highrisk sexual behavior in young sexually active minority women ages 16 to 22 years at an urban reproductive health clinic. In Phase 1, the intervention will be refined and adapted to the clinic setting. Information from preliminary studies (to date and in progress) will be used to complete this process. Two assessment focus groups will be conducted to review the completed intervention components. The components will be packaged into a final version and the health educators trained in motivational counseling. In Phase 2, 430 adolescent and young adult women, 16 to 22 years seeking reproductive health care will be recruited by a research assistant from a single clinic site for a 12-month project. Subjects will then be randomized to one of two conditions: the intervention + standard care (intervention group) or a standard care alone control

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(control group). Subjects in the intervention group will receive stage-based counseling by a Health Educator at the baseline, 2-week, and 6-month visits. The objective of the intervention is to promote STD screening in response to high-risk sexual behavior. Subjects in the intervention and control groups will receive standard care counseling from clinic staff at baseline, and scheduled 6-month visits and at unscheduled visits between the baseline and 12-month visits. To evaluate the efficacy of the intervention, subjects from both groups will be asked to complete face-to-face assessments at the baseline, 6- and 12-month visits. At all scheduled and unscheduled visits, subjects in both groups will be tested for gonorrhea and chiamydia infection by urine BDProbeTec. The primary outcome measure will be the number of clinic visits in response to highrisk sexual behaviors (scheduled and unscheduled) over 12 months. Secondary outcomes will include progression through the Stages of Change for STH screening, the frequency of consistent condom use during the past 30 days and number of episodes of gonococcal or chlamydial infections over 12 months. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STD TRANSMISSION AND EARLY SUBSEQUENT STD AMONG SEXUAL DYADS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fortenberry, J Dennis.; Professor; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STUDY OF PERSISTENT INFECTION IN SSC SKIN AND VESSELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mayes, Maureen D.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this proposal is to study the possibility that in some systemic sclerosis patients, a persistent bacterial infection involving dermal microvascular endothelium or other cells that are resident in skin results in the obliterative microvasculopathy and/or the fibrosing features of this disease. As a first step in addressing this issue, we will test the following hypothesis: persistent bacterial infection of skin or microvasculature occurs more commonly in systemic sclerosis cases than in matched controls and participates in the disease process. Specific aims are: (1) to test skin biopsies from 60 systemic scleroderma patients and 30 matched normal controls for evidence of bacterial persistence by pan-bacterial and chlamydia-specific molecular screening; (2) to microdissect dermal vessels from these same cases and controls and test this tissue by panbacterial and chlamydia-specific molecular probes; (3) to prepare PBMC'S from these individuals and screen with these probes; and (4) depending on positive results, to perform immunohistochemistry studies for these organisms on skin biopsies/vessels from selected patients and appropriate controls. Scleroderma small vessel vasculopathy shares some key features with large vessel atherosclerosis, a condition also characterized by intimal proliferation and luminal narrowing among multiple other abnormalities. Inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis raising the possibility of infectious agents as mediators in this process. There are several examples of infection resulting in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases including Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferii), and reactive arthritis (ReA), an inflammatory joint disease associated with

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prior infection by a number of specific bacterial pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and various species of the Genera Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, and others. This research team is comprised of individuals with expertise in clinical scleroderma, the vascular abnormalities of primary and secondary Raynaud's disease, and autoimmunity related to persistent bacterial infections with relevant pathogens. If positive results are obtained in at least a subset of scleroderma cases, intervention trials could be devised with therapy targeted to specific organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYSTEMS APPROACH TO UNIVERSAL TEEN CHLAMYDIAL SCREENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Shafer, Mary-Ann B.; Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: Background" C. trachomatis (CT) remains epidemic among sexually active adolescent females. Yet the goal of universal screening in the office setting has remained elusive even with the recent introduction of the non-invasive accurate urine based tests that eliminate the necessity of pelvic exams to obtain CT specimens. The long term goal of this TRIP I continuation proposal is to develop a Clinical Practice Intervention (CPI) that will increase CT screening of adolescent females at the point of care regardless of the reason for the visit. We have shown success with this CPI process applied to CT screening during health maintenance visits (HMV) which resulted in an increase from 5% screening at baseline to 65% post-CPl. During the course of our initial TRIP I work, we demonstrated that 2/3 of the target teens attended only same day/urgent care visits (UCVs) and were missed by the HMV focused CT screening. We propose to extend our work to meet the needs of these adolescents by providing CT screening in the urgent care setting. Aim: To significantly increase CT screening in sexually active adolescent females in the urgent care setting through the implementation of a new Clinical Practice Improvement intervention (CPI)that will facilitate the redesign of clinic systems to meet the unique demands of the adolescent and of the urgent care setting. HMO Setting and Population: Ten pediatric urgent care clinics will be selected from a large regional HMO of 34 clinics serving 97,000 females aged 14-18 years. Design/Methods" We will evaluate the effectiveness of the CPI-Urgent Care Intervention by randomizing 10 clinics to either the intervention or control group. The CPI-Urgent Care will consist of 1) engaging the leadership and staff; 2) building teams within clinic staff to accomplish the task; 3) redesigning clinical practice using rapid cycle quality improvement and "Plan-Do-StudyAct "cycles"; 4) sustaining the gains through the continuous monitoring the performance; and 5) developing new tools to improve the efficiency of CT screening in urgent care. This study includes a process evaluation component to evaluate how improvements are achieved and sustained over time. Analysis" Analysis will assess whether the changes in the proportions of sexually active adolescent females screened from baseline to post-intervention differ between the intervention and control clinics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETED TRACHOMATIS

GENETIC

MODIFICATIONS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: De Mars, Robert I.; Professor; Medical Genetics; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease and of preventable blindness in humans. Antibiotics (not inexpensive) are used to control ongoing infections but common reinfection frequently causes serious pathology, e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and blindness. Despite growing evidence of versatile human B cell and T cell immune responses to Ct antigens, there is little evidence of long-lasting protective immunity following infection; somehow, the organism evades repulse or elimination by the immune system. Current inability to genetically manipulate Ct has impeded analysis that might increase understanding of how Ct infections work and how the immune system might be better engaged in the management of Ct infection. The proposed work is aimed at developing a method of introducing planned genetic modifications into many targeted Ct genes following a three step work plan: (i) Demonstrate how to genetically transform Ct by means of homologous recombination between cloned Ct DNA that is transferred into Ct and chromosomal DNA of recipient Ct. A cloned mutant gyr A gene that renders Ct resistant to ofloxacin (OFX) will be transferred into sensitive Ct and resistant transformants will be isolated by selection with OFX. (ii) Demonstrate how to use the results of (i) to replace a normal Ct gene with a cloned mutant allele by the use of a model 'homologous recombination vector' (HRV). The same mutant gyr A gene used for (i) will be used, but transformants will be isolated by selection for a different, non Ct- derived 'selection marker' that is part of the HRV. Homologus recombination in Ct-derived parts of the HRV will incorporate the selection marker and closely linked Ct DNA into the Ct chromosome, thereby replacing the indigenous gene with the mutant trans-gene. (iii) Use the results of (ii) to create model knockout mutant Ct strains that can be studied in animal models. A knockout mutant allele of the folA gene will be used for this model because folA - deficient transformants that normally would be unviable can be isolated by supplementation of the culture medium with reduced folic acid. A multitude of mutation/function investigations that could be based on these model demonstrations includes the possible development of attenuated strains of Ct that might be useful protective vaccines. Pairs of mutants used in (i) - (iii) above will also be used to detect genetic recombination in mixedly infected human host cells. There is clinical evidence that such recombination occurs in humans and may contribute to Ct evasion of protective immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF IGA IN CPAF-INDUCED PROTECTION AGAINST C. TRACHOMATIS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Arulanandam, Bernard P.; University of Texas San Antonio San Antonio, Tx 782490600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is a leading cause of sexually transmitted disease. C. trachomatis infections have a high prevalence of morbidity and are also associated with pelvic inflammatory disease that often result in infertility. Despite considerable effort in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, an efficacious chlamydial vaccine has not been attained. Chlamydia has evolved various strategies for evading defense mechanisms that have contributed to frequently asymptomatic and persistent infections in the host. It has been recently shown that C. trachomatis uses proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF) secreted intracellularly to evade adaptive immunity by inhibiting transcription factors required for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression. Therefore, neutralization of CPAF activity would normalize MHC expression and unmask the infected cells to immune

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surveillance and clearance. We have provided evidence to demonstrate the use of soluble interleukin (IL)-12 as a potent vaccine adjuvant for mucosal vaccination. IL-12 delivered non-invasively intranasally (i.n.) with recombinant CPAF greatly enhances protection against subsequent C. trachomatis infection. Secretory IgA is the principal immunoglobulin at mucosal surfaces. Importantly, IgA, unlike IgG, is translocated across epithelial tissue and been shown to neutralize pathogens intracellularly. Since C. trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen and produces CPAF to evade host defenses, vaccination strategies to enhance CPAF specific-secretory IgA production will be beneficial to the host. This proposal is designed to test several important aspects of the hypothesis by using animals with a targeted disruption in IgA gene expression (IgA-/mice), and polymeric Ig receptor (plgR-/- mice), that have defective IgA transport into mucosal secretions. Specifically, we will optimize an intranasal vaccination approach using CPAF. Based on these studies, we will characterize cellular and humoral immune responses and determine the role of IgA in CPAF-induced immunity using IgA-/- mice. Finally, we will directly investigate the functional role of IgA in intracellular neutralization of CPAF activity during C. trachomatis infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAINING IN SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES INCLUDING HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Spinola, Stanley M.; Director; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised application for "Training in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Including HIV" at Indiana University School of Medicine. Postdoctoral trainees must be M.D.s or Ph.D.s with interest in STDs and HIV. We seek to train future faculty who are conversant in the basic and behavioral aspects of both STDs and HIV acquisition. Multiple areas of training will be available to postdoctoral fellows in this program. One area focuses on the pathogenesis of and host responses to viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A second area focuses on behaviors that lead to acquisition of STDs, particularly in adolescents. M.D. candidates may be Infectious Disease Fellows or Adolescent Medicine Fellows. Ph.D.s may have primary appointments in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine or Pediatrics. All training venues are open to the candidates. An important feature of the program is the flexible, interdisciplinary curriculum which includes required attendance at an extensive course in STD and HIV research given annually at the University of Washington in Seattle and an ethics course and elective courses in research design, biostatistics including multivariate analyses, and epidemiology. The training faculty is composed of 5 mentors who have stable federal funding and extensive training records. These mentors work collaboratively on the sexually transmitted pathogens, HPV, Haemophilus ducreyi, behavioral factors which lead to acquisition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis, and vaccine acceptance for STDs. Thirteen resource faculty provide an important educational component to our program and will have the opportunity to achieve mentor status should they meet certain criteria and are approved by the Advisory Board. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSLATING CHLAMYDIA SCREENING GUIDELINES INTO PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Robert S.; Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound 200 15Th Ave E Seattle, Wa 98112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women, often asymptomatic, have serious consequences if left untreated. However, studies from Group Health Cooperative (GHC) have shown the impact can be decreased (i.e., a 56 percent decrease in PID) if at-risk women receive screening and treatment. Over the last two years, GHC has developed an evidence-based chlamydia screening guideline to initiate translation of the evidence into practice. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of several multifaceted strategies for guideline implementation. Site: Thirty staff model outpatient clinics at GHC. Methods: This is a randomized trial of guideline implementation strategies carried out at the provider and patient levels. Using a 2x2 factorial design, we will compare standard guideline implementation to three other strategies: one with only provider-specific components, one with only patient-specific components and one with both provider- and patient-specific components. Providerspecific strategies (with randomization occurring at the clinic level) include the use of opinion leaders, measurement and feedback, and prompts placed in Pap test kits. The patient- specific strategy (with randomization of individual enrollees) consists of a prompt placed in the chart of 14-20 year-old females as a paper-based test to establish the case for a future computerized automated prompt system. Outcomes: Outcomes will be measured at baseline and post-implementation. The primary outcome is the rate of appropriate chlamydia screening among 14- 25 year-old females. Other primary outcomes are 1) the rate of chlamydia screening as defined by a new HEDIS measure; 2) changes in provider knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, self-efficacy, practices, and perceived barriers and supports; 3) the cost per woman appropriately screened and the marginal cost-effectiveness of each intervention arm. Secondary outcomes include changes in the rates of positive chlamydia tests, PID and ectopic pregnancy. Major study benefits: To our knowledge this will be the first study to evaluate conceptually-based guideline implementation strategies in a defined HMO clinical population. In order to further enhance generalizability, we will test selected implementation strategies in a networkmodel managed care setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSMISSIBILITY OF GC AND CT DIAGNOSED USING NAAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Susan M.; Senior Scientist; Research Triangle Institute Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd Research Triangle Park, Nc 277092194 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chiamydia trachornatis (Ct) are known to facilitate HIV transmission. It is estimated, for example, that the presence of untreated chiamydial infection increases the likelihood per contact of HIV transmission by a relative risk of 3 about6. These STDs have other important health consequences, including pelvic inflammatory disease, perinatal complications, and subsequent risks of infertility and ectopic pregnancy in women. The development of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) that can be used with urine specimens has permitted a new paradigm for epidemiological research on these STDs. Urine specimens for STD detection can easily be obtained in population surveys and public health programs to enable generalizations about the prevalence of symptomatic

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and asymptomatic infections in the population at large and among hard to reach at-risk populations. Results of these studies are disturbing. In one major U.S. city, for example, it is estimated that 8.3 percent of adults ages 18-35 has an untreated GC or Ct infection. Most of these infections were diagnosed among adults who report no recent symptoms and who do not present the classic STD behavioral risk profile. These results could indicate a large and hidden epidemic of asymptomatic infections that are unlikely to be detected and treated without vigorous public health interventions. However, it is also possible that NAAT testing is identifying clinically inconsequential infections because of the assay's ability to detect extremely low levels of viable organisms (i.e., below the infectious inoculum) or amplifiable DNA (or RNA) from residual pathogens (i.e., nonviable organisms) of past infections that are well on their way to being cleared. We propose to explore this issue by testing a sample of 8,000 adults, ages 18-35, attending the Johns Hopkins Adult Emergency Department. Subjects testing positive for GC or Ct will be re-evaluated using traditional diagnostic tests for these infections and be treated. Recent sexual partners of infected subjects and a random subsample of partners from uninfected subjects will also be contacted and tested. The proposed research will allow us to: (1) determine whether the probabilities of infection transmission are equivalent for GC and Ct infections detectable only by NAAT versus infections detectable by traditional testing procedures; (2) determine whether asymptomatic infections have an equivalent probability of transmission as symptomatic infections; (3) determine whether infections that can only be detected by NAAT testing have the same clinical consequences as infections that are detectable by traditional assays; and (4) examine the correlates of infections detected by NAAT versus traditional diagnostic tests. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIAL OF ANTIBIOTICS TO REDUCE RECURRENT TRICHIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: West, Sheila K.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Trachoma, caused by C. trachomatis, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, and control is a top priority of the blindness prevention community. In trachoma-endemic areas, 10% or more of adults have trichiasis, resulting from years of repeated infection, which is high risk for subsequent visual loss. Trichiasis can be corrected with surgery, but the recurrence rate at one year is disappointingly high, 17%, and it increases in subsequent years. There is strong evidence that ongoing exposure to infection with C. trachomatis, either from a persistent injection or exposure within families, drives ongoing scarring and trichiasis in these cases. The primary questions to be addressed by this investigation are: 1) Does post-surgical treatment of trichiasis cases with azithromycin reduce the one-year recurrence rate of trichiasis compared to standard care (topical tetracycline)? 2) Does post-surgical treatment of cases plus household members with azithromycin reduce the one-year recurrence rate of trichiasis compared to standard treatment? We propose a randomized, controlled clinical trial of 1425 adults with trichiasis scheduled for surgery in two health centers in the Lanfuro district of Ethiopia to address this questions. The three arm trial will have one arm in which cases receive a single dose of azithromycin post- surgery; a third arm in which cases will receive topical tetracycline post- surgery. Data on other risk factors will include baseline severity of trichiasis, surgery-related factors, and laboratory evidence and re- infection. Cases will be examined at 2 weeks and 2, 6, and 12 months postsurgery for recurrence of trichiasis. The results of this trial will have immediate public health impact by providing information for WHO recommendations for post-surgical

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treatment of trichiasis, as well as by guiding policy on azithromycin use for the 22 countries beginning National Trachoma Control programs worldwide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: URINARY SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES: STI OR UTI? Principal Investigator & Institution: Huppert, Jill S.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sexually transmitted infections of the genital tract (STIs) and non-sexually transmitted infections of the urinary tract (UTIs) share common risk factors and presenting symptoms in women of reproductive age. Because adolescents constitute the age group at highest risk for STIs, the CDC recommends annual screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) in all sexually active (SA) adolescents, regardless of symptoms. Because the clinical presentations of CT, GC, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and UTI may be similar, many experts recommend interim testing for all four infections in SA adolescent females who have urinary symptoms. Despite these recommendations, there are important gaps between ideal and actual clinical practice. The availability of sensitive and specific, noninvasive tests for CT, GC, and TV may increase both routine and symptom-based STI screening of SA adolescents. However, important questions regarding the triage of symptomatic patients remain unanswered. The goal of the proposed study is to elucidate the association between STIs and UTIs in SA adolescent females. It focuses on the three STIs that are highly prevalent, likely to cause urinary symptoms, and detectable on tests of urine or patient-obtained vaginal samples. The study sample will consist of 474 SA adolescent females presenting to a hospital-based teen health center w/urinary symptoms (n=158) and w/o urinary symptoms (n=316). Each subject will be interviewed during the visit by a trained research assistant for chief complaint, genitourinary symptoms, sexual history, and past medical history. Prior to physical examination, each subject will provide a urine sample and a self-collected vaginal swab sample. The urine will be tested by ligase chain reaction for CT and GC and cultured for bacteria; the vaginal sample will be cultured for TV. The CT, GC and TV prevalence rates will be compared in subjects with and without urinary symptoms and in subjects with and without UTI, defined as over 1000 colonies of a single organism. Best subset logistic regression analyses will be performed to identify the variables that identify subjects with urinary symptoms who have CT, GC, and/or TV, and the variable that identify subjects with urinary symptoms who have UTIs. The findings of this study will strengthen the evidence base for symptom-based STI testing of SA adolescent females and will promote care that addresses both individual patient and public health needs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: URINE-BASED POINT-OF-CARE CHLAMYDIA/GONORRHOEA TEST Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerdes, John C.; Vice President of Research & Development; Xtrana, Inc. 717 Yosemite Cir Denver, Co 80220 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): During phase I Xtrana/BioPool (formerly Molecular Innovations, Inc.) demonstrated the feasibility of a urine-based diagnostic test that potentially could be performed in the clinic to detect both genital chlamydia and gonorrhea. The strategy involves the release of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and

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Neisseria gonorrhoea (GC) ribosomal RNA, capture onto Xtrana/Biopool's XtraBind solid phase bead matrix, followed by direct isothennal amplification using Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA). After NASBA, haptenized primers are added so that the amplified product is directly visualized as a blue line immediately following wicking through a lateral flow membrane. The integration of solid phase capture, direct isothermal amplification, and visual lateral flow detection enables device platforms with simple protocols compatible with nucleic acid testing at the point-of-care at reduced cost using only a heat block for instrumentation. Finalized chemistry, device design, prototyping, and manufacturing, followed by clinical validation studies will be performed in phase II. At the conclusion of phase 11, extraction, amplification, and detection chemistry run within the prototype will be completed and its performance characterized utilizing urine specimens. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Chlamydia trachomatis in the PubMed Central database: •

A heat-labile protein of Chlamydia trachomatis binds to HeLa cells and inhibits the adherence of chlamydiae. by Joseph TD, Bose SK.; 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=51592

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A Murine Model for the Study of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections during Pregnancy. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116010

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A Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Binds to Heparan Sulfate Receptors on Epithelial Cells. by Su H, Raymond L, Rockey DD, Fischer E, Hackstadt T, Caldwell HD.; 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38298

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A Role for Interleukin-6 in Host Defense against Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Darville T, Kelly K, Rank RG.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108560

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Ability of commercial ligase chain reaction and PCR assays to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men by testing first-void urine. by Chernesky MA, Chong S, Jang D, Luinstra K, Sellors J, Mahony JB.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229716

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Ability of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Test To Identify Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Cervical Specimens. by Schachter J, Hook EW III, McCormack WM, Quinn TC, Chernesky M, Chong S, Girdner JI, Dixon PB, DeMeo L, Williams E, Cullen A, Lorincz A.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85720

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Affinities of [beta]-Lactams for Penicillin Binding Proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis and Their Antichlamydial Activities. by Storey C, Chopra I.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90278

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Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA by ligase chain reaction. by Dille BJ, Butzen CC, Birkenmeyer LG.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262856

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An Important Proportion of Genital Samples Submitted for Chlamydia trachomatis Detection by PCR Contain Small Amounts of Cellular DNA as Measured by [beta]Globin Gene Amplification. by Coutlee F, de Ladurantaye M, Tremblay C, Vincelette J, Labrecque L, Roger M.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86955

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Analysis of Genetic Heterogeneity in Chlamydia trachomatis Clinical Isolates of Serovars D, E, and F by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. by Morre SA, Ossewaarde JM, Savelkoul PH, Stoof J, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87408

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Antigenic analysis of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis with murine monoclonal antibodies. by Batteiger BE, Newhall WJ 5th, Terho P, Wilde CE 3rd, Jones RB.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260822

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydia trachomatis Using a Reverse Transcriptase PCR-Based Method. by Cross NA, Kellock DJ, Kinghorn GR, Taraktchoglou M, Bataki E, Oxley KM, Hawkey PM, Eley A.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89469

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Binding of the glycan of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis to HeLa cells. by Swanson AF, Kuo CC.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186062

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Binding, ingestion, and multiplication of Chlamydia trachomatis (L2 serovar) in human leukocyte cell lines. by Bard JA, Levitt D.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261174

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Characterization and identification of early proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. by Lundemose AG, Birkelund S, Larsen PM, Fey SJ, Christiansen G.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258844

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Characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed at variable domain I of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis C-complex serovars. by Qu Z, Cheng X, de la Maza LM, Peterson EM.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281372

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Characterization of a new isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis which lacks the common plasmid and has properties of biovar trachoma. by Farencena A, Comanducci M, Donati M, Ratti G, Cevenini R.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175415

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Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 Genotypes among Sexually Transmitted Disease Patients in Sweden. by Jurstrand M, Falk L, Fredlund H, Lindberg M, Olcen P, Andersson S, Persson K, Albert J, Backman A.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88464

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Characterization of kinetics and target proteins for binding of human complement component C3 to the surface-exposed outer membrane of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2. by Hall RT, Strugnell T, Wu X, Devine DV, Stiver HG.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280772

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Characterization of native and recombinant 75-kilodalton immunogens from Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2. by Birkelund S, Lundemose AG, Christiansen G.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313512

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Characterization of Outer Membrane Proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis LGV Serovar L2. by Tanzer RJ, Hatch TP.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95189

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Characterization of the Chlamydia trachomatis vacuole and its interaction with the host endocytic pathway in HeLa cells. by van Ooij C, Apodaca G, Engel J.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176122

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Chemical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. by Nurminen M, Rietschel ET, Brade H.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261381

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Chemokine Expression Patterns Differ within Anatomically Distinct Regions of the Genital Tract during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Maxion HK, Kelly KA.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127774

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Cinematographic observations of growth cycles of Chlamydia trachomatis in primary cultures of human amniotic cells. by Neeper ID, Patton DL, Kuo CC.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258773

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Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the Murine Genital Mucosa Does Not Require Perforin-Mediated Cytolysis or Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. by Perry LL, Feilzer K, Hughes S, Caldwell HD.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96471

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Clinical evaluation of a new polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens. by Bass CA, Jungkind DL, Silverman NS, Bondi JM.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265961

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Cloning and characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis L3 DNA fragment that codes for an antigenic region of the major outer membrane protein and specifically hybridizes to the C- and C-related-complex serovars. by Carlson EJ, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313122

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Cloning and characterization of RNA polymerase core subunits of Chlamydia trachomatis by using the polymerase chain reaction. by Engel JN, Pollack J, Malik F, Ganem D.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213056

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Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding a 45kilodalton protein, elongation factor Tu, from Chlamydia trachomatis serovar F. by Zhang YX, Shi Y, Zhou M, Petsko GA.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205172

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Codon usage in Chlamydia trachomatis is the result of strand-specific mutational biases and a complex pattern of selective forces. by Romero H, Zavala A, Musto H.; 2000 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105376

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Coincubation of Human Spermatozoa with Chlamydia trachomatis In Vitro Causes Increased Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Sperm Proteins. by Hosseinzadeh S, Brewis IA, Pacey AA, Moore HD, Eley A.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101686

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Comparative Evaluation of Chlamydiazyme, PACE 2, and AMP-CT Assays for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Specimens. by Wylie JL, Moses S, Babcock R, Jolly A, Giercke S, Hammond G.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105226

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Comparing First-Void Urine Specimens, Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs, and Endocervical Specimens To Detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test. by Shafer MA, Moncada J, Boyer CB, Betsinger K, Flinn SD, Schachter J.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193832

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Comparison among performances of a ligase chain reaction-based assay and two enzyme immunoassays in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from men with nongonococcal urethritis. by Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Uno M, Tada K, Iwata H, Komeda H, Maeda S, Latila V, Saito I, Kawada Y.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229099

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Comparison between the LCx Probe System and the COBAS AMPLICOR System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Patients Attending a Clinic for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. by van Doornum GJ, Schouls LM, Pijl A, Cairo I, Buimer M, Bruisten S.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87837

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Comparison of a Polymer Conjugate-Enhanced Enzyme Immunoassay to Ligase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Swabs. by Chernesky M, Jang D, Copes D, Patel J, Petrich A, Biers K, Sproston A, Kapala J.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88131

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Comparison of Digene Hybrid Capture 2 and Conventional Culture for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Cervical Specimens. by Darwin LH, Cullen AP, Arthur PM, Long CD, Smith KR, Girdner JL, Hook III EW, Quinn TC, Lorincz AT.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153352

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Comparison of immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis by indirect fluorescentantibody staining and radioimmunoassay. by van der Pol BJ, Jones RB.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265205

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Comparison of manual Amplicor PCR, Cobas Amplicor PCR, and LCx assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women by using urine specimens. by Pasternack R, Vuorinen P, Pitkajarvi T, Koskela M, Miettinen A.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229589

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Comparison of Methods for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Using Commercially Available Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests and a Liquid Pap Smear Medium. by Koumans EH, Black CM, Markowitz LE, Unger E, Pierce A, Sawyer MK, Papp JR.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153886

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Comparison of Performance and Cost-Effectiveness of Direct Fluorescent-Antibody, Ligase Chain Reaction, and PCR Assays for Verification of Chlamydial Enzyme Immunoassay Results for Populations with a Low to Moderate Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Dean D, Ferrero D, McCarthy M.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124815

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Comparison of Performances of Two Commercially Available Tests, a PCR Assay and a Ligase Chain Reaction Test, in Detection of Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Puolakkainen M, Hiltunen-Back E, Reunala T, Suhonen S, Lahteenmaki P, Lehtinen M, Paavonen J.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104866

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Comparison of Serological Assays for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies in Different Groups of Obstetrical and Gynecological Patients. by Bax CJ, Mutsaers JA, Jansen CL, Trimbos JB, Dorr PJ, Oostvogel PM.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145265

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Comparison of the Clearview Chlamydia test, Chlamydiazyme, and cell culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with a low prevalence of infection. by Skulnick M, Small GW, Simor AE, Low DE, Khosid H, Fraser S, Chua R.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270270

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Comparison of the Clearview Chlamydia, the PACE 2 assay, and culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis from cervical specimens in a low-prevalence population. by Blanding J, Hirsch L, Stranton N, Wright T, Aarnaes S, de la Maza L, Peterson EM.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265591

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Comparison of the PACE 2 Assay, Two Amplification Assays, and Clearview EIA for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Female Endocervical and Urine Specimens. by Lauderdale TL, Landers L, Thorneycroft I, Chapin K.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85123

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Comparison of the Syva MicroTrak enzyme immunoassay and Gen-Probe PACE 2 with cell culture for diagnosis of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a highprevalence female population. by Clarke LM, Sierra MF, Daidone BJ, Lopez N, Covino JM, McCormack WM.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263595

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Comparison of three commercially available amplification assays, AMP CT, LCx, and COBAS AMPLICOR, for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in first-void urine. by Goessens WH, Mouton JW, van der Meijden WI, Deelen S, van Rijsoort-Vos TH, Lemmens-den Toom N, Verbrugh HA, Verkooyen RP.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230023

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Comparison of Three Commercially Available Peptide-Based Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA Assays to Microimmunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Antibodies. by Morre SA, Munk C, Persson K, Kruger-Kjaer S, van Dijk R, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153365

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Confirmatory assay increases specificity of the chlamydiazyme test for Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix. by Moncada J, Schachter J, Bolan G, Engelman J, Howard L, Mushahwar I, Ridgway G, Mumtaz G, Stamm W, Clark A.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268045

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Confirmatory polymerase chain reaction testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in firstvoid urine from asymptomatic and symptomatic men. by Mahony JB, Luinstra KE, Sellors JW, Jang D, Chernesky MA.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265486

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Construction and Evaluation of Internal Control DNA for PCR Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA from Urine Samples. by Betsou F, Beaumont K, Sueur JM, Orfila J.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150278

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Correlation of host immune response with quantitative recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the human endocervix. by Brunham RC, Kuo CC, Cles L, Holmes KK.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348123

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Cross-Reactivity between Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein 10 and Early Pregnancy Factor. by Betsou F, Borrego MJ, Guillaume N, Catry MA, Romao S, Machado-Caetano JA, Sueur JM, Mention J, Faille N, Orfila J.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154954

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Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. by Black CM.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172947

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Cytochemical localization of glycogen in Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions. by Chiappino ML, Dawson C, Schachter J, Nichols BA.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177334

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Cytoskeletal requirements in Chlamydia trachomatis infection of host cells. by Schramm N, Wyrick PB.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172995

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Enzyme Immunoassay, Culture, and Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests. by Van Dyck E, Ieven M, Pattyn S, Van Damme L, Laga M.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88020

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction-based assays with clinical specimens from various sites: implications for diagnostic testing and screening. by Buimer M, van Doornum GJ, Ching S, Peerbooms PG, Plier PK, Ram D, Lee HH.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229278

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Strand Displacement Amplification and Relevance of the Amplification Control for Use with Vaginal Swab Specimens. by Cosentino LA, Landers DV, Hillier SL.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179790

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Isothermal Ramification Amplification Method: a Feasibility Study. by Zhang W, Cohenford M, Lentrichia B, Isenberg HD, Simson E, Li H, Yi J, Zhang DY.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120135

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay (AMP CT) in Urine Specimens from Men and Women and Endocervical Specimens from Women. by Crotchfelt KA, Pare B, Gaydos C, Quinn TC.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104548

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Endocervical Infections by Ligase Chain Reaction versus ACCESS Chlamydia Antigen Assay. by Waites KB, Smith KR, Crum MA, Hockett RD, Wells AH, Hook EW III.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85464

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. by Loeffelholz MJ, Lewinski CA, Silver SR, Purohit AP, Herman SA, Buonagurio DA, Dragon EA.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270540

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital specimens by the Chlamydiazyme test. by Jones MF, Smith TF, Houglum AJ, Herrmann JE.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271351

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male and female urine specimens by using the amplified Chlamydia trachomatis test. by Mouton JW, Verkooyen R, van der Meijden WI, van Rijsoort-Vos TH, Goessens WH, Kluytmans JA, Deelen SD, Luijendijk A, Verbrugh HA.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229750

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine samples by nucleic acid tests: comparison with culture and enzyme immunoassay of genital swab specimens. by Schepetiuk S, Kok T, Martin L, Waddell R, Higgins G.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230187

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from women by ligase chain reaction. by Bassiri M, Hu HY, Domeika MA, Burczak J, Svensson LO, Lee HH, Mardh PA.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228063

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in urine samples from men and women by ligase chain reaction. by van Doornum GJ, Buimer M, Prins M, Henquet CJ, Coutinho RA, Plier PK, Tomazic-Allen S, Hu H, Lee H.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228332

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Detection of PCR inhibitors in cervical specimens by using the AMPLICOR Chlamydia trachomatis assay. by Verkooyen RP, Luijendijk A, Huisman WM, Goessens WH, Kluytmans JA, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Verbrugh HA.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229461

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Detection of plasmid DNA from all Chlamydia trachomatis serovars with a two-step polymerase chain reaction. by Welch D, Lee CH, Larsen SH.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184754

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Detection of serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with chlamydial and nonchlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease by the IPAzyme Chlamydia and enzyme immunoassay. by Mattila A, Miettinen A, Heinonen PK, Teisala K, Punnonen R, Paavonen J.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263603

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Determination of Chlamydia trachomatis Prevalence in an Asymptomatic Screening Population: Performances of the LCx and COBAS Amplicor Tests with Urine Specimens. by Morre SA, Van Valkengoed IG, Moes RM, Boeke AJ, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85500

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Diagnosis by AMPLICOR PCR of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in urine samples from women and men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. by Quinn TC, Welsh L, Lentz A, Crotchfelt K, Zenilman J, Newhall J, Gaydos C.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229032

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Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection by detection of amplified DNA with an enzyme immunoassay. by Bobo L, Coutlee F, Yolken RH, Quinn T, Viscidi RP.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268088

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Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in asymptomatic men and women by PCR assay. by Toye B, Peeling RW, Jessamine P, Claman P, Gemmill I.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229031

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Diagnosis of genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis infections by using the ligase chain reaction on patient-obtained vaginal swabs. by Hook EW 3rd, Smith K, Mullen C, Stephens J, Rinehardt L, Pate MS, Lee HH.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229918

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Differences in susceptibilities of the lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis to neutralization by immune sera. by Peterson EM, Hoshiko M, Markoff BA, Lauermann MW, de la Maza LM.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258564

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Differences in the association of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E and serovar L2 with epithelial cells in vitro may reflect biological differences in vivo. by Davis CH, Wyrick PB.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175409

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Differential Effects of Gamma Interferon on Chlamydia trachomatis Growth in Polarized and Nonpolarized Human Epithelial Cells in Culture. by Kane CD, Byrne GI.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108203

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Differential Regulation of CD4 Lymphocyte Recruitment between the Upper and Lower Regions of the Genital Tract during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Kelly KA, Walker JC, Jameel SH, Gray HL, Rank RG.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97310

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Differential Sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains to Inhibitory Effects of Gamma Interferon. by Morrison RP.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101569

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Dilution of samples collected and transported for Gen-Probe PACE 2 processing facilitates detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Roche Amplicor PCR. by Liu D, Jones SL, Baird R, Pedersen J.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=229935

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Direct detection and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical scrapes by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. by Lan J, Walboomers JM, Roosendaal R, van Doornum GJ, MacLaren DM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262880

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Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay. by Jaschek G, Gaydos CA, Welsh LE, Quinn TC.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262905

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Dissemination of Chlamydia trachomatis chronic genital tract infection in gamma interferon gene knockout mice. by Cotter TW, Ramsey KH, Miranpuri GS, Poulsen CE, Byrne GI.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175296

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Early complement components enhance neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity by human sera. by Lin JS, Yan LL, Ho Y, Rice PA.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257196

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Effect of 6-thioguanine on Chlamydia trachomatis growth in wild-type and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells. by Qin B, McClarty G.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205938

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Effect of blind passage and multiple sampling on recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from urogenital specimens. by Jones RB, Katz BP, van der Pol B, Caine VA, Batteiger BE, Newhall WJ.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269092

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion on Apoptosis in the Murine Genital Tract. by Perfettini JL, Darville T, Gachelin G, Souque P, Huerre M, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97409

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection on Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein EDeficient Mice. by Blessing E, Nagano S, Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97840

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Effect of endocervical specimen quality on detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and on the incidence of false-positive results with the Chlamydiazyme method. by Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Murray CL, Levisky JS.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267886

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Effect of immunoglobulin G isotype on the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis in a mouse model of intravaginal infection. by Peterson EM, Cheng X, Motin VL, de la Maza LM.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175380

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Effect of interferon on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in mouse fibroblasts (L cells). by Rothermel CD, Byrne GI, Havell EA.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347947

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Effect of polybrene on isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. by Sankar-Mistry P, Albota V, Knelsen B.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268493

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Effect of Serial Passage in Tissue Culture on Sequence of omp1 from Chlamydia trachomatis Clinical Isolates. by Stothard DR, Van Der Pol B, Smith NJ, Jones RB.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105264

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Effect of swab type and storage temperature on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. by Mahony JB, Chernesky MA.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268547

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Effect of various analgesics and lubricants on isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Osborn MF, Johnson AP.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272129

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Effects of ascorbic acid on Chlamydia trachomatis infection and on erythromycin treatment in primary cultures of human amniotic cells. by Wang SK, Patton DL, Kuo CC.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270477

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Effects of Azithromycin and Rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis Infection In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Zeidler H, Kohler L.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90774

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Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Susceptibility and Early Immune Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract. by Kaushic C, Zhou F, Murdin AD, Wira CR.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101727

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Efficacy of various cell culture procedures for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and applicability to diagnosis of pediatric infections. by La Scolea LJ Jr, Keddell JE.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273863

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Enhancement of adherence and growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by estrogen treatment of HeLa cells. by Bose SK, Goswami PC.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260842

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Enhancement of Chlamydia trachomatis infectious progeny by cultivation of HeLa 229 cells treated with DEAE-dextran and cycloheximide. by Sabet SF, Simmons J, Caldwell HD.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271290

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Entry of genital Chlamydia trachomatis into polarized human epithelial cells. by Wyrick PB, Choong J, Davis CH, Knight ST, Royal MO, Maslow AS, Bagnell CR.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313458

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Entry of the Lymphogranuloma Venereum Strain of Chlamydia trachomatis into Host Cells Involves Cholesterol-Rich Membrane Domains. by Jutras I, Abrami L, DautryVarsat A.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143347

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Evaluation of a nonisotopic probe for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens. by Woods GL, Young A, Scott JC Jr, Blair TM, Johnson AM.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269612

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Evaluation of a Rapid Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Outpatient Clinics in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. by Widjaja S, Cohen S, Brady WE, O'reilly K, Susanto, Wibowo A, Cahyono, Graham RR, Porter KR.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85921

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Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine of asymptomatic men. by Sanders JW, Hook EW 3rd, Welsh LE, Shepherd ME, Quinn TC.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262963

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Evaluation of chlamydiazyme enzyme immunoassay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from men. by Ehret JM, Leszcynski JC, Douglas JM, Genova SL, Chernesky MA, Moncada J, Schachter J.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265982

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Evaluation of Clearview and Magic Lite tests, polymerase chain reaction, and cell culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens. by Kluytmans JA, Goessens WH, Mouton JW, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Niesters HG, Quint WG, Habbema L, Stolz E, Wagenvoort JH.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266376

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Evaluation of COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche): Accuracy in Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Coamplification of Endocervical Specimens. by Livengood CH III, Wrenn JW.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88262

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Evaluation of Dry and Wet Transported Intravaginal Swabs in Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Female Soldiers by PCR. by Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt KA, Shah N, Tennant M, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Rompalo AM.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120245

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Evaluation of Laboratory Testing Methods for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Era of Nucleic Acid Amplification. by Battle TJ, Golden MR, Suchland KL, Counts JM, Hughes JP, Stamm WE, Holmes KK.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88261

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Evaluation of molecular typing for epidemiological study of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. by Rodriguez P, de Barbeyrac B, Persson K, Dutilh B, Bebear C.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265734

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Evaluation of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests as Reference Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Asymptomatic Men. by Johnson RE, Green TA, Schachter J, Jones RB, Hook EW III, Black CM, Martin DH, St. Louis ME, Stamm WE.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87609

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Evaluation of the Abbott LCx Ligase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Urine and Genital Swab Specimens from a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic Population. by Carroll KC, Aldeen WE, Morrison M, Anderson R, Lee D, Mottice S.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104891

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Assay with the Rapid Capture System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Smith NJ, Batteiger BE, Cullen AP, Erdman H, Edens T, Davis K, SalimHammad H, Chou VW, Scearce L, Blutman J, Payne WJ.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130850

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II CT-ID Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical Specimens. by Girdner JL, Cullen AP, Salama TG, He L, Lorincz A, Quinn TC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84836

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Evaluation of the Gen-Probe Chlamydia trachomatis transcription-mediated amplification assay with urine specimens from women. by Pasternack R, Vuorinen P, Miettinen A.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229649

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Evaluation of the NucliSens Basic Kit for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Genital Tract Specimens Using Nucleic Acid SequenceBased Amplification of 16S rRNA. by Mahony JB, Song X, Chong S, Faught M, Salonga T, Kapala J.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87950

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Evaluation of three Chlamydia trachomatis immunoassays with an unbiased, noninvasive clinical sample. by Paul ID, Caul EO.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269579

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Evidence for numerous omp1 alleles of porcine Chlamydia trachomatis and novel chlamydial species obtained by PCR. by Kaltenbock B, Schmeer N, Schneider R.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229852

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Evidence that the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is glycosylated. by Swanson AF, Kuo CC.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257975

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Experimental epididymitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis in rats. by Jantos C, Baumgartner W, Durchfeld B, Schiefer HG.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257161

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Expression of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis in Escherichia coli. by Manning DS, Stewart SJ.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281129

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External Quality Assessment Program for Chlamydia trachomatis Diagnostic Testing by Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays. by Land S, Tabrizi S, Gust A, Johnson E, Garland S, Dax EM.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120684

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Failure to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in cell culture by using a monoclonal antibody directed against the major outer membrane protein. by Boman J, Gaydos C, Juto P, Wadell G, Quinn TC.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230037

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Fate of Chlamydia trachomatis in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. by Manor E, Sarov I.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260121

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Formalinized Chlamydia trachomatis organisms as antigen in the microimmunofluorescence test. by Wang SP, Kuo CC, Grayston JT.; 1979 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273143

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Functional and Biochemical Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis MurC, an Enzyme Displaying UDP-N-Acetylmuramate:Amino Acid Ligase Activity. by Hesse L, Bostock J, Dementin S, Blanot D, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Chopra I.; 2003 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=262092

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Gamma Interferon Production by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Required for Resolution of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Lampe MF, Wilson CB, Bevan MJ, Starnbach MN.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108683

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Gamma interferon-induced nitric oxide production reduces Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in McCoy cells. by Mayer J, Woods ML, Vavrin Z, Hibbs JB Jr.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302755

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Genetic variability among Chlamydia trachomatis reference and clinical strains analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. by Rodriguez P, Allardet-Servent A, de Barbeyrac B, Ramuz M, Bebear C.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264201

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Genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis fails to induce protective immunity in gamma interferon receptor-deficient mice despite a strong local immunoglobulin A response. by Johansson M, Schon K, Ward M, Lycke N.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175085

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Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. by Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B, Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg SL, Eisen J, Fraser CM.; 2000 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111046

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens Will Facilitate Large Epidemiological Studies. by Morre SA, Moes R, Van Valkengoed I, Boeke JP, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105118

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Glycogen Assay for Diagnosis of Female Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Chun Y, Yin ZD.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104693

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Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion. by Carabeo RA, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T.; 2003 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164522

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Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in enucleated cells. by Perara E, Yen TS, Ganem D.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313735

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Head-to-Head Multicenter Comparison of DNA Probe and Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women Performed with an Improved Reference Standard. by Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, Hook III EW, Jones RB, Green TA, Schachter J, Stamm WE, Bolan G, St. Louis ME, Martin DH.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130858

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High Frequency of Competitive Inhibition in the Roche Cobas AMPLICOR Multiplex PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Hamilton MS, Otto M, Nickell A, Abel D, Ballam Y.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139707

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High-Resolution Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from Recurrent Urogenital Infections. by Pedersen LN, Kjaer HO, Moller JK, Orntoft TF, Ostergaard L.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87186

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HLA-B27 Expression Does Not Modulate Intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Cell Lines. by Young JL, Smith L, Matyszak MK, Gaston JS.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100041

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Humoral immune response to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. by Comanducci M, Manetti R, Bini L, Santucci A, Pallini V, Cevenini R, Sueur JM, Orfila J, Ratti G.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303293

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Identification of a Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar E Urogenital Isolate Which Lacks the Cryptic Plasmid. by Stothard DR, Williams JA, Van Der Pol B, Jones RB.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108762

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Identification of individual genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis from experimentally mixed serovars and mixed infections among trachoma patients. by Dean D, Stephens RS.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264028

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Identification of sequences necessary for transcription in vitro from the Chlamydia trachomatis rRNA P1 promoter. by Tan M, Engel JN.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178601

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Identification of Two Eukaryote-Like Serine/Threonine Kinases Encoded by Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar L2 and Characterization of Interacting Partners of Pkn1. by Verma A, Maurelli AT.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201055

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Identification, characterization, and developmental regulation of Chlamydia trachomatis 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO)-8-phosphate synthetase and CMPKDO synthetase. by Wylie JL, Iliffe ER, Wang LL, McClarty G.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175164

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Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Induced by Vaccination with Live Organisms Correlates with Early Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor and Interleukin-12 Production and with Dendritic Cell-Like Maturation. by Zhang D, Yang X, Lu H, Zhong G, Brunham RC.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96503

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Immunity to Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Reinfection Involves B Cells and CD4 + T Cells but Not CD8 + T Cells. by Morrison SG, Su H, Caldwell HD, Morrison RP.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97807

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Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein by Use of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as an Adjuvant Induces a Protective Immune Response against an Intranasal Chlamydial Challenge. by Pal S, Davis HL, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128273

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Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein Can Elicit a Protective Immune Response against a Genital Challenge. by Pal S, Theodor I, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98757

Studies

75

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Immunoelectron-microscopic quantitation of differential levels of chlamydial proteins in a cell culture model of persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. by Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303068

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Immunoprophylaxis of Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum pneumonitis in mice by oral immunization. by Cui ZD, LaScolea LJ Jr, Fisher J, Ogra PL.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313171

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Immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates in Seattle, Washington. by Kuo CC, Wang SP, Holmes KK, Grayston JT.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264725

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Impact of Reference Standard Sensitivity on Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Detection Assays and a Leukocyte Esterase Dipstick for Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in First-Void Urine Specimens from Men. by Chernesky M, Jang D, Krepel J, Sellors J, Mahony J.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85376

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Improved PCR detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by using an altered method of specimen transport and high-quality endocervical specimens. by Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Klinedinst JL, Stroll ES, Cavanaugh SH.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228572

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Improved PCR sensitivity for direct genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars by using a nested PCR. by Lan J, Ossewaarde JM, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263068

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Improved performance of PACE 2 with modified collection system in combination with probe competition assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urethral specimens from males. by Kluytmans JA, Goessens WH, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Niesters HG, Stolz E.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263081

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In Situ Analysis of the Evolution of the Primary Immune Response in Murine Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection. by Morrison SG, Morrison RP.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97499

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In situ studies on incorporation of nucleic acid precursors into Chlamydia trachomatis DNA. by McClarty G, Tipples G.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208180

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In Vitro Activities of BMS-284756 against Chlamydia trachomatis and Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Malay S, Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127069

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

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In Vitro Activities of Rifamycin Derivatives ABI-1648 (Rifalazil, KRM-1648), ABI1657, and ABI-1131 against Chlamydia trachomatis and Recent Clinical Isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149300

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In vitro activity of azithromycin (CP-62,993) against Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Agacfidan A, Moncada J, Schachter J.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188064

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In Vitro Inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. by Bergsson G, Arnfinnsson J, Karlsson SM, Steingrimsson O, Thormar H.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105821

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Indirect immunofluorescence staining of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions in microculture plates with monoclonal antibodies. by Zapata M, Chernesky M, Mahony J.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271220

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Induction of Protective Immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection by a Vaccine Based on Major Outer Membrane Protein --Lipophilic Immune Response-Stimulating Complexes. by Igietseme JU, Murdin A.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97783

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Infection of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages with Chlamydia trachomatis Induces Apoptosis of T Cells: a Potential Mechanism for Persistent Infection. by Jendro MC, Deutsch T, Korber B, Kohler L, Kuipers JG, Krausse-Opatz B, Westermann J, Raum E, Zeidler H.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97770

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Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis alters the tyrosine phosphorylation and/or localization of several host cell proteins including cortactin. by Fawaz FS, van Ooij C, Homola E, Mutka SC, Engel JN.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175763

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Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis in tissue culture with newborn calf serum. by LaScolea LJ Jr, Baldigo SM.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272220

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Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar LGV but Not E Is Dependent on Host Cell Heparan Sulfate. by Taraktchoglou M, Pacey AA, Turnbull JE, Eley A.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97976

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Inflammation and Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enteric and Nonenteric Mucosae. by Igietseme JU, Portis JL, Perry LL.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98090

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Influence of endocervical specimen adequacy on PCR and direct fluorescent-antibody staining for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. by Welsh LE, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230125

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Influence of volume of sample processed on detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital samples by PCR. by Goessens WH, Kluytmans JA, den Toom N, van Rijsoort-Vos TH, Niesters BG, Stolz E, Verbrugh HA, Quint WG.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227923

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Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth by recombinant tumor necrosis factor. by Shemer-Avni Y, Wallach D, Sarov I.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259596

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Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in McCoy, HeLa, and human prostate cells by zinc. by Greenberg SB, Harris D, Giles P, Martin RR, Wallace RJ Jr.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180194

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Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis replication in HEp-2 cells by human monocytederived macrophages. by Manor E, Sarov I.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259735

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Inhibition of Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusions at 32[deg]C Correlates with Restricted Export of IncA. by Fields KA, Fischer E, Hackstadt T.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128059

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Inhibition of growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by human gamma interferon. by Shemer Y, Sarov I.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261392

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Inhibition of growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by tumor necrosis factor is accompanied by increased prostaglandin synthesis. by Holtmann H, Shemer-Avni Y, Wessel K, Sarov I, Wallach D.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313634

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Inhibition of PCR in Genital and Urine Specimens Submitted for Chlamydia trachomatis Testing. by Toye B, Woods W, Bobrowska M, Ramotar K.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105049

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Interaction between a trachoma strain of Chlamydia trachomatis and mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells) in the absence of centrifugation. by Lee CK.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351349

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Interaction between the Chlamydia trachomatis histone H1-like protein (Hc1) and DNA. by Christiansen G, Pedersen LB, Koehler JE, Lundemose AG, Birkelund S.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203973

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Interlaboratory agreement study of a double set of PCR plasmid primers for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in a variety of genitourinary specimens. by Mahony JB, Luinstra KE, Waner J, McNab G, Hobranzska H, Gregson D, Sellors JW, Chernesky MA.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262975

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

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Interleukin-12 Production Is Required for Chlamydial Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells To Induce Protection against Live Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. by Lu H, Zhong G.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96526

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Isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis That Occupy Nonfusogenic Inclusions Lack IncA, a Protein Localized to the Inclusion Membrane. by Suchland RJ, Rockey DD, Bannantine JP, Stamm WE.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97142

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Isolation and Characterization of a Mutant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line That Is Resistant to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection at a Novel Step in the Attachment Process. by Carabeo RA, Hackstadt T.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98709

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Isolation and initial characterization of a series of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates selected for hydroxyurea resistance by a stepwise procedure. by Tipples G, McClarty G.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208181

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Isolation in Endothelial Cell Cultures of Chlamydia trachomatis LGV (Serovar L2) from a Lymph Node of a Patient with Suspected Cat Scratch Disease. by Maurin M, Raoult D.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86728

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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis in Untreated MMC-E mouse epithelial cells. by Keski-Oja J, Paavonen J.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272367

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Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by Novel Antimicrobial Lipids Adapted from Compounds in Human Breast Milk. by Lampe MF, Ballweber LM, Isaacs CE, Patton DL, Stamm WE.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105787

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Localization of Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70 during Infection of a Human Endometrial Epithelial Cell Line In Vitro. by Raulston JE, Paul TR, Knight ST, Wyrick PB.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108198

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Localization of chlamydial group Antigen in McCoy cell monolayers infected with Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia psittaci. by Richmond SJ, Stirling P.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350904

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Localization of distinct surface antigens on Chlamydia trachomatis HAR-13 by immune electron microscopy with monoclonal antibodies. by Clark RB, Nachamkin I, Schatzki PF, Dalton HP.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347885

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Mailed, Home-Obtained Urine Specimens: a Reliable Screening Approach for Detecting Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. by Morre SA, van Valkengoed IG, de Jong A, Boeke AJ, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88635

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Mapping antigenic domains expressed by Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes. by Baehr W, Zhang YX, Joseph T, Su H, Nano FE, Everett KD, Caldwell HD.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280348

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Mimicry of a neutralizing epitope of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis by anti-idiotypic antibodies. by Brossay L, Villeneuve A, Paradis G, Cote L, Mourad W, Hebert J.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186113

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Molecular Epidemiology of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in High-Risk Women in Senegal, West Africa. by Sturm-Ramirez K, Brumblay H, Diop K, GueyeNdiaye A, Sankale JL, Thior I, N'Doye I, Hsieh CC, Mboup S, Kanki PJ.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86040

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Morphologic and Antigenic Characterization of Interferon [gamma]-Mediated Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in vitro. by Beatty WL, Byrne GI, Morrison RP.; 1993 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46433

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Multicenter evaluation of the AntigEnz Chlamydia enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection. by Clark A, Stamm WE, Gaydos C, Welsh L, Quinn TC, Schachter J, Moncada J.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270523

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Multicenter Evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Urine Specimens, Female Endocervical Swabs, and Male Urethral Swabs. by Van Der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L, Hook E III, Lenderman C, Quinn T, Gaydos CA, Lovchik J, Schachter J, Moncada J, Hall G, Tuohy MJ, Jones RB.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87865

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Multicenter Evaluation of the Fully Automated COBAS AMPLICOR PCR Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urogenital Specimens. by Vincelette J, Schirm J, Bogard M, Bourgault AM, Luijt DS, Bianchi A, van Voorst Vader PC, Butcher A, Rosenstraus M.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84172

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Multiplex PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Genitourinary specimens. by Mahony JB, Luinstra KE, Tyndall M, Sellors JW, Krepel J, Chernesky M.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228636

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Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced following Chlamydia trachomatis intraperitoneal or genital tract infection respond to cells infected with multiple serovars. by Starnbach MN, Bevan MJ, Lampe MF.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173488

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Murine Models of Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection: Use of Mouse Pneumonitis Strain versus Human Strains. by Morre SA.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97843

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

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Mutational analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis dnaK promoter defines the optimal --35 promoter element. by Schaumburg CS, Tan M.; 2003 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140514

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Mutational Analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis rRNA P1 Promoter Defines Four Regions Important for Transcription In Vitro. by Tan M, Gaal T, Gourse RL, Engel JN.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107176

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Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis, and M. hyorhinis Inhibit Infectivity and Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in HEp-2 Cells. by KrausseOpatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Kuipers JG.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87513

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Neither Interleukin-6 nor Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Required for Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the Murine Genital Tract Epithelium. by Perry LL, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108045

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Neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis cell culture infection by serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. by Lucero ME, Kuo CC.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262000

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Neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity with antibodies to the major outer membrane protein. by Caldwell HD, Perry LJ.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347801

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Normal IncA Expression and Fusogenicity of Inclusions in Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates with the incA I47T Mutation. by Pannekoek Y, van der Ende A, Eijk PP, van Marle J, de Witte MA, Ossewaarde JM, van den Brule AJ, Morre SA, Dankert J.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98543

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Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of the 15 Chlamydia trachomatis serovars. by Yuan Y, Zhang YX, Watkins NG, Caldwell HD.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313226

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Ocular sensitization of mice by live (but not irradiated) Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A. by Colley DG, Goodman TG, Barsoum IS.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260108

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Optimization of a rapid test by using fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens. by Pouletty P, Martin J, Catalan F, Garcia-Gonzalez M, Morellet I, Bettinger S, Kadouche J.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266264

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PCR and direct fluorescent-antibody staining confirm Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in swabs and urine below the detection threshold of Chlamydiazyme enzyme immunoassay. by Krepel J, Laur I, Sproston A, Luinstra K, Jang D, Mahony J, Chernesky M.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228592

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PCR Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Semen Specimens Processed for Artificial Insemination. by Pannekoek Y, Westenberg SM, de Vries J, Repping S, Spanjaard L, Eijk PP, van der Ende A, Dankert J.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87472

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Performance of a nonisotopic DNA probe for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens. by Kluytmans JA, Niesters HG, Mouton JW, Quint WG, Ijpelaar JA, Van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Habbema L, Stolz E, Michel MF, Wagenvoort JH.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270414

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Performance of the APTIMA Combo 2 Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Female Urine and Endocervical Swab Specimens. by Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Willis D, Weissfeld A, Hook EW, Martin DH, Ferrero DV, Schachter J.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149571

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Performance of the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay in Detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical and Urine Specimens from Women and Urethral and Urine Specimens from Men Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease and Family Planning Clinics. by Ferrero DV, Meyers HN, Schultz DE, Willis SA.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105306

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis Is Induced by Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Jurgens-Saathoff B, Hudson AP, Zeidler H, Kohler L.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90194

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Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Infections Resist Apoptotic Stimuli. by Dean D, Powers VC.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98177

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Phospholipid Composition of Purified Chlamydia trachomatis Mimics That of the Eucaryotic Host Cell. by Hatch GM, McClarty G.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108408

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Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein and Examination of Potential Pathogenic Determinants. by Stothard DR, Boguslawski G, Jones RB.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108394

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Plaque Formation by and Plaque Cloning of Chlamydia trachomatis Biovar Trachoma. by Matsumoto A, Izutsu H, Miyashita N, Ohuchi M.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105103

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Poliovirus hybrids expressing neutralization epitopes from variable domains I and IV of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis elicit broadly crossreactive C. trachomatis-neutralizing antibodies. by Murdin AD, Su H, Klein MH, Caldwell HD.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173119

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Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. by Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J,

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Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G.; 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156111 •

Pooling Cervical Swabs for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR: Sensitivity, Dilution, Inhibition, and Cost-Saving Aspects. by Morre SA, van Dijk R, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88155

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Pooling of Urine Specimens for Detection of Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections by PCR in a Low-Prevalence Population: Cost-Saving Strategy for Epidemiological Studies and Screening Programs. by Morre SA, Meijer CJ, Munk C, Kruger-Kjaer S, Winther JF, Jorgensens HO, van den Brule AJ.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86525

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Pooling Urine Samples for Ligase Chain Reaction Screening for Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Asymptomatic Women. by Kacena KA, Quinn SB, Howell MR, Madico GE, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104564

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Predominance of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars Associated with Urogenital Infections in Females in New Delhi, India. by Singh V, Salhan S, Das BC, Mittal A.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156538

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PreservCyt Transport Medium Used for the ThinPrep Pap Test Is a Suitable Medium for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the COBAS Amplicor CT/NG Test: Results of a Preliminary Study and Future Implications. by Bianchi A, Moret F, Desrues JM, Champenois T, Dervaux Y, Desvouas O, Oursin A, Quinzat D, Dachez R, Bathelier C, Ronsin C.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130670

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Prevalence and serovar distribution of asymptomatic cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infections as determined by highly sensitive PCR. by Lan J, Melgers I, Meijer CJ, Walboomers JM, Roosendaal R, Burger C, Bleker OP, van den Brule AJ.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228672

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Priming with Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) DNA followed by MOMP ISCOM Boosting Enhances Protection and Is Associated with Increased Immunoglobulin A and Th1 Cellular Immune Responses. by Dong-Ji Z, Yang X, Shen C, Lu H, Murdin A, Brunham RC.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97534

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Prior Genital Tract Infection with a Murine or Human Biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis Protects Mice against Heterotypic Challenge Infection. by Ramsey KH, Cotter TW, Salyer RD, Miranpuri GS, Yanez MA, Poulsen CE, DeWolfe JL, Byrne GI.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96615

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Protection against Ascending Infection of the Genital Tract by Chlamydia trachomatis Is Associated with Recruitment of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen-Presenting Cells into Uterine Tissue. by Stagg AJ, Tuffrey M, Woods C, Wunderink E, Knight SC.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108384

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Protective monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis serovar- and serogroupspecific major outer membrane protein determinants. by Zhang YX, Stewart SJ, Caldwell HD.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313145

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Protein Disulfide Isomerase, a Component of the Estrogen Receptor Complex, Is Associated with Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar E Attached to Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells. by Davis CH, Raulston JE, Wyrick PB.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128041

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Purification of Chlamydia trachomatis strains in mixed infection by monoclonal antibody neutralization. by Lampe MF, Stamm WE.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263070

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Quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis Elementary Bodies in Urine by Ligase Chain Reaction. by Blocker ME, Krysiak RG, Behets F, Cohen MS, Hobbs MM.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130883

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Rapid immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal antibodies in a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. by Barnes RC, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Stamm WE.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268477

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Reactivation of persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cell culture. by Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172978

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Recombinant Escherichia coli clones expressing Chlamydia trachomatis gene products attach to human endometrial epithelial cells. by Schmiel DH, Knight ST, Raulston JE, Choong J, Davis CH, Wyrick PB.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258989

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Reliability of Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine: Results of the First International Collaborative Quality Control Study among 96 Laboratories. by Verkooyen RP, Noordhoek GT, Klapper PE, Reid J, Schirm J, Cleator GM, Ieven M, Hoddevik G.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165323

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Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring. by Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Sweeney YT, Kuo CC, Patton DL.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175300

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Reproducibility and performance of the AMPLICOR Chlamydia trachomatis test. by Rosenstraus M.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=230189

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Reproducibility of Positive Test Results in the BDProbeTec ET System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Culler EE, Caliendo AM, Nolte FS.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179826

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Reproducibility Problems with the Abbott Laboratories LCx Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Gronowski AM, Copper S, Baorto D, Murray PR.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86828

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Reproducibility problems with the AMPLICOR PCR Chlamydia trachomatis test. by Peterson EM, Darrow V, Blanding J, Aarnaes S, de la Maza LM.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229709

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Resolution of Secondary Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infection in Immune Mice with Depletion of Both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. by Morrison SG, Morrison RP.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98202

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Response of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E to iron restriction in vitro and evidence for iron-regulated chlamydial proteins. by Raulston JE.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175652

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Restricted Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis Vesicles with Endocytic Compartments during the Initial Stages of Infection. by Scidmore MA, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145390

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Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA from Chlamydia trachomatis biovars. by Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266391

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RNA amplification by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with an internal standard enables reliable detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical scrapings and urine samples. by Morre SA, Sillekens P, Jacobs MV, van Aarle P, de Blok S, van Gemen B, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229467

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Role for Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Protection from Chronic Chlamydia trachomatis Urogenital Disease in Mice and Its Regulation by Oxygen Free Radicals. by Ramsey KH, Sigar IM, Rana SV, Gupta J, Holland SM, Byrne GI.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98824

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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in acute pharyngitis in young adults. by Gerber MA, Ryan RW, Tilton RC, Watson JE.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271492

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Role of endogenous gamma interferon in host defense against Chlamydia trachomatis infections. by Zhong GM, Peterson EM, Czarniecki CW, Schreiber RD, de la Maza LM.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313058

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Route of Infection That Induces a High Intensity of Gamma Interferon-Secreting T Cells in the Genital Tract Produces Optimal Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Mice. by Igietseme JU, Uriri IM, Kumar SN, Ananaba GA, Ojior OO, Momodu IA, Candal DH, Black CM.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108481

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Screening of Volunteer Students in Yaounde (Cameroon, Central Africa) for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Genotyping of Isolated C. trachomatis Strains. by Ngandjio A, Clerc M, Fonkoua MC, Thonnon J, Njock F, Pouillot R, Lunel F, Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B, Bianchi A.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193842

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Selection of Mutant Cell Lines Resistant to Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Fudyk T, Olinger L, Stephens RS.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130417

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Sensitive immune dot blot test for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. by Mearns G, Richmond SJ, Storey CC.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266721

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Sensitivities of PCR, MicroTrak, ChlamydiaEIA, IDEIA, and PACE 2 for purified Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies in urine, peripheral blood, peripheral blood leukocytes, and synovial fluid. by Kuipers JG, Scharmann K, Wollenhaupt J, Nettelnbreker E, Hopf S, Zeidler H.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228670

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Sensitivity of immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions in cell culture. by Stephens RS, Kuo CC, Tam MR.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272285

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Sequencing of Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Quinolone-Resistance-Determining Regions of Chlamydia trachomatis and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Mutants Obtained In Vitro. by Dessus-Babus S, Bebear CM, Charron A, Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105861

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Serological Investigation of Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein 10. by Betsou F, Sueur JM, Orfila J.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96876

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Serological Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. by Numazaki K.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116715

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Seroreactivity to Chlamydia trachomatis Hsp10 Correlates with Severity of Human Genital Tract Disease. by LaVerda D, Albanese LN, Ruther PE, Morrison SG, Morrison RP, Ault KA, Byrne GI.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97135

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Serotyping and Genotyping of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates Reveal Variants of Serovars Ba, G, and J as Confirmed by omp1 Nucleotide Sequence Analysis. by Morre SA, Ossewaarde JM, Lan J, van Doornum GJ, Walboomers JM, MacLaren DM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104540

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Serotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining of inclusions in cell culture with monoclonal antibodies. by Wang SP, Grayston JT.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270103

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Serovar determination of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates by using type-specific monoclonal antibodies. by Newhall WJ 5th, Terho P, Wilde CE 3rd, Batteiger BE, Jones RB.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268637

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Solid-phase C1q-directed bacterial capture followed by PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens. by Herbrink P, van den Munckhof HA, Niesters HG, Goessens WH, Stolz E, Quint WG.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227933

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Species-, serogroup-, and serovar-specific epitopes are juxtaposed in variable sequence region 4 of the major outer membrane proteins of some Chlamydia trachomatis serovars. by Batteiger BE, Lin PM, Jones RB, Van Der Pol BJ.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174151

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Specimen Processing and Concentration of Chlamydia trachomatis Added Can Influence False-Negative Rates in the LCx Assay but Not in the APTIMA Combo 2 Assay When Testing for Inhibitors. by Chong S, Jang D, Song X, Mahony J, Petrich A, Barriga P, Chernesky M.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149658

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Sulfated polyanions block Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cervix-derived human epithelia. by Zaretzky FR, Pearce-Pratt R, Phillips DM.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173487

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Sulfated Polysaccharides and a Synthetic Sulfated Polymer Are Potent Inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity In Vitro but Lack Protective Efficacy in an In Vivo Murine Model of Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection. by Su H, Caldwell HD.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108043

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Surface Accessibility of the 70-Kilodalton Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein following Reduction of Outer Membrane Protein Disulfide Bonds. by Raulston JE, Davis CH, Paul TR, Hobbs JD, Wyrick PB.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127684

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Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to Chlorhexidine Gluconate Gel. by Lampe MF, Ballweber LM, Stamm WE.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105674

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Susceptibility of Mice to Vaginal Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Is Dependent on the Age of the Animal. by Pal S, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98622

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Systemic Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mice: a comparison of lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma biovars. by Brunham RC, Kuo C, Chen WJ.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261917

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T-Cell Epitopes in Variable Segments of Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Elicit Serovar-Specific Immune Responses in Infected Humans. by Ortiz L, Angevine M, Kim SK, Watkins D, DeMars R.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97337

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The 18-kilodalton Chlamydia trachomatis histone H1-like protein (Hc1) contains a potential N-terminal dimerization site and a C-terminal nucleic acid-binding domain. by Pedersen LB, Birkelund S, Holm A, Ostergaard S, Christiansen G.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177758

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The Chlamydia trachomatis hyp operon is homologous to the groE stress response operon of Escherichia coli. by Morrison RP, Su H, Lyng K, Yuan Y.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258879

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The Chlamydia trachomatis parasitophorous vacuolar membrane is not passively permeable to low-molecular-weight compounds. by Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175092

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The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated. by Ingalls RR, Rice PA, Qureshi N, Takayama K, Lin JS, Golenbock DT.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173426

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The microbicidal agent C31G inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro. by Wyrick PB, Knight ST, Gerbig DG Jr, Raulston JE, Davis CH, Paul TR, Malamud D.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163911

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Topological Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 Outer Membrane Protein 2. by Mygind P, Christiansen G, Birkelund S.; 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107644

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Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis by restriction endonuclease analysis of the amplified major outer membrane protein gene. by Rodriguez P, Vekris A, de Barbeyrac B, Dutilh B, Bonnet J, Bebear C.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269957

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Ultrastructural study of Chlamydia trachomatis surface antigens by immunogold staining with monoclonal antibodies. by Kuo CC, Chi EY.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260509

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Ultrastructural study of endocytosis of Chlamydia trachomatis by McCoy cells. by Hodinka RL, Davis CH, Choong J, Wyrick PB.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259421

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Urine Specimens from Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women Inhibitory to Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis Nucleic Acid by PCR, Ligase Chain Reaction, and Transcription-Mediated Amplification: Identification of Urinary Substances Associated with Inhibition and Removal of Inhibitory Activity. by Mahony J, Chong S, Jang D, Luinstra K, Faught M, Dalby D, Sellors J, Chernesky M.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105286

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Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars in Men and Women with a Symptomatic or Asymptomatic Infection: an Association with Clinical Manifestations? by Morre SA, Rozendaal L, van Valkengoed IG, Boeke AJ, van Voorst Vader PC, Schirm J, de Blok S, van den Hoek JA, van Doornum GJ, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86784

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Use of a Chlamydia trachomatis DNA probe for detection of ocular chlamydiae. by Dean D, Palmer L, Pant CR, Courtright P, Falkow S, O'Hanley P.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267483

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Use of a Reverse Dot Blot Procedure To Identify the Presence of Multiple Serovars in Chlamydia trachomatis Urogenital Infection. by Stothard DR.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88204

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Use of a single swab in multi-microbe or flex trans transport medium for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Roche Amplicor PCR and culture in specimens from two different patient populations. by Fong CK, Falcone J, Landry ML.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229985

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Use of cycloheximide to study independent lipid metabolism of Chlamydia trachomatis cultivated in mouse L cells grown in serum-free medium. by Reed SI, Anderson LE, Jenkin HM.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351361

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Use of gen-probe probe competition assay as a supplement to probes for direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urogenital specimens. by Woods GL, Garza DM.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228754

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Use of Ligase Chain Reaction with Urine versus Cervical Culture for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in an Asymptomatic Military Population of Pregnant and Nonpregnant Females Attending Papanicolaou Smear Clinics. by Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104818

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Use of monoclonal antibodies to facilitate identification, cloning, and purification of Chlamydia trachomatis hsp10. by LaVerda D, Byrne GI.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232731

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Use of sequential enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescent antibody tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. by Schwebke JR, Stamm WE, Handsfield HH.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268208

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Variation in virulence among oculogenital serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in experimental genital tract infection. by Ito JI Jr, Lyons JM, Airo-Brown LP.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258764

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Vesicles containing Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 remain above pH 6 within HEC-1B cells. by Schramm N, Bagnell CR, Wyrick PB.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173905

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Vesicular interactions of the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion are determined by chlamydial early protein synthesis rather than route of entry. by Scidmore MA, Rockey DD, Fischer ER, Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174531

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Volume Effect on Sensitivity of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens from Females. by Moncada J, Chow JM, Schachter J.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=254310

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Chlamydia trachomatis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Chlamydia trachomatis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A family cluster of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Thompson C, Macdonald M, Sutherland S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 16; 322(7300): 1473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408308

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A hospital based study on the prevalence of conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Malathi J, Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Joseph PR. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 February; 117: 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931841

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A model of neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis based on antibody and host cell aggregation on the elementary body surface. Author(s): Wilson DP, McElwain DL. Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2004 February 7; 226(3): 321-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643646

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A nationwide sentinel clinic survey of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Finland. Author(s): Hiltunen-Back E, Haikala O, Kautiainen H, Paavonen J, Reunala T. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 May; 28(5): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11354262

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A patient with adult Still's disease and high Chlamydia trachomatis titers. Author(s): Andres E, Imler M. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 9(2): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877095

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A population based dynamic approach for estimating the cost effectiveness of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Welte R, Kretzschmar M, van den Hoek JA, Postma MJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 October; 79(5): 426. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14573849

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A randomized controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Author(s): Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Kirby RS, Liverman EM, Motley RU. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 184(7): 1352-4; Discussion 1354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408852

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A study of prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with first trimester pregnancy losses. Author(s): Avasthi K, Garg T, Gupta S, Grewal RK, Ram S. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003 January; 46(1): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027756

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Acceptability of urine screening for Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescents at an urban emergency department. Author(s): Monroe KW, Weiss HL, Jones M, Hook EW 3rd. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 November; 30(11): 850-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603094

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Activity of Novispirin G-10, a novel antimicrobial peptide against Chlamydia trachomatis and vaginosis-associated bacteria. Author(s): Yasin B, Pang M, Lehrer RI, Wagar EA. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2003 April; 74(2): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710952

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American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy statement: screening for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hollblad-Fadiman K, Goldman SM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 287-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657352

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An assessment of the Roche Amplicor Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiplex PCR assay in routine diagnostic use on a variety of specimen types. Author(s): Leslie DE, Azzato F, Ryan N, Fyfe J. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27(3): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510065

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An inclusion membrane protein from Chlamydia trachomatis enters the MHC class I pathway and stimulates a CD8+ T cell response. Author(s): Starnbach MN, Loomis WP, Ovendale P, Regan D, Hess B, Alderson MR, Fling SP. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 November 1; 171(9): 4742-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568950

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Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar distribution changes in the Netherlands (1986-2002). Author(s): Spaargaren J, Verhaest I, Mooij S, Smit C, Fennema HS, Coutinho RA, Salvador Pena A, Morre SA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2004 April; 80(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054183

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Are all genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections pathogenic? A study in men. Author(s): Butler C, Dewsnap C, Evangelou G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902604

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Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of semen specimens by ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Pannekoek Y, Westenberg SM, Eijk PP, Repping S, van der Veen F, van der Ende A, Dankert J. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 September; 52(Pt 9): 777-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12909654

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Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence by cell culture and transcriptionmediated amplification in symptomatic women. Author(s): Cicek C, Altuglu I, Ozacar T, Kolday K, Demir N, Bilgic A. Source: Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2004 March-April; 13(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755142

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Association of caveolin with Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions at early and late stages of infection. Author(s): Norkin LC, Wolfrom SA, Stuart ES. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 2001 June 10; 266(2): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399051

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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 August; 56(8): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890814

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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 April; 79(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690141

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Bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis among pregnant abused and nonabused Hispanic women. Author(s): King EA, Britt R, McFarlane JM, Hawkins C. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2000 November-December; 29(6): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11110331

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Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 1; 36(5): 663-8. Epub 2003 February 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594649

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Bartholin's abscess and Chlamydia trachomatis. Case report. Author(s): Garutti A, Tangerini A, Rossi R, Cirelli C. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 21(2): 103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8070113

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Behaviors associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: cervical infection among young women attending adolescent clinics. Author(s): Peters SE, Beck-Sague CM, Farshy CE, Gibson I, Kubota KA, Solomon F, Morse SA, Sievert AJ, Black CM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 March; 39(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10752012

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Beta interferon is produced by Chlamydia trachomatis-infected fibroblast-like synoviocytes and inhibits gamma interferon-induced HLA-DR expression. Author(s): Rodel J, Groh A, Vogelsang H, Lehmann M, Hartmann M, Straube E. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 September; 66(9): 4491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9712805

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Bias in the evaluation of DNA-amplification tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Schachter J. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1998 July 15; 17(13): 1527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9695197

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Bias in the evaluation of DNA-amplification tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Chernesky M, Sellors J, Mahony J. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1998 May 15; 17(9): 1064-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9612892

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Bias in the evaluation of DNA-amplification tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hadgu A. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1997 June 30; 16(12): 1391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9232760

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Binding of the glycan of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis to HeLa cells. Author(s): Swanson AF, Kuo CC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 January; 62(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8262634

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Breakdown of CTL tolerance to self HLA-B*2705 induced by exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Popov I, Dela Cruz CS, Barber BH, Chiu B, Inman RD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 October 1; 169(7): 4033-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12244206

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Chemokine bioactivity of RANTES is elevated in the sera of infertile women with past Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Shibahara H, Hirano Y, Ayustawati, Kikuchi K, Taneichi A, Fujiwara H, Takamizawa S, Sato I. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 March; 49(3): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797523

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Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children and adolescents. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2004 February; 25(2): 43-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754926

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Chlamydia trachomatis and sperm lipid peroxidation in infertile men. Author(s): Segnini A, Camejo MI, Proverbio F. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2003 March; 5(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647003

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Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in apparently healthy adult population of Tamil Nadu, India: a population-based study. Author(s): Joyee AG, Thyagarajan SP, Rajendran P, Hari R, Balakrishnan P, Jeyaseelan L, Kurien T; STD Study Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2004 January; 15(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769173

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Chlamydia trachomatis in symptomatic and asymptomatic men: detection in urine by enzyme immunoassay. Author(s): Mason PR, Gwanzura L, Gregson S, Katzenstein DA. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2000 March; 46(3): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674213

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a colposcopy unit: an audit of a fast track referral system for infected patients to a genitourinary medicine department and a survey of patients' demography, clinical findings and partner details. Author(s): Blackwell A, Linton D, Emery S, Calvert J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 October; 14(10): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14596768

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Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female soldiers, Israel. Author(s): Bamberger ES, Siegler E, Makler-Shiran E, Patel MV, Steinberg JM, Gershtein R, Srugo I. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609479

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Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E isolates from patients with different clinical manifestations have similar courses of infection in a murine model: host factors as major determinants of C trachomatis mediated pathogenesis. Author(s): Lyons JM, Ito JI Jr, Morre SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 June; 57(6): 657-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15166277

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Chlamydia trachomatis type III secretion: evidence for a functional apparatus during early-cycle development. Author(s): Fields KA, Mead DJ, Dooley CA, Hackstadt T. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 May; 48(3): 671-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694613

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Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 2, and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 are not associated with grade of cervical neoplasia in Jamaican colposcopy patients. Author(s): Castle PE, Escoffery C, Schachter J, Rattray C, Schiffman M, Moncada J, Sugai K, Brown C, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Palefsky JM, Burk RD, Hutchinson ML, Strickler HD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 July; 30(7): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838087

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Chlamydia trachomatis-infected macrophages induce apoptosis of activated T cells by secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro. Author(s): Jendro MC, Fingerle F, Deutsch T, Liese A, Kohler L, Kuipers JG, Raum E, Martin M, Zeidler H. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2004 February; 193(1): 45-52. Epub 2003 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750883

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Chlorate: a reversible inhibitor of proteoglycan sulphation in Chlamydia trachomatisinfected cells. Author(s): Fadel S, Eley A. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2004 February; 53(Pt 2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729927

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Clinical efficacy of clarithromycin against uterine cervical and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction to detect C. trachomatis at various time points after treatment. Author(s): Mikamo H, Ninomiya M, Tamaya T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 9(3): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513403

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Comparative DNA microarray analysis of host cell transcriptional responses to infection by Coxiella burnetii or Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ren Q, Robertson SJ, Howe D, Barrows LF, Heinzen RA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 June; 990: 701-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860710

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Comparative evaluation of BDProbeTec ET, LCx and PACE 2 assays for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens. Author(s): Pollara C, Terlenghi L, De Francesco MA, Gargiulo F, Perandin F, Manca N. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 22(8): 512-4. Epub 2003 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884065

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Comparison of methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests and a liquid pap smear medium. Author(s): Koumans EH, Black CM, Markowitz LE, Unger E, Pierce A, Sawyer MK, Papp JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 41(4): 1507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682137

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Comparison of the Becton Dickinson strand displacement amplification and Cobas Amplicor Roche PCR for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: pooling versus individual tests. Author(s): Bang D, Angelso L, Schirakow B, Westh H. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616744

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Correlation between culture testing of swabs and ligase chain reaction of first void urine from patients recently treated for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Jang D, Sellors J, Howard M, Mahony J, Frost E, Patrick D, Bouchard C, Dubois J, Scholar L, Chernesky M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 June; 79(3): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794211

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Cross-reactivity between Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 10 and early pregnancy factor. Author(s): Betsou F, Borrego MJ, Guillaume N, Catry MA, Romao S, Machado-Caetano JA, Sueur JM, Mention J, Faille N, Orfila J. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2003 May; 10(3): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738647

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Demonstration of declining community prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection using sentinel surveillance. Author(s): Bachmann LH, Macaluso M, Hook EW 3rd. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514437

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Design and results of the USA-Mexico border human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical dysplasia, and Chlamydia trachomatis study. Author(s): Giuliano AR, Denman C, Guernsey de Zapien J, Navarro Henze JL, Ortega L, Djambazov B, Mendez Brown de Galaz E, Hatch K. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2001 March; 9(3): 172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11349353

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by enzyme immunoassay, culture, and three nucleic acid amplification tests. Author(s): Van Dyck E, Ieven M, Pattyn S, Van Damme L, Laga M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11325985

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction-based assays with clinical specimens from various sites: implications for diagnostic testing and screening. Author(s): Buimer M, van Doornum GJ, Ching S, Peerbooms PG, Plier PK, Ram D, Lee HH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 October; 34(10): 2395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880487

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by strand displacement amplification and relevance of the amplification control for use with vaginal swab specimens. Author(s): Cosentino LA, Landers DV, Hillier SL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3592-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904360

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in an Australian high school student population. Author(s): Debattista J, Martin P, Jamieson J, Crane K, Dolton I, Russell-Hall S, DeSilva J, Hargrave R, Robinson T, Ryan N, Mortlock M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 June; 78(3): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238652

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical smears of sexually active women in Manaus-AM, Brazil, by PCR. Author(s): Santos C, Teixeira F, Vicente A, Astolfi-Filho S. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 7(2): 91-5. Epub 2003 November 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959679

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in semen and urethral specimens from male members of infertile couples in Tunisia. Author(s): Gdoura R, Daoudi F, Bouzid F, Ben Salah F, Chaigneau C, Sueur JM, Eb F, Rekik S, Hammami A, Orfila J. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2001 March; 6(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334471

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early pregnancy using selfadministered vaginal swabs and first pass urines: a cross-sectional community-based survey. Author(s): Oakeshott P, Hay P, Hay S, Steinke F, Rink E, Thomas B, Oakeley P, Kerry S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 October; 52(483): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12392124

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Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection by ligase chain reaction testing of urine among adolescent women with and without Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Xu K, Glanton V, Johnson SR, Beck-Sague C, Bhullar V, Candal DH, Pettus KS, Farshy CE, Black CM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 November; 25(10): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858349

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Determinants of trachoma endemicity using Chlamydia trachomatis ompA DNA sequencing. Author(s): Hsieh YH, Bobo LD, Quinn TC, West SK. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 May; 3(6): 447-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11377206

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Developments in the screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a review. Author(s): Kohl KS, Markowitz LE, Koumans EH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 December; 30(4): 63758. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719842

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Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in a sexually transmitted disease clinic: evaluation of a urine sample tested by enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction in comparison with a cervical and/or a urethral swab tested by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Jensen IP, Fogh H, Prag J. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 March; 9(3): 194-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667251

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Differential expression of three Chlamydia trachomatis hsp60-encoding genes in active vs. persistent infections. Author(s): Gerard HC, Whittum-Hudson JA, Schumacher HR, Hudson AP. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2004 January; 36(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643638

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Diff-Quik stain as a simplified alternative to Papanicolaou stain for determination of quality of endocervical specimens submitted for PCR detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Klinedinst JL, Stroll E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 October; 34(10): 2590-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880526

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Direct genotyping and nucleotide sequence analysis of VS1 and VS2 of the Omp1 gene of Chlamydia trachomatis from Moroccan trachomatous specimens. Author(s): Takourt B, de Barbeyrac B, Khyatti M, Radouani F, Bebear C, Dessus-Babus S, Bebear C, Benslimane A. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 May; 3(6): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11377207

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DNA methods should be used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Robinson AJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 November 28; 317(7171): 1525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831596

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Does bacterial vaginosis alter the sensitivity of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis? An analysis of patient characteristics. Author(s): Hussey J, Edirisinghe DN, Pattman RS, Sankar KN, Wipat W, Kearns A, Turner AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 July; 14(7): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869223

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Dual sampling for the detection of female Chlamydia trachomatis infection with a polymerase chain reaction test. Author(s): Watson PG, Wilson BH. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2004 March; 15(3): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038866

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Duration of clinical symptoms in female patients with acute urethral syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis treated with azithromycin or doxycycline. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Strapac Z, Beus A, Francetic I, Krhen I, Lesko V, Vukovic J. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13(2): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330365

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Economic advantages of ligase chain reaction for diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in GUM clinic attenders. Author(s): Butt A, McCartney R, Walker A, Scoular A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 June; 77(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11402248

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Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis coinfection on HIV shedding in genital tract secretions. Author(s): Kilmarx PH, Mock PA, Levine WC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11403193

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Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. Author(s): Rastogi S, Das B, Salhan S, Mittal A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 February; 80(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566185

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Effect of urine specimen dilution on the performance of two commercial systems in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men. Author(s): Pasternack R, Vuorinen P, Miettinen A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 September; 17(9): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832277

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Effects of chemically modified heparin on Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 infection of eukaryotic cells in culture. Author(s): Yabushita H, Noguchi Y, Habuchi H, Ashikari S, Nakabe K, Fujita M, Noguchi M, Esko JD, Kimata K. Source: Glycobiology. 2002 May; 12(5): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12070077

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Endotoxic activity and chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides from Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes E and L2 and Chlamydophila psittaci 6BC. Author(s): Heine H, Muller-Loennies S, Brade L, Lindner B, Brade H. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2003 February; 270(3): 440-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12542694

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Entry of the lymphogranuloma venereum strain of Chlamydia trachomatis into host cells involves cholesterol-rich membrane domains. Author(s): Jutras I, Abrami L, Dautry-Varsat A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 January; 71(1): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496174

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Epidemiologic characteristics of sexually transmitted infection/coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Cerkez-Habek J, Habek D. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2001; 55(4-5): 191-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12398023

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Epidemiological study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women in Hungary. Author(s): Nyari T, Deak J, Nagy E, Vereb I, Kovacs L, Meszaros G, Orvos H, Berbik I. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849559

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Epidemiology of female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Norman J. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 775-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473281

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Evaluation of an automated liquid-handling system (Tecan Genesis RSP 100) in the Abbott LCx assay for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hanson KL, Cartwright CP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1975-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326027

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Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis as a method for diagnosing tubal factor infertility in Mexican women. Author(s): Guerra-Infante FM, Carballo-Perea R, Zamora-Ruiz A, Lopez-Hurtado M, Flores-Medina S, Contreras GM. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 March-April; 48(2): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779293

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Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of PCR methods for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in genital and urine specimens of symptomatic men and women in India. Author(s): George JA, Panchatcharam TS, Paramasivam R, Balasubramanian S, Chakrapani V, Murugan G. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 56(3): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944672

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Evaluation of near patient testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a pregnancy termination service. Author(s): Hopwood J, Mallinson H, Gleave T. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 July; 27(3): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457491

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Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Author(s): Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, Petoumenos K, Law M, Chen S, Garland SM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438900

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Evaluation of the Digene Hybrid Capture II Assay with the Rapid Capture System for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Smith NJ, Batteiger BE, Cullen AP, Erdman H, Edens T, Davis K, Salim-Hammad H, Chou VW, Scearce L, Blutman J, Payne WJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3558-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354846

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Evaluation of the Gen-Probe PACE 2 assay for the detection of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in male arrestees. Author(s): Beltrami JF, Farley TA, Hamrick JT, Cohen DA, Martin DH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 November; 25(10): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858343

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Evidence of labile inhibitors in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Clad A, Naudascher I, Flecken U, Freidank HM, Petersen EE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 September; 15(9): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922576

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Examination of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in environments mimicking normal and abnormal vaginal pH. Author(s): Yasin B, Pang M, Wagar EA, Lehrer RI. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 September; 29(9): 514-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218842

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External quality assessment program for Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostic testing by nucleic acid amplification assays. Author(s): Land S, Tabrizi S, Gust A, Johnson E, Garland S, Dax EM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 2893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149347

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Failure to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in cell culture by using a monoclonal antibody directed against the major outer membrane protein. Author(s): Boman J, Gaydos C, Juto P, Wadell G, Quinn TC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 October; 35(10): 2679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316934

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Failure to detect HLA-A*6802-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in subjects from trachoma-endemic communities. Author(s): Mahdi OS, Whittle HC, Joof H, Mabey DC, Bailey RL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 January; 123(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168000

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Falling prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection--an alternative explanation. Author(s): Ramasubramanian V, Sampson M, Forster GE, Goh BT. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 September-October; 6(5): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547426

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Falling prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection--no time for complacency. Author(s): Robinson AJ, Ridgway GL, Zelin J, Williams P. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 January-February; 6(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7727594

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False-negative results of a ligase chain reaction assay to detect Chlamydia trachomatis due to inhibitors in urine. Author(s): Berg ES, Anestad G, Moi H, Storvold G, Skaug K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 October; 16(10): 72731. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9405941

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False-positive enzyme immunoassay test results for Chlamydia trachomatis because of contact of the collection swab with agar. Author(s): Sales V, Miller MA, Libman M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 September; 25(8): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9773434

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Feasibility and yield of screening urine for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction among high-risk male youth in field-based and other nonclinic settings. A new strategy for sexually transmitted disease control. Author(s): Rietmeijer CA, Yamaguchi KJ, Ortiz CG, Montstream SA, LeRoux T, Ehret JM, Judson FN, Douglas JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 August; 24(7): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9263365

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Feasibility of patient-collected vulval swabs for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning clinic: a pilot study. Author(s): MacMillan S, McKenzie H, Flett G, Templeton A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11053875

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Feasibility of testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a general population sexual behaviour survey in Slovenia. Author(s): Klavs I, Rodrigues LC, Wellings K, Kese D, Svab I. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13 Suppl 2: 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537716

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Features of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in male Army recruits. Author(s): Cecil JA, Howell MR, Tawes JJ, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 November 1; 184(9): 1216-9. Epub 2001 September 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598849

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Female prisoners' preferences of collection methods for testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Author(s): Newman SB, Nelson MB, Gaydos CA, Friedman HB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671549

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First-trimester pregnancy loss and active Chlamydia trachomatis infection: correlation and ultrastructural evidence. Author(s): Vigil P, Tapia A, Zacharias S, Riquelme R, Salgado AM, Varleta J. Source: Andrologia. 2002 December; 34(6): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472621

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First-void urine testing for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in asymptomatic women. Author(s): Paukku M, Puolakkainen M, Apter D, Hirvonen S, Paavonen J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 July; 24(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243741

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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: atypical CT findings. Author(s): Mesurolle B, Mignon F, Gagnon JH. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 March; 182(3): 822-4; Author Reply 824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14975994

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Follicular conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in an infant Saharan population: molecular and clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Javaloy J, Ferrer C, Vidal MT, Alio JL. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 87(2): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543737

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Follicular fluid antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and human heat shock protein60 kDa and infertility in women. Author(s): Cortinas P, Munoz MG, Loureiro CL, Pujol FH. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2004 March-April; 35(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010191

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Follow up of treatment: an integral part of the control of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Pasternack R, Miettinen A, Vuorinen P. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 February; 75(1): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448353

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Follow-up, treatment, and reinfection rates among asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis cases in general practice. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Bouter LM, van Eijk JT, Boeke AJ. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 August; 52(481): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171219

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Frequent contamination of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae strains with mycoplasma. Biological relevance and selective eradication of mycoplasma from chlamydial cultures with mupirocin. Author(s): Krausse-Opatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kuipers JG, Kohler L. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2000 September; 189(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034554

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Fusion of Chlamydia trachomatis-containing inclusions is inhibited at low temperatures and requires bacterial protein synthesis. Author(s): Van Ooij C, Homola E, Kincaid E, Engel J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 November; 66(11): 5364-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784545

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General practitioners' views on the screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and partner notification. Author(s): Joshi UY, Dixon W. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 September; 11(9): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997501

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Generation of reactive oxygen species and formation and membrane lipid peroxides in cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Azenabor AA, Mahony JB. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2000; 4(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10689215

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Genes required for assembly and function of the protein synthetic system in Chlamydia trachomatis are expressed early in elementary to reticulate body transformation. Author(s): Gerard HC, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Source: Molecular & General Genetics : Mgg. 1997 August; 255(6): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323368

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Genetic differences in the Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit can explain variations in serovar pathogenesis. Author(s): Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Roepstorff P, Birkelund S. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 May; 2(6): 581-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884608

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Genetic diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis and the prevalence of trachoma. Author(s): Zhang J, Lietman T, Olinger L, Miao Y, Stephens RS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 March; 23(3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15014295

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes D-K) infection in Jamaican commercial street sex workers. Author(s): Dowe G, King SD, Brathwaite AR, Wynter Z, Chout R. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 October; 73(5): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534744

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a subgroup of young men in the UK. Author(s): McKay L, Clery H, Carrick-Anderson K, Hollis S, Scott G. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 24; 361(9371): 1792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781541

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women in a Nigerian hospital. Author(s): Harry TC. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389969

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Lithuanian women invited for screening via newspaper advertisement: a pilot study. Author(s): Domeika M, Hallen A, Drulyte O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961205

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Genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis in Lisbon: prevalence and risk markers. Author(s): Brito de Sa A, Gomes JP, Viegas S, Ferreira MA, Paulino A, Catry Mdos A. Source: Family Practice. 2002 August; 19(4): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12110555

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Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Stephens RS, Kalman S, Lammel C, Fan J, Marathe R, Aravind L, Mitchell W, Olinger L, Tatusov RL, Zhao Q, Koonin EV, Davis RW. Source: Science. 1998 October 23; 282(5389): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784136

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Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Author(s): Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K, Bass S, Linher K, Weidman J, Khouri H, Craven B, Bowman C, Dodson R, Gwinn M, Nelson W, DeBoy R, Kolonay J, McClarty G, Salzberg SL, Eisen J, Fraser CM. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2000 March 15; 28(6): 1397-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10684935

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Genomic transcriptional profiling of the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Belland RJ, Zhong G, Crane DD, Hogan D, Sturdevant D, Sharma J, Beatty WL, Caldwell HD. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 July 8; 100(14): 8478-83. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815105

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Genotype distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Author(s): Wongworapat K, Veeraseatakul P, Jitvacharanun K, Leechanachai P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 Suppl 3: 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971494

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens will facilitate large epidemiological studies. Author(s): Morre SA, Moes R, Van Valkengoed I, Boeke JP, van Eijk JT, Meijer CJ, Van den Brule AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 October; 36(10): 3077-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738074

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from cultured isolates and nucleic acid amplification test-positive specimens. Author(s): Oehme A, Gaschler G, Straube E. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 June; 293(2-3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868660

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Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis would improve contact tracing. Author(s): Falk L, Lindberg M, Jurstrand M, Backman A, Olcen P, Fredlund H. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 March; 30(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616136

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Genotyping of Portuguese Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital isolates. Author(s): Borrego MJ, Gomes JP, Lefebvre JF, Eb F, Orfila J, Catry MA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 December; 73(6): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9582485

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Glycogen assay for diagnosis of female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Chun Y, Yin ZD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 April; 36(4): 1081-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9542941

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Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion. Author(s): Carabeo RA, Mead DJ, Hackstadt T. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 May 27; 100(11): 6771-6. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743366

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Head-to-head multicenter comparison of DNA probe and nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women performed with an improved reference standard. Author(s): Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, Hook EW 3rd, Jones RB, Green TA, Schachter J, Stamm WE, Bolan G, St Louis ME, Martin DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354877

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High frequency of competitive inhibition in the Roche Cobas AMPLICOR multiplex PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Hamilton MS, Otto M, Nickell A, Abel D, Ballam Y, Schremmer R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12409440

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High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in female commercial sex workers in Japan. Author(s): Tsunoe H, Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Sano M, Nakamura G, Shin T, Kanayama A, Kobayashi I, Mochida O, Kumazawa J, Naito S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 December; 11(12): 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138913

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High prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women presenting in different clinical settings in Jamaica: implications for control strategies. Author(s): Dowe G, Smikle M, King SD, Wynter H, Frederick J, Hylton-Kong T. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754948

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High rates of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in young Papua New Guinean infants. Author(s): Lehmann D, Sanders RC, Marjen B, Rongap A, Tschappeler H, Lamont AC, Hendry GM, Wai'in P, Saleu G, Namuigi P, Kakazo M, Lupiwa S, Lewis DJ, Alpers MP. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 October; 18(10 Suppl): S62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10530576

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High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from recurrent urogenital infections. Author(s): Pedersen LN, Kjaer HO, Moller JK, Orntoft TF, Ostergaard L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 August; 38(8): 3068-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921979

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HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population. Author(s): Conway DJ, Holland MJ, Campbell AE, Bailey RL, Krausa P, Peeling RW, Whittle HC, Mabey DC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174(3): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769629

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HLA DQ alleles and interleukin-10 polymorphism associated with Chlamydia trachomatis-related tubal factor infertility: a case-control study. Author(s): Kinnunen AH, Surcel HM, Lehtinen M, Karhukorpi J, Tiitinen A, Halttunen M, Bloigu A, Morrison RP, Karttunen R, Paavonen J. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 August; 17(8): 2073-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12151439

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HLA-B27 expression does not modulate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cell lines. Author(s): Young JL, Smith L, Matyszak MK, Gaston JS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 November; 69(11): 6670-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598036

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Home sampling versus conventional contact tracing for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infected women: randomised study. Author(s): Andersen B, Ostergaard L, Moller JK, Olesen F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 January 31; 316(7128): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9487169

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Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study. Author(s): Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Moller JK, Olesen F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 October; 31(4): 951-7. Epub 2000 October 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049776

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Hospitalization rates in female US Army recruits associated with a screening program for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Clark KL, Howell MR, Li Y, Powers T, McKee KT Jr, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, Gaydos CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 January; 29(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773871

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Host cell phospholipids are trafficked to and then modified by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wylie JL, Hatch GM, McClarty G. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1997 December; 179(23): 7233-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9393685

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Host cell-derived sphingolipids are required for the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): van Ooij C, Kalman L, van Ijzendoorn, Nishijima M, Hanada K, Mostov K, Engel JN. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2000 December; 2(6): 627-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207614

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How adequate is adequate for the collection of endocervical specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis testing? Author(s): Beebe JL, Gershman KA, Kelley JK, Hagner D, Creede P. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 November; 26(10): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10560722

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How, and how efficiently, can we treat Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women? Author(s): Guaschino S, Ricci G. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 875-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473288

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women exhibit reduced interferongamma secretion after Chlamydia trachomatis stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Author(s): Cohen CR, Nguti R, Bukusi EA, Lu H, Shen C, Luo M, Sinei S, Plummer F, Bwayo J, Brunham RC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 December; 182(6): 1672-7. Epub 2000 October 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069239

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Human leukocyte antigen class II DQ alleles associated with Chlamydia trachomatis tubal infertility. Author(s): Cohen CR, Sinei SS, Bukusi EA, Bwayo JJ, Holmes KK, Brunham RC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 January; 95(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10636506

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Human mannose-binding protein inhibits infection of HeLa cells by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Swanson AF, Ezekowitz RA, Lee A, Kuo CC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 April; 66(4): 1607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9529088

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Humoral immune response to conserved epitopes of Chlamydia trachomatis and human 60-kDa heat-shock protein in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Domeika M, Domeika K, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Witkin SS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 March; 177(3): 714-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9498452

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IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and seminal parameters in asymptomatic infertile males. Author(s): Penna Videau S, Cermeno Vivas J, Salazar N. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2001 May-June; 46(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339644

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Imiquimod does not affect shedding of viable chlamydiae in a murine model of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. Author(s): Ramsey KH, Shaba N, Cohoon KP, Ault KA. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627213

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Immunogenetic correlates for Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal infertility. Author(s): Cohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 101(3): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636945

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Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. Author(s): Debattista J, Timms P, Allan J, Allan J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 June; 79(6): 1273-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798871

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Impact of urine collection order on the ability of assays to identify Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men. Author(s): Chernesky M, Jang D, Chong S, Sellors J, Mahony J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671557

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Improved sensitivity of the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor assay using an optimized procedure for preparation of specimens. Author(s): Niederhauser C, Kaempf L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 22(2): 11821. Epub 2003 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627288

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In vitro activities of rifamycin derivatives ABI-1648 (Rifalazil, KRM-1648), ABI-1657, and ABI-1131 against Chlamydia trachomatis and recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Roblin PM, Reznik T, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604555

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In vitro activity of a novel diaminopyrimidine compound, iclaprim, against Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Author(s): Kohlhoff SA, Roblin PM, Reznik T, Hawser S, Islam K, Hammerschlag MR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 May; 48(5): 1885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15105151

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In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis and of a panel of DNA (HSV-2, CMV, adenovirus, BK virus) and RNA (RSV, enterovirus) viruses by the spermicide benzalkonium chloride. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Ballard RC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 May; 47(5): 721-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328797

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In vitro susceptibility of recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis to macrolides and tetracyclines. Author(s): Samra Z, Rosenberg S, Soffer Y, Dan M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2001 March; 39(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337185

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Inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae by ozone. Author(s): Yamazaki T, Inoue M, Ogawa M, Shiga S, Kishimoto T, Hagiwara T, Matsumoto T, Hayashi T. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2004; 38(5): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15059212

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Induction of abnormal Chlamydia trachomatis by exposure to interferon-gamma or amino acid deprivation and comparative antigenic analysis. Author(s): Jones ML, Gaston JS, Pearce JH. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2001 May; 30(5): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11373124

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Infection of human fibroblast-like synovial cells with Chlamydia trachomatis results in persistent infection and interleukin-6 production. Author(s): Hanada H, Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Naito M, Nagayama A. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2003 February; 34(2): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623273

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Influence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis on pregnancy outcome, infant health and life-long sequelae in infected offspring. Author(s): Mardh PA. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 December; 16(6): 847-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473286

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Inhibition of host cell cytokinesis by Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Greene W, Zhong G. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 July; 47(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850162

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Integrating Chlamydia trachomatis control services for males in female reproductive health programs. Author(s): McConnell JK, Packel L, Biggs MA, Chow JM, Brindis C. Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 September-October; 35(5): 226-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14668026

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Interleukin-1B (IL-1B) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) gene polymorphisms are not associated with tubal pathology and Chlamydia trachomatisrelated tubal factor subfertility. Author(s): Murillo LS, Land JA, Pleijster J, Bruggeman CA, Pena AS, Morre SA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 November; 18(11): 2309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585879

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Intra-articular co-infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Putschky N, Schnarr S, Wollenhaupt J, Zeidler H, Kuipers JG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 June; 60(6): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350854

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Investigation into the acceptability and effectiveness of a new contact slip in the management of Chlamydia trachomatis at a London genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Wright A, Chippindale S, Mercey D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473802

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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from the synovial fluid of patients with Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): Pavlica L, Draskovic N, Kuljic-Kapulica N, Nikolic D. Source: Vojnosanit Pregl. 2003 January-February; 60(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12688106

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Joint effect of HPV16 with Chlamydia trachomatis and smoking on risk of cervical cancer: antagonism or misclassification (Nordic countries). Author(s): Hakama M, Luostarinen T, Hallmans G, Jellum E, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Thoresen S, Youngman L, Hakulinen T. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 October; 11(9): 783-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075866

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Joint effects of different human papillomaviruses and Chlamydia trachomatis infections on risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Author(s): Luostarinen T, Lehtinen M, Bjorge T, Abeler V, Hakama M, Hallmans G, Jellum E, Koskela P, Lenner P, Lie AK, Paavonen J, Pukkala E, Saikku P, Sigstad E, Thoresen S, Youngman LD, Dillner J, Hakulinen T. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2004 May; 40(7): 1058-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15093583

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Just the berries. Diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hickey J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 November; 47: 2229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768920

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Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by novel antimicrobial lipids adapted from compounds in human breast milk. Author(s): Lampe MF, Ballweber LM, Isaacs CE, Patton DL, Stamm WE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 May; 42(5): 1239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593157

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Kinetics of Chlamydia trachomatis clearance in patients with azithromycin, as assessed by first void urine testing by PCR and transcription-mediated amplification. Author(s): Bianchi A, Bogard M, Cessot G, Bohbot JM, Malkin JE, Alonso JM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 August; 25(7): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713917

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Knock-knock: a population-based survey of risk behavior, health care access, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection among low-income women in the San Francisco Bay area. Author(s): Klausner JD, McFarland W, Bolan G, Hernandez MT, Molitor F, Lemp GF, Cahoon-Young B, Morrow S, Ruiz J; Young Women's Survey Team. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 April 1; 183(7): 1087-92. Epub 2001 March 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11237834

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Knowledge of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and its consequences in people attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Devonshire P, Hillman R, Capewell S, Clark BJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754947

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Knowledge of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in genitourinary medicine clinic attenders. Author(s): Kellock DJ, Piercy H, Rogstad KE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 February; 75(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448340

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Knowledge of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in family planning clinic attenders. Author(s): Piercy H, Kellock D, Rogstad K, Searle ES. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11053873

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Laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Peterson EM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 July; 167(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9265862

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Laboratory investigations on viral and Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the eye: Sankara Nethralaya experiences. Author(s): Madhavan HN. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1999 December; 47(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892481

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Laboratory methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: survey of laboratories in Washington State. Author(s): Suchland KL, Counts JM, Stamm WE. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 December; 35(12): 3210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9399521

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Lack of association between serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Author(s): Paukku M, Tulppala M, Puolakkainen M, Anttila T, Paavonen J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 September; 72(3): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10519612

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Lack of correlation between the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial fluid from patients with a range of rheumatic diseases and the presence of an antichlamydial immune response. Author(s): Wilkinson NZ, Kingsley GH, Sieper J, Braun J, Ward ME. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 May; 41(5): 845-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9588736

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Large-scale testing of women in Copenhagen has not reduced the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Westh H, Kolmos HJ. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925101

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Ligase chain reaction assay for Chlamydia trachomatis during the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas B, Pierpoint T, Renton A. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 25; 351(9111): 1290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9643780

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Limitations of screening tests for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic adolescent and young adult women. Author(s): Shrier LA, Dean D, Klein E, Harter K, Rice PA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 March; 190(3): 654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15041995

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Localization of Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock proteins 60 and 70 during infection of a human endometrial epithelial cell line in vitro. Author(s): Raulston JE, Paul TR, Knight ST, Wyrick PB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 May; 66(5): 2323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9573124

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Localization of intracellular Ca2+ stores in HeLa cells during infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Majeed M, Krause KH, Clark RA, Kihlstrom E, Stendahl O. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 1999 January; 112 ( Pt 1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9841902

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Longitudinal assessment of infecting serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in Seattle public health clinics: 1988-1996. Author(s): Suchland RJ, Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stamm WE. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 April; 30(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671559

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Low correlation of serology with detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by ligase chain reaction and antigen EIA. Author(s): Rabenau HF, Kohler E, Peters M, Doerr HW, Weber B. Source: Infection. 2000 March-April; 28(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782395

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Low diagnostic accuracy of selective screening criteria for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the general population. Author(s): van Valkengoed IG, Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Meijer CJ, Deville W, Bouter LM, Boeke AJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 October; 76(5): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11141855

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Low prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis by urinary ligase chain reaction in women patients in the emergency department. Author(s): Doezema D, Hepworth E, Young SA, Arguelles CA, Brillman JC, Tandberg D. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2002 June; 9(6): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12045084

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Lower level of synovial fluid interferon-gamma in HLA-B27-positive than in HLAB27-negative patients with Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis. Author(s): Cuchacovich R, Espinoza LR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 February; 43(2): 249-50; Author Reply 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14739472

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Lower level of synovial fluid interferon-gamma in HLA-B27-positive than in HLAB27-negative patients with Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis. Author(s): Bas S, Kvien TK, Buchs N, Fulpius T, Gabay C. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 42(3): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12626797

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Lower prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA compared with Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial tissue of arthritis patients. Author(s): Schumacher HR Jr, Gerard HC, Arayssi TK, Pando JA, Branigan PJ, Saaibi DL, Hudson AP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 September; 42(9): 1889-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10513803

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Male sex predominance in Chlamydia trachomatis sexually acquired reactive arthritis: are women more protected by anti-chlamydia antibodies? Author(s): Bas S, Scieux C, Vischer TL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 June; 60(6): 605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350850

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Managing genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Scotland: targeted opportunistic testing or a screening programme? Author(s): Clutterbuck DJ. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 November; 59(6): 396-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12661390

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Managing partners of people diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis: a comparison of two partner testing methods. Author(s): Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Moller JK, Olesen F, Worm AM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 October; 79(5): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14573827

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Measurement of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis by commercial enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence in sera from pregnant women and patients with infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and laboratory diagnosed Chlamydia psittaci/Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Jones CS, Maple PA, Andrews NJ, Paul ID, Caul EO. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 March; 56(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610104

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Microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mohile M, Deorari AK, Satpathy G, Sharma A, Singh M. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532494

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Modeling the economic net benefit of a potential vaccination program against ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Frick KD, Colchero MA, Dean D. Source: Vaccine. 2004 January 26; 22(5-6): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741161

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Monitoring of Chlamydia trachomatis infections after antibiotic treatment using RNA detection by nucleic acid sequence based amplification. Author(s): Morre SA, Sillekens PT, Jacobs MV, de Blok S, Ossewaarde JM, van Aarle P, van Gemen B, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 1998 June; 51(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850338

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More than just innate immunity: comparative analysis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis effects on host-cell gene regulation. Author(s): Hess S, Peters J, Bartling G, Rheinheimer C, Hegde P, Magid-Slav M, TalSinger R, Klos A. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 November; 5(11): 785-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531894

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Mucosal and systemic immune responses to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with genital and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Ghaem-Maghami S, Ratti G, Ghaem-Maghami M, Comanducci M, Hay PE, Bailey RL, Mabey DC, Whittle HC, Ward ME, Lewis DJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 June; 132(3): 436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780690

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

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Multicenter evaluation of the fully automated COBAS AMPLICOR PCR test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens. Author(s): Vincelette J, Schirm J, Bogard M, Bourgault AM, Luijt DS, Bianchi A, van Voorst Vader PC, Butcher A, Rosenstraus M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 January; 37(1): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854067

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NAATs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a promise still unfulfilled. Author(s): Schachter J. Source: Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2001 July; 1(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11901808

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National laboratory reports of Chlamydia trachomatis seriously underestimate the frequency of genital chlamydial infections among women in Switzerland. Author(s): Paget WJ, Zbinden R, Ritzler E, Zwahlen M, Lengeler C, Sturchler D, Matter HC; Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network of Gynecologists. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438910

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Nationwide increase of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Finland: highest rise among adolescent women and men. Author(s): Hiltunen-Back E, Haikala O, Kautiainen H, Ruutu P, Paavonen J, Reunala T. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 October; 30(10): 737-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520170

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Need for screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia. Author(s): Hocking J, Fairley CK. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003; 27(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705273

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients attending STD and family planning clinics in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Author(s): Gomes JP, Tavira L, Exposto F, Prieto E, Catry MA. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 December 21; 80(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700184

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No incident cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Spanish students after two years of follow-up. Author(s): Stock C, Kramer A, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Guillen-Grima F, Sainz-Suberviola L. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(6): 589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908727

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Non-genital manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Baguley S, Greenhouse P. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2003 May-June; 3(3): 206-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848251

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Non-gonococcal urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis: the Ibadan experience. Author(s): Bakare RA, Oni AA, Umar US, Okesola AO, Kehinde AO, Fayemiwo SA, Fasina NA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 March; 31(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521010

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Non-invasive screening of teenagers for Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning setting. Author(s): Kirkwood K, Horn K, Glasier A, Sutherland S, Young H, Patrizio C. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 April; 25(1): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10228243

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Noninvasive tests for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection: application of ligase chain reaction to first-catch urine specimens of women. Author(s): Schachter J, Moncada J, Whidden R, Shaw H, Bolan G, Burczak JD, Lee HH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 November; 172(5): 1411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594691

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Older partners not associated with recurrence among female teenagers infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Kissinger P, Clayton JL, O'Brien ME, Kent C, Whittington WL, Oh MK, Fortenberry D, Hillis SE, Litchfield B, Bolan GA, Handsfield HH, Farley TA, Berman S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 March; 29(3): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11875375

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OmpA genotypic evidence for persistent ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Tanzanian village women. Author(s): Smith A, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Bobo L, Mkocha H, West S. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2001 July; 8(2-3): 127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471082

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One-tube nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Cribb P, Scapini JP, Serra E. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 September; 97(6): 897-900. Epub 2002 October 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386718

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

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Optimal resource allocation for curing Chlamydia trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women at clinics operating on a fixed budget. Author(s): Tao G, Gift TL, Walsh CM, Irwin KL, Kassler WJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 703-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438908

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Optimised sample DNA preparation for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial tissue by polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Freise J, Gerard HC, Bunke T, Whittum-Hudson JA, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Hudson AP, Kuipers JG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 February; 60(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156547

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Optimised sample preparation of synovial fluid for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Kuipers JG, Nietfeld L, Dreses-Werringloer U, Koehler L, Wollenhaupt J, Zeidler H, Hammer M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 February; 58(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343525

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Oral Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with established periodontitis. Author(s): Reed SG, Lopatin DE, Foxman B, Burt BA. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2000 December; 4(4): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218493

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Oral erythromycin prophylaxis vs watchful waiting in caring for newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Rosenman MB, Mahon BE, Downs SM, Kleiman MB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 June; 157(6): 565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796237

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Oral immunization with an anti-idiotypic antibody to the exoglycolipid antigen protects against experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Whittum-Hudson JA, An LL, Saltzman WM, Prendergast RA, MacDonald AB. Source: Nature Medicine. 1996 October; 2(10): 1116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837610

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Outcome of contact tracing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a district general hospital. Author(s): Jarvis RR, Curless E, Considine K. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 April; 10(4): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035778

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Pilot study of COBAS PCR and ligase chain reaction for detection of rectal infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Golden MR, Astete SG, Galvan R, Lucchetti A, Sanchez J, Celum CL, Whittington WL, Stamm WE, Holmes KK, Totten PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 41(5): 2174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734272

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Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. Author(s): Caldwell HD, Wood H, Crane D, Bailey R, Jones RB, Mabey D, Maclean I, Mohammed Z, Peeling R, Roshick C, Schachter J, Solomon AW, Stamm WE, Suchland RJ, Taylor L, West SK, Quinn TC, Belland RJ, McClarty G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 June; 111(11): 1757-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782678

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Population-based genetic and evolutionary analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital strain variation in the United States. Author(s): Millman K, Black CM, Johnson RE, Stamm WE, Jones RB, Hook EW, Martin DH, Bolan G, Tavare S, Dean D. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2004 April; 186(8): 2457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060049

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Predominance of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars associated with urogenital infections in females in New Delhi, India. Author(s): Singh V, Salhan S, Das BC, Mittal A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 41(6): 2700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791909

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Prevalence and determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women from Bogota, Colombia. Author(s): Molano M, Weiderpass E, Posso H, Morre SA, Ronderos M, Franceschi S, Arslan A, Meijer CJ, Munoz N, van den Brule AJ; HPV Study Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 December; 79(6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663124

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Prevalence and high rate of asymptomatic infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male college Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets. Author(s): Sutton TL, Martinko T, Hale S, Fairchok MP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 December; 30(12): 901-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646638

126

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Prevalence and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Kilic D, Basar MM, Kaygusuz S, Yilmaz E, Basar H, Batislam E. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 February; 57(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985631

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in small rural town family planning clinics in the central belt of Scotland. Author(s): Sudlow E, Court S, Smith C. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 September; 59(5): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664747

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Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the general population of Slovenia: serious gaps in control. Author(s): Klavs I, Rodrigues LC, Wellings K, Kese D, Hayes R. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2004 April; 80(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054174

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Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro and modulation of inflammatory response in vivo by membrane-bound glycosaminoglycans. Author(s): Darville T, Yedgar S, Krimsky M, Andrews CW Jr, Jungas T, Ojcius DM. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2004 April; 6(4): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050964

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Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: implications for screening. Author(s): Duncan B, Hart G, Scoular A, Bigrigg A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 27; 322(7280): 195-9. Erratum In: Bmj 2001 February 17; 322(7283): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159612

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Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the ligase chain reaction assay for Chlamydia trachomatis in genital tract samples and urines. Author(s): Thomas BJ, Pierpoint T, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton AM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 September; 12(9): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11516368

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Quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies in urine by ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Blocker ME, Krysiak RG, Behets F, Cohen MS, Hobbs MM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354857

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Quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical and urine specimens from women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic: implications for screening strategies. Author(s): Thomas BJ, Pierpoint T, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton AM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 August; 9(8): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9702592

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Quantitation of Chlamydia trachomatis by culture, direct immunofluorescence and competitive polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Frost EH, Deslandes S, Bourgaux-Ramoisy D, Bourgaux P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 August; 71(4): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7590716

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Quantitative Chlamydia trachomatis cultures: correlation of chlamydial inclusionforming units with serovar, age, sex, and race. Author(s): Eckert LO, Suchland RJ, Hawes SE, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 August; 182(2): 540-4. Epub 2000 July 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10915086

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Quantitative culture of Chlamydia trachomatis: relationship of inclusion-forming units produced in culture to clinical manifestations and acute inflammation in urogenital disease. Author(s): Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Whittington WL, Stamm WE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 November 15; 184(10): 1350-4. Epub 2001 September 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679929

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Reasons for Chlamydia trachomatis testing and the associated age-specific prevalences. Author(s): Moller JK, Andersen B, Olesen F, Ostergaard L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2003; 63(5): 33945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599156

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Recombinant Vibrio cholerae ghosts as a delivery vehicle for vaccinating against Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Eko FO, Lubitz W, McMillan L, Ramey K, Moore TT, Ananaba GA, Lyn D, Black CM, Igietseme JU. Source: Vaccine. 2003 April 2; 21(15): 1694-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639492

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Regulation of tryptophan synthase gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wood H, Fehlner-Gardner C, Berry J, Fischer E, Graham B, Hackstadt T, Roshick C, McClarty G. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 September; 49(5): 1347-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940992

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Relationships between Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titers and tubal pathology assessed using transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in infertile women. Author(s): Shibahara H, Takamizawa S, Hirano Y, Ayustawati, Takei Y, Fujiwara H, Tamada S, Sato I. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 July; 50(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506923

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Reliability of nucleic acid amplification methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine: results of the first international collaborative quality control study among 96 laboratories. Author(s): Verkooyen RP, Noordhoek GT, Klapper PE, Reid J, Schirm J, Cleator GM, Ieven M, Hoddevik G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843035

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Reproducibility of positive test results in the BDProbeTec ET system for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Culler EE, Caliendo AM, Nolte FS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3911-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904416

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Restriction endonuclease patterns of the omp1 gene of reference Chlamydia trachomatis strains and characterization of isolates from Cameroonian students. Author(s): Ngandjio A, Clerc M, Fonkoua MC, Thonnon J, Lunel F, Bebear C, Bianchi A, De Barbeyrac B. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2004 January; 53(Pt 1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663104

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Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a California collegiate population. Author(s): Sipkin DL, Gillam A, Grady LB. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2003 September-October; 52(2): 65-71. Erratum In: J Am Coll Health. 2004 March-April; 52(5): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765760

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Role of cytokines in Chlamydia trachomatis protective immunity and immunopathology. Author(s): Yang X. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(1): 67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570676

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Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis in lung disease in low birth weight infants. Author(s): Garland SM, Bowman ED. Source: Pathology. 1996 August; 28(3): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912360

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in the pharmacy? Author(s): Peremans L, Verhoeven V, Van Royen P, Avonts D, Denekens J. Source: Contraception. 2003 June; 67(6): 491; Author Reply 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814820

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Screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: are men the forgotten reservoir? Author(s): Chen MY, Donovan B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 August 4; 179(3): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885277

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Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men at male-only saunas. Author(s): Lister NA, Smith A, Tabrizi S, Hayes P, Medland NA, Garland S, Fairley CK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 December; 30(12): 886-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646635

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Seroanalysis of Chlamydia trachomatis and S-TORCH agents in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Author(s): Kishore J, Agarwal J, Agrawal S, Ayyagari A. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003 October; 46(4): 684-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025382

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Serologic evidence of past infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, in relation to ovarian cancer. Author(s): Ness RB, Goodman MT, Shen C, Brunham RC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 1; 187(7): 1147-52. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660930

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Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with bad obstetric history and infertility. Author(s): Sharma K, Aggarwal A, Arora U. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 May; 56(5): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12649942

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Serum antibody response to the heat shock protein 60 of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with developing cervical cancer. Author(s): Paavonen J, Karunakaran KP, Noguchi Y, Anttila T, Bloigu A, Dillner J, Hallmans G, Hakulinen T, Jellum E, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Thoresen S, Lam H, Shen C, Brunham RC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 189(5): 128792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634555

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Small bowel obstruction in an adolescent with pelvic inflammatory disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Harel Z, Tracy TF Jr, Bussey JG 3rd. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804934

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Susceptibility of human and murine Chlamydia trachomatis serovars to granulocyteand epithelium-derived antimicrobial peptides. Author(s): Chong-Cerrillo C, Selsted ME, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Source: The Journal of Peptide Research : Official Journal of the American Peptide Society. 2003 May; 61(5): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662357

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Sustained high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female army recruits. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Quinn TC, McKee KT Jr, Gaydos JC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 July; 30(7): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838080

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Temperature stability of vaginal specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis detection by Amplicor polymerase chain reaction assay. Author(s): Witkin SS, Tolbert V, Sharma G, Polaneczky M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 July; 12(7): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394977

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The acceptability of urinary LCR testing for Chlamydia trachomatis among participants in a probability sample survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Author(s): Fenton KA, Copas A, Mitchell K, Elam G, Carder C, Ridgway G, Wellings K, Erens B, Field J, Johnson AM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 June; 77(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11402228

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The anti-idiotypic antibody to chlamydial glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) protects mice against genital infection with a human biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Whittum-Hudson JA, Rudy D, Gerard H, Vora G, Davis E, Haller PK, Prattis SM, Hudson AP, Saltzman WM, Stuart ES. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 4061-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427283

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The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with intraepithelial neoplasia of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Takac I, Gorisek B. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998; 19(5): 492-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9863922

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The immunology of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Ostaszewska-Puchalska I, Pucilo K. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2003; 51(5): 289-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626428

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The impact of switching to polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. Author(s): Forward KR. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2003 May-June; 94(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12790500

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The internet, a simple and convenient tool in Chlamydia trachomatis screening of young people. Author(s): Novak DP, Edman AC, Jonsson M, Karlsson RB. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 September; 8(9): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512638

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The pattern of notification and testing for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Victoria, 1998-2000: an ecological analysis. Author(s): Hocking J, Fairley C, Counahan M, Crofts N. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003; 27(4): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705302

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The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant Thai women. Author(s): Chotnopparatpattara P, Limpongsanurak S, Wongprechasawas A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 June; 86 Suppl 2: S399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930016

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Trend in Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women in the past ten years in Japan: significance of Chlamydia trachomatis seroprevalence. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Moji K, Kusano Y, Kurokawa K, Kawagoe K, Katamine S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 November; 25(10): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858346

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Understanding sexual activity defined in the HEDIS measure of screening young women for Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Tao G, Walsh CM, Anderson LA, Irwin KL. Source: Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2002 August; 28(8): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182161

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Universal prophylaxis compared with screen-and-treat for Chlamydia trachomatis prior to termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Cameron ST, Sutherland S. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 June; 109(6): 606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118635

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Uptake and processing of Chlamydia trachomatis by human dendritic cells. Author(s): Matyszak MK, Young JL, Gaston JS. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 March; 32(3): 742-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870618

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Urethritis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick test of first-voided urine and methylene blue-stained urethral smear as predictors of chlamydial infection. Author(s): Hedin G, Abrahamsson G, Dahlberg E. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 109(9): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878712

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Urine as a diagnostic specimen for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Malaysia by ligase chain reaction. Author(s): Gaydos CA, Ngeow YF, Lee HH, Canavaggio M, Welsh LE, Johanson J, Quinn TC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1996 September-October; 23(5): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885072

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Use of a peptide based enzyme immunoassay in diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis triggered reactive arthritis. Author(s): Nikkari S, Puolakkainen M, Narvanen A, Aakre O, Toivanen P, LeirisaloRepo M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 November; 28(11): 2487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11708423

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Use of a reverse dot blot procedure to identify the presence of multiple serovars in Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection. Author(s): Stothard DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2655-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427588

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Use of ligase chain reaction for laboratory identification of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in adolescent women. Author(s): Braverman PK, Schwarz DF, Mph M, Deforest A, Hodinka RL, McGowan KL, Mortensen JE. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2002 February; 15(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888808

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Use of wet mount to predict Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea cervicitis in primary care. Author(s): Majeroni BA, Schank JN, Horwitz M, Valenti J. Source: Family Medicine. 1996 September; 28(8): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884256

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Utilizing Chlamydia trachomatis IgG serology with HSG to diagnose tuboperitonealfactor infertility. Author(s): Bernstein RC, Yalcinkaya TM. Source: W V Med J. 2003 May-June; 99(3): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515433

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Vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 July; 3(7): 980-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186275

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Vaginal douching as a risk factor for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Brockmann S. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1999 January-February; 44(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063230

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Vaginal douching as a risk factor for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Scholes D, Stergachis A, Ichikawa LE, Heidrich FE, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 June; 91(6): 993-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611011

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Vaginal swabs are appropriate specimens for diagnosis of genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Schachter J, McCormack WM, Chernesky MA, Martin DH, Van Der Pol B, Rice PA, Hook EW 3rd, Stamm WE, Quinn TC, Chow JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3784-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904390

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Validation of roche COBAS Amplicor assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in rectal and pharyngeal specimens by an omp1 PCR assay. Author(s): Lister NA, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Garland S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 42(1): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715759

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Value of self-reportable screening criteria to identify asymptomatic individuals in the general population for urogential Chlamydia trachomatis infection screening. Author(s): Andersen B, van Valkengoed I, Olesen F, Moller JK, Ostergaard L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 837-44. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652383

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Vesicles containing Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 remain above pH 6 within HEC-1B cells. Author(s): Schramm N, Bagnell CR, Wyrick PB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1996 April; 64(4): 1208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8606080

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Viability and gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis during persistent infection of cultured human monocytes. Author(s): Gerard HC, Kohler L, Branigan PJ, Zeidler H, Schumacher HR, Hudson AP. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1998 October; 187(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832326

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Viability of Chlamydia trachomatis in fallopian tubes of patients with ectopic pregnancy. Author(s): Gerard HC, Branigan PJ, Balsara GR, Heath C, Minassian SS, Hudson AP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 November; 70(5): 945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9806581

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Volume effect on sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from females. Author(s): Moncada J, Chow JM, Schachter J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532238

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What is the minimally effective treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis infection?: The compliance paradox. Author(s): Schachter J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 May; 26(5): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333281

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Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages. Author(s): Burton MJ, Holland MJ, Faal N, Aryee EA, Alexander ND, Bah M, Faal H, West SK, Foster A, Johnson GJ, Mabey DC, Bailey RL. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 October; 44(10): 4215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507864

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Which women should be tested for Chlamydia trachomatis? Author(s): Macmillan S, McKenzie H, Flett G, Templeton A. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 September; 107(9): 1088-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11002950

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Who has chlamydia? The prevalence of genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis within Portsmouth and South East Hampshire, UK. Author(s): Underhill G, Hewitt G, McLean L, Randall S, Tobin J, Harindra V. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2003 January; 29(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12626174

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Widening screening to detect Chlamydia trachomatis is more important than using DNA methods. Author(s): Herring A, Caul O, Paul I, Horner P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 May 22; 318(7195): 1416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10334762

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Workshop on in vitro neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis: summary of proceedings. Author(s): Byrne GI, Stephens RS, Ada G, Caldwell HD, Su H, Morrison RP, Van der Pol B, Bavoil P, Bobo L, Everson S, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 August; 168(2): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335979

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Would Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant ribonucleic acid be a better target for identification? Author(s): Witkin SS, Jeremias J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 June; 65(6): 1263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641518

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlamydia Trachomatis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym): •

A recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein binds to heparan sulfate receptors on epithelial cells. Author(s): Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA. Source: Su, H Raymond, L Rockey, D D Fischer, E Hackstadt, T Caldwell, H D ProcNatl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 October 1; 93(20): 11143-8 0027-8424

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Binding of Galanthus nivalis lectin to Chlamydia trachomatis and inhibition of in vitro infection. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Bacteriology, University of Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Amin, K Beillevaire, D Mahmoud, E HamMarch, L Mardh, P A Froman, G APMIS. 1995 October; 103(10): 714-20 0903-4641

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in culture and urogenital smears by in situ DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Stichting Samenwerking Delftse Ziekenhuizen, Delft, The Netherlands. Source: Meddens, M J Quint, W G van der Willigen, H Wagenvoort, J T v Dijk, W C Lindeman, J Herbrink, P Mol-Cell-Probes. 1988 December; 2(4): 261-9 0890-8508

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Effects of ascorbic acid on Chlamydia trachomatis infection and on erythromycin treatment in primary cultures of human amniotic cells. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Source: Wang, S K Patton, D L Kuo, C C J-Clin-Microbiol. 1992 October; 30(10): 2551-4 0095-1137

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In situ studies on incorporation of nucleic acid precursors into Chlamydia trachomatis DNA. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Source: McClarty, G Tipples, G J-Bacteriol. 1991 August; 173(16): 4922-31 0021-9193

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In vitro effect of natural and semi-synthetic carbohydrate polymers on Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Microbiology Institute, School of Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Source: Petronio, M G Mansi, A Gallinelli, C Pisani, S Seganti, L Chiarini, F Chemotherapy. 1997 May-June; 43(3): 211-7 0009-3157

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In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Author(s): Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Source: Bergsson, G Arnfinnsson, J Karlsson, S M Steingrimsson, O ThorMarch, H Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1998 September; 42(9): 2290-4 0066-4804

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Induction of DNA strand scissions in HeLa cells by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes activated by Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies. Author(s): Virology Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. Source: Zvillich, M Kol, R Riklis, E Sarov, I J-Gen-Microbiol. 1988 August; 134 ( Pt 8)2405-12 0022-1287

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Infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages with Chlamydia trachomatis induces apoptosis of T cells: a potential mechanism for persistent infection. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Social Medicine, and Health System Research, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany. [email protected] Source: Jendro, M C Deutsch, T Korber, B Kohler, L Kuipers, J G Krausse Opatz, B Westermann, J Raum, E Zeidler, H Infect-Immun. 2000 December; 68(12): 6704-11 00199567

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Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in endometrial cells by copper: possible relevance for the use of the copper IUD. Author(s): Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel. Source: Kleinman, D Sarov, I Insler, V Contraception. 1989 June; 39(6): 665-76 0010-7824

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Inhibition of growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by tumor necrosis factor is accompanied by increased prostaglandin synthesis. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Holtmann, H Shemer Avni, Y Wessel, K Sarov, I Wallach, D Infect-Immun. 1990 October; 58(10): 3168-72 0019-9567

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Nitric oxide production: a mechanism of Chlamydia trachomatis inhibition in interferon-gamma-treated RAW264.7 cells. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, USA. Source: Chen, B Stout, R Campbell, W F FEMS-Immunol-Med-Microbiol. 1996 June; 14(2-3): 109-20 0928-8244

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Protective role of magnesium in the neutralization by antibodies of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine 92717. Source: Peterson, E M Zhong, G M Carlson, E de la Maza, L M Infect-Immun. 1988 April; 56(4): 885-91 0019-9567

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Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods. Author(s): Heart Disease Research Foundation, New York, USA. Source: Omura, Y Beckman, S L Acupunct-Electrother-Res. 1995 Aug-December; 20(3-4): 195-229 0360-1293

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Studies of persistent infection by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar K in TPAdifferentiated U937 cells and the role of IFN-gamma. Author(s): Division of Rheumatology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Source: Nettelnbreker, E Zeidler, H Bartels, H Dreses Werringloer, U Daubener, W Holtmann, H Kohler, L J-Med-Microbiol. 1998 February; 47(2): 141-9 0022-2615

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Sulfated polyanions block Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cervix-derived human epithelia. Author(s): Population Council, New York, New York 10021, USA. Source: Zaretzky, F R Pearce Pratt, R Phillips, D M Infect-Immun. 1995 September; 63(9): 3520-6 0019-9567

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Sulfated polysaccharides and a synthetic sulfated polymer are potent inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro but lack protective efficacy in an in vivo murine model of chlamydial genital tract infection. Author(s): Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA. Source: Su, H Caldwell, H D Infect-Immun. 1998 March; 66(3): 1258-60 0019-9567

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The binding of Chlamydia trachomatis and zinc to McCoy cells (mouse fibroblasts). Source: Sugarman, B Agbor, P Infection. 1987 Jan-February; 15(1): 35-9 0300-8126

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The characterization of lectin-binding proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis as glycoproteins. Author(s): Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Source: Swanson, A F Kuo, C C Microb-Pathog. 1991 June; 10(6): 465-73 0882-4010

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The microbicidal agent C31G inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill School of Medicine, North Carolina, 27599-7290, USA. [email protected] Source: Wyrick, P B Knight, S T Gerbig, D G Raulston, J E Davis, C H Paul, T R Malamud, D Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1997 June; 41(6): 1335-44 0066-4804

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The relation between immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and poor ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation before in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Source: Keay, S D Barlow, R Eley, A Masson, G M Anthony, F W Jenkins, J M FertilSteril. 1998 August; 70(2): 214-8 0015-0282

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Trachoma and LGV biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis share the same glycosaminoglycan-dependent mechanism for infection of eukaryotic cells. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143. Source: Chen, J C Stephens, R S Mol-Microbiol. 1994 February; 11(3): 501-7 0950-382X

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Ultrastructural and molecular analyses of the persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis (serovar K) in human monocytes. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Source: Koehler, L Nettelnbreker, E Hudson, A P Ott, N Gerard, H C Branigan, P J Schumacher, H R Drommer, W Zeidler, H Microb-Pathog. 1997 March; 22(3): 133-42 0882-4010

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Chlamydia trachomatis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Chlamydia trachomatis: •

2 minute non-invasive screening for cardio-vascular diseases: relative limitation of CReactive Protein compared with more sensitive L-Homocystine as cardio-vascular risk factors; safe and effective treatment using the selective drug uptake enhancement method. Author(s): Omura Y, Shimotsuura Y, Ohki M. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2003; 28(1-2): 35-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12934959

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Accurate detection of male subclinical genital tract infection via cervical culture and DNA hybridization assay of the female partner. Author(s): Trum JW, Pannekoek Y, Spanjaard L, Bleker OP, Van Der Veen F. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 2000 February; 23(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632761

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Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Beus A, Kuzmanovic NS, Kruzic V, Vince A. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 June; 19(6): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135835

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Application of intensified (+) Qi Gong energy, (-) electrical field, (S) magnetic field, electrical pulses (1-2 pulses/sec), strong Shiatsu massage or acupuncture on the accurate organ representation areas of the hands to improve circulation and enhance drug uptake in pathological organs: clinical applications with special emphasis on the “Chlamydia-(Lyme)-uric acid syndrome” and “Chlamydia-(cytomegalovirus)-uric acid syndrome”. Author(s): Omura Y, Beckman SL. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1995 January-March; 20(1): 21-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572329

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Behavioural characteristics, prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men with urethral discharge in Thyolo, Malawi. Author(s): Zachariah R, Harries AD, Nkhoma W, Arendt V, Nchingula D, Chantulo A, Chimtulo F, Kirpach P. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 MayJune; 96(3): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174768

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Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infections: laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic aspects. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of azithromycin. Author(s): Chiarini F, Mansi A, Tomao P, Gentile V, De Marco F, Brunori S, Wongher L, Di Silverio F. Source: J Chemother. 1994 August; 6(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7830100

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Chlamydia trachomatis in 'abacterial' prostatitis: microbiological, cytological and serological studies. Author(s): Weidner W, Arens M, Krauss H, Schiefer HG, Ebner H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1983; 38(3): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6346628

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Chlamydial and ureaplasmal infections in patients with nonbacterial chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Badalyan RR, Fanarjyan SV, Aghajanyan IG. Source: Andrologia. 2003 October; 35(5): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535852

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Clinical trial with praneem polyherbal cream in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge due to microbial infections. Author(s): Mittal A, Kapur S, Garg S, Upadhyay SN, Suri S, Das SK, Gupta S, Talwar GP. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1995 May; 35(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677686

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727080

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajic V. Source: J Chemother. 2002 August; 14(4): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420857

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Does a viral infection cause complex regional pain syndrome? Author(s): Muneshige H, Toda K, Kimura H, Asou T. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2003; 28(3-4): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998056

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Effect of clinically relevant culture conditions on antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Wyrick PB, Davis CH, Raulston JE, Knight ST, Choong J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 November; 19(5): 931-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893882

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Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea. Author(s): Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Walraven GE, Faal H, Bogh C, Lowe K, Bailey RL. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 24; 353(9162): 1401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227221

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Evaluation the enzyme immunosorbent assay IDEIA test detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in cervix. Author(s): Nunthapisud P, Nuruthisard S.

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Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991 December; 22(4): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1820656 •

Fusion of inclusions following superinfection of HeLa cells by two serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ridderhof JC, Barnes RC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1989 October; 57(10): 3189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2550371

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HIV / STD interactions immunosuppression and future research development. Author(s): Hafez ES, Merino G, Bailon R, Moran C. Source: Arch Aids Res. 1992; 6(4): 221-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12286086

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HIV-1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand: continued high incidence among brothel-based women. Author(s): Kilmarx PH, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TD, Saisorn S, Kaewkungwal J, Korattana S, Uthaivoravit W, Young NL, Weniger BG, St Louis ME. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 October 1; 12(14): 1889-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9792390

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Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis is mediated by T helper 1 cells through IFNgamma-dependent and -independent pathways. Author(s): Perry LL, Feilzer K, Caldwell HD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1997 April 1; 158(7): 3344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9120292

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In vitro growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and corneal epithelium. Author(s): Patton DL, Chan KY, Kuo CC, Cosgrove YT, Langley L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1988 July; 29(7): 1087-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2843480

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Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among massage parlour employees in Bangkok, Thailand. Author(s): Bonhomme MG, Rojanapithayakorn W, Feldblum PJ, Rosenberg MJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 May-June; 5(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8061095

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Inhibitory effect on the formation of chlamydial inclusions in McCoy cells by seminal fluid and some of its components. Author(s): Mardh PA, Colleen S, Sylwan J.

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Source: Invest Urol. 1980 May; 17(6): 510-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6246025 •

Low prevalences of HIV infection and sexually transmitted disease among female commercial sex workers in Mexico City. Author(s): Uribe-Salas F, Hernandez-Avila M, Conde-Gonzalez CJ, Juarez-Figueroa L, Allen B, Anaya-Ocampo R, Del Rio-Chiriboga C, Uribe-Zuniga P, de Zalduondo B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 June; 87(6): 1012-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9224186

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Markers of sexually transmitted diseases in seminal fluid of male clients of female sex workers. Author(s): Worm AM, Lauritzen E, Jensen IP, Jensen JS, Christiansen CB. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389951

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Medicine in the outback. Author(s): Ostberg B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 December 22-29; 301(6766): 1438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2279168

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Morphological and cytochemical study of Chlamydia with EDTA regressive technique and Gautier staining in ultrathin frozen sections of infected cell cultures: a comparison with embedded material. Author(s): Popov V, Eb F, Lefebvre JF, Orfila J, Viron A. Source: Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1978 October; 129 B(3): 313-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=106752

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Patients with genital warts: how are they managed by general practitioners? Author(s): Estcourt CS, Higgins SP, Hall J, Hillier VF, Chandiok S, Woolley PD. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 May-June; 7(3): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8799786

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Polyherbal formulations with wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted pathogens. Author(s): Talwar GP, Raghuvanshi P, Mishra R, Banerjee U, Rattan A, Whaley KJ, Zeitlin L, Achilles SL, Barre-Sinoussi F, David A, Doncel GF. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2000 March; 43(3): 144-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735590

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Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in men at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Author(s): Saxena SB, Jenkins RR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1991 July-September; 18(3): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1948509

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Prevalences of and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among Japanese female commercial sex workers in middle- and high-class soaplands in Japan. Author(s): Miyazaki M, Takagi S, Kato M, Une H. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 December; 13(12): 833-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537737

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Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods. Author(s): Omura Y, Beckman SL. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1995 August-December; 20(3-4): 195-229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686573

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Sexually transmitted diseases in Japanese female commercial sex workers working in massage parlors with cell baths. Author(s): Miyazaki M, Babazono A, Kato M, Takagi S, Chimura H, Une H. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 9(3): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513394

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Significance of Chlamydia trachomatis in “abacterial” prostatitis. Author(s): Krauss H, Schiefer HG, Weidner W, Arens M, Ebner H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1983 July; 254(4): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6372332

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Significance of the sulfonamide component for the clinical efficacy of trimethoprimsulfonamide combinations. Author(s): Burman LG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986; 18(2): 89-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518051

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Significant mercury deposits in internal organs following the removal of dental amalgam, & development of pre-cancer on the gingiva and the sides of the tongue and their represented organs as a result of inadvertent exposure to strong curing light (used to solidify synthetic dental filling material) & effective treatment: a clinical case

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report, along with organ representation areas for each tooth. Author(s): Omura Y, Shimotsuura Y, Fukuoka A, Fukuoka H, Nomoto T. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1996 April-June; 21(2): 133-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914687 •

Surveys of HIV-1, HTLV-I, and other sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1993 to 1996. Author(s): Chen YM, Yu PS, Lin CC, Jen I. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1998 July 1; 18(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665510

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The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in chronic prostatitis. Author(s): Szoke I, Torok L, Dosa E, Nagy E, Scultety S. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1998 June; 21(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669200

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The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with non-bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Mutlu N, Mutlu B, Culha M, Hamsioglu Z, Demirtas M, Gokalp A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 November-December; 52(8): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622051

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The role of chlamydiae in epididymitis. Author(s): Melekos MD, Asbach HW. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1988; 20(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3136090

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The role of lipopolysaccharide in the exposure of protective antigenic sites on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Vretou E, Psarrou E, Spiliopoulou D. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1992 June; 138 ( Pt 6): 1221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1382112

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Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urogenital tract of patients with chronic prostatitis or related symptomatology. Author(s): Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 December; 72(6): 918-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8306156

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Chlamydia trachomatis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. TRACHOMATIS

DISSERTATIONS

ON

CHLAMYDIA

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Chlamydia trachomatis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Chlamydia Trachomatis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Chlamydia trachomatis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A MOUSE MODEL OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT: PARAMETERS OF INFECTION AND THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DISEASE by AKBAR, TARIQ MAHMOOD, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1995, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541076

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A STUDY OF LATENCY IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS SEROTYPE L2 AND THE EFFECT OF AMDINOCILLIN ON CHLAMYDIAL MORPHOLOGY by FEDORKO, DANIEL PAUL, PHD from VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY, 1987, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717310

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ANALYSIS OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INCLUSION DEVELOPMENT WITHIN HUMAN EPITHELIAL CELLS: ROLE OF THE HOST CELL

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CYTOSKELETON AND INCLUSION PH by SCHRAMM, NARA L., PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL, 1995, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9538501 •

ANTIGENIC ANALYSIS OF CHLAMYDIA: ISOLATION OF A CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND ITS APPLICATION FOR SERODIAGNOSIS. by CALDWELL, HARLAN DELANO, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 1976, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7625393

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ASPECTS OF THE IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS by HOW, SIMON JOHN, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL (UNITED KINGDOM), 1985, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/D-81656

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CHARACTERIZATION OF A GENOMIC CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS LOCUS WHICH PROMOTES ADHERENCE OF RECOMBINANT ESCHERICHIA COLI TO EPITHELIAL CELLS by SCHMIEL, DEBORAH HELEN, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL, 1993, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9415384

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CHARACTERIZATION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ANTIGENS by MACLEAN, IAN WILLIAM, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3681604

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Characterization of IHF and set-domain proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 by Zhong, Jianmin, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE CENTER FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES, 2001, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3006118

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS (HAR-13) AND THE EFFECT OF ERYTHROMYCIN ON HAR-13 MORPHOLOGY by CLARK, RICHARD BRIAN, PHD from VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY/MEDICAL COLLEGE OF VIRGINIA, 1982, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8306651

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CHARACTERIZATION OF T CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES TO CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION by BEATTY, P. ROBERT, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1994, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9504743

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Characterization of the urethra-associated mucosal immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis in the male host by Pate, Mitchell Shane; PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM, 2001, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053243

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DETECTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS WITH MONOCLONAL AND POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES by DOWNES, BARBARA A., PHD from COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1984, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703024

Dissertations 153

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DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MODEL SYSTEM FOR IMMUNE-MEDIATED PERSISTENT CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION by BEATTY, WANDA LEA, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, 1994, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9419341

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DIRECT DETECTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS BY THE DOT-IMMUNOBINDING TECHNIQUE USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY by PATEL, JAGDISH D., PHD from UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT BALTIMORE, 1985, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603206

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Effect of host cell polarization state on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in culture by Kane, Colleen Diane, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, 1998, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903089

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Estimation of the relative accuracy of two tests: With an application to the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by Cheng, Hong, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM, 2000, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9982646

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION IN MICE by HOY, ERIC STUART, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO, HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER, 1987, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8724998

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Human T cell epitopes and HLA class II restriction elements of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein by Ortiz, Linette, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON, 1998, 351 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9835201

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IDENTIFICATION OF A SOLUBLE CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ANTIGEN (LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) by ACTOR, JEFFREY KENNETH, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1991, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9132806

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Immunization against Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the genital tract with antigen-pulsed dendritic cells by Shaw, Jennifer Hughes, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, 2000, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9993968

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IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS (PROMOTERS) by DOUGLAS, ANNEMARIE ROSCH, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE CENTER FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES, 1996, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630422

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Interaction of Chlamydia trachomatis with the endocytic and secretory pathways of its eukaryotic host cell by van Ooij, Christiaan, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO, 1998, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903315

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Investigation of herpes simplex virus-2 and Chlamydia trachomatis infections as human papillomavirus cofactors in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer in Brazil

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and the Philippines by Smith, Jennifer Susan, PhD from THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 2001, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9993190 •

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS L2 AND CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI 6BC PROTEINASES (NONGONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS) by AL-AWADHI, HUSAIN AHMED, PHD from THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1994, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9507477

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MECHANISM OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ATTACHMENT TO EUKARYOTIC HOST CELLS: GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN BRIDGING OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC RECEPTORS (PATHOGEN ATTACHMENTS, ADHESIN) by ZHANG, JIAN PING, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1992, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330793

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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI PLASMIDS by JOSEPH, THERESA, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, 1986, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8622353

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MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS (ANTIGENIC ANALYSIS, IMMUNOBLOT, DIAGNOSIS) by STEPHENS, RICHARD SCOTT, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 1984, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404953

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NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION: A MECHANISM FOR INHIBITION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS REPLICATION (MACROPHAGES) by CHEN, BOJUN, PHD from EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY, 1993, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412223

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ORAL CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN A DENTAL CLINIC POPULATION WITH ESTABLISHED PERIODONTITIS (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, EPIDEMIOLOGY) by REED, SUSAN GAYLE, DRPH from THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, 1996, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9626023

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Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis among pregnant abused Hispanic women by King, Elizabeth Anne, PhD from TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY, 1998, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916244

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PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES, BIOLOGICAL MIMICRY OF A GLYCOLIPID EXOANTIGEN OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN VIVO by AN, LING-LING, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1993, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9408247

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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in Michigan: The role of screening criteria, socioecological factors, and cost-effectiveness analysis by Thomas, Peter Evans; PhD from UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 2002, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068980

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STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS WITH HELA-229 CELLS by RIDDERHOF, JOHN COULTER, DRPH from THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL, 1988, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8823498

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THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY: A MATCHED PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY (PREGNANCY) by CHOW, JOAN MOI, DRPH from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, 1989, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9017060

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The immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis HSP10 is associated with severity of disease by LaVerda, David, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, 1999, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9921815

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THE ROLE OF HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES AND MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS by YONG, ELENITA CRISTINA, PHD from UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 1986, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8626713

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Chlamydia trachomatis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chlamydia Trachomatis By performing a patent search focusing on Chlamydia trachomatis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Chlamydia trachomatis: •

Amplification and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids Inventor(s): Spears; Patricia A. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,814,490 Date filed: June 11, 1996 Abstract: Amplification primers useful in assays for species-specific detection of a target sequence in the cryptic plasmid of C. trachomatis are described. The primers of the invention amplify a target in the region of nucleotides 2219-2366 of the cryptic plasmid sequence, and the target binding sequences disclosed may be adapted for use in amplification primers for a variety of amplification reactions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to nucleic acid amplification, including detection and/or identification of microorganisms using nucleic acid amplification. Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of urogenital infections in both males and females in the United States. The in vivo diagnosis of Chlamydia requires culture on McCoy cell monolayers, which is labor intensive and requires approximately 48-72 hours. Several more rapid tests have been developed based on antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody staining (DFA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A probe hybridization assay for direct detection of Chlamydia (PACE2, GenProbe, see Warren, et al. 1993. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1663-1666.) has also been developed. Most of these currently available tests require endocervical swabs in females and urethral swabs in males. However, DNA amplification technologies such as PCR, LCR and SDA have the potential to provide highly sensitive alternatives for Chlamydia detection using less invasive clinical specimens such as urine. Domeika et al. (1994. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2350-2352), Bauwens, et al. (1993. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:3013-3106), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,829 report amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA using the PCR, followed by microtiter plate hybridization detection. Amplification tests which use the LCR followed by microparticle sandwich immunoassay detection have also been reported (Chernesky et al. 1994. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2682-2685, Lee et al. 1995. Lancet 345:213-216, Bassiri et al. 1995 J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:898-900). Currently, these tests take 4-6 hours to complete. The cryptic plasmid of Chlamydia trachomatis is a 7.4 kb plasmid which is specific to this organism. It is present in about 10 copies per genome equivalent and detects all 200 clinical strains of C. trachomatis when used as a hybridization probe (Palmer and Falkow. 1986. Plasmid 16:52-62). Hatt, et al. (1988. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:4053-4067) reported the sequence of the cryptic plasmid of the L1 serovar, and EP 0 499 681 describes the sequence of the cryptic plasmid of serotype D. The sequence of the cryptic plasmid of C. trachomatis L2/434/Bu is shown in EP 0 336 412, which also describes oligonucleotide probes derived from this cryptic plasmid sequence. One embodiment of the plate capture assay described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,829 is directed to detection of cryptic plasmid target sequences. Two amplification primer sets are described: one which produces a 208 base pair amplicon using primers which hybridize at positions 195-219 and 377-402, and a second which produces a 173 base pair amplicon using primers which hybridize to positions 678-700 and 827-850. In one example, WO 93/00447 describes gap-filling LCR for detection of Chlamydia target sequences. The

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oligonucleotides employed are based on map positions 6693.1, 6693.2, 6693.3 and 6694.4 of Hatt, et al., supra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05814490__ •

Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis by amplification and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis crytpic plasmid Inventor(s): Berger; Dolores M. (Baltimore, MD), Foxall; Paul A. (San Mateo, CA) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 6,096,501 Date filed: November 4, 1997 Abstract: A region of the Chiamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid has been identified which is useful for performing amplification assays to determine specifically whether C. trachomiltis is present in the sample being tested. Oligonucleotides useful for performing thermal Strand Displacement Assay (tSDA) reactions on this gene are disclosed. The disclosed oligonucleotides can be used in an assay which is specific for all strains of C. trachomatis and which does not show crossreactivity with the genomes of other microorganisms or with human DNA. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically the Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time thermal Strand Displacement Amplification. Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma (which is the greatest single cause of blindness), inclusion conjunctivitis, infant pneumonitis, urethritis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Diagnosis and detection of this organism is often on the basis of the pathologic or clinical findings and may be confirmed by isolation and staining techniques. C. trachomatis includes a cryptic plasmid which is approximately 7.5 kb in size and is present in multiple copies in the organism. The presence of multiple copies makes this plasmid a good target for diagnostic purposes for assays using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096501__

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Assay for Chlamydia trachomatis by amplification and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid Inventor(s): Harris; James M. (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 5,837,469 Date filed: November 4, 1997 Abstract: A region of the Chlamydia trachomatis ltuB gene has been identified which is useful for performing amplification assays to determine specifically whether C. trachomatis is present in the sample being tested. Oligonucleotides useful for performing thermophilic Strand Displacement Assay (tSDA) reactions on this gene are disclosed. The disclosed oligonucleotides can be used in an assay which is specific for all

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strains of C. trachomatis and which does not show crossreactivity with the genomes of other microorganisms or with human DNA. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically Chlamydia trachomatis ltuB nucleic acid, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time tSDA. Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma (which is the greatest single cause of blindness), inclusion conjunctivitis, infant pneumonitis, urethritis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Diagnosis and detection of this organism is often on the basis of the pathologic or clinical findings and may be confirmed by isolation and staining techniques. C. trachomatis includes a gene called ltuB. This gene was discovered in 1995 by Hatch et al. (Fahr et al., J. Bacteriol. 177:4252-4260 (1995)). The ltuB gene was found to be responsible for the production of two specific messenger RNAs (T1 and T2). These transcripts were determined to be synthesized in large quantities during a stage specific switch that involves the bacteria transforming itself from a reticulate body (RB) to an elementary body (EB). Reticulate bodies are the noninfectious form of the bacteria, with EB being the opposite. The ltuB gene encodes both mRNA transcripts, with T2 believed to be a post-transcriptional modification of the larger T1 mRNA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837469__ •

Chlamydia major outer membrane protein Inventor(s): Agabian; Nina (San Francisco, CA), Kuo; Cho-Chou (Seattle, WA), Mullenbach; Guy (Oakland, CA), Stephens; Richard (Oakland, CA) Assignee(s): Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, CA), Washington Research Foundation (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,770,714 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for the production of a polypeptide which is immunologically cross-reactive with a naturally-occurring major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis. A DNA construct including a replication system recognized by E. coli, and an MOMP gene under the transcriptional control of a.beta.-galactosidase promoter and terminator is provided. Recombinant phage.lambda.gt11/L2/33 was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, on Jan. 10, 1985 and granted accession no. 40157. L2 B9-F DNA was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection on Dec. 31, 1985, and granted accession No. 40217. Excerpt(s): Chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen responsible for such diseases as trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia, lymphogranuloma venereum, and mucous membrane genital tract infections such as cervicitis and urethritis. The latter infections may develop systemic complications resulting in epididymitis, salpingitis, or perihepatitis. Thus, it would be of great medical interest to develop reagents and vaccines useful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis species are divided into two biovars, the trachoma biovar and the lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) biovar, based on the disease inducing characteristics of the species. Each biovar, in turn, includes a

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number of serovars based on specific serological determinants. The trachoma biovar contains twelve known serovars, while the LGV biovar includes three known serovars. Unique serological determinants which are characteristic of the species, biovar, and serovar have been associated with the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), which protein accounts for over 60% of the total cell wall protein synthesized during chlamydial development. The major outer membrane protein of each serovar appears to have a unique structure and includes species-specific, biovar-specific, and serovarspecific epitopes, allowing Chlamydia trachomatis to be classified by reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the various epitopes. The molecular weight of the various MOMP's generally ranges from about 38 kD to 45 kD. The serovars display varying antigenic complexity, with certain serovars eliciting broad crossreactivity with others in the same biovar, while other serovars display little or no such cross-reactivity. Vaccines utilizing purified and unpurified preparations of intact Chlamydia trachomatis have been prepared and tested on monkeys. While successful protection against subsequent challenge with the same chlamydial serovar was achieved, it was found that heterologous serovar challenge resulted in more severe pathology than that experienced by controls who had not been immunized. In human trials, immunization with the vaccines afforded significant protection against the serovar of the vaccine for up to two years, but hypersensitivity resulted from infection with heterologous serovars. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05770714__ •

Chlamydia trachomatis specific peptides and their use in diagnostic assays Inventor(s): Ohana; Bella (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Savyon Diagnostics Ltd. (IL) Patent Number: 6,699,678 Date filed: December 17, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are peptides or a mixture of peptides, or analogs thereof, derived from the variable domains of the Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) immunodominant major outer membrane protein (MOMP). The peptides or mixtures of peptides are characterized by having specificity only to C. trachomatis anti-MOMP antibodies and being non-cross reactive with anti-MOMP antibodies of other Chlamydia species Specific peptides are described (SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 8) as well as their analogs, which have essentially the same biological activity. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns an improved method and kit for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in humans. More specifically, the present invention concerns a new mixture of peptides derived from the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), which together are capable of specifically reacting only with antibodies specific to any one of the serovars of C. trachomatis, and hence said mixture of peptides is particularly useful for identifying C. trachomatis infections in humans by binding specifically to antibodies, if present, in a body fluid sample obtained from an individual being tested. Chlamydia is a gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria that causes acute and chronic disease in mammalian and avian species. The genus Chlamydia is comprised of four species: C. trachomatis, C. pneumonziae, C. precorum and C. psittaci. The C. trachornatis species is divided into 15 serovars. Serovars A, B, Ba and C are agents of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness, endemic in the Third World. Serovars L1-L3 are the agents of lymphogranuloma venereum. Serovars D-K are a common cause of sexually transmitted

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genital infection worldwide: cervitis, endometritis/salpingitis in females and uretritis in both males and females. Endometritis/salpingitis can lead to agglutination of salpinx, with a higher risk of extra-uterine pregnancy and infertility. The genital infection can cause acute infection and persistent infection occasionally without any clinical sign. Generally, these infections are treatable, once they are diagnosed; however, without any treatment, the infections can progress to severe chronic inflammation leading to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, induced abortion or pre-term child delivery. Moreover, the infants of infected mothers can themselves be infected during birth, leading to conjunctivitis or pneumonia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06699678__ •

Detection of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection Inventor(s): Lee; Helen H (Lake Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,010,857 Date filed: April 15, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis infections using a female urine sample. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. In particular, the invention relates to detecting Chlamydia trachomatis infections of cervical origin using a female urine sample. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) has been reported as the most common sexually transmitted disease in industrial societies and causes genital infections in both men and women. In the event C. trachomatis infections are undetected and untreated, the infection may escalate to sexually acquired reactive arthritis in men, and tubal factor infertility in women. Accordingly, it is important that such infections are quickly diagnosed and treated. In men, because C. trachomatis infections are typically manifested in the urethra, such infections can be detected effectively by assaying a male urine sample. In women, however, C. trachomatis infections can occur in the urethra, the cervix or both. While some women are dually infected, there is a substantial incidence of infection of either the urethra or the cervix. C. trachomatis infections of the female urethra have been detected using a urine sample. However, detection of cervical C. trachomatis has typically required cervical swabbing, which is an invasive, expensive and uncomfortable procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010857__

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DNA encoding Chlamydia trachomatis isoleucyl tRNA synthetase polypeptides Inventor(s): Brown; James R (Berwyn, PA), Lawlor; Elizabeth J (Malvern, PA), Reichard; Raymond W (Quakertown, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,001,602 Date filed: July 23, 1997 Abstract: The invention provides ileS polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding ileS polypeptides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques.

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Also provided are methods for utilizing ileS polypeptides to screen for antibacterial compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides and polypeptides, and their production and uses, as well as their variants, agonists and antagonists, and their uses. In particular, in these and in other regards, the invention relates to novel polynucleotides and polypeptides of the isoleucyl tRNA synthetase family, hereinafter referred to as "ileS". Chlamydiaceae is a family of obligate intracellular parasites. All members share a common developmental cycle. Chlamydia infect a wide range of vertebrate host, particularly humans. Chlamydia trachomitis is one of the two recognized species of Chlamydia. Human infections caused by Chilamydia trachomitis are widespread. This species is one of the most common cause of sexually transmitted disease in the world. It is also one of the main causes of infertility in humans. The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infections has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. This has been attributed to the emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant strains and an increasing population of people with weakened immune systems. It is no longer uncommon to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis strains which are resistant to some or all of the standard antibiotics. This has created a demand for both new anti-microbial agents and diagnostic tests for this organism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001602__ •

DNA molecules encoding pgp3 protein from Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Ratti; Giulio (Siena, IT) Assignee(s): Chiron SpA (IT) Patent Number: 6,210,968 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: A new recombinant form of the plasmid-encoded protein pgp3 from C. trachomatis, serotype D, was purified by ion exchange column chromatography and shown to be suitable for quantitative immunoassy on clinical samples in an ELISA format. Excerpt(s): A new recombinant form of the plasmid-encoded protein pgp3 from C. trachomatis, serotype D, was purified by ion exchange column chromatography and shown to be suitable for quantitative immunoassay on clinical samples in an ELISA format. Since initial attempts of developing a similar assay with a SDS-denatured pgp3fusion protein failed, the results suggest that for anti-pgp3 antibody detection, antigen conformation is important. The function of the 7.5 kb plasmid, pCT, of Chlamydia trachomatis is still unknown. However the fact that this DNA element appears to be strongly conserved in C. trachomatis (both in terms of its presence in essentially all isolates and in terms of its genetic structure) suggests that pCT may provide some important, and perhaps advantageous, function to the chlamydial cell during its natural host infection. Recently, an open reading frame of pCT (ORF3; Comanducci, et al., Plasmid, 1990, 23, 149-154 was expressed in E. coli as a recombinant fusion protein Comanducci, et al., J. Gen. Microbiol., 1993, 139, 1083-1092. The expression system used added a 11-kDa N-terminal polypeptide of the MS2-bacteriophage polymerase to the 28kDa polypeptide (pgp3) encoded by ORF3. The resulting 39-kDa product was used to show that pgp3 epitopes can be recognized on Western blots by antibodies present in sera from patients with chlamydial infections, but not in control sera from healthy donors. Following this observation, we subsequently tried to develop a serological test

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more suitable than the immunoblotting technique for obtaining reproducible and quantitative data from large numbers of clinical samples. We now report that an enzyme-linked immunoassay based on anew recombinant form of the pgp3 protein, can be used for assessing the prevalence of pgp3 antibodies in people with C. trachomatis infections. The invention relates to a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 protein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210968__ •

Method and analytical device for simultaneous immunoassay Inventor(s): Arcioni; Laura (Monza, IT), Gatti; Guido (Monza, IT) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim Italia S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,731,162 Date filed: December 6, 1995 Abstract: The present invention concerns a method and an analytical device for the simultaneous detection of at least two organisms selected from the group consisting of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), and Mycoplasma (M) from a single specimen. Excerpt(s): This application is a rule 371 continuation of PCT/EP94/01723 filed May 27, 1994. The present invention concerns a method and an analytical device for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrheae (NG) and Mycoplasma (M) from a single specimen. The diagnosis of the pathogenic agents responsible of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) such as gonorrhea, urethritis and similar illnesses, currently requires a specimen taken from the infection district as well as a separated analysis for each pathogen, the presence of which has to be verified. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05731162__

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Methods for preventing the transmission of or treating patients infected with herpesvirus Inventor(s): Debnath; Asim Kumar (New York, NY), Jiang; Shibo (Jackson Heights, NY), Neurath; Alexander Robert (New York, NY) Assignee(s): New York Blood Center (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,952,009 Date filed: August 28, 1996 Abstract: A method of preventing the transmission of or treating herpesvirus, such as herpes simplex virus infection, or Chlamydia trachomatis comprising administering to a patient a composition which comprises: (i) a protein or peptide containing lysines and an N-terminal amino group, wherein at least one of the lysines or the N-terminal amino group of the protein or peptide, such as casein,.beta.-lactoglobulin, powdered milk or whey, is modified by contact with an aromatic acid anhydride compound, such as trimellitic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride chloride or 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride and/or (ii) a protein or peptide containing arginines, which is modified by an arginine modifying agent containing at least one carboxyl group, such as pcarboxyphenylglyoxal.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method of preventing the transmission of herpesvirus or treating patients infected by herpesvirus and Chlamydia trachomatis by administration of lysine-containing proteins or peptides modified by a lysine modifying agent, such as an aromatic acid anhydride compound, or arginine-containing proteins or peptides modified by an arginine modifying agent. Herpesviruses have also been isolated from horses, cattle, pigs (pseudorabies virus ("PSV") and porcine cytomegalovirus), chickens (infectious larygotracheitis), chimpanzees, birds (Marck's disease herpesvirus 1 and 2), turkeys and fish (see "Herpesviridae: A Brief Introduction", Virology, Second Edition, edited by B. N. Fields, Chapter 64, 1787 (1990)). Herpes simplex viral ("HSV") infection is generally a recurrent viral infection characterized by the appearance on the skin or mucous membranes of single or multiple clusters of small vesicles, filled with clear fluid, on slightly raised inflammatory bases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05952009__ •

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Caldwell; Harlan D. (Hamilton, MT), Watkins; Nancy G. (Victor, MT), Ying; Yuan (Hamilton, MT), Zhang; You-Xun (Hamilton, MT) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,869,608 Date filed: March 16, 1992 Abstract: The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of the 15 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis are disclosed together with sequence and immunogenic analysis of these domains. Excerpt(s): In the United States, urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis are the leading sexually transmitted disease with an estimated 10 million new cases reported each year. The urogenital infections result in involuntary infertility in 100200,000 women each year. It is estimated that equal or greater numbers of these infections occur in European countries. In addition, ocular infection with C. trachomatis results in blinding trachoma which afflicts approximately 500 million individuals from developing countries. Improved diagnostic methodologies and vaccines or immunoprophylactic preventative measures are needed to manage and control the disease. Chlamydia trachomatis isolates occur as 15 distinct serovars. Based on serological relatedness, these 15 serovars have been divided into three serogroups; B serogroup (serovars B, Ba, D, E, L1 and L2), intermediate serogroup (serovars F, G, K and L3), and C serogroup (serovars A, C, H, I and J). The antigen that confers serovar and serogroup-specificities to chlamydia is the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), and protective immunity developed during chlamydial ocular infection is thought to be directed at serovar and serogroup MOMP determinants. Epitope mapping has shown that three of the four VD domains (I, II and IV) contain contiguous antigenic determinants which elicit the formation of serovar, subspecies (determinants common to three or more serovars within a serogroup), serogroup or species-specific antibodies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869608__

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Oligonucleotides and methods for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Burczak; John D. (Highland Park, IL), Carrino; John J. (Gurnee, IL), Klonowski; Paul A. (Wonder Lake, IL), Manlove; Matthew T. (Vernon Hills, IL), Marshall; Ronald L. (Zion, IL), Pabich; Edward K. (Chicago, IL), Salituro; John A. (Kenosha, WI) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,756,298 Date filed: September 5, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotide probes useful in detecting, e.g. by hybridization or the ligase chain reaction, Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in the presence of other related DNA. The present invention is also directed to methods of detecting Chlamydia trachomatis organisms in a sample using the ligase chain reaction. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to oligonucleotides useful in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis, e.g., by the ligase chain reaction (LCR) methods. Microorganisms of the genus Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. They grow and multiply in the host cell forming an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell and cause a host of clinical syndromes. The genus Chlamydia is made up of three distinct species: Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Of these species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae are commonly pathogenic for humans causing diseases such as conjunctivitis, trachoma genital infections, and pneumonia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05756298__

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Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase alpha sub-unit from Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Brown; James R (Berwyn, PA), Lawlor; Elizabeth J (Malvern, PA), Reichard; Raymond W (Quakertown, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,214,595 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (pheS) pheS polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (pheS) pheS polypeptides and methods for producing such polypeptides from Chlamydia trachomatis by recombinant techniques. Also provided are methods for utilizing pheS polypeptides to screen for antibacterial compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides and polypeptides, and their production and uses, as well as their variants, agonists and antagonists, and their uses. In particular, in these and in other regards, the invention relates to novel polynucleotides and polypeptides of the phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (alpha sub-unit) family, hereinafter referred to as "pheS". Chlamydiaceae is a family of obligate intracellular parasites. All members share a common developmental cycle. Chlamydia infect a wide range of vertebrate host, particularly humans. Chlamydia trachomitis is one of the two recognized species of Chlamydia. Human infections caused by C. trachomitis. are widespread. This species is one of the most common cause of sexually transmitted disease in the world. It is also one of the main causes of infertility in humans.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214595__ •

PNA probes for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): Godskesen; Michael Anders (Vedb.ae butted.k, DK), Hyldig-Nielsen; Jens J.o slashed.rgen (Vanl.o slashed.se, DK) Assignee(s): DAKO A/S (Glostrup, DK) Patent Number: 6,169,169 Date filed: May 18, 1995 Abstract: Specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes for detecting a sexual transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis comprising N-(2aminoethyl)glycine units in amide linkage with the glycine nitrogen connected to naturally occurring nucleobases or non-naturally occurring nucleobases by a methylene carbonyl linker and said probes capable of hybridizing to 16S or 23S rRNA or rDNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are described. PNA is a very stable molecule with very high affinity for nucleic acid allowing a PNA probe to be shorter than conventional nucleic acid probes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes and methods for detecting a sexual transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. More particularly, the invention relates to peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes capable of hybridizing to 16S or 23S rRNA or DNA from the area coding for said rRNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis in test samples which may contain Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis. N. gonorrhoeae, the pathogen of gonorrhoea, is still today a very frequent infectious disease worldwide. In males, the genital infection manifests itself as a purulent inflammation and swelling of the urethra. These symptoms occur in 90% of cases of infection. If left untreated, the infection can ascend and after several weeks produce symptoms of prostatitis. In women, no or only slight symptoms occur in 50% of cases of infection. The infection primarily affects the cervix, but also the urethra. In 10 to 15% of women, the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes and can also lead, inter alia, to sterility. Since the course of the infections is often asymptomatic, many carriers contribute unknowingly to the spread of the disease. Another very wide spread sexual transmitted disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Among the more serious complications of C. trachomatis infections are ecotropic pregnancy and tubal infertility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06169169__

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Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 fusion protein Inventor(s): Comanducci; Maurizio (Siena, IT), Giuliani; Marzia M. (Siena, IT), Ratti; Givlio (Siena, IT), Tecce; Mario F. (Siena, IT) Assignee(s): Chiron S.p.A. (Siena, IT) Patent Number: 6,110,705 Date filed: May 18, 1995 Abstract: A plasmid isolated from Chlamydia trachomatis is described, which comprises 8 genes encoding proteins useful in the formation of vaccines or diagnostic test for determining the bacterium or specific antibodies generated during C.

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trachomatis infections. In particular, the recombinant fusion protein MS2-pgp3D is described, which comprises polypeptide sequences encoded by pCT and is immunogenic in the course of infections in man. A method for preparing the recombinant fusion protein MS2-pgp3D in E. coli is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to the pCTD plasmid isolated from Chlamydia trachomatis serotype D, cloned and sequenced and to the genes present in said plasmid, to the proteins expressed by said genes, to the expression vectors containing said genes and to the microrganisms transformed by said vectors. The invention further refers to the process for the preparation of genes and of said vectors and to the use of said proteins as antigens for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies apt to recognize Chlamydia trachomatis and hence useful for the preparation of vaccines capable of imparting a protective immunity against infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and pathologic conditions deriving from said infections and for the development of diagnostic methods for the search of specific antibodies produced following C. trachomatis infections. Chlamydias are gram-negative bacteria, obligate intracellular parasites of eukariotic cells. Chlamydias show an extracellular infective and metabolically practically inert form, called elemental body (EB), and intracellular replicative forms called reticular bodies (RB). The reticular bodies, after multiplication by binary fission, are transformed into elemental bodies which come out of the host cell and infect new cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110705__

Patent Applications on Chlamydia Trachomatis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Chlamydia trachomatis: •

Compounds for detection of infection by chlamydophila abortus Inventor(s): Jones, Garet Ewart; (Roslin, GB) Correspondence: Lisa A Haile; Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich; 4365 Executive Drive Suite 1100; San Diego; CA; 92121-2133; US Patent Application Number: 20030186887 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds having binding affinity for specific sub-populations of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of compounds for the detection of Chlamydophila abortus infection. The proposed compound sequences provide unique reagents for the detection of sub-populations of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus with supreme specificity with regard to possible cross-reactions with Chlamydophila pecorum and Chlamydophila psittaci in animals, such as sheep, goats and cattle, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae in man. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds having a binding affinity for one or more antibodies specific to Chlamydophila abortus and their use in the diagnosis of

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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infection with Chlamydophila abortus. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of compounds for the detection of specific antibodies to C. abortus, which can be used diagnostically to identify C. abortus infections. Members of the order Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular bacteria. This order has recently undergone a major expansion in its taxonomy (Everett et al., 1999), with current provision of four families. The largest family, the Chlamydiaceae, contains two genera, the Chiamydia and the Chlamydophila, and these currently comprise 3 and 5 species respectively. Infections with members of the family Chlamydiaceae in particular are widespread, both geographically and in terms of host range; they have been isolated from many species of host, including man, wild and domesticated birds, marsupials, ruminants, other mammals and invertebrates. Depending on the host and chlamydial species and subtype of species involved, infection with members of the Chlamydiaceae may result variously in pneumonia, enteritis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, polyarthritis, abortions, genital disorders, generalised septicaemia and death; or be clinically inapparent. The most important veterinary members of the genus Chlamydophila are Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila pecorum. Chlamydophila abortus is the most common cause of abortion in sheep and goats in several countries including the United Kingdom, Greece and France. Cabortus has also been implicated as a cause of abortion, pneumonia and encephalitis in cattle (Holliman et al., 1994; Nabeya et al., 1991; Piercy et al., 1999) and, occasionally, pigs (Woollen et al., 1990) and humans (Buxton, 1986). Chlamydophila pecorum previously known as Chlamydia pecorum; Fukushi and Hirai, 1992) is even more widespread in ruminants than C. abortus and comprises several subtypes which differ in their pathogenicities, the diseases induced and the hosts infected. One subtype of C.pecorum is associated with an arthritis/conjunctivitis syndrome in sheep (Hopkins et al., 1973; Stephenson et al., 1973; Andrews et al., 1987): another with metritis in cattle (Wittenberg et al., 1993): another with encephalomyelitis in cattle (Harshfield, 1970): and another, ubiquitously distributed subtype, with an apparently symptomless, enteric infection of sheep (Clarkson and Philips, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis Inventor(s): DeMars, Robert I.; (Madison, WI), Kim, Seon-Kyeong; (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: Carl R. Schwartz, ESQ.; Quarles And Brady Llp; Suite 2040; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20010041788 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are 9 amino acid-long peptides from the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E. These peptides activate CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in human infections that are potentially important for resolution of infection and protection against disease. Thus, the peptides, as well as DNA coding for them, are intended for use in vaccination of humans. Also, they are useful in connection with diagnostic tests. Excerpt(s): This is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/551,510 filed Apr. 17, 2000, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/314,742 filed May 19, 1999, now allowed. The present invention relates to nine amino acid-long peptides of the major outer membrane protein ("MOMP") from Chlamydia trachomatis ("Ct"). These peptides

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activate human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ("CTLs"). Ct is an intracellular bacterium that is the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness (ocular trachoma) in the developing world and of sexually transmitted disease ("STD") in the United States and certain other parts of the developed world. The estimated annual incidence of Ct-caused STD is in the millions. While most Ct-caused disease can be treated with antibiotics, untreated or inadequately treated infections result in hundreds of thousands of cases of pelvic inflammatory disease each year in the United States, alone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Detection of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 antigen in patient sera by enzyme-linked immunoassay Inventor(s): Ratti, Giulio; (Siena, IT) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20040053393 Date filed: February 13, 2003 Abstract: A new recombinant form of the plasmid-encoded protein pgp3 from C. trachomatis, serotype D, was purified by ion exchange column chromatography and shown to be suitable for quantitative immunoassy on clinical samples in an BLISA format. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/462,151 filed Jun. 5, 1995, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/229,980 filed Apr. 19, 1994. A new recombinant form of the plasmid-encoded protein pgp3 from C. trachomatis, serotype D, was purified by ion exchange column chromatography and shown to be suitable for quantitative immunoassay on clinical samples in an ELISA format. Since initial attempts of developing a similar assay with a SDS-denatured pgp3fusion protein failed, the results suggest that for anti-pgp3 antibody detection, antigen conformation is important. The function of the 7.5 kb plasmid, pCT, of Chlamydia trachomatis is still unknown. However the fact that this DNA element appears to be strongly conserved in C. trachomatis (both in terms of its presence in essentially all isolates and in terms of its is genetic structure) suggests that pCT may provide some, important, and perhaps advantageous, fiction to the chlamydial cell during its natural host infection. Recently, an open reading frame of pCT (ORF3; Comanducci et al., Plasmid 23:149-154, 1990) was expressed in E. coli as a recombinant fusion protein (Comanducci et al., J. Gen. Microbiology, 134:1083-1092, 1993). The expression system used added a 11-kDa N-terminal polypeptide of the MS2-bacteriophage polymerase to the 28-kDa polypeptide (pgp3) encoded by ORF3. The resulting 39-kDa product was used to show that pgp3 epitopes can be recognized on Western blots by antibodies present in sera from patients with chlamydial infections, but not in control sera from healthy donors. Following this observation, we subsequently tried to develop a serological test more suitable than the immunoblotting technique for obtaining reproducible and quantitative data from large numbers of clinical samples. We now report that an enzyme-linked immunoassay based on a new recombinant form of the pgp3 protein, can be used for assessing the prevalence of pgp3 antibodies in people with C. trachomatis infections. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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NUCLEOTIDE FRAGMENT OF THE 23S RNA OF THE GENUS CHLAMYDIA, USE AS A PROBE, PRIMER, AND IN A REAGENT AND A DETECTION PROCEDURE Inventor(s): LUDWIG, WOLFGANG; (SACHSENKAM, DE), MABILAT, CLAUDE; (SAINT GERMAIN AU MONT D'OR, FR), SCHLEIFER, KARL-HEINZ; (UNTERSCHLEISSHEIM, DE) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge; PO Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320 Patent Application Number: 20020168633 Date filed: March 4, 1999 Abstract: The invention concerns a single-stranded nucleotide fragment comprising at least a sequence of 12 contiguous nucleotide patterns, belonging to a 23S ribosome RNA strand of the species of the Chlamydia genus or to is complementary strand, said sequence being selected in any one of the following groups consisting of said RNA zones: Group I: 451-472, 542-570, 596-623, 731-756, 878-890, 996-1020, 1061-1094, 11231186, 1857-1880, 2234-2307, 2341-2370; Group II: 420-450, 473-514, 694-713, 756-790, 842857, 927-937, 1231-1248, 1241-1319, 1371-1381, 1880-1895, 1943-1961, 2151-2182; Group III: 404-426, 436-457, 466-515, 683-722, 747-808, 817-863, 891-955, 1024-1055, 1208-1251, 1315-1350, 1407-1548, 1364-1388, 1576-1622, 1891-1918, 2148-218; the first number corresponding to the position of the first nucleotide of said zone relative to the 23S ribosome RNA nucleotide sequence of serotype A of Chlamydia trachomatis, SEQ ID NO:55, selected as reference sequence, and the second number corresponding to the position of the last nucleotide of said zone relative to this same reference sequence. The invention also concerns the uses of said fragment as probe, primer and in a reagent and method for detecting said bacteria. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the field of detection and/or amplification techniques, with the aid of oligonucleotide probes or primers, and their application in the search for the presence or for the identification of bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. Three species of Chlamydia are presently known: Chlamydia trachomatis (subgroup A) which is specific to man and includes 15 serotypes, Chlamydia psittaci (subgroup B) which is commensal in birds and Chlamydia pneumoniae (Twar strain). The pathogenic power of these bacteria is very varied, just as much in man as in animals. In man, Chlamydia trachomatis is especially responsible for urethritis, cervicitis or salpingitis, conjunctivitis, trachoma which can lead to blindness, arthritis, perihepatitis; two other clinical forms are also frequent, namely conjunctivitis of the newborn, who are infected in the course of delivery and the conjunctivitis known as swimming pool conjunctivitis, contracted in the course of bathing in a swimming pool whose water is dirty; Chlamydia psittaci contaminates man by the intermediary of bird excrement, causing attacks such as benign pneumopathy (ornithosis) or more serious pneumopathy (psittacosis) and pseudoinfluenza; finally, Chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated in 1965 from a conjunctival sample during a vaccine campaign against trachoma and in 1983 from a pharyngeal sample during an epidemic of acute respiratory illnesses in the United States. Recently, the studies of F. Blasi et al. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology, (November 1996) 2766-2769) demonstrated the direct implication of C. pneumonia [sic] in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Polynucleotides for the amplification and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Inventor(s): Marshall, Ronald L.; (Pleasant Prairie, WI), Pabich, Edward K.; (Northbrook, IL), Yu, Hong; (Long Grove, IL) Correspondence: Steven F. Weinstock; Abbott Laboratories; 100 Abbott Park Road; DEPT. 377/ap6a; Abbott Park; IL; 60064-6008; US Patent Application Number: 20040091870 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: Polynucleotides useful for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a test sample, kits, a nucleic acid amplification method and detection method including the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In particular the invention relates to polynucleotides and methods for amplifying and detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis or CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae or NG) are the causative agents of common sexually transmitted diseases. CT causes venereal lymphogranuloma, various inflammatory pathologies of the male and female urogenital systems, and trachoma, a chronic disease that affects 500 million people and can lead to blindness. When not precociously diagnosed and treated by adequate therapy, CT-induced urethritis and cervicitis may led to a variety of chronic inflammations, such as, e.g., vaginitis, salpingitis and pelvic inflammation which may result in sterility and extrauterine pregnancy. Furthermore, the new born from infected mothers may contract pulmonary and/or ocular infections during delivery. N. gonorrhoeae, the pathogen of gonorrhoea, manifests itself as a purulent inflammation and swelling of the urethra in males. These symptoms occur in 90% of cases of infection. If left untreated, the infection can ascend and after several weeks produce symptoms of prostatitis. In women, no or only slight symptoms occur in 50% of cases of infection. The infection primarily affects the cervix, but also the urethra. In 10 to 15% of women, the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes and can also lead to sterility. Since the course of the infections is often asymptomatic, many carriers contribute unknowingly to the spread of the disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Chlamydia trachomatis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Chlamydia trachomatis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Chlamydia trachomatis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Chlamydia trachomatis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Chlamydia trachomatis: •

AIDS and Infections of Homosexual Men Contact: Butterworth Heinemann Publishers, 225 Wild Wood Ave, Woburn, MA, 01801, (800) 366-2665. Summary: This monograph details clinical information on infections related to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that occur in homosexual men. The first section examines nondiarrheal Sexually transmitted disease (STD's), such as syphilis and proctitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis, and also examines the relationship of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to infections with pathogenic neisseria. In the second section, authors turn to diarrheal STD's, including gay bowel syndrome, bacterial diarrhea, parasitic infectious diseases, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis. The third section studies other STD's, beginning with Hepatitis B transmission as a model for AIDS. It also studies herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection in both healthy and immune deficient homosexual men, and

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laboratory diagnosis of STD's and opportunistic infections. The fourth section looks at infectious and neoplastic complications. It opens with a chapter on HIV as the etiologic agent of AIDS, then gives a revision of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance case definition for AIDS. The section also includes chapters on surveillance and epidemiology in the U.S between 1981 and 1985; clinical manifestations of Kaposi's Sarcoma and its treatment; neurology in AIDS; AIDS in prostitutes, children, and prisoners; AIDS in Europe; and opportunistic infections and their treatment. The fifth section turns to immunologic evaluation methods and controls, such as analysis of mechanisms of immune suppression. It also deals with immunologic responses, epidemiologic observations of immunologic abnormalities, immunogenetic findings in patients with Kaposi's Sarcoma, the significance of endogenous interferon and interferon-induced enzymes in patients with AIDS, and approaches to AIDS therapy. The sixth and final section provides a diagnostic perspective.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Chlamydia trachomatis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Chlamydia trachomatis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Genital Infection by Chlamydia Trachomatis (Current Topics in Infection, Vol 2) by J.D. Oriel, G.L. Ridgway; ISBN: 0444007008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444007008/icongroupinterna

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: 19A (Cumitech Ser.) by Ann Warford, et al; ISBN: 9990058164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990058164/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Chlamydia Trachomatis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Chlamydia trachomatis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Chlamydia trachomatis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Chlamydia trachomatis: •

Chapter 11-B: Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Reactive Arthritis and Enteropathic Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 245-250.

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Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the clinical features and diagnosis of reactive arthritis (ReA) and enteropathic arthritis. ReA, a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis, is a form of peripheral arthritis that is often accompanied by one or more extraarticular manifestations. ReA usually begins acutely 2 to 4 weeks after venereal infections or bouts of gastroenteritis. Nongonococcal urethritis, when present, is usually the first manifestation. Chlamydia trachomatis is frequently the cause of the urethritis or cervicitis as well as the triggering agent of the ReA. Conjunctivitis, when present, typically accompanies urethritis or occurs within several days. Articular manifestations usually occur last. Lower leg joints are affected more commonly than joints of the upper extremities. Inflammation also usually occurs at bony sites where tendons, ligaments, or fascia have their attachments or insertions. Low back and buttock pain are common in ReA. Various mucocutaneous and visceral manifestations are associated with ReA, including keratoderma blennorrhagicum, circinate balanitis, aortitis, and amyloidosis of the serum amyloid A variety. Acute phase reactants are usually abnormal, serum globulins are frequently elevated, synovial fluid typically shows highly inflammatory changes, and tests for rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are negative. Radiographic abnormalities may be found once symptoms have been present for several months. Diagnosis is based on disease manifestations and laboratory findings. ReA has a self limited course of 3 to 12 months in most patients. Arthritis with or without other extraintestinal manifestations may be the first clinical symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The usual pattern of joint inflammation is migratory arthralgias or arthritis. Extraarticular manifestations of IBD usually reflect active bowel disease and tend to occur at the same time as peripheral arthritis. Anemia is common in IBD. Acute phase reactants are typically elevated, serum rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies are not present, and synovial fluid findings are reported infrequently. Joint disease can occur in a rare multisystem disease known as Whipple's disease. The arthritis is usually chronic but nondeforming. Diagnosis is based on finding characteristic, periodic acid Schiff staining deposits in macrophages of the small intestine and, less commonly, in biopsies of lymph nodes of joint synovia. Remission can be achieved with long term treatment with tetracyclines. 3 figures, 1 table, and 20 references. •

Urethritis Source: in Landau, L.; Kogan, B.A. 20 Common Problems in Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 77-94. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $45.00;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070634130. Summary: Urethral discharge (the presenting symptom of urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, the tube that goes from the bladder to the outside of the body) is largely caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The two most common pathogens causing urethral discharge are gonorrhea and chlamydia. This chapter on urethritis is from a text on common problems in urology (written for the primary care provider). The author develops the differential diagnoses of a segment of STDs: urethritis and urethral discharge. STDs that manifest primarily as genital ulcerations or as cutaneous (skin) lesions are covered in another chapter. The author first reviews the steps for treating any

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STD, then discusses discharge in males and females; definition of urethritis and urethral discharge; key elements to the patient history; the physical examination and laboratory tests; diagnosis by DNA probes and nucleic acid amplification techniques; classification of male urethritis; gonococcal urethritis; Chlamydia trachomatis; management recommendations for Chlamydia and other nongonococcal urethritis; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Mycoplasma genitalium; Trichomonas vaginalis; treatment of recurrent or persistent symptoms of urethritis; other manifestations and complications of urethritis; and controversies, pitfalls to avoid, and emerging trends. A series of patient evaluation and care algorithms is also provided. The author recommends that physicians consider multiple pathogens (disease causing organisms) in each patient with urethritis. Second, it is vital to include the patient's sexual partner in care and educational strategies. And third, physicians are cautioned to maintain adequate followup after treatment in these patients, to ensure eradication of pathogens (and to prevent reinfection or recurrence of symptoms). 3 figures. 4 tables. 35 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Chlamydia trachomatis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Chlamydia trachomatis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Chlamydia trachomatis: •

Prior Chlamydia trachomatis infection linked to ovarian cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 2003

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•

PCR accurately detects Chlamydia trachomatis in urine from male patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 28, 2001

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Multidrug-resistant strain of Chlamydia trachomatis identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 16, 2000

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Risk Factors For Chlamydia trachomatis Infection In Women Evaluated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 11, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Chlamydia trachomatis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Chlamydia Trachomatis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Chlamydia trachomatis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8704 117 612 245 13 9691

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Chlamydia trachomatis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Chlamydia trachomatis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Chlamydia trachomatis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Chlamydia trachomatis”:

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Chlamydia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html Herpes Simplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herpessimplex.html Pelvic Inflammatory Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicinflammatorydisease.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Chlamydia trachomatis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Contact: Iowa Department of Public Health, Division of Disease Prevention, STD Control Section, Lucas State Off Bldg, Des Moines, IA, 50319, (515) 281-4936. Summary: This booklet describes symptoms of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, herpes simplex, trichomoniasis, yeast, nonspecific vaginitis, venereal warts, pubic lice, and scabies. In addition, it discusses risk groups, STD examinations, and prevention.

•

Questions and Answers About Reactive Arthritis Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 2002. 24 p. Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 toll-free or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-253 QA (booklet), or AR-253L QA (large print fact sheet).

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Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have reactive arthritis with information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this form of arthritis, which occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body. Reactive arthritis, or Reiter's syndrome, usually begins 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Chlamydia trachomatis, the bacterium most often associated with reactive arthritis, is usually acquired through sexual contact. Infections in the digestive tract caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter may also trigger reactive arthritis. A genetic factor, human leukocyte antigen, increases the risk of developing reactive arthritis. Although reactive arthritis itself is not contagious, the bacteria that trigger it can be passed from person to person. Men aged 20 to 40 are most likely to develop reactive arthritis. Symptoms include inflammation of the urogenital tract, the joints, and the eyes. Mouth ulcers and skin rashes are less common symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for reactive arthritis, but some treatments relieve symptoms. Treatment options include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive medicines, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, and exercise. Most people with reactive arthritis recover fully within 2 to 6 months after the first symptoms appear. Researchers are investigating the causes and treatments for reactive arthritis. The booklet identifies sources of additional information and provides a glossary of medical terms. •

What You Need to Know About Chlamydia Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: Using a question and answer format, this fact sheet provides general information about chlamydia and what is being done to address the problem of this infection and statistics on the rate of chlamydia in the United States (US) and in adolescents and young women. Chlamydia, the most frequently reported infectious disease in the US, is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. Many individuals with chlamydia experience no symptoms, are not aware of their infection, and may not seek health care. When diagnosed, chlamydia can be easily treated and cured. Untreated, chlamydia can cause severe, costly reproductive and other health problems, which include both short- and long-term consequences. The annual cost of chlamydia and its consequences in the US is more than two billion dollars. Every dollar spent on screening and treatment saves $12 in complications that result from untreated chlamydia. In 1993, Congress appropriated funds to begin a national STD-related infertility prevention program. Through a cooperative effort between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Office of Population, the program involves strong collaboration among family planning, STD and primary health care programs, and public health laboratories. The fact sheet discusses the progress that has been made where screening programs have been fully implemented and identifies problems with the programs and areas for improvement. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted:

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2002 national guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3029&nbr=2255&a mp;string=Chlamydia+AND+trachomatis

•

Management of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 March; 26 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2304&nbr=1530&a mp;string=Chlamydia+AND+trachomatis The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Chlamydia trachomatis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Chlamydia trachomatis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Chlamydia trachomatis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Chlamydia trachomatis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Chlamydia trachomatis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Chlamydia trachomatis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Absolute risk: The observed or calculated probability of an event in a population under study, as contrasted with the relative risk. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology,

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nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Medicine: A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

Dictionary 205

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amebic dysentery: A form of dysentery, usually mild, found especially in childhood epidemics in many temperate countries. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH]

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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH]

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Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH]

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Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benchmarking: Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH]

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Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically

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separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter jejuni: A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]

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Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH]

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Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlamydophila: A genus of the family Chlamyidaceae comprising gram-negative non Chlamydia trachomatis-like species infecting vertebrates. Chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. The type species is Chlamydophila psittaci. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with

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cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagenases: Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH]

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Colposcopy: The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent

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pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contact Tracing: Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance;

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and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryostat: A batchwise operating apparatus in which a cryogenic liquid or solid is used to maintain by evaporation a cryotemperature which needs not be constant but may vary in a predetermined fashion. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges

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which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dental Amalgam: An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands,

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hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU]

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Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH]

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Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes

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it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Entamoeba: A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. [NIH] Entamoeba histolytica: A species of parasitic protozoa causing entamoebiasis and amebic dysentery. Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded. [NIH] Entamoebiasis: Infection with amoebae of the genus Entamoeba. Infection with E. histolytica causes dysentery, amebic and liver abscess, amebic. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi

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and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the

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relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a

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fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Formularies: Lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from pharmacopoeias in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Frozen Sections: Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

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Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Duplication: It encodes the major envelope protein and includes all the specifications for HBsAg. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU]

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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]

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Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance.

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[NIH]

Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host-cell: A cell whose metabolism is used for the growth and reproduction of a virus. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH]

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Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH]

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Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

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Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltrating cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called invasive cancer. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer. [NIH] Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoprenoids: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH] Isosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Isospora, producing intestinal disease. It is caused by ingestion of oocysts and can produce tissue cysts. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative.

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[EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Ligase Chain Reaction: A DNA amplification technique based upon the ligation of oligonucleotide probes. The probes are designed to exactly match two adjacent sequences of a specific target DNA. The chain reaction is repeated in three steps in the presence of excess probe: (1) heat denaturation of double-stranded DNA, (2) annealing of probes to target DNA, and (3) joining of the probes by thermostable DNA ligase. After the reaction is repeated for 20-30 cycles the production of ligated probe is measured. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or

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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy

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based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH]

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Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] Metritis: Generalized inflammation of the uterus. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]

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Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsporidiosis: Infections with protozoa of the phylum Microspora. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer

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cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection: A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH]

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Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neisseria: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH]

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Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one orginal template. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Precursors: Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or

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within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior

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abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or

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substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodic Acid: Periodic acid (H5IO6). A strong oxidizing agent. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacopoeias: Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from formularies in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions. [NIH] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH]

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Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum. [EU] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins

A:

(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic

acid

(PGA(1));

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(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]

Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]

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Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psittacosis: A lung disease caused by a Chlamydia bacterium; occurs in domestic fowls, ducks, pigeons, turkeys and many wild birds and is contracted by man by contact with these birds; the human symptoms are headache, nausea, epistaxis and fever and usually with added symptoms. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier

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proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of

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treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticulate: An area of the cell wall involved in the coalescence of two vessel elements having multiple perforations that are netlike. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a

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centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal

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osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Serum Globulins: The amber-colored fluid which exudes from coagulated blood as the clot shrinks and then no longer contain fibrinogen. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall

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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and

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animals. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and

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mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]

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Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a

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protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH]

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Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urine Testing: Checking urine to see if it contains glucose (sugar) and ketones. Special strips of paper or tablets (called reagents) are put into a small amount of urine or urine plus water. Changes in the color of the strip show the amount of glucose or ketones in the urine. Urine testing is the only way to check for the presence of ketones, a sign of serious illness. However, urine testing is less desirable then blood testing for monitoring the level of glucose in the body. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and the organs of reproduction ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and clitoris in women and the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, seminal ducts, and penis in men. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection

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and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 203, 211, 233, 234, 235, 244, 245, 256, 257 Abdominal, 3, 35, 47, 203, 226, 234, 244, 245 Abdominal Pain, 3, 35, 203, 226, 245 Aberrant, 46, 203 Abscess, 93, 203, 222, 228 Absolute risk, 46, 203 Acceptor, 203, 235, 243 Acetylcholine, 203, 241, 242 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 3, 203 Actin, 11, 203 Acute leukemia, 203, 258 Adaptation, 203, 246 Adenocarcinoma, 15, 203 Adenosine, 203, 231, 246 Adenovirus, 114, 203 Adjuvant, 74, 203 Adolescence, 22, 204 Adolescent Medicine, 39, 43, 55, 124, 204 Adoptive Transfer, 34, 204 Adrenal Cortex, 204, 216 Adrenal Glands, 204, 205 Adverse Effect, 9, 204, 255 Aerobic, 204, 240, 241 Affinity, 31, 167, 168, 204 Agar, 104, 204, 217, 231, 246 Agonists, 163, 166, 204 Airway, 14, 204 Albumin, 204, 258 Algorithms, 8, 47, 176, 204, 210 Alleles, 11, 31, 72, 111, 113, 205 Allergen, 205, 219, 254 Alpha-Defensins, 205, 218 Alternative medicine, 178, 205 Amber, 205, 255 Amebiasis, 205, 238 Amebic dysentery, 205, 222 Amino Acid Sequence, 80, 165, 205, 206, 226 Amino Acids, 205, 223, 226, 244, 247, 249, 253, 254, 259 Aminoethyl, 167, 205 Amoxicillin, 90, 205 Ampicillin, 205 Amyloid, 175, 205

Amyloidosis, 175, 205 Anaerobic, 149, 206, 240, 253, 256, 262 Anaesthesia, 206, 232 Anal, 206, 222, 224, 225, 240, 245 Analgesics, 69, 206 Anaphylatoxins, 206, 215 Anatomical, 206, 213, 232, 253 Androgens, 204, 206, 217 Anemia, 175, 206, 225, 237 Anesthesia, 204, 206 Animal model, 20, 21, 24, 31, 34, 47, 49, 54, 206 Annealing, 206, 235, 247 Anorexia, 206, 226 Antagonism, 116, 206 Antiallergic, 206, 217 Antibacterial, 37, 163, 166, 206, 242, 256 Antigen, 9, 12, 13, 34, 36, 37, 42, 66, 72, 75, 78, 82, 113, 119, 124, 153, 158, 163, 165, 170, 191, 204, 206, 207, 215, 218, 222, 230, 231, 232, 250, 254 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 207, 215 Antigen-presenting cell, 37, 207, 218 Anti-infective, 48, 207, 230 Anti-inflammatory, 31, 207, 217, 227 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 207, 217 Antimetabolite, 207, 258 Antimicrobial, 60, 78, 91, 114, 117, 130, 144, 145, 147, 207, 213, 218, 220 Antineoplastic, 207, 217, 230, 258 Antioxidant, 207, 208 Antiviral, 9, 207, 233 Anus, 206, 207, 214, 251 Aorta, 207 Aortic Aneurysm, 14, 207 Aortitis, 175, 207 Apoptosis, 62, 68, 76, 96, 139, 207 Applicability, 19, 22, 69, 207 Aqueous, 49, 207, 209, 217, 221, 230 Arachidonic Acid, 207, 248 Archaea, 208, 238 Arginine, 164, 165, 206, 208, 230, 242 Arterial, 208, 227, 231, 249 Arteries, 207, 208, 210, 216 Arterioles, 208, 210 Artery, 14, 208, 210, 244, 250 Articular, 116, 175, 208, 243 Ascorbic Acid, 69, 138, 208

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Aseptic, 208, 243, 257 Astringents, 208, 238 Atrophy, 208, 223 Attenuated, 8, 36, 42, 46, 54, 208, 219 Atypical, 106, 208 Auditory, 208, 253 Autoimmune disease, 4, 52, 208 Autoimmunity, 53, 208 Avian, 161, 208 Azithromycin, 7, 10, 57, 69, 76, 90, 100, 117, 144, 145, 208 B Bacteremia, 208, 253 Bacterial Infections, 37, 53, 209 Bacteriostatic, 209, 223 Bacterium, 18, 25, 167, 170, 191, 209, 240, 250, 255, 260 Bacteriuria, 209, 261 Balanitis, 175, 209 Base, 43, 44, 46, 58, 158, 209, 225, 226, 234, 258 Base Sequence, 209, 225, 226 Basement Membrane, 209, 223 Basophils, 209, 228 Baths, 148, 209 Benchmarking, 8, 209 Benign, 4, 21, 171, 209, 229, 241, 244, 262 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 209 Beta-Defensins, 209, 218 Beta-pleated, 205, 209 Bilateral, 209, 223 Bile, 209, 225, 230, 235 Bile duct, 209 Biliary, 3, 209, 210 Biliary Tract, 3, 210 Binding Sites, 28, 210 Biochemical, 5, 37, 47, 72, 205, 207, 210, 226, 235, 243, 245, 254 Biogenesis, 23, 210 Biological response modifier, 210, 233 Biomarkers, 25, 210 Biopsy, 46, 210 Biotechnology, 59, 89, 178, 185, 210 Biotin, 210, 243 Biotransformation, 210 Bladder, 175, 209, 210, 215, 249, 261, 262 Blebs, 36, 210 Blennorrhoea, 210, 228 Blood Glucose, 210, 229 Blood pressure, 210, 212, 227, 231, 239 Blood vessel, 47, 210, 212, 213, 221, 236, 255, 257, 259, 262

Blot, 85, 88, 133, 210, 231, 243 Blotting, Western, 210, 231 Body Fluids, 210, 211, 220, 260 Bone Marrow, 27, 203, 211, 226, 231, 236 Bowel, 130, 173, 175, 206, 211, 222, 233, 234 Bradykinin, 211, 242 Breeding, 21, 211 Broad Ligament, 211, 224 Broad-spectrum, 48, 205, 211, 242 Bronchi, 41, 211, 222, 259 Bronchitis, 14, 211 C Calcium, 211, 215, 237, 255 Campylobacter, 4, 5, 53, 191, 211 Campylobacter jejuni, 4, 5, 211 Capsules, 9, 211 Carbohydrate, 14, 138, 211, 216, 227, 247, 254 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 38, 211 Carcinogen, 211, 238 Carcinogenic, 211, 233, 243, 248 Carcinogenicity, 30, 212 Carcinoma, 14, 211, 212 Cardiovascular, 22, 25, 212, 254 Cardiovascular disease, 22, 25, 212 Carrier Proteins, 212, 251 Case report, 93, 149, 212, 214 Causal, 212, 222, 233, 250, 254 Cause of Death, 47, 212 Cell Aggregation, 90, 212 Cell Cycle, 212, 262 Cell Death, 207, 212, 241 Cell Differentiation, 212, 255 Cell Division, 46, 209, 212, 239, 246, 254 Cell membrane, 20, 212, 218, 223, 234, 246 Cell proliferation, 212, 255 Cellular Structures, 212, 239 Central Nervous System, 203, 212, 227, 229, 250, 254 Centrifugation, 77, 212 Cerebrovascular, 212 Cervix, 14, 45, 64, 86, 116, 131, 139, 145, 162, 167, 172, 212, 213, 215, 234, 252 Chemokines, 10, 21, 213 Chemotactic Factors, 213, 215 Chimeras, 27, 45, 213 Chin, 213, 238 Chlamydophila, 101, 115, 121, 168, 213, 243 Cholera, 213, 254

267

Cholesterol, 20, 70, 73, 101, 110, 209, 213, 216, 235, 237 Chromatin, 207, 213, 222, 236, 241, 256 Chromosomal, 7, 54, 205, 213, 226, 230, 246 Chromosome, 28, 54, 213, 229, 235, 254, 260 Chronic Disease, 17, 32, 161, 172, 213 Chronic prostatitis, 4, 144, 145, 149, 213 Ciprofloxacin, 81, 145, 213 CIS, 41, 46, 213 Clarithromycin, 96, 145, 213 Clathrin, 11, 213, 214, 221 Claudication, 14, 214 Clinical study, 214, 216 Clinical trial, 6, 10, 145, 185, 214, 216, 249, 251 Cloning, 38, 62, 81, 88, 210, 214, 235 Clostridium, 4, 214 Clostridium difficile, 4, 214 Coated Vesicles, 213, 214, 221 Coccidiosis, 3, 214 Coenzyme, 208, 214 Cofactor, 14, 45, 214, 249 Cohort Studies, 214, 222 Colitis, 214, 233 Collagen, 209, 214, 224, 237, 246 Collagenases, 5, 214 Colloidal, 204, 214, 220, 254 Colon, 211, 214, 233, 234 Colposcopy, 10, 95, 215 Commensal, 4, 171, 215 Complement, 61, 68, 206, 215, 226, 237, 254 Complementary and alternative medicine, 143, 150, 215 Complementary medicine, 143, 215 Complementation, 24, 31, 215 Compliance, 6, 27, 135, 215 Computational Biology, 185, 215 Conception, 215, 216, 224, 248, 257 Condoms, 40, 215 Congestion, 216, 223 Conjugated, 80, 216 Conjunctiva, 42, 216, 259 Conjunctivitis, 23, 48, 90, 106, 121, 159, 160, 162, 166, 169, 171, 175, 216 Connective Tissue, 208, 211, 214, 216, 218, 224, 227, 236, 249, 252 Consciousness, 206, 216, 218, 219 Consultation, 39, 216 Contact Tracing, 109, 111, 124, 216

Contamination, 106, 216 Contraception, 20, 98, 129, 139, 216 Contraceptive, 10, 20, 22, 216 Contraindications, ii, 216 Control group, 35, 40, 52, 53, 216, 251 Controlled clinical trial, 57, 216 Cornea, 216, 228, 253, 259 Coronary, 14, 212, 216 Coronary heart disease, 14, 212, 216 Corticosteroid, 191, 216 Crossing-over, 217, 251 Cross-Sectional Studies, 217, 222 Cryostat, 217, 225 Cryptosporidiosis, 173, 208, 217 Culture Media, 204, 217 Cultured cells, 51, 217 Curative, 217, 241, 258 Cutaneous, 175, 217, 228, 253 Cyanide, 217, 238 Cyclic, 20, 217, 228, 242, 248 Cycloheximide, 70, 88, 217 Cysteine, 213, 217, 218 Cytokine, 9, 17, 21, 31, 83, 87, 217 Cytokinesis, 115, 217 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 9, 144, 165, 173, 217 Cytoplasm, 11, 166, 207, 209, 212, 217, 218, 222, 236, 241, 253, 261 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 214, 217 Cytoskeleton, 11, 217 Cytotoxic, 44, 72, 79, 169, 170, 218, 232, 255 Cytotoxicity, 13, 33, 218 D Data Collection, 218, 225 Defense Mechanisms, 33, 54, 218 Defensins, 33, 205, 209, 218 Degenerative, 218, 243 Dehydration, 213, 218, 255 Deletion, 207, 218 Dementia, 203, 218 Demography, 25, 95, 218 Denaturation, 218, 235, 247 Dendrites, 218 Dendritic, 13, 37, 74, 78, 132, 153, 218 Dendritic cell, 13, 37, 132, 153, 218 Dental Amalgam, 148, 218 Deoxyribonucleic, 218, 253 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 218, 253 Depolarization, 218, 255 Deprivation, 115, 218 Dermis, 218, 252 Desensitization, 219, 232

268

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Developing Countries, 33, 165, 219, 236 Diabetes Mellitus, 219, 229 Diagnostic procedure, 157, 178, 219 Diarrhea, 3, 173, 205, 217, 219, 255 Diarrhoea, 145, 219, 226 Diffusion, 219, 231 Digestion, 209, 211, 219, 233, 235, 257 Digestive tract, 191, 219, 255, 256 Dilution, 68, 82, 101, 219 Dimerization, 87, 219 Diploid, 215, 219, 246 Direct, iii, 16, 17, 24, 43, 45, 46, 59, 63, 68, 75, 76, 80, 88, 89, 100, 127, 158, 171, 219, 227, 251 Disease Progression, 219, 262 Disease Susceptibility, 20, 219 Dissection, 29, 219 Dissociation, 204, 219 Domesticated, 169, 219 Douching, 134, 219 Doxycycline, 100, 220 Drug Interactions, 220 Drug Tolerance, 220, 259 Duct, 220, 236, 253, 257 Dyes, 205, 209, 220, 225, 241, 258 Dysplasia, 30, 97, 220 Dysuria, 4, 220 E Ectopic, 12, 15, 20, 27, 33, 35, 36, 44, 47, 56, 121, 135, 162, 220 Ectopic Pregnancy, 12, 15, 20, 27, 33, 35, 36, 44, 56, 121, 135, 162, 220 Effector, 12, 33, 203, 215, 220 Efficacy, 6, 7, 10, 24, 37, 39, 40, 51, 56, 69, 86, 96, 102, 140, 145, 148, 220 Ejaculation, 220, 254 Elective, 55, 220 Electrolyte, 216, 220, 239 Electrons, 207, 209, 220, 234, 243, 250 Electrophoresis, 61, 73, 220, 231 Emaciation, 203, 220 Embryo, 212, 220, 232, 248, 256 Embryo Transfer, 220, 248 Emulsions, 204, 221 Encapsulated, 9, 221 Encephalitis, 169, 221 Encephalitis, Viral, 221 Encephalomyelitis, 169, 221 Endemic, 10, 57, 104, 111, 161, 213, 221, 237 Endocarditis, 221, 228 Endocrinology, 221, 229

Endocytosis, 11, 28, 88, 221 Endogenous, 84, 174, 221, 259 Endometrial, 15, 18, 47, 78, 83, 119, 139, 221 Endometrium, 221, 238 Endoscope, 215, 221 Endosomes, 24, 221 Endothelium, 52, 221, 242 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 221 Endothelium, Vascular, 221 Endothelium-derived, 221, 242 Endotoxin, 22, 87, 222, 260 Entamoeba, 3, 222 Entamoeba histolytica, 3, 222 Entamoebiasis, 222 Enteritis, 169, 211, 222 Enterocolitis, 214, 222 Enterovirus, 114, 222 Environmental Health, 184, 186, 222 Enzymatic, 40, 211, 215, 222, 237, 247 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 158, 222 Eosinophils, 222, 228 Epidemic, 23, 33, 49, 53, 57, 171, 222 Epidemiologic Studies, 12, 18, 222 Epidemiological, 20, 26, 30, 35, 43, 56, 71, 73, 82, 102, 109, 222 Epidermal, 222, 262 Epidermoid carcinoma, 222, 256 Epinephrine, 222, 241, 261 Epistaxis, 223, 250 Epithelial Cells, 10, 11, 14, 15, 23, 36, 38, 41, 43, 50, 59, 67, 70, 78, 83, 138, 209, 223 Epithelium, 41, 80, 130, 146, 209, 221, 223, 244 Epitope, 13, 79, 165, 223 Erythema, 14, 223 Erythema Nodosum, 14, 223 Erythrocytes, 206, 211, 223, 254 Erythromycin, 69, 124, 138, 208, 213, 223 Esophageal, 3, 223 Esophagus, 219, 223, 245, 257 Estrogen, 22, 70, 83, 223 Eukaryotic Cells, 11, 101, 140, 166, 217, 223, 232, 243 Exhaustion, 206, 223, 237 Exocytosis, 23, 223 Exogenous, 210, 221, 223 Exotoxin, 45, 223 Extracellular, 27, 168, 205, 216, 221, 223, 224, 237 Extracellular Matrix, 27, 216, 223, 224, 237

269

Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 223, 237 Extracellular Space, 223, 224 Extraction, 59, 224 Eye Infections, 203, 224 F Faecal, 219, 224 Fallopian tube, 13, 27, 36, 47, 83, 135, 167, 172, 224, 252, 261 Family Planning, 26, 30, 81, 102, 105, 117, 122, 123, 126, 135, 185, 191, 224 Fat, 207, 211, 216, 224, 227, 235, 255, 258 Fatty acids, 138, 204, 224, 227, 235, 248 Febrile, 224, 237, 243 Feces, 211, 224 Fermentation, 224, 253 Fertilization in Vitro, 224, 248 Fetus, 224, 248, 256, 257, 261 Fibrinogen, 224, 255 Fibroblasts, 69, 77, 140, 224, 233 Fibrosis, 83, 224, 253 Fixation, 224, 254 Flagellum, 225, 260 Fluorescence, 16, 45, 51, 225 Fluorescent Dyes, 51, 225 Focus Groups, 43, 51, 225 Folate, 225 Fold, 14, 211, 225 Folic Acid, 54, 225 Formularies, 225, 245 Frameshift, 44, 225 Frameshift Mutation, 44, 225 Frozen Sections, 147, 225 G Gallbladder, 203, 209, 210, 225 Gangrenous, 225, 254 Gas, 219, 225, 230, 242 Gastric, 205, 226 Gastric Acid, 205, 226 Gastroenteritis, 175, 226, 253 Gastrointestinal, 3, 5, 48, 211, 213, 222, 226, 237, 254, 257, 260 Gastrointestinal tract, 211, 226, 254, 260 Gels, 226, 238 Gene, 7, 10, 12, 17, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 41, 44, 46, 51, 54, 55, 56, 60, 62, 68, 83, 87, 100, 116, 121, 128, 134, 159, 160, 203, 205, 210, 226, 233, 235, 243, 246, 254 Gene Duplication, 44, 226 Gene Expression, 24, 25, 28, 31, 41, 46, 51, 55, 128, 134, 226 Gene Therapy, 203, 226 General practitioner, 107, 147, 226

Genetic Code, 226, 242 Genetic Engineering, 37, 210, 214, 226 Genetic Techniques, 24, 50, 226 Genetic testing, 226, 247 Genetics, 23, 41, 43, 50, 53, 107, 226, 239 Genotype, 109, 227, 245 Germ Cells, 227, 243, 256 Gestation, 18, 47, 227, 245, 256 Giardia, 3, 227 Giardia lamblia, 4, 227 Giardiasis, 227, 238 Gland, 204, 227, 236, 237, 243, 244, 246, 249, 253, 257, 259 Glucocorticoids, 204, 216, 227 Glucose, 208, 210, 219, 227, 229, 261 Glucuronic Acid, 227, 229 Glutamic Acid, 225, 227, 241 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, 227, 260 Glycerol, 227, 246, 260 Glycerophospholipids, 227, 246 Glycine, 167, 227, 241, 254 Glycogen, 65, 73, 109, 213, 227 Glycoprotein, 211, 224, 228, 260 Glycosaminoglycan, 140, 228 Goats, 168, 169, 228 Gonadotropin, 140, 228 Gonorrhea, 18, 19, 22, 25, 38, 49, 50, 52, 58, 133, 164, 175, 190, 228 Gonorrhoea, 59, 167, 172, 228 Governing Board, 228, 247 Grade, 30, 95, 228 Gram-negative, 21, 168, 213, 228, 240, 241, 242, 253 Gram-positive, 214, 228, 240, 242, 256, 257 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 214, 228, 242 Granule, 228, 253 Granulocyte, 74, 130, 228 Granuloma, 228, 236 Granuloma Inguinale, 228, 236 Grasses, 225, 228 Guanine, 68, 228 Guanylate Cyclase, 228, 242 Gynecology, 26, 38, 47, 90, 99, 113, 119, 130, 133, 134, 138, 139, 229 H Habitat, 229, 240, 242 Haploid, 229, 246 Haptens, 204, 229, 250 Headache, 229, 250 Health Behavior, 39, 229 Health Status, 25, 229 Heart attack, 212, 229

270

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Hemoglobin, 43, 206, 223, 229 Hemoglobin A, 43, 229 Hemorrhage, 229, 257 Heparin, 101, 229 Heredity, 226, 229 Herpes, 4, 23, 35, 40, 42, 95, 139, 148, 153, 164, 165, 173, 190, 229 Herpes Zoster, 229 Heterogeneity, 20, 60, 204, 229 Histones, 28, 213, 230 Homogeneous, 44, 230 Homologous, 7, 21, 54, 87, 205, 217, 226, 230, 254, 258, 260 Hormonal, 15, 22, 23, 208, 217, 230 Hormone, 216, 222, 230, 238, 252, 255, 259 Horseradish Peroxidase, 222, 230 Host-cell, 121, 230 Human papillomavirus, 6, 14, 29, 30, 40, 97, 116, 153, 230 Humoral, 9, 31, 33, 45, 55, 74, 113, 230 Humour, 230 Hybrid, 16, 60, 63, 71, 103, 230, 243 Hybridization, 51, 138, 143, 158, 166, 230, 239, 242 Hybridoma, 44, 230 Hydrogen, 203, 209, 211, 218, 223, 230, 235, 239, 242, 243 Hydrogen Peroxide, 230, 235 Hydrolysis, 210, 230, 245, 247, 249 Hydrophobic, 227, 230, 234, 235 Hydroxyurea, 78, 230 Hygienic, 219, 231 Hyperaemia, 216, 231 Hypersensitivity, 161, 205, 219, 231, 252, 254 Hypertension, 212, 229, 231 Hypertrophy, 209, 231 Hypoxanthine, 68, 231 Hypoxic, 231, 238 I Idiopathic, 4, 18, 231, 253 Immersion, 209, 231 Immune Sera, 67, 231 Immune system, 12, 54, 163, 207, 208, 231, 232, 236, 261, 262 Immunization, 9, 12, 35, 42, 74, 75, 124, 153, 161, 204, 231, 232, 254 Immunoblotting, 164, 170, 231 Immunodeficiency, 9, 25, 39, 40, 45, 112, 173, 190, 203, 231 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 173, 190, 231

Immunodiffusion, 204, 231 Immunoelectrophoresis, 204, 231 Immunofluorescence, 72, 76, 85, 102, 121, 127, 231 Immunogen, 37, 42, 232 Immunogenic, 9, 13, 37, 165, 168, 232, 250 Immunoglobulins, 34, 232 Immunohistochemistry, 9, 52, 232 Immunologic, 4, 50, 174, 204, 213, 231, 232 Immunosuppression, 146, 232, 236, 243, 258 Immunosuppressive, 191, 232 Immunosuppressive Agents, 232 Immunotherapy, 204, 219, 232 Impairment, 47, 224, 232 In situ, 9, 46, 51, 75, 138, 232 In Situ Hybridization, 9, 51, 232 In vivo, 7, 13, 20, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 40, 50, 67, 126, 140, 144, 158, 226, 229, 232, 235, 236 Incision, 232, 234 Induction, 24, 36, 45, 51, 76, 115, 138, 206, 232 Infiltrating cancer, 233, 234 Inflammatory bowel disease, 21, 175, 233 Ingestion, 60, 233, 234, 247 Inguinal, 233, 236 Inhalation, 233, 243, 247 Initiation, 5, 32, 233, 255, 257, 259 Inoculum, 57, 233 Interferon, 17, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 77, 79, 84, 85, 93, 112, 115, 120, 139, 174, 233 Interferon-alpha, 233 Interleukin-1, 21, 74, 78, 111, 116, 233 Interleukin-10, 21, 111, 233 Interleukin-2, 233 Interleukin-6, 21, 59, 80, 115, 233 Intervention Studies, 40, 233 Intestinal, 42, 205, 211, 214, 217, 222, 227, 233, 234 Intestinal Mucosa, 222, 227, 233 Intestine, 41, 211, 222, 233, 234, 257 Intracellular Membranes, 234, 237, 238 Intraepithelial, 36, 131, 234 Intraperitoneal, 79, 234 Intrinsic, 204, 209, 234 Invasive, 29, 46, 53, 58, 123, 143, 153, 158, 162, 231, 233, 234, 236 Invasive cancer, 46, 233, 234 Invasive cervical cancer, 29, 153, 234 Invertebrates, 169, 222, 234 Involuntary, 165, 234

271

Ion Exchange, 163, 170, 234 Ions, 209, 219, 220, 230, 234 Isoprenoids, 37, 234 Isosporiasis, 173, 234 K Kb, 158, 159, 163, 170, 184, 234 Kidney stone, 234, 261 Kinetic, 37, 234 L Labile, 59, 103, 215, 234 Laparoscopy, 18, 47, 234 Laparotomy, 47, 234 Large Intestine, 219, 233, 234, 251, 255 Larynx, 29, 234, 259 Latent, 28, 234 Laxative, 204, 234 Lectin, 138, 140, 235, 238 Lesion, 30, 228, 235 Lice, 190, 235 Life cycle, 11, 24, 50, 235 Ligament, 235, 249 Ligands, 31, 235 Ligation, 235 Linkage, 167, 235, 244 Lipid, 11, 20, 88, 94, 107, 221, 227, 235 Lipid Peroxidation, 94, 235 Lipid Peroxides, 107, 235 Lipopolysaccharide, 36, 61, 149, 228, 235 Lipoprotein, 228, 235 Liver, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 217, 222, 224, 225, 227, 229, 235, 253 Localization, 16, 24, 29, 65, 76, 78, 119, 232, 235 Localized, 16, 78, 139, 148, 203, 205, 221, 225, 232, 236, 240, 246, 253 Locomotion, 225, 236, 246 Longitudinal Studies, 22, 217, 236 Lubricants, 69, 236 Lymph, 78, 175, 212, 221, 230, 236, 253 Lymph node, 175, 212, 236, 253 Lymphadenitis, 236, 240 Lymphatic, 221, 232, 236, 256, 259 Lymphatic system, 236, 256, 259 Lymphocyte Count, 203, 236 Lymphocyte Depletion, 232, 236 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 67, 70, 75, 87, 101, 159, 160, 161, 228, 236 Lymphoid, 41, 206, 236, 259 Lysine, 165, 230, 236 Lysosome, 14, 236 Lytic, 236, 254, 262

M Macrolides, 114, 236 Macrophage, 21, 46, 74, 233, 236 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10, 236 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 54, 82, 237 Malaria, 37, 237 Malaria, Falciparum, 237 Malaria, Vivax, 237 Malignancy, 4, 237, 244 Malignant, 203, 207, 237, 241 Manifest, 175, 237 Mastitis, 237, 254 Matrix metalloproteinase, 27, 237 Mediate, 16, 38, 237 MEDLINE, 185, 237 Megaloblastic, 225, 237 Melanin, 237, 245, 261 Membrane Lipids, 237, 246 Membrane Proteins, 12, 25, 37, 43, 44, 61, 80, 86, 165, 238 Memory, 33, 206, 218, 238 Meningitis, 228, 238 Menstrual Cycle, 118, 238 Menstruation, 15, 238 Mental, iv, 6, 39, 184, 186, 213, 218, 219, 238, 250 Mental Health, iv, 6, 39, 184, 186, 238, 250 Mentors, 55, 238 Mercury, 139, 148, 218, 238 Metastasis, 237, 238 Methylene Blue, 132, 238 Metritis, 169, 238 Metronidazole, 19, 238 Microbe, 38, 88, 238, 259 Microbicide, 9, 20, 23, 49, 238 Microbiological, 121, 144, 238 Micronutrients, 15, 239 Microorganism, 38, 214, 239, 244, 262 Micro-organism, 239, 254 Microscopy, 16, 45, 78, 209, 230, 239 Microsporidiosis, 173, 239 Migration, 12, 23, 239 Mineralocorticoids, 204, 216, 239 Minocycline, 5, 239 Miscarriage, 18, 47, 239 Mitosis, 207, 239 Modeling, 43, 121, 239 Modification, 160, 226, 239 Molecular, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 23, 28, 29, 33, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 71, 79, 87, 91, 95, 106, 107, 121, 122, 128,

272

Chlamydia Trachomatis

140, 161, 185, 187, 205, 206, 210, 215, 224, 229, 235, 239, 259, 260 Molecular mass, 10, 239 Molecular Probes, 52, 239 Monitor, 29, 34, 51, 211, 239, 242 Monoclonal, 9, 45, 60, 61, 72, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 104, 161, 168, 231, 239 Monoclonal antibodies, 60, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 161, 168, 231, 239 Monocyte, 46, 72, 76, 77, 139, 240 Mononuclear, 228, 240, 260 Morphological, 41, 147, 220, 240 Morphology, 36, 42, 208, 240 Motility, 227, 240, 254 Mucins, 34, 240 Mucociliary, 240, 255 Mucocutaneous, 175, 240 Mucopurulent, 6, 18, 240 Mucosa, 4, 12, 33, 37, 41, 62, 240, 241 Mucus, 210, 240 Multivariate Analysis, 31, 240 Mupirocin, 106, 240 Mutagenesis, 17, 24, 30, 240 Mutagens, 225, 240 Mycobacterium, 4, 37, 208, 240, 260 Mycobacterium avium, 4, 208, 240 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection, 4, 240 Mycoplasma, 5, 18, 38, 80, 92, 106, 110, 126, 164, 176, 240 Myeloma, 230, 241 N Nasal Cavity, 41, 241, 244 Nasal Septum, 241 Nasopharynx, 241 Natural selection, 210, 241 Nausea, 226, 241, 250 NCI, 1, 46, 183, 213, 241 Necrosis, 207, 241, 253 Neonatal, 92, 121, 228, 241 Neoplasia, 30, 95, 131, 241 Neoplasm, 241, 244 Nervous System, 212, 241, 257, 262 Networks, 26, 51, 241 Neural, 205, 230, 241 Neurology, 174, 241 Neurotransmitter, 203, 211, 227, 241, 255, 257 Neutralization, 54, 67, 68, 80, 81, 83, 90, 136, 139, 241 Neutrophils, 21, 38, 43, 205, 228, 241 Niacin, 241, 260

Niche, 30, 242 Nitric Oxide, 72, 80, 84, 242 Nitrogen, 167, 206, 223, 225, 239, 242, 260 Nuclear, 220, 222, 223, 241, 242 Nuclei, 29, 220, 226, 230, 237, 239, 242 Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, 159, 176, 242 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 230, 242 Nucleic Acid Precursors, 75, 138, 242 Nucleic Acid Probes, 167, 242 Nucleus, 207, 209, 213, 217, 222, 223, 236, 240, 241, 242, 257 Nursing Care, 242, 244 O Ocular, 8, 25, 37, 42, 80, 81, 88, 121, 123, 125, 165, 170, 172, 242 Odds Ratio, 242, 252 Ofloxacin, 54, 81, 242 Oligonucleotide Probes, 158, 166, 171, 235, 242 Oncogenic, 30, 243 Oophoritis, 228, 243 Opacity, 38, 43, 243 Operon, 12, 28, 87, 243, 252 Ophthalmic, 49, 123, 243 Opportunistic Infections, 174, 203, 243 Organ Culture, 243, 259 Organelles, 212, 213, 217, 243 Orgasm, 220, 243, 254 Ornithosis, 171, 243, 250 Oropharynx, 29, 241, 243 Osteoarthritis, 6, 243 Outpatient, 56, 70, 243 Ovaries, 243, 252, 255, 261 Ovary, 24, 30, 78, 243 Ovum, 227, 235, 243 Oxidation, 203, 207, 210, 235, 243 P Palliative, 243, 258 Pancreas, 203, 210, 243, 244, 260 Pancreatic, 3, 244 Papilloma, 46, 244 Papillomavirus, 20, 23, 40, 244 Paranasal Sinuses, 244, 255 Parasite, 11, 28, 46, 244, 260 Parasitic, 4, 173, 217, 222, 227, 234, 235, 244, 260 Parotid, 244, 253 Particle, 244, 259 Pathologic, 21, 29, 32, 159, 160, 168, 207, 210, 216, 231, 244 Pathologic Processes, 207, 244

273

Pathologies, 48, 172, 244 Patient Care Management, 6, 244 Patient Education, 190, 196, 198, 201, 244 Pelvis, 203, 211, 234, 243, 244, 261 Penicillin, 60, 205, 206, 244 Penis, 209, 215, 220, 244, 252, 261 Peptide, 13, 64, 91, 130, 133, 164, 167, 213, 214, 244, 247, 249 Peptide Chain Elongation, 213, 244 Perforation, 3, 244 Perinatal, 18, 38, 42, 56, 245 Periodic Acid, 175, 245 Periodontal disease, 21, 245 Periodontitis, 124, 245 Peripheral blood, 13, 85, 112, 233, 245 Peritoneal, 234, 245 Peritoneal Cavity, 234, 245 Peritonitis, 228, 245 Phagocytosis, 21, 38, 245 Pharmacodynamics, 40, 245 Pharmacokinetic, 245 Pharmacologic, 206, 245, 259 Pharmacopoeias, 9, 225, 245 Pharyngitis, 84, 245 Pharynx, 29, 241, 243, 245 Phenotype, 16, 21, 24, 31, 41, 215, 245 Phenylalanine, 245, 261 Phospholipases, 245, 255 Phospholipids, 112, 224, 235, 237, 246 Phosphorus, 211, 246 Phosphorylation, 62, 76, 246 Phosphoserine, 16, 246 Phylogeny, 12, 246 Physical Examination, 4, 58, 176, 246 Physiologic, 238, 239, 246, 248, 251 Physiology, 21, 50, 203, 221, 229, 246, 258 Pilot study, 31, 105, 108, 125, 246 Pituitary Gland, 216, 246 Plants, 37, 211, 218, 227, 235, 240, 246, 256, 259, 260, 262 Plaque, 21, 81, 246 Plasma, 204, 206, 212, 221, 224, 229, 239, 240, 241, 246, 254, 262 Plasma cells, 206, 241, 246 Plasmid, 28, 61, 66, 74, 77, 121, 158, 159, 163, 167, 168, 170, 246, 262 Plasticity, 12, 246 Platelet Activation, 246, 255 Platelet Aggregation, 206, 242, 246 Platelets, 242, 246, 247, 254 Pneumonia, 13, 14, 30, 160, 162, 166, 169, 171, 216, 247

Pneumonitis, 35, 74, 75, 79, 86, 159, 160, 243, 247 Poisoning, 226, 238, 241, 247, 253, 254 Polyarthritis, 169, 247 Polymers, 138, 247, 249 Polymorphic, 12, 44, 247 Polymorphism, 60, 68, 111, 247 Polypeptide, 160, 163, 168, 170, 205, 214, 224, 230, 247, 249 Polysaccharide, 207, 228, 247, 249 Postsynaptic, 247, 255 Post-translational, 29, 247 Potentiates, 233, 247 Potentiation, 17, 247, 255 Practice Guidelines, 186, 191, 247 Preclinical, 9, 49, 247 Precursor, 207, 220, 222, 245, 247, 260, 261 Pregnancy Complications, 38, 248 Pregnancy Outcome, 7, 18, 115, 248 Prenatal, 42, 220, 248 Prevalence, 8, 10, 19, 25, 38, 43, 48, 49, 54, 56, 58, 63, 64, 67, 82, 90, 92, 97, 104, 107, 108, 110, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 130, 132, 135, 144, 148, 154, 164, 170, 242, 248 Probe, 51, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 81, 88, 103, 110, 138, 158, 167, 171, 235, 243, 248 Proctitis, 173, 248 Progeny, 70, 248 Progression, 29, 30, 31, 46, 52, 206, 248 Progressive, 27, 212, 218, 220, 241, 243, 246, 248 Projection, 218, 248 Promoter, 17, 41, 74, 80, 160, 248 Prophylaxis, 124, 132, 248, 261 Prospective study, 22, 32, 146, 248 Prostaglandin, 77, 139, 248 Prostaglandins A, 248 Prostate, 4, 34, 77, 209, 210, 213, 249, 252, 254, 260, 261 Prostate gland, 4, 213, 249 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 249 Prostatitis, 4, 144, 148, 149, 167, 172, 249 Protease, 12, 205, 249 Protein C, 74, 204, 205, 214, 235, 249 Protein Conformation, 205, 249 Protein S, 89, 107, 161, 210, 213, 217, 223, 226, 249, 253, 257, 258 Proteoglycan, 96, 249 Proteolytic, 215, 224, 249 Protocol, 35, 47, 249 Protozoa, 222, 227, 234, 238, 239, 249, 256

274

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Protozoal, 3, 249 Protozoan, 19, 214, 217, 227, 237, 249, 260 Proximal, 241, 249 Pruritic, 250, 253 Pseudorabies, 165, 250 Psittaci, 9, 13, 44, 78, 101, 121, 161, 166, 168, 169, 171, 213, 243, 250 Psittacosis, 171, 250 Psychic, 238, 250 Puberty, 204, 250 Public Policy, 185, 250 Publishing, 59, 250 Pulmonary, 21, 172, 210, 240, 250 Pulse, 239, 250 Purifying, 37, 250 Purulent, 6, 167, 172, 228, 250, 262 Pyogenic, 250, 254 Pyridoxal, 250, 260 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 250, 260 Q Quality of Health Care, 250, 260 R Race, 26, 127, 239, 250 Radiation, 225, 232, 238, 250, 251 Radioactive, 29, 230, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250 Radioimmunoassay, 63, 250 Radioisotope, 243, 251 Random Allocation, 251 Randomization, 56, 251 Randomized, 8, 19, 26, 40, 51, 56, 57, 90, 111, 220, 251 Randomized clinical trial, 26, 40, 51, 251 Reactive Oxygen Species, 107, 251 Reagent, 171, 251 Receptivity, 41, 251 Receptor, 13, 14, 17, 31, 38, 50, 55, 73, 83, 116, 203, 207, 250, 251, 254, 255 Recombinant Proteins, 28, 251 Recombination, 7, 54, 226, 251 Rectal, 10, 125, 134, 251 Rectum, 207, 214, 219, 225, 233, 234, 248, 249, 251 Recurrence, 57, 123, 176, 251 Refer, 1, 215, 224, 229, 235, 236, 251, 259 Refraction, 251, 256 Regimen, 37, 220, 251, 252 Reinfection, 14, 33, 74, 106, 176, 252 Relative risk, 15, 46, 56, 203, 252 Remission, 175, 251, 252 Repressor, 41, 243, 252 Reproductive system, 249, 252

Research Design, 39, 55, 252 Respiration, 239, 252 Response rate, 26, 49, 252 Reticular, 168, 252 Reticulate, 24, 36, 107, 160, 252 Retreatment, 10, 252 Retrospective, 16, 18, 47, 252 Rheumatic Diseases, 116, 118, 120, 124, 174, 252 Rheumatoid, 5, 175, 252 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 175, 252 Rhinitis, 252, 254 Ribonucleic acid, 136, 252 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 230, 253 Ribosome, 171, 253, 260 Rigidity, 246, 253 Risk factor, 7, 14, 18, 22, 26, 29, 30, 38, 40, 49, 57, 58, 128, 134, 143, 148, 222, 248, 252, 253 Rod, 209, 253 Ruminants, 169, 228, 253 S Salivary, 217, 253 Salivary glands, 217, 253 Salmonella, 4, 5, 13, 53, 191, 226, 253 Salpingitis, 7, 15, 18, 45, 160, 162, 171, 172, 228, 253 Sarcoidosis, 14, 253 Scabies, 190, 253 Sclera, 216, 253 Scleroderma, 52, 253 Sclerosis, 52, 253 Screening, 8, 12, 15, 22, 24, 26, 31, 34, 36, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 65, 67, 78, 82, 85, 90, 91, 98, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 134, 136, 143, 154, 191, 214, 253, 261 Secretion, 12, 68, 95, 96, 112, 217, 227, 230, 239, 240, 253, 254 Secretory, 23, 55, 153, 205, 253 Sediment, 253, 261 Sedimentation, 212, 253 Segregation, 209, 251, 254 Semen, 10, 81, 92, 98, 220, 249, 254 Seminal fluid, 146, 147, 254 Seminal vesicles, 34, 254, 261 Semisynthetic, 205, 213, 239, 254 Sensitization, 80, 254 Septic, 21, 208, 254 Septicaemia, 169, 254

275

Septicemia, 21, 254 Sequence Analysis, 24, 85, 100, 254 Sequencing, 12, 28, 30, 62, 85, 99, 247, 254 Serine, 74, 246, 254, 260 Seroconversion, 146, 254 Serologic, 29, 129, 231, 254 Serology, 47, 119, 133, 254 Serotonin, 241, 254, 260 Serotypes, 14, 101, 107, 171, 254 Serous, 221, 254 Serum Albumin, 251, 254 Serum Globulins, 175, 255 Sex Characteristics, 204, 206, 250, 255 Sexual Partners, 26, 57, 255 Shigellosis, 4, 255 Shock, 21, 23, 41, 46, 65, 78, 85, 86, 97, 106, 113, 119, 130, 255 Side effect, 204, 255, 259 Sigma Factor, 28, 255 Signal Transduction, 16, 25, 39, 255 Sinusitis, 14, 255 Skeleton, 203, 248, 255 Skull, 255, 258 Small intestine, 175, 222, 227, 230, 233, 255 Soft tissue, 211, 255 Somatic, 204, 230, 239, 255 Specialist, 39, 193, 256 Specificity, 7, 9, 26, 64, 161, 168, 204, 256 Spectrum, 30, 147, 256 Sperm, 10, 20, 62, 94, 206, 213, 254, 256 Spermatozoa, 62, 254, 256 Spermicide, 20, 114, 256 Sphincter, 234, 256 Spinal cord, 212, 213, 221, 241, 256 Spirochete, 256, 258 Spleen, 205, 217, 230, 236, 253, 256 Spontaneous Abortion, 129, 248, 256 Spores, 233, 256 Squamous, 14, 29, 116, 222, 256 Squamous cell carcinoma, 15, 29, 116, 222, 256 Squamous cells, 256 Staphylococcus, 226, 239, 256 Stasis, 4, 257 Stenosis, 14, 257 Sterility, 113, 118, 135, 136, 167, 172, 233, 257 Steroids, 216, 257 Stillbirth, 248, 257 Stimulus, 257, 258 Stomach, 203, 219, 223, 226, 230, 241, 245, 253, 255, 256, 257

Strand, 62, 65, 97, 98, 138, 159, 160, 171, 247, 257 Streptococci, 240, 257 Streptococcus, 42, 257 Streptomycin, 217, 257 Stress, 32, 87, 226, 241, 252, 257 Stricture, 257 Stroke, 14, 184, 212, 257 Subacute, 232, 236, 255, 257 Subclinical, 143, 232, 257 Subspecies, 165, 256, 257 Substance P, 223, 253, 257 Substrate, 222, 257 Sulfates, 23, 40, 257 Sulfuric acid, 257 Superinfection, 146, 258 Supplementation, 54, 258 Suppression, 39, 174, 217, 258 Suppurative, 225, 228, 258 Symphysis, 213, 249, 258 Symptomatic, 35, 56, 58, 64, 68, 88, 92, 95, 102, 258 Symptomatology, 149, 258 Synaptic, 241, 255, 258 Synovial, 5, 46, 48, 85, 115, 116, 118, 120, 124, 175, 258 Synovial Fluid, 85, 116, 118, 120, 124, 175, 258 Synovial Membrane, 258 Syphilis, 173, 190, 258 Systemic, 9, 10, 34, 39, 52, 87, 121, 160, 205, 207, 210, 222, 232, 240, 243, 253, 254, 258, 259 Systemic disease, 240, 254, 258 T Temporal, 28, 40, 51, 258 Terminator, 160, 258 Tetracycline, 5, 10, 57, 220, 239, 258 Therapeutics, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 258 Thermal, 159, 219, 247, 258 Thioguanine, 68, 258 Threshold, 80, 231, 258 Thrombosis, 249, 257, 259 Thymus, 231, 236, 259 Thyroid, 259, 261 Tissue Culture, 47, 69, 76, 259 Tolerance, 49, 94, 259 Tonsils, 41, 259 Topical, 10, 23, 40, 42, 49, 57, 191, 208, 230, 259 Toxic, iv, 20, 45, 217, 218, 221, 223, 228, 231, 235, 259

276

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Toxicity, 20, 220, 238, 259 Toxicokinetics, 259 Toxicology, 139, 186, 259 Toxin, 214, 222, 259 Toxoplasmosis, 208, 259 Trachea, 211, 234, 245, 259 Transcription Factors, 41, 54, 259 Transduction, 16, 39, 255, 259 Transfection, 210, 226, 259 Transfer Factor, 231, 259 Translation, 56, 223, 259 Translational, 28, 29, 260 Translocate, 42, 260 Translocating, 41, 260 Translocation, 45, 213, 223, 260 Transplantation, 220, 231, 236, 237, 260 Treatment Failure, 19, 260 Triage, 58, 260 Trichomonas, 9, 19, 22, 25, 38, 55, 58, 103, 148, 176, 260 Trichomoniasis, 6, 19, 26, 190, 238, 260 Tropism, 12, 31, 260 Tryptophan, 12, 17, 81, 107, 125, 128, 214, 227, 254, 260 Tryptophan Synthase, 81, 107, 125, 128, 260 Tuberculosis, 37, 240, 260 Tumor marker, 210, 260 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 21, 68, 77, 96, 139, 191, 260 Tunica, 240, 260 TYPHI, 13, 260 Typhoid fever, 260 Tyrosine, 62, 76, 261 U Ureters, 234, 261 Urethra, 6, 34, 152, 162, 167, 172, 175, 209, 244, 249, 261 Urethritis, 6, 7, 8, 15, 18, 19, 45, 46, 63, 123, 126, 132, 159, 160, 164, 171, 172, 175, 228, 261 Uric, 144, 261 Urinalysis, 4, 261 Urinary, 4, 58, 88, 119, 131, 209, 213, 226, 261 Urinary tract, 4, 58, 209, 261 Urinary tract infection, 4, 209, 261 Urinate, 261, 262 Urine Testing, 105, 117, 261 Urogenital Diseases, 261 Urogenital System, 172, 261

Uterus, 211, 212, 213, 220, 221, 238, 243, 252, 261 V Vaccination, 35, 37, 45, 55, 74, 121, 169, 261 Vaccine adjuvant, 55, 261 Vacuole, 11, 16, 25, 28, 61, 261 Vagina, 40, 213, 215, 238, 252, 261, 262 Vaginal, 9, 20, 26, 38, 40, 49, 58, 62, 65, 67, 86, 98, 103, 130, 134, 145, 261, 262 Vaginal Discharge, 145, 262 Vaginitis, 19, 172, 190, 262 Vaginosis, 9, 38, 91, 92, 93, 100, 154, 262 Vascular, 53, 143, 218, 221, 232, 242, 262 Vasodilators, 242, 262 Vector, 7, 17, 54, 259, 262 Vegetative, 24, 262 Veins, 210, 262 Venereal, 172, 175, 190, 258, 262 Venous, 249, 262 Venules, 210, 221, 262 Vesicular, 16, 23, 89, 229, 262 Veterinary Medicine, 185, 262 Viral, 4, 13, 29, 30, 34, 40, 42, 46, 48, 55, 118, 139, 145, 148, 165, 221, 243, 259, 262 Viral Load, 30, 46, 262 Virulence, 12, 14, 15, 24, 30, 50, 89, 208, 258, 259, 262 Virulent, 24, 262 Visceral, 175, 262 Vitro, 7, 9, 13, 17, 20, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 49, 62, 67, 69, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 96, 114, 119, 126, 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 212, 220, 226, 229, 232, 242, 247, 254, 258, 259, 262 Vivo, 20, 24, 27, 32, 34, 36, 86, 236, 262 Void, 60, 62, 64, 75, 97, 105, 117, 262 Volition, 234, 262 W Warts, 147, 190, 230, 262 Watchful waiting, 124, 262 White blood cell, 206, 228, 236, 240, 241, 246, 262 Windpipe, 245, 259, 263 Wound Healing, 237, 240, 263 X Xenograft, 40, 206, 263 Y Yeasts, 245, 263

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